Extending the gap and loading RecA: the presynaptic phase plays a pivotal role in modulating lesion tolerance pathways

ABSTRACT During replication, the presence of unrepaired lesions results in the formation of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps that need to be repaired to preserve genome integrity and cell survival. All organisms have evolved two major lesion tolerance pathways to continue replication: Translesion Synthesis (TLS), potentially mutagenic, and Homology Directed Gap Repair (HDGR), that relies on homologous recombination. In Escherichia coli , the RecF pathway repairs such ssDNA gaps by processing them to produce a recombinogenic RecA nucleofilament during the presynaptic phase. In this study, we show that the presynaptic phase is crucial for modulating lesion tolerance pathways. Indeed, impairing either the extension of the ssDNA gap (mediated by the nuclease RecJ and the helicase RecQ) or the loading of RecA (mediated by the RecFOR complex) leads to a decrease in HDGR. We suggest a model where defects in the presynaptic phase delay the formation of the D-loop and increase the time window allowed for TLS. We indeed observe an increase in TLS independent of SOS induction. In addition, we revealed an unexpected synergistic interaction between recF and recJ genes, that results in a recA deficient-like phenotype in which HDGR is almost completely abolished.