Exploring the Fascinating World of Spiders: A Survey on Spider Diversity and Distribution at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha

Exploring the Fascinating World of Spiders: A Survey on Spider Diversity and Distribution at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring the Fascinating World of Spiders: A Survey on Spider Diversity and Distribution at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha Manish K Yadav This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4649913/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The present investigation aimed to record the diversity and distribution patterns of spiders within and around the MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India. Most of the spiders are not so highly mobile and an ecologically important group of arthropods, playing crucial roles in various ecosystems as both predators and prey. Most of the spiders, residing inside the agro-ecosystem, have very crucial role in the management of agricultural insect-pests. The survey employed a comprehensive sampling strategy that encompassed various habitats, including forests, agricultural farms, hostels, wetlands, and urban areas. A wide range of data have been collected during the survey, including species richness, abundance, and composition. The collected specimens were carefully identified to the species level, employing the morphological characteristics while the actual photographs with their habitats have been taken for their proper presentation in the article. Preliminary results indicate a remarkable diversity of spider species within the study area. A total number of 24 genera have been identified, residing to 8 families highlighting the importance of various ecological niches and microhabitats. The data suggest that habitat type and structural complexity play significant roles in determining spider diversity and community composition. The findings from this survey provide valuable insights into the spider fauna of the study area and concluded that family Araneidae having maximum population of individuals which is 472 followed by Oxyopidae with 277 and Salticidae with 199 number of encountered individuals. The maximum species richness was surveyed and Araneidae was recorded to be having maximum number of species (7) followed by Sparassidae (5) and Salticidae (5) at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha. fauna huntsman arachnids webs Argiope predators Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Introduction Spiders, the eight-legged arachnids that inhabit diverse ecosystems across the globe, have captivated the curiosity and fear of humans for centuries. These remarkable creatures belong to the order Araneae and, are known for their intricate webs, venomous fangs, and astonishing adaptability (Vankhede et. al., 2016 ). While some individuals harbour arachnophobia, spiders play an essential role in maintaining ecological balance and have several fascinating characteristics worth exploring (Sebastian and Peter, 2009 ). Spiders exhibit a remarkable array of biological adaptations that enable their survival and success in various environments. Their bodies consist of two main parts: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Unlike insects, spiders possess eight legs and lack wings or antennae (Mammola et. al., 2017 ). These legs, equipped with specialized bristles, allow spiders to navigate diverse terrains, ranging from intricate webs to smooth surfaces. Furthermore, spiders possess multiple pairs of eyes, which can vary in number and arrangement, granting them exceptional vision (Zachariah and Mitchell, 2009 ). One of the most astonishing abilities of spiders is their capacity to produce silk—a protein-based substance secreted from specialized glands. Spiders utilize silk for diverse purposes, such as constructing webs, capturing prey, or creating egg sacs. The intricacy and complexity of spider webs vary greatly among species. From the classic orb-weaver webs, to the funnel-shaped webs of the grass spider, to the ground-dwelling trapdoor spider's concealed burrow, each design showcases the spider's adaptability to its environment and hunting strategies (Malik and Goyal, 2017 ). Spiders are primarily carnivorous and play a crucial role in controlling insect populations. They employ an assortment of hunting techniques, depending on their species and environment. Some spiders, like the venomous black widow or brown recluse, actively hunt and immobilize their prey using venom injected through their fangs (Henaut and Machkour-M’Rabet, 2020). Others, such as the jumping spiders, rely on their impressive agility and keen eyesight to pounce on unsuspecting insects. Spiders' diverse hunting strategies underscore their specialized adaptations and their ecological significance as natural pest controllers. Spiders reproduce sexually, with the male typically performing elaborate courtship rituals to attract a female. Once fertilization occurs, females produce egg sacs that safeguard hundreds of eggs. After hatching, spiderlings undergo a series of molts, shedding their exoskeletons as they grow. As they mature, spiderlings disperse and establish their territories, embarking on a solitary life. However, a few species exhibit social behavior, such as communal web-building or cooperative brood care (Ambily and Antony, 2016 ). Spiders occupy an integral position within ecosystems, contributing to the regulation of insect populations and maintaining ecological balance. By controlling insect pests, spiders help protect crops and reduce the spread of diseases carried by certain insects. Their presence influences the dynamics of food webs, preventing unchecked insect outbreaks that could disrupt the delicate equilibrium of ecosystems (Marc et. al., 1999 ; Samiayyan, 2014 ). Materials and Methods The present study has been undertaken in and around the geographical location of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, which covers the following areas (Fig. 1 ): The extensive survey has been conducted from July 2022 to May 2024, in order to asses all the present spiders under the study area. The Nikon D5300 with Nikkor 105 f2.8 lens has been used for documenting all the encountered spiders under the study area. The direct estimation method has been utilized for counting of the spiders under all the location of the study area. The area experiences a subtropical monsoon climate and includes ornamental gardens, orchards, lawns, and buildings. The main observation areas consist of tropical forests, agricultural crop lands such as rice, various vegetable crops, maize, napier grass fruit crops like mango, cashew, banana, coconut, papaya and various ornamental gardens Standard Transect Walks is the principal method used for studies focusing on plant to plant and ground. The study area was be divided into standard sized and variable transects (Su et. al., 2020 ; Hogg and Daane, 2010 ). Here, we have selected standardized transect walks (fixed interval), where the observer walked along a line and recorded spiders found on vegetations, building structures and ground. We have conducted continues surveys from July 2022 to May 2024 while the survey under a day duration have been divided into 3 parts, morning hours from 6.30–9.30 and evening hours 4.30–6.30 (variable as per the sunset time). The noon survey only has been undertaken in case of forests and ornamental gardens and taken at 12.30–2.30. Results and Discussion The survey resulted in documentation of variety of spiders from eight different families like Araneidae with total 7 different species and 472 individuals followed by Oxyopidae with total 3 different species and 277 individuals, Salticidae with 5 different species and 199 number of individuals, Thomisidae with 1 species and 178 individuals, Sparassidae with 4 species and 95 number of individuals, Tetragnathidae with 2 species and 46 number of individuals, Nephilidae and Corinnidae with 1, 1 species and 17, 3 individuals respectively. Table 1.0 Population Dynamics of Different Spiders, Encountered at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha. S. No. Common Name of the Spider Scientific Name Family Number of Individual Encountered Lynx Spider Oxyopes spp. Oxyopidae 248 Crab Spider Thomisus spp. Thomisidae 178 Common Field Spider Neoscona theisi Araneidae 171 St Andrews Cross Spider Argiope aemula Araneidae 148 Signature Spider Argiope pulchella Araneidae 134 Jumping Spider Telamonia dimidiata Salticidae 0 91 Common House Spider Heteropoda venatoria Sparassidae 0 74 Huntsman Spider Olios spp. Sparassidae 0 47 Heteropoda Spider Heteropoda spp. Sparassidae 0 38 Jumping Hyllus Hyllus semicupreus Salticidae 0 29 Orb Weaver Leucauge sp. Tetragnathidae 0 27 Asian Lynx Spider Hamadruas spp. Oxyopidae 0 24 Long Jaw Spider Tetragnatha sp. Tetragnathidae 0 19 Giant Wood Spider Nephila sp. Nephilidae 0 17 Common Orb Weaving Araneus mitificus Araneidae 00 9 Green Huntsman Spider Micrommata virescens Sparassidae 00 7 Wixia Spider Parawixia sp. Araneidae 00 6 Green Lynx Spider Peucetia spp. Oxyopidae 00 5 Olios Spider Olios milleti Sparassidae 00 3 Green Belly Spider Araneus viridiventris Araneidae 00 3 Corinnid Sac Spider Castianeira sp. Corinnidae 00 3 Arachnophagic Spider Portia sp. Salticidae 00 3 Banded Phintella Phintella vittata Salticidae 00 2 Barn Spider Neoscona sp. Araneidae 00 1 Table 2.0 Number of Spiders Encountered under Different Families at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha S. No. Family No. of Individuals No. of Species Per Cent Share in Total Population Per Cent Share in No. of Species 1. Oxyopidae 277 3 21.53 12.50 2. Thomisidae 178 1 13.84 4.17 3. Araneidae 472 7 36.71 29.17 4. Sparassidae 169 5 13.16 20.83 5. Salticidae 125 4 9.71 16.67 6. Tetragnathidae 46 2 3.58 8.34 7. Nephilidae 17 1 1.32 4.17 8. Corinnidae 3 1 0.24 4.17 1. Araneidae: The spider family Araneidae, commonly known as orb-weavers, encompasses a diverse group of spiders characterized by their remarkable ability to construct intricate and beautiful orb-shaped webs. This family includes over 3,000 species distributed worldwide, displaying a wide range of sizes, colors, and web designs. Araneidae spiders play a crucial role in ecosystems as they are efficient predators, preying on a variety of insects and contributing to the control of pest populations (Scharff and Coddington, 1997 ; Scharff et. al., 2020 ; Alvarez-Padilla et. al., 2009 and Dondale, 1979 ). Web Construction Orb-weaver spiders are renowned for their skill in constructing intricate, circular orb-shaped webs. These webs are used for capturing flying insects, and the design can vary among species within the family. Body Shape and Size Members of the family Araneidae typically have a round or oval-shaped cephalothorax (head and thorax fused) and a more elongated abdomen. They come in various sizes, with some species being quite small, while others can be larger. Legs Orb-weavers have eight long, slender legs, which they use for crawling on their webs, as well as for sensing vibrations and capturing prey. Spinnerets Like all spiders, members of this family possess spinnerets, which are specialized silk-producing organs located at the rear of the abdomen. These spinnerets allow them to produce different types of silk for various purposes, including web construction, shelter building, and wrapping prey. Venom and Fangs Orb-weaver spiders typically have venomous fangs that they use to immobilize and digest their prey. While their venom is generally not harmful to humans, it is potent enough to subdue insects caught in their webs. Sexual Dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is often observed in orb-weaver spiders, with females being larger and more conspicuous than males. Female orb-weavers also tend to remain near their webs, while males are more mobile as they search for mates. Coloration and Patterns Orb-weaver spiders come in a variety of colors and patterns, often featuring intricate designs on their abdomen and cephalothorax. These patterns can vary widely among species and may serve both camouflage and warning functions. Behavior Many orb-weaver species are known for their sedentary behavior, remaining near or on their webs, while others may rebuild their webs daily. They are primarily nocturnal hunters, relying on their webs to capture prey at night. The total number of 7 different species have been recorded under the family Araneidae which are as follow 1.1 Common Field Spider , Neoscona theisi : Neoscona theisi , commonly known as the barn spider or the dark fishing spider, is a species of orb-weaving spider belonging to the family Araneidae. This arachnid species is primarily found in agricultural areas. Neoscona theisi exhibits distinctive physical characteristics, including a dark-colored body with intricate patterns and a relatively large size compared to other orb-weavers. The species is known for its remarkable web-building abilities and plays a significant role in controlling insect populations within its habitat. The data presented in Table shows that this is the most abundant spider in the family Ardeidae in this area with a total number of 171 number encountered. These spiders mainly associated with the agro-ecosystem and relies on pests of crops like rice and rainy season vegetables (Tahir et. al., 2019 ; Mishra and Rastogi, 2023 ; Malhotra et. al., 2012). 1.2 St Andrews Cross Spider , Argiope aemula : The St. Andrew's Cross Spider, scientifically known as Argiope aemula , is a striking arachnid known for its distinctive web and colourful appearance. These spiders are typically found in warm and tropical regions, and they are known for their large size and orb-shaped webs. One of the most distinctive features of the St. Andrew's Cross Spider is the conspicuous zigzag-shaped silk structure, resembling an X or St. Andrew's Cross, that they create in the center of their web. This structure is thought to play a role in attracting prey or deterring birds from flying through the web. The spider's body is usually marked with vibrant colors, including yellow, black, and silver, making them quite attractive. They have a bulbous abdomen and long, slender legs. Argiope amula is not considered dangerous to humans and is beneficial in controlling insect populations by catching prey in its web (Rao et. al., 2007 ; Herberstein et. al., 2005 a; Herberstein et. al., 2005 b). These spiders are fascinating examples of nature's diversity and play an essential role in maintaining ecological balance in their habitats. A total number of 148 individuals have been found inside the campus. 1.3 Signature Spider , Argiope pulchella : The Signature Spider, scientifically named Argiope pulchella , is a visually captivating member of the orb-weaving spider family. Its medium-sized body is characterized by a striking coloration, with females typically exhibiting a combination of black, yellow, or orange hues. What truly sets them apart is the prominent design adorning their abdomen, resembling a zigzag-shaped pattern reminiscent of writing, hence the colloquial name "Signature Spider." These arachnids are renowned for their remarkable web-building abilities. They construct intricate circular webs, often suspended between plants or other structures. What makes their webs even more fascinating is the presence of a central zigzag stabilimentum pattern, which can be quite elaborate and dense. While the exact purpose of this stabilimentum is not fully understood, it is believed to serve several functions. One hypothesis is that it may attract flying insects by reflecting ultra potential prey into the web. Another theory suggests that it might serve as a visual deterrent to larger creatures, such as birds, by making the web more visible and thus reducing the risk of accidental damage (Rao et. al., 2018 ; Mubeen and Basavarajappa, 2018 ; Dharmarathne, 2024 ). For this species, a total number of 134 individuals have been recorded. Most of the individuals were found under the rice agro-ecosystem. 1.4 Common (Shamrock) Orb-Weaver , Araneus mitificus : These spiders are skilled builders, creating intricate, circular webs suspended between plants or structures to capture flying insects. Like other orb-weaving spiders, Araneus mitificus waits at the center of its web for vibrations that signal the presence of prey, at which point it quickly immobilizes and consumes its catch. Araneus mitificus plays an essential role in controlling insect populations in its habitat and contributes to the ecological balance (Tanikawa et. al., 2021 ; Biswas and Raychaudhari, 2021; Singh and Singh, 2021 ). A total number of 9 individuals have been recorded for this species. 1.5 Wixia Spider , Parawixia sp. : Wixia spiders, members of the Parawixia genus found in South and South-East Asia, are renowned for their extraordinary social behavior. These spiders construct enormous communal webs, often high in trees or shrubs, where numerous individuals collaborate to capture and feed on flying insects. Each spider has its own retreat connected to the central hub of the web, where they share their catch. This unique social structure sets them apart in the arachnid world and showcases their role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling flying insect populations in their tropical and subtropical habitats (Garcia, 2018 ; Araujo et. al., 2011 ; Garcia, 1904). A total number of 06 individuals have been encountered under this species. 1.6 Green Belly Spider , Araneus viridiventris : Araneus viridiventris , commonly known as the Green-Belly Orb Weaver, is a species of orb-weaving spider known for its distinctive appearance. A total number of 03 individuals have been recorded under this species. It features a vibrant green or yellowish abdomen with intricate patterns, and its coloration often mimics the appearance of a leaf, aiding in camouflage within foliage. This spider typically constructs circular orb webs between plants to capture flying insects, and its presence contributes to natural pest control in various ecosystems, making it a valuable member of the arachnid community (Tanikawa and Petcharad, 2023 ; Chang and Tso, 2004 ; Wu et. al., 2023 ). 1.7 Barn Spider , Neoscona sp. : Barn Spiders, belonging to the genus Neoscona , are commonly found throughout tropics and subtropics. Only one individual has been spotted during the investigation. They are medium-sized orb-weaving spiders that exhibit a wide range of colors and patterns, often with distinctive abdominal markings. These spiders are frequently seen in and around human structures, including barns and gardens, where they build their orb-shaped webs to capture flying insects. Barn Spiders play a vital role in controlling insect populations and are generally harmless to humans (Mallesh and Sravanthy, 2021 ; Kiran et al., 2018 ). 2. Sparassidae: The family Sparassidae, commonly known as family of huntsman spiders, is a diverse and widespread group of arachnids known for their distinctive features and behaviors (Moradmand and Jaeger, 2011 ; Jager, 1997; Zhong et. al., 2018 ; Jager, 2005). Size and Appearance Huntsman spiders vary in size but are generally large and robust, with leg spans that can range from a few centimetres to over a foot in some species. They have flattened bodies, long legs, and a characteristic appearance, often with brown or gray coloration. Their eyes are arranged in a distinctive pattern, with two rows of four eyes each. Distribution Huntsman spiders are found in various parts of the world, with a particularly strong presence in tropical and subtropical regions. They are commonly encountered in countries such as India, China, Australia etc. Behavior Huntsman spiders are agile and fast-moving predators. Unlike web-building spiders, they actively hunt for their prey, primarily insects and other arthropods. They are known for their ability to move quickly and stealthily, making them effective hunters. Habitat These spiders can be found in a wide range of habitats, from forests and grasslands to urban areas and homes. They are often seen on walls, ceilings, and in crevices, where they hide during the day and emerge at night to hunt. Eyesight Sparassids have excellent vision due to their unique eye arrangement. Their large forward-facing eyes provide them with binocular vision, enhancing their depth perception and tracking abilities. This keen eyesight is crucial for hunting. Defense Mechanisms When threatened, huntsman spiders can exhibit defensive behaviors, including raising their front legs and displaying their fangs. While they may appear intimidating, they are not considered dangerous to humans, and their venom is typically not harmful. Life Cycle Huntsman spiders lay eggs and construct silk egg sacs, which they guard. After hatching, spiderlings go through several molts before reaching maturity. The lifespan of a huntsman spider can vary depending on the species and environmental factors. Taxonomy The family Sparassidae belongs to the order Araneae (spiders) and the class Arachnida. It includes numerous genera and species, each with its own unique characteristics and distribution. A total number of five species with 169 individuals have been recorded under this family at CUTM, which are as follow: 2.1 Common House Spider , Heteropoda venatoria : The Common House Spider, scientifically known as Heteropoda venatoria , is a notable arachnid found across various global regions, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Here in the study area, a total number of 74 individuals have been encountered. These spiders are characterized by their relatively large size, boasting a leg span of up to 4 inches (10 centimeters), and exhibit a flattened body shape with long, slender legs. Typically, their coloration ranges from brown to gray or beige. As the name suggests, they are frequently encountered within human habitations, where they construct irregular and messy webs in corners, beneath furniture, or other concealed spots. Heteropoda venatoria is primarily a nocturnal predator, feeding on insects and other small arthropods. Despite their imposing appearance, they are generally harmless to humans, possessing venom that poses no significant threat. Their presence can even be beneficial, as they help control insect populations in and around homes (Aswathi and Sabu, 2011 ; Pandit, 2009; Ewunkem et. al., 2016 ). 2.2 Huntsman Spider , Olios spp. : Huntsman spiders, Olios spp., are spiders of family Sparassidae, large, fast-moving arachnids, known for their distinctive flattened bodies and long legs. These spiders are widely distributed across the world, typically found in warm and tropical regions. During the survey, a total number of 47 individuals have been encountered under this genus. They are adept hunters that do not build webs to catch prey; instead, they actively chase down insects and other small creatures. Despite their intimidating appearance, Huntsman spiders are generally harmless to humans, with their venom primarily designed for immobilizing prey. Their presence is often valued as they help control insect populations in their natural habitats (Jackson, 1987 ; Rheims, 2010 ; Gorneau et. al., 2022 ). 2.3 Green Huntsman Spider , Micrommata virescens : Micrommata virescens is a species of spider commonly known as the Green Huntsman Spider and a total number of 7 individuals have been recorded under it. It is recognized for its striking emerald-green coloration and is primarily found in Europe and Asia. This spider belongs to the family Sparassidae, characterized by its large size and robust build. Like other huntsman spiders, Micrommata virescens is an agile predator that relies on speed and ambush tactics to capture its prey, which primarily consists of insects. Despite its formidable appearance, it is generally harmless to humans and plays a crucial role in controlling insect populations in its natural habitat (Jagerl and Ono, 2000 ; Veeramani et. al., 2023 ; Bensouilah et. al., 1845). 3. Salticidae: The family Salticidae, commonly known as jumping spiders, represents a diverse and fascinating group of spiders known for their distinctive characteristics and behaviors (Richman et. al., 1992; Maddison, 2003 ; Maddison, 2005; Bodner and Maddison, 2012 ). This is the third most abundant family of spiders at CUTM. Size and Appearance Jumping spiders are generally small to medium-sized, with most species ranging from a few millimeters to around 1 centimetre in length. They have compact, often colourful bodies, and their cephalothorax (the combined head and thorax) features patterns and markings that are unique to each species. Vision Salticidae is renowned for its exceptional vision. Jumping spiders possess large anterior median eyes, which are particularly adapted for acute depth perception and color vision. These eyes provide them with excellent spatial awareness and the ability to track prey and navigate their environment with precision. Behavior Jumping spiders are active hunters. They do not construct traditional webs to capture prey but instead rely on their vision to stalk and pounce on their victims. They are agile and can leap many times their body length, using their silk for safety lines, shelter, and egg sacs. Their hunting strategy and jumping ability are what give them their common name. Silk Production While they don't use silk for web construction like other spider families, jumping spiders produce silk for various purposes, such as creating shelters, egg sacs, draglines for safety, and communication. Coloration and Variation Salticidae species display a wide range of colors and patterns, often mimicking their surroundings for camouflage. The coloration can be quite striking, with some species exhibiting vibrant hues and intricate markings. Diverse Habitat Jumping spiders are found in diverse habitats worldwide, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. They are adaptable and can be observed on vegetation, walls, tree trunks, and even in urban environments. Predatory Behavior These spiders are visual hunters, using their keen eyesight to locate and stalk prey, which primarily consists of other arthropods, including insects. Their hunting tactics and agility make them effective predators. A total number of five species under the family Salticidae have been recorded at CUTM which are as follow: 3.1 Jumping Spider , Telamonia dimidiata : Telamonia dimidiata , a jumping spider, with a total number of 91 species, exhibiting the sexual dimorphism is native to various Asian regions and renowned for its eye-catching appearance, featuring a predominantly dark body adorned with a striking white or cream-colored abdominal mark that often resembles a cheerful "smiley" face. While urban legends have occasionally portrayed it as a venomous threat, in reality, this spider is harmless to humans. It plays a valuable ecological role by actively preying on insects, thus contributing to natural pest control in its environment, and its small to medium-sized stature, usually measuring no more than a centimetre in length, makes it an intriguing and benign inhabitant of its ecosystem (Ahmed et. al., 2019 ; Chaubey, 2019 ; Gajbe, 2020 ). 3.2 Jumping Hyllus , Hyllus semicupreus : Hyllus semicupreus , commonly known as the semi-copper jumping spider with a total number of 29 individuals, is a charismatic and visually striking arachnid species found in various tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This jumping spider belongs to the Salticidae family, known for its remarkable hunting behavior and keen visual acuity. H. semicupreus is recognized for its striking iridescent coloration, which varies in shades of copper, green, and blue, making it a subject of fascination for both researchers and enthusiasts. Jumping spiders are renowned for their exceptional vision, which is accomplished through large anterior median eyes that facilitate depth perception, precise prey capture, and mate recognition (Wesolowska and Russell-Smith, 2000 ; Parmar and Patel, 2018 , Jose et. al., 2020 ). 3.3 Arachnophagic Spider , Portia sp. : Portia , a genus of Arachnophagic spiders with a total number of 3 encountered individuals, stands out as a remarkable group within the world of arachnids due to its remarkable hunting strategies and sophisticated behaviors. Portia spiders are renowned for their specialized diet, predominantly consisting of other spiders, including those larger than themselves. These arachnids have developed a suite of remarkable adaptations to hunt and subdue their prey. Their hunting strategy involves a combination of stealth, mimicry, and cunning, making them expert arachnid predators. Portia's predatory behaviors are characterized by their ability to mimic the vibrations of their prey's silk threads, allowing them to approach their victims undetected. This mimicry extends to their physical appearance, where Portia spiders resemble a variety of prey species. This mimicry is an example of aggressive mimicry, enabling Portia to deceive its prey effectively. Another key aspect of Portia's predatory behavior is their problem-solving skills. They exhibit complex cognitive abilities, which include planning and decision-making during their hunts. They often encounter challenges when dealing with other spider species, which may employ various defensive behaviors. Portia's ability to adapt its tactics and approach based on its prey's reactions is a testament to its cognitive prowess (Xu et. al., 2021 ; Jackson and Hallas, 1986 ; Forster and Murphy, 1986 ). 3.4 Banded Phintella , Phintella vittata : Phintella vittata , commonly known as the Banded Phintella, is a small but visually captivating jumping spider species found in various parts of Asia. A total number to 2 individuals have been encountered in the study area. Phintella vittata is distinguished by its striking and intricate coloration, featuring distinct bands of black, white, and orange on its diminutive body. These vibrant hues make the species a subject of fascination for arachnologists, photographers, and nature enthusiasts. The aesthetics of Phintella vittata , with its cryptic yet eye-catching appearance, serve as a testament to the diverse beauty found in the world of arachnids. Ecologically, the Banded Phintella occupies a range of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban environments. These adaptable spiders are skilled hunters, primarily preying on small insects. As jumping spiders, they employ precision hunting strategies, using their keen eyesight and agility to stalk and pounce on their prey. Their role in controlling insect populations within their ecosystems underscores their ecological significance (Yong, 2008 ; Swathy and Nilamundeen, 2023). Phintella vittata is also known for its engaging courtship and mating behaviors. Male spiders engage in elaborate displays and perform rhythmic courtship rituals to attract females. Understanding the intricate behaviors involved in mate selection among jumping spiders contributes to our knowledge of arachnid reproductive strategies (Swathy, 2022 ). 4. Oxyopidae: The Oxyopidae family, commonly referred to as lynx spiders, represents a diverse and intriguing group of arachnids known for their unique hunting strategies and striking visual characteristics. The family Oxyopidae encompasses over 400 species, distributed across a wide range of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. This taxonomic diversity is mirrored in the family's striking physical characteristics, which often include elongated legs, spiny bristles, and vivid coloration. Such features are not only captivating to researchers and enthusiasts but also serve essential ecological functions (Nyffeler et. al., 1992 ; Tikader, 1965 ). Oxyopid spiders are exceptional predators, renowned for their keen vision, often aided by large, forward-facing eyes that provide binocular vision. This remarkable visual acuity enables them to excel in their primary hunting strategy – stalking and ambushing their prey. Lynx spiders exhibit rapid reflexes, striking with precision and agility when capturing insects, smaller arachnids, or other small arthropods. The family is known for its opportunistic feeding habits, targeting a wide range of prey, including pollinators, herbivores, and pests, making them ecologically significant for pest control in various agricultural settings. Beyond their predatory behaviors, Oxyopid spiders display intriguing courtship rituals and mating behaviors. Male lynx spiders employ elaborate displays and visual cues to attract females, reflecting the significance of sexual selection in their reproductive strategies (Turner, 1979 ; Baehr et. al., 2017 ). Oxyopidae plays a vital role in the ecosystem by serving as both predators and prey. Studying their interactions within food webs provides insights into the broader dynamics of arachnid communities and their influence on local biodiversity. 4.1 Lynx Spider , Oxyopes spp : The genus Oxyopes , commonly known as lynx spiders, encompasses a diverse group of arachnids that captivate both scientists and nature enthusiasts with their unique hunting strategies, agile movements, and distinctive visual characteristics. This species noted to be the highly mobile and abundant species in agro-ecosystem with a total number of 248 encountered individuals. Oxyopes spiders are characterized by their elongated bodies, spiny legs, and large anterior median eyes that offer exceptional binocular vision. This remarkable visual acuity plays a pivotal role in their hunting techniques, as lynx spiders are renowned for their agile stalking and ambushing tactics (Moses et. al., 2023 ; Bharathi and Rabeesh, 2023 ). They actively pursue prey, employing stealth and lightning-fast strikes to capture a wide range of arthropods. Their prey selection includes insects, including pests, and other arachnids, making them ecologically significant contributors to natural pest control in various ecosystems. The Oxyopes genus is notable for its adaptability to diverse habitats, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. This adaptability is reflected in their coloration, which often matches their surroundings, enhancing their camouflage and making them inconspicuous to potential prey and predators. Such cryptic coloration is an interesting aspect of their natural history and an area of study in arachnology. In addition to their predatory behaviors, Oxyopes spiders display complex courtship rituals and mating behaviors, often involving visual displays and tactile communication (Keswani, 2023 ; Sahoo et. al., 2023 ). 4.2 Asian Lynx Spider , Hamadruas spp : The Hamadruas genus, colloquially known as the Asian Lynx spiders, constitutes a captivating and enigmatic group of arachnids distributed across various ecosystems in Asia. Characterized by their slender bodies, agile movements, and remarkable vision, Hamadruas spiders have evolved to become skilled predators in the Asian arachnid fauna. A total number of 24 individuals have been spotted for this particular species. These spiders exhibit hunting behaviors that combine stealth and speed. With their acute eyesight, including large anterior median eyes, they employ precision stalking and rapid strikes to capture a diverse array of prey, including insects, arachnids, and other small invertebrates. Their role as efficient predators makes them ecologically significant contributors to pest control in diverse Asian habitats. Hamadruas spiders display remarkable diversity in both morphology and behavior, reflecting their adaptability to a wide range of ecosystems, including tropical rainforests, temperate woodlands, and arid regions. Their coloration often blends with their surroundings, providing effective camouflage and enhancing their ability to ambush unsuspecting prey (Lo et. al., 2024 ; Trisnawati et. al., 2023 ; Jayasree et. al., 2023 ). 4.3 Green Lynx Spider , Peucetia sp : The Peucetia genus, commonly referred to as Green Lynx Spiders, represents a fascinating and visually striking group of arachnids distributed across various ecosystems in the India. A total number of 5 individuals have been recorded to this species. The defining feature of Peucetia spiders is their vibrant green coloration, a striking adaptation that not only captivates the eye but also aids in their camouflage within lush, vegetated environments. This cryptic coloration, combined with their slender bodies and spiny legs, allows Green Lynx Spiders to blend seamlessly with the foliage, enabling them to ambush unsuspecting prey with precision. As skilled predators, Peucetia spp. rely on their keen eyesight, including large anterior median eyes, to stalk and strike their prey. Their primary diet includes a wide range of arthropods, making them ecologically significant contributors to natural pest control in various habitats. Green Lynx Spiders are not only remarkable hunters but also fascinating subjects for the study of arachnid behavior. Peucetia spiders play a pivotal role in the ecosystems they inhabit, both as predators and as potential prey for various predators (Vinolia and Agnes, 2023 ; Kashmeera and Sudhikumar, 2024 ; Singh et. al., 2023 ). 5. Tetragnathidae: The Tetragnathidae family, commonly known as long-jawed orb-weaver spiders, represents a diverse and intriguing group of arachnids known for their elegant web-building behaviors, extended cephalothorax, and unique ecological roles. Tetragnathid spiders are characterized by their elongated cephalothorax, which houses an array of highly specialized silk-producing structures. This unique morphology is central to their web-building abilities. Tetragnathids spin orb-shaped webs that vary in complexity, ranging from simple horizontal sheets to intricate three-dimensional structures. These webs serve as both an avenue for hunting and as a means of communication for courtship rituals. Understanding the architecture and construction of these webs has long fascinated scientists, offering insights into the evolution of silk production and the integration of web construction into the arachnid lifestyle (Basu and Raychaudhari, 2016; Anju et. al., 2024 ). The family Tetragnathidae demonstrates a remarkable adaptability to diverse habitats, occupying ecosystems ranging from aquatic environments to forest canopies. This adaptability is reflected in their various ecological roles, which may include predation, herbivory, and scavenging. These spiders are opportunistic predators, targeting a wide range of prey, including insects, flies, and other arachnids, thus playing a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance and regulating arthropod populations. The family exhibits intriguing reproductive and courtship behaviors, often characterized by complex mating rituals. Male Tetragnathids must carefully navigate the female's web to engage in elaborate courtship displays, emphasizing the significance of sexual selection and mate choice in their reproductive strategies. Tetragnathidae spiders serve as a crucial link in the food web, both as predators and as prey (Joseph and Premila, 2016 ; Pawar and Patil, 2019 ). 5.1 Orb Weaver , Leucauge sp : The Leucauge genus, often referred to as orb weavers, is a fascinating and diverse group of arachnids known for their intricate web-building behaviors, exquisite visual markings, and ecological importance. There was total 27 number of individuals have been recorded for this genus. Leucauge spiders are characterized by their delicate, elongated bodies and vibrant coloration, which often includes intricate markings on their abdomen. These arachnids spin classic orb-shaped webs that serve as both hunting tools and sites for courtship rituals. The construction and architecture of these webs have been the focus of extensive research, offering insights into silk production, web design, and the evolution of web-building behaviors among arachnids (Majumdar and Mridha, 2004). The genus Leucauge displays remarkable adaptability, with species distributed across a wide range of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to temperate woodlands. Their web-building habits reflect their adaptability, as different species create webs tailored to their respective habitats, from horizontal sheets to intricate three-dimensional structures. These webs not only serve as effective hunting mechanisms but also play a crucial role in communication and mate attraction, showcasing the versatility of the orb weavers. Leucauge spiders primarily prey on flying insects and arthropods, making them ecologically significant predators that help control insect populations in various ecosystems (Malamel and Sebastian, 2018 ; Jeyaparvathi et. al., 2013 ). 5.2 Long Jaw Spider , Tetragnatha sp : A total number of 19 individuals have been recorded under this genus, Tetragnatha which is commonly known as long-jawed spiders, constitute a captivating group of arachnids celebrated for their extended cephalothorax and specialized silk-spinning abilities. Tetragnatha spiders are characterized by their elongated cephalothorax, a feature that distinguishes them within the arachnid world. This unique morphology supports their exceptional silk-spinning abilities, which they employ in constructing horizontal orb webs. These elegant webs serve as both hunting tools and sites for courtship rituals. Tetragnatha's web-building behaviors offer insights into the evolution of silk production and the integration of web construction into their lifestyle. Long-jawed spiders primarily prey on flying insects and arthropods, making them essential contributors to the regulation of arthropod populations in ecosystems. Their role in maintaining ecological balance underscores their importance in sustaining the health of diverse habitats. Tetragnatha spiders exhibit interesting courtship and mating behaviors, with males navigating the female's web and engaging in complex displays to secure mating opportunities. These behaviors offer a glimpse into the genus's reproductive strategies and mate selection mechanisms (Roy et. al., 2017 ; Castanheira et. al., 2022 ). 6. Thomisidae: The Thomisidae family, commonly referred to as crab spiders, represents a diverse and captivating group of arachnids known for their unique hunting strategies, diverse morphology, and ecological significance. Thomisidae spiders are characterized by their variable morphology, which is adapted to the hunting strategies they employ. These spiders are renowned for their crab-like appearance, with their flattened bodies, sideways gait, and strong forelegs. Such morphological adaptations facilitate their ambush hunting technique, where they patiently wait on flowers, leaves, or bark to capture pollinators and other prey. Their distinct appearance also enhances their cryptic mimicry, as some species resemble plant parts or flower buds, rendering them inconspicuous to both prey and potential predators (Thumar et. al., 2021 ; Devika et. al., 2022 ). The Thomisidae family demonstrates remarkable adaptability, occupying a wide range of habitats, including forests, meadows, and deserts. Their hunting strategies may target a variety of prey, including bees, butterflies, and other arthropods, thereby contributing to the regulation of insect populations in their respective ecosystems. Thomisidae spiders are also known for their fascinating reproductive behaviors. Males often employ elaborate courtship rituals to avoid being mistaken for prey by the larger females. These behaviors offer insight into the genus's reproductive strategies, mate selection mechanisms, and the coevolution of sexual dimorphism (Kumar et. al., 2020 ; Singh and Sharma, 2022 ). 6.1 Crab Spider , Thomisus spp : Thomisus spp., with total number of 178 recorded individuals, noted to the common spider in the CUTM. This spider commonly known as crab spiders, are a captivating group of arachnids celebrated for their unique hunting tactics, remarkable morphological adaptations, and ecological importance. The crab spider, Thomisus sp., plays a crucial role in its ecosystem through various ecological and predatory functions. Ecologically, crab spiders assist in pollination despite their predatory nature. By residing on flowers and ambushing pollinators like bees and butterflies, they inadvertently increase the pollination efficiency as these insects move from flower to flower. Their presence can also serve as an indicator of environmental health, as diverse and abundant crab spider populations often signify a balanced and thriving ecosystem. Predatorily, crab spiders are adept ambush predators, utilizing their excellent camouflage to blend into flowers and foliage, allowing them to capture prey efficiently without expending much energy in pursuit. This ability to prey on a broad range of insects helps to regulate insect populations, maintaining a balanced food web and preventing any single species from becoming overly dominant, which could disrupt the ecosystem. Additionally, their predatory activities contribute to nutrient cycling within their habitats. When crab spiders consume prey, they help to break down and redistribute nutrients, benefiting plant growth and overall ecosystem productivity (Shweta et. al., 2023 ; Singh and Sekhar, 2020 ; Veeramani et. al., 2023 ). 7. Nephilidae: The Nephilidae family, commonly referred to as golden silk orb-weavers, is a remarkable and captivating group of arachnids known for their intricate web-spinning behaviors, striking coloration, and ecological importance. Nephilidae spiders are characterized by their large size, vibrant coloration, and remarkable silk-spinning abilities. They are renowned for constructing distinctive, golden-hued orb webs, which often span several feet in diameter and are among the largest orb webs created by any spider species. The silk produced by these arachnids is incredibly strong and durable, making their webs highly efficient for capturing flying insects and other prey. These webs are architectural marvels that serve as both hunting tools and shelters (Sankaran et. al., 2020 ; Turk et. al., 2021 ). The Nephilidae family demonstrates a fascinating diversity in morphology and coloration, and sexual dimorphism is often pronounced. Males are typically smaller and less conspicuous than females, a characteristic that reflects their different roles and strategies in reproduction. These spiders are known for their striking color patterns, with some species exhibiting unique and elaborate abdominal designs. Golden silk orb-weavers inhabit a range of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to savannas. Their webs are strategically placed to capture a variety of prey, including insects and, in some cases, even birds. Their contribution to pest control and ecosystem balance is significant, and their presence is especially valuable in agricultural landscapes. Nephilidae spiders also exhibit intriguing reproductive and mating behaviors. Males navigate the female's web to initiate complex courtship rituals, which may involve careful plucking of web strands and tactile communication. These behaviors provide insights into the genus's reproductive strategies, mate selection mechanisms, and sexual dimorphism (Ranade, 2021 ; Raval and Ram, 2021 ). 7.1 Giant Wood Spider , Nephila sp : The results presented in the Table 1.0 shows that a total number of 17 individuals have been recorded under this genus. Nephila commonly known as giant wood spiders, are a captivating group of arachnids celebrated for their impressive size, intricate web-spinning skills, and vital role in tropical ecosystems. Giant wood spiders, Nephila spp., are among the largest orb-weaving spiders in the world, with some species boasting leg spans that exceed 4 inches. These arachnids are renowned for their striking yellow and black coloration and for their elaborate, silk-spun webs, which are often found in the treetops of tropical rainforests. The golden silk produced by these spiders is both remarkably strong and flexible, making their webs efficient at capturing flying insects, essential for their survival (Sangavi et. al., 2023 ; Daimary et. al., 2024 ). 8. Corinnidae: The Corinnidae family, commonly known as ground sac spiders, is a diverse and fascinating group of arachnids often overlooked in the realm of arachnology. The Corinnidae family is characterized by its extensive taxonomic diversity, encompassing over 2,000 species distributed across various habitats worldwide. These spiders are known for their relatively small size and cryptic appearance, which often renders them inconspicuous to casual observers. Despite their unassuming presence, ground sac spiders employ an array of unique hunting strategies and behavioral adaptations. Corinnidae spiders are agile and adept hunters, employing ambush tactics as well as active hunting. They often build silk retreats on the ground or in low vegetation, using these as secure shelters and staging areas for capturing prey. Their hunting behavior ranges from patiently waiting for unsuspecting insects to actively stalking and pouncing on their prey. This adaptability makes them effective predators, targeting a wide range of arthropods and playing essential roles in regulating insect populations. 8.1 Corinnid Sac Spider , Castianeira sp : The recorded data of Table 1.0 showed tha a total number of 3 individuals have been recorded under this genus. Castianeira sp. a member of the Corinnidae family, commonly known as sac spiders, represents an intriguing and diverse group of arachnids often overlooked in arachnology. Castianeira sp., like their Corinnidae relatives, are often small and cryptic in appearance, making them inconspicuous to casual observers. These sac spiders employ stealthy hunting tactics, with some species crafting silk retreats on the ground or in low vegetation, using these as secure shelters and staging areas for capturing prey. Their hunting strategies range from ambushing unsuspecting insects to actively stalking and pouncing on their prey, showcasing their adaptability and agility as hunters. They play essential roles in regulating insect populations, contributing to the ecological balance of their habitats. Castianeira spiders also display interesting courtship and mating behaviors. Males engage in elaborate dances and vibrational courtship displays to attract females, shedding light on their reproductive strategies, mate selection mechanisms, and the complex dynamics of sexual dimorphism within the family (Sankaran, 2021 ; Singh et. al., 2021 ). Conclusion The Spider Diversity Survey conducted at the CUTM in Gajapati, Odisha, has provided significant insights into the diversity and distribution patterns of spiders in this region. Spiders, as ecologically vital arthropods, hold key roles in various ecosystems, affecting both predator-prey relationships and overall ecological balance. This survey, which encompassed a range of habitats, from forests and grasslands to wetlands and urban areas, aimed to shed light on the intricate spider communities thriving within this landscape. The survey's findings are promising, with preliminary results indicating a remarkable diversity of spider species. The discovery of numerous families and genera underscores the significance of various ecological niches and microhabitats within the CUTM campus. These findings highlight the influence of habitat type and structural complexity on spider diversity and community composition, emphasizing the interconnectedness between spiders and their environments. Notably, the Family Araneidae emerged as the dominant group, boasting the highest population of individuals, with 472 recorded, followed by Oxyopidae with 277 individuals, and Salticidae with 199 individuals. This data not only reflects the importance of these families within the local ecosystem but also underscores the relevance of understanding their roles and interactions. The survey revealed a rich species diversity within the Family Araneidae, which recorded the highest number of species (7), followed closely by Sparassidae and Salticidae, each with 5 species. This information is invaluable for appreciating the intricate web of species coexistence and their roles in ecosystem dynamics within the CUTM campus. This survey significantly contributes to our understanding of spider biodiversity within the study area and serves as a foundation for further research and conservation efforts. It showcases the intricate relationships between spiders and their environments, emphasizing the importance of preserving these arachnid communities for the overall health and functioning of the ecosystems within CUTM, Gajapati, Odisha. Declarations The present work is a part of Seed Money project entitled “Unveiling Nature’s Battle: A Comprehensive Survey on Insect-Pests and their Fierce Predators which was granted by the Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi Odisha with the Grant No. CUTM/reg.Off/SM/126/2023-24 to conduct survey on fauna of the Gajapati district of Odisha. The work has been started with date of submission (27-02-2022) while the grant letter has been received in November, 2023. Author has received travel support, work support and equipments from the funding agency. 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On four new species of the orb-weaver spider genus Araneus Clerck, 1757 (Araneae, Araneidae) from southern China. Zoo Keys , 1160 , 169. Xu, X., Peng, X., & Li, D. (2021). Four new species of the jumping spider genus Portia (Araneae, Salticidae) from China. Zoo Keys , 1068 , 27. Yong, H. S. (2008). Telamonia dimidiata and Phintella versicolor (Arachnida: Salticidae): two new records for Peninsular Malaysia. Sci Tech. , 14. Zachariah, T., & Mitchell, M. A. (2009). Invertebrates. In Manual of exotic pet practice (pp. 11-38). WB Saunders. Zhong, Y., Jaeger, P., Chen, J., & Liu, J. (2018). Taxonomic review of the Sinopoda okinawana-group (Araneae: Sparassidae) in China. Zootaxa , 4388 (3), 328-346. Graphs Graphs 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4649913","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":323844216,"identity":"0e124047-5cc5-455e-87d3-788ac0f8d077","order_by":0,"name":"Manish K Yadav","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCA4wNICqBgeEDXMyASC2MMxgYJIjSwgDTwswD14IH6LafPXjw5w6GxP725GfSNjWH63QbmB9+YCi4g1OL2Zm8hMO8ZxgSZ5x5Ziadc+ywhNkBNmMJBoNnuLUcyDE4zNjGkNhwI8HYOLcBpIXBDOiXw7i1nH9jcPAnUMv8G+mfjS3BWti/4ddyI8fgAC9Qy4YbOYaPGcFaeAjYcuONwWHeNgnjjWfeFD7sOZYuue0wT7FEAl6H5Rh//NlmIzvvePqGAz9qrPnNjrdv/PDhD24tUCDh2ABnMzOAUwJBYE+EmlEwCkbBKBipAACQRVtTdRGr1wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manish","middleName":"K","lastName":"Yadav","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-27 16:15:54","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4649913/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4649913/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59963064,"identity":"c7a3590d-e4fb-4c96-ac29-6276155719ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":611415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMap of the Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/620354433bcb6c46b19f0bfc.png"},{"id":59963066,"identity":"1b72d6a5-74f7-43d2-bdf8-3c3983b248ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1688461,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 Common Field Spider, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeoscona theisi \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(© Dr. Manish K. 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Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.1.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/ca9bf3247f8f523d2ee25995.png"},{"id":59964080,"identity":"0cb93756-cfde-437a-834d-e84d2dd13052","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:44:01","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1403635,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 Jumping Hyllus, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHyllus semicupreus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.2.1and3.2.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/09a7d0cf9e6b4dac667f5dec.png"},{"id":59963704,"identity":"bc6c6fca-a94d-488c-8e61-7c6209b7b22c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:36:01","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1042437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 Arachnophagic Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Portia \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esp. (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.3.1and3.3.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/f5ab772e56f07083dae0c595.png"},{"id":59963082,"identity":"b1aec12a-31f4-43ab-a427-9141250dfc4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:02","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":732825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 3.4.1 Banded Phintella\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Phintella vittata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.4.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/263f04aba32b391a4932ff74.png"},{"id":59963088,"identity":"af5c4af3-0fe3-43dd-b9d4-d7912a0001e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:02","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1441953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 Lynx Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Oxyopes \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003espp. (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.1.1and4.1.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/b4ce2110e1a4a38176ba8c49.png"},{"id":59964592,"identity":"d0037e65-572d-4e93-9683-129dfcee8f84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:52:02","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1161999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 Asian Lynx Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Hamadruas \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003espp (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.2.1and4.2.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/8af6989aa2cbb56c2f44dfbc.png"},{"id":59963078,"identity":"3b13f48c-72db-4802-90a2-f009c57ce5eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:01","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1305708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 4.3.1 Green Lynx Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Peucetia \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esp (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.3.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/4d86b381f3dbce216bc9b3c3.png"},{"id":59963480,"identity":"850a1d64-768d-4efb-9ab9-b125476078c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:28:01","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":887412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 5.1.1 Orb Weaver\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Leucauge \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esp (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.1.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/009a686c759034c638d18290.png"},{"id":59963084,"identity":"0e533043-065f-4b02-92d8-b58f1df5f5a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:02","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":786493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 5.2.1 Long Jaw Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Tetragnatha \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esp (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.2.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/43396576864f0e66e7b85b2f.png"},{"id":59963485,"identity":"0a5e2756-cf1a-4a30-b090-d424e6609cc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:28:02","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"Figure 21","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1480685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 Asian Lynx Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Hamadruas \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003espp (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.2.1and5.2.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/6c08b8e31c825ab3dd2441ec.png"},{"id":59963484,"identity":"e03cc2f6-f78a-4e8b-80a1-a241491962e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:28:01","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"Figure 22","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1893373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 7.1.1 (\u003c/strong\u003e♂\u003cstrong\u003e) and 7.1.2 (\u003c/strong\u003e♀\u003cstrong\u003e) Giant Wood Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Nephila \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esp (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.1.1and7.1.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/73e28ecd0adc9cb2620558a6.png"},{"id":59963083,"identity":"169273ff-b26f-4318-aab3-916c29dc313d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:02","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"Figure 23","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2944501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig 8.1.1 Corinnid Sac Spider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, Castianeira \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esp (© Dr. Manish K. Yadav)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.1.1and8.1.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/cd0ae32f67ed6ecd83cbeb49.png"},{"id":59964617,"identity":"6a1d8d66-6a58-45b9-b4ed-1e3b51b4e342","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:52:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":32713943,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/67092b96-64e2-4720-8656-557f4cc99492.pdf"},{"id":59963065,"identity":"8a14656c-c3ae-4aa2-b6ff-f4955e16c127","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-10 01:20:01","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":189514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Graphs.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4649913/v1/39ff621fdb9135c11df4fbb5.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploring the Fascinating World of Spiders: A Survey on Spider Diversity and Distribution at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSpiders, the eight-legged arachnids that inhabit diverse ecosystems across the globe, have captivated the curiosity and fear of humans for centuries. These remarkable creatures belong to the order Araneae and, are known for their intricate webs, venomous fangs, and astonishing adaptability (Vankhede et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). While some individuals harbour arachnophobia, spiders play an essential role in maintaining ecological balance and have several fascinating characteristics worth exploring (Sebastian and Peter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Spiders exhibit a remarkable array of biological adaptations that enable their survival and success in various environments. Their bodies consist of two main parts: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Unlike insects, spiders possess eight legs and lack wings or antennae (Mammola et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). These legs, equipped with specialized bristles, allow spiders to navigate diverse terrains, ranging from intricate webs to smooth surfaces. Furthermore, spiders possess multiple pairs of eyes, which can vary in number and arrangement, granting them exceptional vision (Zachariah and Mitchell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). One of the most astonishing abilities of spiders is their capacity to produce silk\u0026mdash;a protein-based substance secreted from specialized glands. Spiders utilize silk for diverse purposes, such as constructing webs, capturing prey, or creating egg sacs. The intricacy and complexity of spider webs vary greatly among species. From the classic orb-weaver webs, to the funnel-shaped webs of the grass spider, to the ground-dwelling trapdoor spider's concealed burrow, each design showcases the spider's adaptability to its environment and hunting strategies (Malik and Goyal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiders are primarily carnivorous and play a crucial role in controlling insect populations. They employ an assortment of hunting techniques, depending on their species and environment. Some spiders, like the venomous black widow or brown recluse, actively hunt and immobilize their prey using venom injected through their fangs (Henaut and Machkour-M\u0026rsquo;Rabet, 2020). Others, such as the jumping spiders, rely on their impressive agility and keen eyesight to pounce on unsuspecting insects. Spiders' diverse hunting strategies underscore their specialized adaptations and their ecological significance as natural pest controllers. Spiders reproduce sexually, with the male typically performing elaborate courtship rituals to attract a female. Once fertilization occurs, females produce egg sacs that safeguard hundreds of eggs. After hatching, spiderlings undergo a series of molts, shedding their exoskeletons as they grow. As they mature, spiderlings disperse and establish their territories, embarking on a solitary life. However, a few species exhibit social behavior, such as communal web-building or cooperative brood care (Ambily and Antony, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiders occupy an integral position within ecosystems, contributing to the regulation of insect populations and maintaining ecological balance. By controlling insect pests, spiders help protect crops and reduce the spread of diseases carried by certain insects. Their presence influences the dynamics of food webs, preventing unchecked insect outbreaks that could disrupt the delicate equilibrium of ecosystems (Marc et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Samiayyan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study has been undertaken in and around the geographical location of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, which covers the following areas (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extensive survey has been conducted from July 2022 to May 2024, in order to asses all the present spiders under the study area. The Nikon D5300 with Nikkor 105 f2.8 lens has been used for documenting all the encountered spiders under the study area. The direct estimation method has been utilized for counting of the spiders under all the location of the study area. The area experiences a subtropical monsoon climate and includes ornamental gardens, orchards, lawns, and buildings. The main observation areas consist of tropical forests, agricultural crop lands such as rice, various vegetable crops, maize, napier grass fruit crops like mango, cashew, banana, coconut, papaya and various ornamental gardens\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard Transect Walks is the principal method used for studies focusing on plant to plant and ground. The study area was be divided into standard sized and variable transects (Su et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Hogg and Daane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Here, we have selected standardized transect walks (fixed interval), where the observer walked along a line and recorded spiders found on vegetations, building structures and ground. We have conducted continues surveys from July 2022 to May 2024 while the survey under a day duration have been divided into 3 parts, morning hours from 6.30\u0026ndash;9.30 and evening hours 4.30\u0026ndash;6.30 (variable as per the sunset time). The noon survey only has been undertaken in case of forests and ornamental gardens and taken at 12.30\u0026ndash;2.30.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe survey resulted in documentation of variety of spiders from eight different families like Araneidae with total 7 different species and 472 individuals followed by Oxyopidae with total 3 different species and 277 individuals, Salticidae with 5 different species and 199 number of individuals, Thomisidae with 1 species and 178 individuals, Sparassidae with 4 species and 95 number of individuals, Tetragnathidae with 2 species and 46 number of individuals, Nephilidae and Corinnidae with 1, 1 species and 17, 3 individuals respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation Dynamics of Different Spiders, Encountered at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Name of the Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Individual Encountered\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLynx Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOxyopes\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxyopidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e248\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrab Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThomisus\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThomisidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e178\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Field Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeoscona theisi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e171\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSt Andrews Cross Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArgiope aemula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e148\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignature Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArgiope pulchella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e134\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJumping Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTelamonia dimidiata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalticidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e91\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon House Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropoda venatoria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparassidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e74\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuntsman Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlios\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparassidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropoda Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropoda\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparassidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJumping Hyllus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHyllus semicupreus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalticidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrb Weaver\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeucauge\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetragnathidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsian Lynx Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHamadruas\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxyopidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong Jaw Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTetragnatha\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetragnathidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiant Wood Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNephila\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNephilidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Orb Weaving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraneus mitificus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen Huntsman Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrommata virescens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparassidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWixia Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParawixia\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen Lynx Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeucetia\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxyopidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOlios Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlios milleti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparassidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen Belly Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraneus viridiventris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorinnid Sac Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCastianeira\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorinnidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArachnophagic Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePortia\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalticidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanded Phintella\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhintella vittata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalticidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarn Spider\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeoscona\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e00\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Spiders Encountered under Different Families at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of Individuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of Species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer Cent Share in Total Population\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer Cent Share in No. of Species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxyopidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThomisidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraneidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparassidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalticidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetragnathidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNephilidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorinnidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Araneidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe spider family Araneidae, commonly known as orb-weavers, encompasses a diverse group of spiders characterized by their remarkable ability to construct intricate and beautiful orb-shaped webs. This family includes over 3,000 species distributed worldwide, displaying a wide range of sizes, colors, and web designs. Araneidae spiders play a crucial role in ecosystems as they are efficient predators, preying on a variety of insects and contributing to the control of pest populations (Scharff and Coddington, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Scharff et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Alvarez-Padilla et. al., 2009 and Dondale, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eWeb Construction\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrb-weaver spiders are renowned for their skill in constructing intricate, circular orb-shaped webs. These webs are used for capturing flying insects, and the design can vary among species within the family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBody Shape and Size\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembers of the family Araneidae typically have a round or oval-shaped cephalothorax (head and thorax fused) and a more elongated abdomen. They come in various sizes, with some species being quite small, while others can be larger.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLegs\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrb-weavers have eight long, slender legs, which they use for crawling on their webs, as well as for sensing vibrations and capturing prey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSpinnerets\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eLike all spiders, members of this family possess spinnerets, which are specialized silk-producing organs located at the rear of the abdomen. These spinnerets allow them to produce different types of silk for various purposes, including web construction, shelter building, and wrapping prey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eVenom and Fangs\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrb-weaver spiders typically have venomous fangs that they use to immobilize and digest their prey. While their venom is generally not harmful to humans, it is potent enough to subdue insects caught in their webs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSexual Dimorphism\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual dimorphism is often observed in orb-weaver spiders, with females being larger and more conspicuous than males. Female orb-weavers also tend to remain near their webs, while males are more mobile as they search for mates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eColoration and Patterns\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrb-weaver spiders come in a variety of colors and patterns, often featuring intricate designs on their abdomen and cephalothorax. These patterns can vary widely among species and may serve both camouflage and warning functions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBehavior\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany orb-weaver species are known for their sedentary behavior, remaining near or on their webs, while others may rebuild their webs daily. They are primarily nocturnal hunters, relying on their webs to capture prey at night. The total number of 7 different species have been recorded under the family Araneidae which are as follow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.1 Common Field Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eNeoscona theisi\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eNeoscona theisi\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as the barn spider or the dark fishing spider, is a species of orb-weaving spider belonging to the family Araneidae. This arachnid species is primarily found in agricultural areas. \u003cem\u003eNeoscona theisi\u003c/em\u003e exhibits distinctive physical characteristics, including a dark-colored body with intricate patterns and a relatively large size compared to other orb-weavers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe species is known for its remarkable web-building abilities and plays a significant role in controlling insect populations within its habitat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data presented in Table shows that this is the most abundant spider in the family Ardeidae in this area with a total number of 171 number encountered. These spiders mainly associated with the agro-ecosystem and relies on pests of crops like rice and rainy season vegetables (Tahir et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mishra and Rastogi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Malhotra et. al., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.2 St Andrews Cross Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eArgiope aemula\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe St. Andrew's Cross Spider, scientifically known as \u003cem\u003eArgiope aemula\u003c/em\u003e, is a striking arachnid known for its distinctive web and colourful appearance. These spiders are typically found in warm and tropical regions, and they are known for their large size and orb-shaped webs. One of the most distinctive features of the St. Andrew's Cross Spider is the conspicuous zigzag-shaped silk structure, resembling an X or St. Andrew's Cross, that they create in the center of their web. This structure is thought to play a role in attracting prey or deterring birds from flying through the web. The spider's body is usually marked with vibrant colors, including yellow, black, and silver, making them quite attractive. They have a bulbous abdomen and long, slender legs. \u003cem\u003eArgiope amula\u003c/em\u003e is not considered dangerous to humans and is beneficial in controlling insect populations by catching prey in its web (Rao et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Herberstein et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003ea; Herberstein et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese spiders are fascinating examples of nature's diversity and play an essential role in maintaining ecological balance in their habitats. A total number of 148 individuals have been found inside the campus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.3 Signature Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eArgiope pulchella\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Signature Spider, scientifically named \u003cem\u003eArgiope pulchella\u003c/em\u003e, is a visually captivating member of the orb-weaving spider family. Its medium-sized body is characterized by a striking coloration, with females typically exhibiting a combination of black, yellow, or orange hues. What truly sets them apart is the prominent design adorning their abdomen, resembling a zigzag-shaped pattern reminiscent of writing, hence the colloquial name \"Signature Spider.\" These arachnids are renowned for their remarkable web-building abilities. They construct intricate circular webs, often suspended between plants or other structures. What makes their webs even more fascinating is the presence of a central zigzag stabilimentum pattern, which can be quite elaborate and dense. While the exact purpose of this stabilimentum is not fully understood, it is believed to serve several functions. One hypothesis is that it may attract flying insects by reflecting ultra potential prey into the web.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother theory suggests that it might serve as a visual deterrent to larger creatures, such as birds, by making the web more visible and thus reducing the risk of accidental damage (Rao et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Mubeen and Basavarajappa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dharmarathne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). For this species, a total number of 134 individuals have been recorded. Most of the individuals were found under the rice agro-ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.4 Common (Shamrock) Orb-Weaver\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eAraneus mitificus\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese spiders are skilled builders, creating intricate, circular webs suspended between plants or structures to capture flying insects. Like other orb-weaving spiders, Araneus mitificus waits at the center of its web for vibrations that signal the presence of prey, at which point it quickly immobilizes and consumes its catch. \u003cem\u003eAraneus mitificus\u003c/em\u003e plays an essential role in controlling insect populations in its habitat and contributes to the ecological balance (Tanikawa et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Biswas and Raychaudhari, 2021; Singh and Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). A total number of 9 individuals have been recorded for this species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.5 Wixia Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eParawixia\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp.\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWixia spiders, members of the \u003cem\u003eParawixia\u003c/em\u003e genus found in South and South-East Asia, are renowned for their extraordinary social behavior. These spiders construct enormous communal webs, often high in trees or shrubs, where numerous individuals collaborate to capture and feed on flying insects. Each spider has its own retreat connected to the central hub of the web, where they share their catch. This unique social structure sets them apart in the arachnid world and showcases their role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling flying insect populations in their tropical and subtropical habitats (Garcia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Araujo et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Garcia, 1904). A total number of 06 individuals have been encountered under this species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.6 Green Belly Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eAraneus viridiventris\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAraneus viridiventris\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as the Green-Belly Orb Weaver, is a species of orb-weaving spider known for its distinctive appearance. A total number of 03 individuals have been recorded under this species. It features a vibrant green or yellowish abdomen with intricate patterns, and its coloration often mimics the appearance of a leaf, aiding in camouflage within foliage. This spider typically constructs circular orb webs between plants to capture flying insects, and its presence contributes to natural pest control in various ecosystems, making it a valuable member of the arachnid community (Tanikawa and Petcharad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Chang and Tso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.7 Barn Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eNeoscona\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp.\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Barn Spiders, belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003eNeoscona\u003c/em\u003e, are commonly found throughout tropics and subtropics. Only one individual has been spotted during the investigation. They are medium-sized orb-weaving spiders that exhibit a wide range of colors and patterns, often with distinctive abdominal markings. These spiders are frequently seen in and around human structures, including barns and gardens, where they build their orb-shaped webs to capture flying insects. Barn Spiders play a vital role in controlling insect populations and are generally harmless to humans (Mallesh and Sravanthy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kiran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. Sparassidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe family Sparassidae, commonly known as family of huntsman spiders, is a diverse and widespread group of arachnids known for their distinctive features and behaviors (Moradmand and Jaeger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Jager, 1997; Zhong et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jager, 2005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSize and Appearance\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuntsman spiders vary in size but are generally large and robust, with leg spans that can range from a few centimetres to over a foot in some species. They have flattened bodies, long legs, and a characteristic appearance, often with brown or gray coloration. Their eyes are arranged in a distinctive pattern, with two rows of four eyes each.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuntsman spiders are found in various parts of the world, with a particularly strong presence in tropical and subtropical regions. They are commonly encountered in countries such as India, China, Australia etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBehavior\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuntsman spiders are agile and fast-moving predators. Unlike web-building spiders, they actively hunt for their prey, primarily insects and other arthropods. They are known for their ability to move quickly and stealthily, making them effective hunters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHabitat\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese spiders can be found in a wide range of habitats, from forests and grasslands to urban areas and homes. They are often seen on walls, ceilings, and in crevices, where they hide during the day and emerge at night to hunt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEyesight\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparassids have excellent vision due to their unique eye arrangement. Their large forward-facing eyes provide them with binocular vision, enhancing their depth perception and tracking abilities. This keen eyesight is crucial for hunting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDefense Mechanisms\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen threatened, huntsman spiders can exhibit defensive behaviors, including raising their front legs and displaying their fangs. While they may appear intimidating, they are not considered dangerous to humans, and their venom is typically not harmful.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eLife Cycle\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuntsman spiders lay eggs and construct silk egg sacs, which they guard. After hatching, spiderlings go through several molts before reaching maturity. The lifespan of a huntsman spider can vary depending on the species and environmental factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTaxonomy\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe family Sparassidae belongs to the order Araneae (spiders) and the class Arachnida. It includes numerous genera and species, each with its own unique characteristics and distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total number of five species with 169 individuals have been recorded under this family at CUTM, which are as follow:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2.1 Common House Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eHeteropoda venatoria\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cp\u003eThe Common House Spider, scientifically known as \u003cem\u003eHeteropoda venatoria\u003c/em\u003e, is a notable arachnid found across various global regions, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Here in the study area, a total number of 74 individuals have been encountered. These spiders are characterized by their relatively large size, boasting a leg span of up to 4 inches (10 centimeters), and exhibit a flattened body shape with long, slender legs. Typically, their coloration ranges from brown to gray or beige. As the name suggests, they are frequently encountered within human habitations, where they construct irregular and messy webs in corners, beneath furniture, or other concealed spots. \u003cem\u003eHeteropoda venatoria\u003c/em\u003e is primarily a nocturnal predator, feeding on insects and other small arthropods. Despite their imposing appearance, they are generally harmless to humans, possessing venom that poses no significant threat. Their presence can even be beneficial, as they help control insect populations in and around homes (Aswathi and Sabu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Pandit, 2009; Ewunkem et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2.2 Huntsman Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eOlios\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003espp.\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuntsman spiders, \u003cem\u003eOlios\u003c/em\u003e spp., are spiders of family Sparassidae, large, fast-moving arachnids, known for their distinctive flattened bodies and long legs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese spiders are widely distributed across the world, typically found in warm and tropical regions. During the survey, a total number of 47 individuals have been encountered under this genus. They are adept hunters that do not build webs to catch prey; instead, they actively chase down insects and other small creatures. Despite their intimidating appearance, Huntsman spiders are generally harmless to humans, with their venom primarily designed for immobilizing prey. Their presence is often valued as they help control insect populations in their natural habitats (Jackson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Rheims, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Gorneau et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2.3 Green Huntsman Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eMicrommata virescens\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrommata virescens\u003c/em\u003e is a species of spider commonly known as the Green Huntsman Spider and a total number of 7 individuals have been recorded under it. It is recognized for its striking emerald-green coloration and is primarily found in Europe and Asia. This spider belongs to the family Sparassidae, characterized by its large size and robust build. Like other huntsman spiders, Micrommata virescens is an agile predator that relies on speed and ambush tactics to capture its prey, which primarily consists of insects. Despite its formidable appearance, it is generally harmless to humans and plays a crucial role in controlling insect populations in its natural habitat (Jagerl and Ono, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Veeramani et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Bensouilah et. al., 1845).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3. Salticidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe family Salticidae, commonly known as jumping spiders, represents a diverse and fascinating group of spiders known for their distinctive characteristics and behaviors (Richman et. al., 1992; Maddison, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Maddison, 2005; Bodner and Maddison, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). This is the third most abundant family of spiders at CUTM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSize and Appearance\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eJumping spiders are generally small to medium-sized, with most species ranging from a few millimeters to around 1 centimetre in length. They have compact, often colourful bodies, and their cephalothorax (the combined head and thorax) features patterns and markings that are unique to each species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eVision\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalticidae is renowned for its exceptional vision. Jumping spiders possess large anterior median eyes, which are particularly adapted for acute depth perception and color vision. These eyes provide them with excellent spatial awareness and the ability to track prey and navigate their environment with precision.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBehavior\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eJumping spiders are active hunters. They do not construct traditional webs to capture prey but instead rely on their vision to stalk and pounce on their victims. They are agile and can leap many times their body length, using their silk for safety lines, shelter, and egg sacs. Their hunting strategy and jumping ability are what give them their common name.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSilk Production\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile they don't use silk for web construction like other spider families, jumping spiders produce silk for various purposes, such as creating shelters, egg sacs, draglines for safety, and communication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eColoration and Variation\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalticidae species display a wide range of colors and patterns, often mimicking their surroundings for camouflage. The coloration can be quite striking, with some species exhibiting vibrant hues and intricate markings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eDiverse Habitat\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eJumping spiders are found in diverse habitats worldwide, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. They are adaptable and can be observed on vegetation, walls, tree trunks, and even in urban environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePredatory Behavior\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese spiders are visual hunters, using their keen eyesight to locate and stalk prey, which primarily consists of other arthropods, including insects. Their hunting tactics and agility make them effective predators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total number of five species under the family Salticidae have been recorded at CUTM which are as follow:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.1 Jumping Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eTelamonia dimidiata\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTelamonia dimidiata\u003c/em\u003e, a jumping spider, with a total number of 91 species, exhibiting the sexual dimorphism is native to various Asian regions and renowned for its eye-catching appearance, featuring a predominantly dark body adorned with a striking white or cream-colored abdominal mark that often resembles a cheerful \"smiley\" face. While urban legends have occasionally portrayed it as a venomous threat, in reality, this spider is harmless to humans. It plays a valuable ecological role by actively preying on insects, thus contributing to natural pest control in its environment, and its small to medium-sized stature, usually measuring no more than a centimetre in length, makes it an intriguing and benign inhabitant of its ecosystem (Ahmed et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Chaubey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Gajbe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.2 Jumping Hyllus\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eHyllus semicupreus\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eHyllus semicupreus\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as the semi-copper jumping spider with a total number of 29 individuals, is a charismatic and visually striking arachnid species found in various tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This jumping spider belongs to the Salticidae family, known for its remarkable hunting behavior and keen visual acuity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH. semicupreus\u003c/em\u003e is recognized for its striking iridescent coloration, which varies in shades of copper, green, and blue, making it a subject of fascination for both researchers and enthusiasts. Jumping spiders are renowned for their exceptional vision, which is accomplished through large anterior median eyes that facilitate depth perception, precise prey capture, and mate recognition (Wesolowska and Russell-Smith, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Parmar and Patel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Jose et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.3 Arachnophagic Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003ePortia\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp.\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePortia\u003c/em\u003e, a genus of Arachnophagic spiders with a total number of 3 encountered individuals, stands out as a remarkable group within the world of arachnids due to its remarkable hunting strategies and sophisticated behaviors. \u003cem\u003ePortia\u003c/em\u003e spiders are renowned for their specialized diet, predominantly consisting of other spiders, including those larger than themselves. These arachnids have developed a suite of remarkable adaptations to hunt and subdue their prey. Their hunting strategy involves a combination of stealth, mimicry, and cunning, making them expert arachnid predators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePortia's predatory behaviors are characterized by their ability to mimic the vibrations of their prey's silk threads, allowing them to approach their victims undetected. This mimicry extends to their physical appearance, where Portia spiders resemble a variety of prey species. This mimicry is an example of aggressive mimicry, enabling Portia to deceive its prey effectively. Another key aspect of Portia's predatory behavior is their problem-solving skills. They exhibit complex cognitive abilities, which include planning and decision-making during their hunts. They often encounter challenges when dealing with other spider species, which may employ various defensive behaviors. Portia's ability to adapt its tactics and approach based on its prey's reactions is a testament to its cognitive prowess (Xu et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Jackson and Hallas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Forster and Murphy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.4 Banded Phintella\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003ePhintella vittata\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhintella vittata\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as the Banded Phintella, is a small but visually captivating jumping spider species found in various parts of Asia. A total number to 2 individuals have been encountered in the study area. \u003cem\u003ePhintella vittata\u003c/em\u003e is distinguished by its striking and intricate coloration, featuring distinct bands of black, white, and orange on its diminutive body. These vibrant hues make the species a subject of fascination for arachnologists, photographers, and nature enthusiasts. The aesthetics of \u003cem\u003ePhintella vittata\u003c/em\u003e, with its cryptic yet eye-catching appearance, serve as a testament to the diverse beauty found in the world of arachnids. Ecologically, the \u003cem\u003eBanded Phintella\u003c/em\u003e occupies a range of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban environments. These adaptable spiders are skilled hunters, primarily preying on small insects. As jumping spiders, they employ precision hunting strategies, using their keen eyesight and agility to stalk and pounce on their prey. Their role in controlling insect populations within their ecosystems underscores their ecological significance (Yong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Swathy and Nilamundeen, 2023). \u003cem\u003ePhintella vittata\u003c/em\u003e is also known for its engaging courtship and mating behaviors. Male spiders engage in elaborate displays and perform rhythmic courtship rituals to attract females. Understanding the intricate behaviors involved in mate selection among jumping spiders contributes to our knowledge of arachnid reproductive strategies (Swathy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4. Oxyopidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Oxyopidae family, commonly referred to as lynx spiders, represents a diverse and intriguing group of arachnids known for their unique hunting strategies and striking visual characteristics. The family Oxyopidae encompasses over 400 species, distributed across a wide range of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. This taxonomic diversity is mirrored in the family's striking physical characteristics, which often include elongated legs, spiny bristles, and vivid coloration. Such features are not only captivating to researchers and enthusiasts but also serve essential ecological functions (Nyffeler et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Tikader, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxyopid spiders are exceptional predators, renowned for their keen vision, often aided by large, forward-facing eyes that provide binocular vision. This remarkable visual acuity enables them to excel in their primary hunting strategy \u0026ndash; stalking and ambushing their prey. Lynx spiders exhibit rapid reflexes, striking with precision and agility when capturing insects, smaller arachnids, or other small arthropods. The family is known for its opportunistic feeding habits, targeting a wide range of prey, including pollinators, herbivores, and pests, making them ecologically significant for pest control in various agricultural settings. Beyond their predatory behaviors, Oxyopid spiders display intriguing courtship rituals and mating behaviors. Male lynx spiders employ elaborate displays and visual cues to attract females, reflecting the significance of sexual selection in their reproductive strategies (Turner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Baehr et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxyopidae plays a vital role in the ecosystem by serving as both predators and prey. Studying their interactions within food webs provides insights into the broader dynamics of arachnid communities and their influence on local biodiversity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e4.1 Lynx Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eOxyopes\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003espp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eOxyopes\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as lynx spiders, encompasses a diverse group of arachnids that captivate both scientists and nature enthusiasts with their unique hunting strategies, agile movements, and distinctive visual characteristics. This species noted to be the highly mobile and abundant species in agro-ecosystem with a total number of 248 encountered individuals. Oxyopes spiders are characterized by their elongated bodies, spiny legs, and large anterior median eyes that offer exceptional binocular vision. This remarkable visual acuity plays a pivotal role in their hunting techniques, as lynx spiders are renowned for their agile stalking and ambushing tactics (Moses et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Bharathi and Rabeesh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThey actively pursue prey, employing stealth and lightning-fast strikes to capture a wide range of arthropods. Their prey selection includes insects, including pests, and other arachnids, making them ecologically significant contributors to natural pest control in various ecosystems. The \u003cem\u003eOxyopes\u003c/em\u003e genus is notable for its adaptability to diverse habitats, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. This adaptability is reflected in their coloration, which often matches their surroundings, enhancing their camouflage and making them inconspicuous to potential prey and predators. Such cryptic coloration is an interesting aspect of their natural history and an area of study in arachnology. In addition to their predatory behaviors, Oxyopes spiders display complex courtship rituals and mating behaviors, often involving visual displays and tactile communication (Keswani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sahoo et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e4.2 Asian Lynx Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eHamadruas\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003espp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The \u003cem\u003eHamadruas\u003c/em\u003e genus, colloquially known as the Asian Lynx spiders, constitutes a captivating and enigmatic group of arachnids distributed across various ecosystems in Asia. Characterized by their slender bodies, agile movements, and remarkable vision, \u003cem\u003eHamadruas\u003c/em\u003e spiders have evolved to become skilled predators in the Asian arachnid fauna. A total number of 24 individuals have been spotted for this particular species. These spiders exhibit hunting behaviors that combine stealth and speed. With their acute eyesight, including large anterior median eyes, they employ precision stalking and rapid strikes to capture a diverse array of prey, including insects, arachnids, and other small invertebrates. Their role as efficient predators makes them ecologically significant contributors to pest control in diverse Asian habitats. \u003cem\u003eHamadruas\u003c/em\u003e spiders display remarkable diversity in both morphology and behavior, reflecting their adaptability to a wide range of ecosystems, including tropical rainforests, temperate woodlands, and arid regions. Their coloration often blends with their surroundings, providing effective camouflage and enhancing their ability to ambush unsuspecting prey (Lo et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Trisnawati et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Jayasree et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e4.3 Green Lynx Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003ePeucetia\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ePeucetia\u003c/em\u003e genus, commonly referred to as Green Lynx Spiders, represents a fascinating and visually striking group of arachnids distributed across various ecosystems in the India. A total number of 5 individuals have been recorded to this species. The defining feature of \u003cem\u003ePeucetia\u003c/em\u003e spiders is their vibrant green coloration, a striking adaptation that not only captivates the eye but also aids in their camouflage within lush, vegetated environments. This cryptic coloration, combined with their slender bodies and spiny legs, allows Green Lynx Spiders to blend seamlessly with the foliage, enabling them to ambush unsuspecting prey with precision. As skilled predators, Peucetia spp. rely on their keen eyesight, including large anterior median eyes, to stalk and strike their prey. Their primary diet includes a wide range of arthropods, making them ecologically significant contributors to natural pest control in various habitats. Green Lynx Spiders are not only remarkable hunters but also fascinating subjects for the study of arachnid behavior. Peucetia spiders play a pivotal role in the ecosystems they inhabit, both as predators and as potential prey for various predators (Vinolia and Agnes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kashmeera and Sudhikumar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5. Tetragnathidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Tetragnathidae family, commonly known as long-jawed orb-weaver spiders, represents a diverse and intriguing group of arachnids known for their elegant web-building behaviors, extended cephalothorax, and unique ecological roles. Tetragnathid spiders are characterized by their elongated cephalothorax, which houses an array of highly specialized silk-producing structures. This unique morphology is central to their web-building abilities. Tetragnathids spin orb-shaped webs that vary in complexity, ranging from simple horizontal sheets to intricate three-dimensional structures. These webs serve as both an avenue for hunting and as a means of communication for courtship rituals. Understanding the architecture and construction of these webs has long fascinated scientists, offering insights into the evolution of silk production and the integration of web construction into the arachnid lifestyle (Basu and Raychaudhari, 2016; Anju et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe family Tetragnathidae demonstrates a remarkable adaptability to diverse habitats, occupying ecosystems ranging from aquatic environments to forest canopies. This adaptability is reflected in their various ecological roles, which may include predation, herbivory, and scavenging. These spiders are opportunistic predators, targeting a wide range of prey, including insects, flies, and other arachnids, thus playing a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance and regulating arthropod populations. The family exhibits intriguing reproductive and courtship behaviors, often characterized by complex mating rituals. Male Tetragnathids must carefully navigate the female's web to engage in elaborate courtship displays, emphasizing the significance of sexual selection and mate choice in their reproductive strategies. Tetragnathidae spiders serve as a crucial link in the food web, both as predators and as prey (Joseph and Premila, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Pawar and Patil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e5.1 Orb Weaver\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eLeucauge\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eLeucauge\u003c/em\u003e genus, often referred to as orb weavers, is a fascinating and diverse group of arachnids known for their intricate web-building behaviors, exquisite visual markings, and ecological importance. There was total 27 number of individuals have been recorded for this genus. \u003cem\u003eLeucauge\u003c/em\u003e spiders are characterized by their delicate, elongated bodies and vibrant coloration, which often includes intricate markings on their abdomen. These arachnids spin classic orb-shaped webs that serve as both hunting tools and sites for courtship rituals. The construction and architecture of these webs have been the focus of extensive research, offering insights into silk production, web design, and the evolution of web-building behaviors among arachnids (Majumdar and Mridha, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genus Leucauge displays remarkable adaptability, with species distributed across a wide range of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to temperate woodlands. Their web-building habits reflect their adaptability, as different species create webs tailored to their respective habitats, from horizontal sheets to intricate three-dimensional structures. These webs not only serve as effective hunting mechanisms but also play a crucial role in communication and mate attraction, showcasing the versatility of the orb weavers. Leucauge spiders primarily prey on flying insects and arthropods, making them ecologically significant predators that help control insect populations in various ecosystems (Malamel and Sebastian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jeyaparvathi et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e5.2 Long Jaw Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eTetragnatha\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e A total number of 19 individuals have been recorded under this genus, Tetragnatha which is commonly known as long-jawed spiders, constitute a captivating group of arachnids celebrated for their extended cephalothorax and specialized silk-spinning abilities. \u003cem\u003eTetragnatha\u003c/em\u003e spiders are characterized by their elongated cephalothorax, a feature that distinguishes them within the arachnid world. This unique morphology supports their exceptional silk-spinning abilities, which they employ in constructing horizontal orb webs. These elegant webs serve as both hunting tools and sites for courtship rituals. Tetragnatha's web-building behaviors offer insights into the evolution of silk production and the integration of web construction into their lifestyle. Long-jawed spiders primarily prey on flying insects and arthropods, making them essential contributors to the regulation of arthropod populations in ecosystems. Their role in maintaining ecological balance underscores their importance in sustaining the health of diverse habitats. \u003cem\u003eTetragnatha\u003c/em\u003e spiders exhibit interesting courtship and mating behaviors, with males navigating the female's web and engaging in complex displays to secure mating opportunities. These behaviors offer a glimpse into the genus's reproductive strategies and mate selection mechanisms (Roy et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Castanheira et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e6. Thomisidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Thomisidae family, commonly referred to as crab spiders, represents a diverse and captivating group of arachnids known for their unique hunting strategies, diverse morphology, and ecological significance. Thomisidae spiders are characterized by their variable morphology, which is adapted to the hunting strategies they employ. These spiders are renowned for their crab-like appearance, with their flattened bodies, sideways gait, and strong forelegs. Such morphological adaptations facilitate their ambush hunting technique, where they patiently wait on flowers, leaves, or bark to capture pollinators and other prey. Their distinct appearance also enhances their cryptic mimicry, as some species resemble plant parts or flower buds, rendering them inconspicuous to both prey and potential predators (Thumar et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Devika et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Thomisidae family demonstrates remarkable adaptability, occupying a wide range of habitats, including forests, meadows, and deserts. Their hunting strategies may target a variety of prey, including bees, butterflies, and other arthropods, thereby contributing to the regulation of insect populations in their respective ecosystems. Thomisidae spiders are also known for their fascinating reproductive behaviors. Males often employ elaborate courtship rituals to avoid being mistaken for prey by the larger females. These behaviors offer insight into the genus's reproductive strategies, mate selection mechanisms, and the coevolution of sexual dimorphism (Kumar et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Singh and Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e6.1 Crab Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eThomisus\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003espp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThomisus\u003c/em\u003e spp., with total number of 178 recorded individuals, noted to the common spider in the CUTM. This spider commonly known as crab spiders, are a captivating group of arachnids celebrated for their unique hunting tactics, remarkable morphological adaptations, and ecological importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crab spider, \u003cem\u003eThomisus\u003c/em\u003e sp., plays a crucial role in its ecosystem through various ecological and predatory functions. Ecologically, crab spiders assist in pollination despite their predatory nature. By residing on flowers and ambushing pollinators like bees and butterflies, they inadvertently increase the pollination efficiency as these insects move from flower to flower. Their presence can also serve as an indicator of environmental health, as diverse and abundant crab spider populations often signify a balanced and thriving ecosystem. Predatorily, crab spiders are adept ambush predators, utilizing their excellent camouflage to blend into flowers and foliage, allowing them to capture prey efficiently without expending much energy in pursuit. This ability to prey on a broad range of insects helps to regulate insect populations, maintaining a balanced food web and preventing any single species from becoming overly dominant, which could disrupt the ecosystem. Additionally, their predatory activities contribute to nutrient cycling within their habitats. When crab spiders consume prey, they help to break down and redistribute nutrients, benefiting plant growth and overall ecosystem productivity (Shweta et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Singh and Sekhar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Veeramani et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e7. Nephilidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nephilidae family, commonly referred to as golden silk orb-weavers, is a remarkable and captivating group of arachnids known for their intricate web-spinning behaviors, striking coloration, and ecological importance. Nephilidae spiders are characterized by their large size, vibrant coloration, and remarkable silk-spinning abilities. They are renowned for constructing distinctive, golden-hued orb webs, which often span several feet in diameter and are among the largest orb webs created by any spider species. The silk produced by these arachnids is incredibly strong and durable, making their webs highly efficient for capturing flying insects and other prey. These webs are architectural marvels that serve as both hunting tools and shelters (Sankaran et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Turk et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nephilidae family demonstrates a fascinating diversity in morphology and coloration, and sexual dimorphism is often pronounced. Males are typically smaller and less conspicuous than females, a characteristic that reflects their different roles and strategies in reproduction. These spiders are known for their striking color patterns, with some species exhibiting unique and elaborate abdominal designs. Golden silk orb-weavers inhabit a range of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to savannas. Their webs are strategically placed to capture a variety of prey, including insects and, in some cases, even birds. Their contribution to pest control and ecosystem balance is significant, and their presence is especially valuable in agricultural landscapes. Nephilidae spiders also exhibit intriguing reproductive and mating behaviors. Males navigate the female's web to initiate complex courtship rituals, which may involve careful plucking of web strands and tactile communication. These behaviors provide insights into the genus's reproductive strategies, mate selection mechanisms, and sexual dimorphism (Ranade, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Raval and Ram, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e7.1 Giant Wood Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eNephila\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results presented in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1.0\u003c/span\u003e shows that a total number of 17 individuals have been recorded under this genus. \u003cem\u003eNephila\u003c/em\u003e commonly known as giant wood spiders, are a captivating group of arachnids celebrated for their impressive size, intricate web-spinning skills, and vital role in tropical ecosystems. Giant wood spiders, \u003cem\u003eNephila\u003c/em\u003e spp., are among the largest orb-weaving spiders in the world, with some species boasting leg spans that exceed 4 inches. These arachnids are renowned for their striking yellow and black coloration and for their elaborate, silk-spun webs, which are often found in the treetops of tropical rainforests. The golden silk produced by these spiders is both remarkably strong and flexible, making their webs efficient at capturing flying insects, essential for their survival (Sangavi et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Daimary et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e8. Corinnidae:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Corinnidae family, commonly known as ground sac spiders, is a diverse and fascinating group of arachnids often overlooked in the realm of arachnology. The Corinnidae family is characterized by its extensive taxonomic diversity, encompassing over 2,000 species distributed across various habitats worldwide. These spiders are known for their relatively small size and cryptic appearance, which often renders them inconspicuous to casual observers. Despite their unassuming presence, ground sac spiders employ an array of unique hunting strategies and behavioral adaptations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorinnidae spiders are agile and adept hunters, employing ambush tactics as well as active hunting. They often build silk retreats on the ground or in low vegetation, using these as secure shelters and staging areas for capturing prey. Their hunting behavior ranges from patiently waiting for unsuspecting insects to actively stalking and pouncing on their prey. This adaptability makes them effective predators, targeting a wide range of arthropods and playing essential roles in regulating insect populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e8.1 Corinnid Sac Spider\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eCastianeira\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recorded data of Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1.0\u003c/span\u003e showed tha a total number of 3 individuals have been recorded under this genus. \u003cem\u003eCastianeira\u003c/em\u003e sp. a member of the Corinnidae family, commonly known as sac spiders, represents an intriguing and diverse group of arachnids often overlooked in arachnology. \u003cem\u003eCastianeira\u003c/em\u003e sp., like their Corinnidae relatives, are often small and cryptic in appearance, making them inconspicuous to casual observers. These sac spiders employ stealthy hunting tactics, with some species crafting silk retreats on the ground or in low vegetation, using these as secure shelters and staging areas for capturing prey. Their hunting strategies range from ambushing unsuspecting insects to actively stalking and pouncing on their prey, showcasing their adaptability and agility as hunters. They play essential roles in regulating insect populations, contributing to the ecological balance of their habitats. Castianeira spiders also display interesting courtship and mating behaviors. Males engage in elaborate dances and vibrational courtship displays to attract females, shedding light on their reproductive strategies, mate selection mechanisms, and the complex dynamics of sexual dimorphism within the family (Sankaran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Spider Diversity Survey conducted at the CUTM in Gajapati, Odisha, has provided significant insights into the diversity and distribution patterns of spiders in this region. Spiders, as ecologically vital arthropods, hold key roles in various ecosystems, affecting both predator-prey relationships and overall ecological balance. This survey, which encompassed a range of habitats, from forests and grasslands to wetlands and urban areas, aimed to shed light on the intricate spider communities thriving within this landscape.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survey's findings are promising, with preliminary results indicating a remarkable diversity of spider species. The discovery of numerous families and genera underscores the significance of various ecological niches and microhabitats within the CUTM campus. These findings highlight the influence of habitat type and structural complexity on spider diversity and community composition, emphasizing the interconnectedness between spiders and their environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, the Family Araneidae emerged as the dominant group, boasting the highest population of individuals, with 472 recorded, followed by Oxyopidae with 277 individuals, and Salticidae with 199 individuals. This data not only reflects the importance of these families within the local ecosystem but also underscores the relevance of understanding their roles and interactions. The survey revealed a rich species diversity within the Family Araneidae, which recorded the highest number of species (7), followed closely by Sparassidae and Salticidae, each with 5 species. This information is invaluable for appreciating the intricate web of species coexistence and their roles in ecosystem dynamics within the CUTM campus. This survey significantly contributes to our understanding of spider biodiversity within the study area and serves as a foundation for further research and conservation efforts. It showcases the intricate relationships between spiders and their environments, emphasizing the importance of preserving these arachnid communities for the overall health and functioning of the ecosystems within CUTM, Gajapati, Odisha.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present work is a part of Seed Money project entitled \u0026ldquo;Unveiling Nature\u0026rsquo;s Battle: A Comprehensive Survey on Insect-Pests and their Fierce Predators which was granted by the Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi Odisha with the Grant No. CUTM/reg.Off/SM/126/2023-24 to conduct survey on fauna of the Gajapati district of Odisha. The work has been started with date of submission (27-02-2022) while the grant letter has been received in November, 2023. Author has received travel support, work support and equipments from the funding agency. The entire work has been carried out by the author, Dr Manish K Yadav which includes the survey, Photographing, documenting and writing of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe entire work has been carried out by the author, Dr Manish K Yadav which includes the survey, Photographing, documenting and writing of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor would like to thank to the funding agency, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi Odisha for all their financial and moral support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed, J., Khalap, R., Kumbhar, S., Hill, D. E., Pearce, R. J., \u0026amp; Mohan, K. (2019). 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Taxonomic review of the Sinopoda okinawana-group (Araneae: Sparassidae) in China. \u003cem\u003eZootaxa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4388\u003c/em\u003e(3), 328-346.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Graphs","content":"\u003cp\u003eGraphs 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"fauna, huntsman, arachnids, webs, Argiope, predators","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4649913/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4649913/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present investigation aimed to record the diversity and distribution patterns of spiders within and around the MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India. Most of the spiders are not so highly mobile and an ecologically important group of arthropods, playing crucial roles in various ecosystems as both predators and prey. Most of the spiders, residing inside the agro-ecosystem, have very crucial role in the management of agricultural insect-pests. The survey employed a comprehensive sampling strategy that encompassed various habitats, including forests, agricultural farms, hostels, wetlands, and urban areas. A wide range of data have been collected during the survey, including species richness, abundance, and composition. The collected specimens were carefully identified to the species level, employing the morphological characteristics while the actual photographs with their habitats have been taken for their proper presentation in the article. Preliminary results indicate a remarkable diversity of spider species within the study area. A total number of 24 genera have been identified, residing to 8 families highlighting the importance of various ecological niches and microhabitats. The data suggest that habitat type and structural complexity play significant roles in determining spider diversity and community composition. The findings from this survey provide valuable insights into the spider fauna of the study area and concluded that family Araneidae having maximum population of individuals which is 472 followed by Oxyopidae with 277 and Salticidae with 199 number of encountered individuals. The maximum species richness was surveyed and Araneidae was recorded to be having maximum number of species (7) followed by Sparassidae (5) and Salticidae (5) at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring the Fascinating World of Spiders: A Survey on Spider Diversity and Distribution at CUTM, Gajapati Odisha","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-10 01:19:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4649913/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"05fc9deb-63d0-4257-bf05-045418df0ba4","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-10T01:19:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-10 01:19:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4649913","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4649913","identity":"rs-4649913","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}