Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter

Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter Xuelin Zhang, Paul Joseph, Maurice Guerrieri, Khalid Moinuddin, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4373257/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in European Journal of Wood and Wood Products → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, pristine pinewood samples and those treated with flame-retardant additives were examined to evaluate their fire risk. The combustion process was delineated into four stages: release of flammable volatile gases, reduction of thermal penetration depth, sample deformation to optimize heat absorption, and the onset of smoldering combustion involving char formation. It was discovered that the synergistic effects of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 not only facilitated the decomposition of the samples but also lowered the surface temperature and diluted the oxygen concentration, thereby prolonging the ignition time, particularly at heat fluxes of 25 or 30 kWm − 2 . The incorporation of Na 2 CO 3 alongside other additives predominantly impacted the second stage of the combustion process, significantly contributing to the reduction of thermal penetration and dilution of oxygen concentration in combustion. The ignition time of the treated samples was at least 1.5 times longer than that of the untreated samples at lower heat flux. Notably, stable burning was more pronounced at higher heat fluxes for treated samples, and the mass loss rate of these samples was comparatively lower. The thermal penetration depth as a function expressed by ca. 0.8 \(\frac{\rho }{{\dot{q}}^{"}}\) . The soot yield for both PA1 and PA2 increased with the heat flux rising and was approximately 0.006 kg/kg, at higher heat flux. The total heat release (THR) and total oxygen consumption (TOC) were observed to be lower for the treated samples. Upon analyzing the fire risk, it was determined that the performance of additive combination PA2 was superior, indicated by lower values in key risk indicators such as heat release rate, mass loss rate (MLR), and CO and CO 2 yields. However, flashover propensity of PA2 ranges from 0.25 to 12.07, slight higher than that of PA3. Research is ongoing to further refine the formula to better meet human safety requirements. pinewood fire behaviour heat release rate soot yield CO and CO2 yields Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in European Journal of Wood and Wood Products → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 11 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 24 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 06 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 05 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4373257","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":299070405,"identity":"de9c8db9-4cca-4bdd-8b5c-567f45c057e1","order_by":0,"name":"Xuelin Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgOMDTYMDMzMDTARA4J6gFrSgFoYG2CqidJyGGQbkVoMbiQfOPhzx/lo/nbGBmaeP3/kGdibt0kw1NzBqUVyRlrCAckzt3NnHAZq4W0zMGzgOVYmwXDsGU4t/BI5BgcM227nNoC1NBgkMEjkmElAnIodsEnkfziQ2HYud/5hsMOAWuTf4NcCtIXhwMG2A7kbwFrYQLbw4Nci2fPM4GBjW3LuRqCWg3PbjA3beNKKLRKO4dZicDz54cOfbXa5884fPvjgzR85eX72wxtvfKjBrQUFHAD7DkQkEKdhFIyCUTAKRgEOAACfs1Y3Q4KcrAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Victoria University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuelin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":299070409,"identity":"4cf0f387-8c21-47c3-a0e5-cdb7b8c090f5","order_by":1,"name":"Paul Joseph","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Victoria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paul","middleName":"","lastName":"Joseph","suffix":""},{"id":299070413,"identity":"a4343931-f4dc-485c-bc36-0769ad395fb8","order_by":2,"name":"Maurice Guerrieri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Victoria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maurice","middleName":"","lastName":"Guerrieri","suffix":""},{"id":299070417,"identity":"d7e3ad8d-fb0a-4ed4-8eb4-ccd90a0347a6","order_by":3,"name":"Khalid Moinuddin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Victoria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khalid","middleName":"","lastName":"Moinuddin","suffix":""},{"id":299070420,"identity":"1142ea9c-0ace-42d9-9c7c-3124f33afdd2","order_by":4,"name":"Malavika Arun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Victoria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Malavika","middleName":"","lastName":"Arun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-06 00:09:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4373257/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4373257/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02168-x","type":"published","date":"2024-12-27T15:57:49+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":72640719,"identity":"d3d27b0f-d09d-475e-b093-68c0b3f94390","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-30 16:09:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1111132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4373257/v1_covered_5843061e-c48e-4bc4-ac73-b6c372917eba.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-wood-and-wood-products","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"harw","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Wood and Wood Products](http://link.springer.com/journal/107)","snPcode":"107","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/107/3","title":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"pinewood, fire behaviour, heat release rate, soot yield, CO and CO2 yields","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4373257/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4373257/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, pristine pinewood samples and those treated with flame-retardant additives were examined to evaluate their fire risk. The combustion process was delineated into four stages: release of flammable volatile gases, reduction of thermal penetration depth, sample deformation to optimize heat absorption, and the onset of smoldering combustion involving char formation. It was discovered that the synergistic effects of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eHPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e not only facilitated the decomposition of the samples but also lowered the surface temperature and diluted the oxygen concentration, thereby prolonging the ignition time, particularly at heat fluxes of 25 or 30 kWm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. The incorporation of Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e alongside other additives predominantly impacted the second stage of the combustion process, significantly contributing to the reduction of thermal penetration and dilution of oxygen concentration in combustion. The ignition time of the treated samples was at least 1.5 times longer than that of the untreated samples at lower heat flux. Notably, stable burning was more pronounced at higher heat fluxes for treated samples, and the mass loss rate of these samples was comparatively lower. The thermal penetration depth as a function expressed by ca. 0.8 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\rho }{{\\dot{q}}^{\u0026quot;}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. The soot yield for both PA1 and PA2 increased with the heat flux rising and was approximately 0.006 kg/kg, at higher heat flux. The total heat release (THR) and total oxygen consumption (TOC) were observed to be lower for the treated samples. Upon analyzing the fire risk, it was determined that the performance of additive combination PA2 was superior, indicated by lower values in key risk indicators such as heat release rate, mass loss rate (MLR), and CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e yields. However, flashover propensity of PA2 ranges from 0.25 to 12.07, slight higher than that of PA3. 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