Public Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Adults in Palestine: Knowledge Gaps and Determinants of Higher Awareness in a Resource Constrained Setting

Public Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Adults in Palestine: Knowledge Gaps and Determinants of Higher Awareness in a Resource Constrained Setting | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Public Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Adults in Palestine: Knowledge Gaps and Determinants of Higher Awareness in a Resource Constrained Setting Omar G. Nasereddin, Hamza Y. Hassouneh, Yousef H. Natsheh, Hamzeh S. Safadi, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9319916/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health challenge associated with kidney failure, cardiovascular complications, and premature mortality. In Palestine, delayed recognition is especially concerning because screening and follow up take place within a resource constrained health system. This study assessed public awareness of CKD and identified factors associated with higher knowledge among adults in Palestine. Methods We conducted a cross sectional, community based online survey between November 2025 and January 2026. Adults aged 18 years or older living in Palestine were recruited using snowball sampling. CKD knowledge was measured using a questionnaire adapted from the previously published and validated CKD knowledge scale by Younes et al. The instrument was translated into Arabic using forward and backward translation, reviewed by subject experts and an Arabic language specialist, and showed good internal consistency in the present sample. Descriptive analyses and multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate knowledge patterns and independent predictors. Results A total of 977 participants were analyzed; mean age was 28.97 ± 12.55 years, and 58.2% were women. The mean CKD knowledge score was 55.88 ± 6.67, corresponding to 64.4% correct responses overall. Using the validated threshold, 88.7% met the criterion for better knowledge. Important gaps remained in awareness of CKD stages (24.7%), fever as a symptom of advanced CKD (25.9%), and the kidney’s role in bone health (32.5%). Female sex, older age, health field occupation, attendance at awareness sessions, and recent kidney function testing were independently associated with higher knowledge, whereas smoking was associated with lower knowledge. Conclusion CKD awareness in this Palestinian sample was generally acceptable but uneven. Targeted education, stronger prevention messaging, and wider early screening initiatives are needed through culturally tailored community programs. Chronic kidney disease Awareness Knowledge Palestine Early detection Screening Public health Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 4 Introduction Chronic kidney disease is a chronic and often irreversible disorder defined by structural or functional kidney abnormalities that persist for at least three months and may be manifested by a reduced glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, or other markers of kidney damage. It is now recognized as a major noncommunicable disease and a growing cause of disability and premature death worldwide. Beyond progression to kidney failure, CKD is strongly linked to cardiovascular morbidity, recurrent hospitalization, and reduced quality of life, which makes early recognition a core public health priority rather than a purely nephrology concern [ 1 , 2 ]. The clinical and economic consequences of late CKD detection are substantial. As kidney function declines, many patients eventually require dialysis or transplantation, both of which impose long term physical, financial, and system level burdens. This challenge is particularly relevant in Palestine, where the Ministry of Health reported 1,778 patients receiving dialysis in the West Bank and 236,131 dialysis sessions during 2024 [ 1 , 3 ]. In a setting where health services already operate under resource constraints and where continuity of care may be affected by fragmented access and movement restrictions, missed opportunities for prevention or early detection can carry especially serious consequences. Public awareness is therefore an essential part of CKD prevention. The disease may remain clinically silent for years, while major drivers such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, cardiovascular disease, and family history continue to accelerate renal injury. When the public lacks accurate knowledge about kidney function, risk factors, symptoms, or screening methods, diagnosis is often delayed and patients are less likely to seek testing or engage in kidney protective behaviors. Evidence from community and primary care settings suggests that awareness initiatives can support earlier identification, improve risk perception, and strengthen preventive action [ 4 , 5 ]. Despite growing attention to kidney health, previous studies from the region show that public understanding of CKD remains incomplete. A recent study in Türkiye demonstrated poor recognition of CKD stages and limited awareness of the kidney’s role in bone health, while research from Saudi Arabia documented persistent misconceptions regarding CKD causes, symptoms, and treatment [ 6 , 7 ]. These findings suggest that familiarity with the term CKD does not necessarily translate into accurate clinical understanding. Comparable concerns have been reported in Arab populations more broadly. Recent studies from Palestine and Makkah found that respondents often recognized some common risk factors, yet important deficits remained in knowledge about complications, early detection, and protective behaviors [ 8 , 9 ]. However, there remains a need for a more detailed Palestinian assessment that does not only estimate overall awareness, but also identifies item level knowledge gaps and the participant characteristics associated with better knowledge. Such evidence is especially important in Palestine, where educational campaigns must be feasible, targeted, and responsive to a resource constrained context. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess public awareness of CKD among adults in Palestine and to identify the major gaps and determinants that may guide future awareness and early detection strategies. Methodology Study design and setting We conducted a cross sectional, community based survey in Palestine between November 2025 and January 2026 to assess public awareness and knowledge of CKD. Data were collected using an electronic self administered questionnaire distributed through social media platforms and interpersonal networks, consistent with a snowball sampling strategy. This approach facilitated broad community reach across different Palestinian areas, although it may have preferentially recruited younger and more digitally connected adults. Participants Eligible participants were adults aged 18 years or older residing in Palestine who were able to provide electronic informed consent and complete the questionnaire in Arabic or English. The survey was open to the general public, and occupation was recorded for analytic purposes, including work in health related fields. A minimum sample size was estimated using CDC Epi Info with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error. Of 981 submitted questionnaires, 977 complete responses were retained in the final analytic sample after data cleaning. Questionnaire source, translation, and validation The questionnaire used in this study was adapted from the previously published and validated CKD knowledge scale developed by Younes et al. [ 2 ]. It was therefore not developed de novo for the present study. The instrument included two sections: sociodemographic and health related characteristics, and a 34 item CKD knowledge assessment covering kidney function, tests used to evaluate kidney health, CKD staging, organs affected by CKD, risk factors, symptoms of advanced disease, prevention, and treatment options. For use in the present study, the questionnaire was translated into Arabic using forward and backward translation by bilingual researchers. The translated version was then reviewed by subject experts and an Arabic language specialist to assess clarity, linguistic accuracy, and cultural appropriateness. After reconciliation of the comments, the final questionnaire was administered in Arabic and English. Scoring and reliability Scoring was performed according to the original published instrument [ 2 ]. Knowledge items were scored according to the original instrument, with correct responses assigned higher values than incorrect or “do not know” answers, yielding a theoretical total score range of 34 to 68. Higher scores indicated better CKD knowledge. The adapted questionnaire showed good internal consistency in the present sample, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.879. For descriptive subgroup analyses, better knowledge was defined as a total score of 48 or higher, based on the ROC derived threshold reported in the validation study [ 2 ]. For the adjusted logistic model, a stricter dichotomization of score greater than 51 was used to enhance discrimination, while linear regression on the continuous score was retained as the primary adjusted analysis. Data management and statistical analysis Data were exported from the electronic platform for cleaning and analysis using SPSS version 25. Continuous variables are presented as means with standard deviations or medians with interquartile ranges, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Group differences in mean knowledge scores were assessed using independent samples t tests or one way analysis of variance as appropriate, while associations with categorical knowledge classifications were evaluated using chi square tests. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine predictors of the continuous knowledge score, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with knowledge score greater than 51. Adjusted effect estimates are reported with 95% confidence intervals, and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Ethical approval The study protocol, questionnaire, and electronic consent procedure were reviewed and approved by the Al-Quds University Research Ethics Committee. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and electronic informed consent was obtained before access to the questionnaire. All data were used for research purposes only and handled confidentially Results Participant characteristics A total of 981 questionnaires were received. After exclusion of four incomplete responses, 977 participants were included in the final analysis. Mean age was 28.97 ± 12.55 years, median age was 23 years (IQR 19–36), and the observed age range was 18 to 100 years. Women constituted 58.2% of the sample. More than half of respondents were aged 18 to 24 years, 86.4% had university level education, and 42.5% were students. Only 12.0% had ever attended a CKD awareness session, while 28.6% reported never having undergone kidney function testing and 25.6% could not recall the timing of their last test (Table 1). CKD knowledge distribution and item level gaps The mean total CKD knowledge score was 55.88 ± 6.67 out of a theoretical range of 34 to 68, corresponding to 64.36% correct responses across all scored items. Using the ROC derived threshold, 867 participants (88.7%) met the criterion for better knowledge. Internal consistency of the 34 item scale was high (Cronbach alpha = 0.879). Item level correctness ranged from 24.7% to 99.4%, demonstrating broad familiarity with some basic concepts but substantial deficits in other domains (Figure 1; Table 3). The highest performing items were recognition that a healthy human has two kidneys (99.4%), that urine testing can evaluate kidney disease (92.0%), and that kidneys filter the blood and remove waste (91.5%). By contrast, only 24.7% correctly identified that CKD has five stages, 25.9% correctly rejected fever as a typical symptom of advanced CKD, and 32.5% recognized the kidney’s role in bone health. Knowledge was also limited for brain involvement (40.1%), blood pressure monitoring as part of assessment (45.8%), and nausea or vomiting as a symptom of advanced disease (Figure 1; Table 3). Subgroup differences in CKD knowledge Women had significantly higher mean knowledge scores than men (56.77 ± 6.22 versus 54.64 ± 7.06, p < 0.001), and a greater proportion met the better knowledge threshold (92.3% versus 83.8%, p < 0.001). Occupation showed the largest unadjusted difference in knowledge score, with respondents working in the health field achieving the highest mean score (59.75 ± 5.73) and the highest prevalence of better knowledge (96.2%) (Table 2; Figure 2). Attendance at CKD awareness sessions was also associated with higher knowledge. Participants who had attended an awareness session had a mean score of 59.54 ± 6.09 compared with 55.39 ± 6.61 among those who had not, and 97.4% versus 87.6% met the threshold for better knowledge (both p ≤ 0.003). Knowledge likewise varied significantly according to the recency of kidney function testing, with the highest mean scores observed among those reporting testing within 6 to 12 months or 1 to 2 years, whereas the lowest scores were seen among participants who did not know when they were last tested (Table 2; Figure 3). Current smokers also had lower knowledge than nonsmokers (54.31 ± 6.85 versus 56.32 ± 6.58, p < 0.001). Multivariable predictors of CKD knowledge In the adjusted linear model, female sex, older age, residence in Hebron compared with Jerusalem, work in the health field, attendance at CKD awareness sessions, and more recent kidney function testing were independently associated with higher CKD knowledge scores. Current smoking, alcohol consumption, and the presence of self reported comorbidity were associated with lower scores in the linear model. In the adjusted logistic model for knowledge score greater than 51, female sex (adjusted OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.21–2.63), older age (adjusted OR 1.04 per year, 95% CI 1.01–1.07), residence in Hebron (adjusted OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.16–2.85), health field occupation (adjusted OR 5.63, 95% CI 2.51–12.62), awareness session attendance (adjusted OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.08–4.28), and kidney function testing within 6 to 12 months (adjusted OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.04–4.28) remained significant, whereas current smoking was negatively associated with higher knowledge (adjusted OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.33–0.80) (Table 4; Figure 4). Although alcohol use was also inversely associated with higher knowledge in the logistic model, this estimate should be interpreted cautiously because the exposed subgroup was very small. Education, marital status, nationality, insurance type, and family history were not independently associated with higher knowledge after adjustment. Discussion This cross sectional study provides a detailed assessment of CKD awareness among adults in Palestine and highlights a mixed pattern of findings. Overall knowledge was reasonably good at the aggregate level, yet this seemingly reassuring pattern masked several clinically important misconceptions. The most prominent gaps concerned CKD staging, advanced symptom recognition, and the kidney’s role in bone health. Knowledge was also socially patterned: women, health field workers, participants who had attended awareness sessions, and those who had undergone more recent kidney function testing demonstrated better performance, whereas smoking was associated with lower knowledge. Taken together, these results suggest that CKD awareness in Palestine is not uniformly poor, but it remains uneven and selectively incomplete in ways that may affect prevention and early detection. The overall level of awareness observed in our sample is broadly consistent with recent regional studies showing moderate to relatively good public familiarity with CKD, while also confirming that total scores can obscure specific conceptual deficits. A recent online study from the West Bank similarly reported that some core CKD concepts were recognized by many respondents, yet important misunderstandings persisted regarding risk factors, complications, and protective behaviors [8]. Comparable patterns have been reported in Saudi samples, where broad awareness coexisted with substantial misconceptions about CKD treatment and disease progression [10]. This distinction matters because accurate public understanding is needed not only for general familiarity, but also for timely testing, risk recognition, and informed help seeking. The weakest items in the present study are clinically meaningful. Fewer than one third of participants knew that CKD has five stages, recognized fever as an atypical manifestation of advanced CKD, or identified the kidney’s role in bone health. Similar deficiencies have been described in Türkiye, where knowledge of CKD staging and skeletal complications was also notably poor, and in Saudi Arabia, where misconceptions about symptoms and management remained common [6,7]. These domains are less intuitive than basic anatomical knowledge and are often underemphasized in public messaging, yet they are central to understanding disease severity, monitoring, and long term complications. Occupational exposure to health information emerged as one of the strongest correlates of higher knowledge. Participants working in the health field had substantially higher mean scores and markedly higher odds of being above the median in adjusted analysis. Attendance at CKD awareness sessions and more recent kidney function testing showed similar positive associations. These findings are plausible because repeated contact with healthcare environments can improve exposure to preventive counseling, laboratory interpretation, and risk communication. They also align with evidence suggesting that stronger integration of CKD recognition into routine primary care and screening pathways can improve disease identification and public understanding [4,11]. Women in our sample performed better than men, and age showed a small but statistically significant positive association with knowledge. Similar sex differences have been reported in some regional studies, although the magnitude and direction are not always uniform across populations [6,10]. The higher scores among women in the present study may reflect greater engagement with health information, greater participation in family health decision making, or higher responsiveness to prevention messages. The age effect was modest, but it may indicate that cumulative exposure to healthcare encounters and chronic disease information gradually improves CKD knowledge over time. Current smoking was consistently associated with lower CKD knowledge in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. This finding should not be interpreted causally, yet it may reflect clustering of lower health engagement with other risk behaviors. Evidence from population studies suggests that limited health literacy is associated with smoking and with reduced adoption of preventive health behaviors [12]. In addition, when health communication is not sufficiently clear or patient centered, complex clinical concepts such as kidney function decline, systemic complications, and screening indications may be poorly understood by the public [13]. Together, these observations support the value of integrating CKD education into broader risk reduction and health literacy initiatives. The Palestinian context is particularly important when interpreting these findings. CKD awareness does not develop in isolation from the structure of the health system in which people seek care. In Palestine, preventive efforts are delivered within a resource constrained environment, and continuity of screening or follow up may be affected by fragmented service delivery and movement restrictions associated with the occupation. Under such conditions, seemingly modest knowledge gaps may translate into delayed testing, interrupted follow up, and later presentation with advanced disease. The large dialysis burden documented by the Ministry of Health underscores why low cost public education and earlier risk identification should remain public health priorities [3]. Our findings are also compatible with evidence from other low and middle income settings in which CKD awareness has been limited by uneven access to health information and preventive services. Studies from Ethiopia and Nigeria reported incomplete public understanding of CKD and emphasized the importance of community level education for early detection [5,14]. Although social and health system contexts differ across settings, these comparisons reinforce the view that CKD awareness should be addressed as a population health issue rather than as a problem confined to specialist clinics. This study has several strengths. It used a previously validated knowledge instrument, evaluated both overall and item level awareness, and included a relatively large community sample with multivariable analysis of associated factors. At the same time, important limitations should be acknowledged. The cross sectional design precludes causal inference, and the online snowball sampling strategy likely favored younger, more educated, and more digitally connected participants. The inclusion of respondents from health related occupations may have modestly increased average knowledge estimates, while self reported data remain vulnerable to recall and social desirability bias. In the Palestinian context, digital exclusion, uneven regional participation, and barriers related to mobility or access may also have limited representation of some groups. These factors should be considered when interpreting the findings and generalizing them to the wider population. Despite these limitations, the study offers actionable implications. Future awareness programs should move beyond general messaging and focus specifically on the concepts that participants found most difficult, particularly CKD staging, advanced manifestations, multisystem consequences, and the rationale for screening. Educational materials should be delivered through channels that the public already uses, including universities, primary care clinics, community campaigns, and digital platforms, but they should be framed in clear language and linked to concrete preventive actions. Expanding low cost kidney function testing for high risk groups, embedding CKD content into smoking cessation and chronic disease counseling, and evaluating awareness interventions prospectively would all be valuable next steps. Conclusion In this Palestinian sample, public awareness of CKD was generally acceptable but far from complete. Important deficits persisted in knowledge of CKD stages, advanced symptoms, and the kidney’s systemic effects. Higher knowledge was associated with female sex, older age, health field occupation, prior awareness session attendance, and recent kidney function testing, whereas smoking was associated with lower knowledge. These findings support targeted, context sensitive education and stronger early detection strategies within the Palestinian health system, particularly in a resource constrained environment where late recognition carries major clinical and system level consequences. Declarations Acknowledgements N/A Data availability The datasets used and or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding This study received no external funding. Ethics approval and consent to participate All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Al-Quds University Research Ethics Committee. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before they accessed the questionnaire. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Author contribution All authors contributed substantially to study conception and design, survey dissemination, data acquisition, data interpretation, manuscript drafting, critical revision of the manuscript, and approval of the final version. Salahaldeen Deeb served as the corresponding author and coordinated the final manuscript preparation. References World Health Organization. (2025). Reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases through promotion of kidney health and strengthening prevention and control of kidney disease. WHO Executive Board, 156th session. Younes S, Mourad N, Safwan J, Dabbous M, Rahal M, Nabulsi A, M., Sakr F. Chronic kidney disease awareness among the general population: Tool validation and knowledge assessment in a developing country. BMC Nephrol. 2022;23(1):266. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-022-02889-2 . Palestinian Ministry of Health. (2025). Health annual report, Palestine 2024. Ministry of Health. https://site.moh.ps/Content/Books/JsOcOwZxWZU7SAEraJ6SFLhq2Udwv2qmunFGMam4YzqmQlNtdzdsDv_XdvvM4qXsgWQDF1MjLKh8TLosrZ2ENPebOot4bCKj68sItYbuKzBhX.pdf Pesce F, Pasculli D, Pasculli G, De Nicola L, Cozzolino M, Granata A, Gesualdo L. The Disease Awareness Innovation Network for chronic kidney disease identification in general practice. J Nephrol. 2022;35(8):2057–65. Oluyombo R, Ayodele OE, Akinwusi PO, Okunola OO, Gbadegesin BA, Soje MO, Akinsola A. Awareness, knowledge and perception of chronic kidney disease in a rural community of South West Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2016;19(2):161–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.175960 . Gök E, Şahin MK. Chronic kidney disease awareness: A cross sectional study in primary care settings in Türkiye. J Nephrol. 2025;38:979–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-025-02210-y . Alobaidi S. 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Knowledge, attitude and practices towards prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease and associated factors in Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. J Public Health Res. 2024;13(3):22799036241277088. https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036241277088 . Tables Table 1. Participant characteristics of the study sample, Palestine (N = 977). Characteristic Category n (%) Sex Female 569 (58.2%) Male 408 (41.8%) Age group 18–24 529 (54.1%) 25–34 166 (17.0%) 35–44 139 (14.2%) 45–54 92 (9.4%) 55–64 45 (4.6%) ≥65 6 (0.6%) Marital status Single 583 (59.7%) married 375 (38.4%) widow 12 (1.2%) divorced 7 (0.7%) Education University 844 (86.4%) Secondary 114 (11.7%) Basic 15 (1.5%) Uneducated 4 (0.4%) Occupation Student 415 (42.5%) Non-health employed 271 (27.7%) Health field 156 (16.0%) Not working/retired 135 (13.8%) Monthly income Average 639 (65.4%) High 203 (20.8%) Low 135 (13.8%) Smoking no 761 (77.9%) Yes 180 (18.4%) Former smoker 36 (3.7%) Health insurance Governmental 591 (60.5%) None 175 (17.9%) Private 158 (16.2%) Other 53 (5.4%) Self-reported comorbidities (any) No 874 (89.5%) Yes 103 (10.5%) Family history (any) No 513 (52.5%) Yes 464 (47.5%) CKD awareness session attendance No 860 (88.0%) Yes 117 (12.0%) Kidney function test recency No exam 279 (28.6%) Don’t know 250 (25.6%) 2 years 63 (6.4%) Table 2. CKD knowledge outcomes by key participant characteristics. Better knowledge defined as total score ≥48, based on the ROC derived threshold from the validation study [2]. Variable Category n Knowledge mean±SD Better knowledge n (%) Test (score) p (score) χ² p (better) Sex Male 408 54.64 ± 7.06 342 (83.8%) t=4.88 <0.001 χ²(1)=16.12 <0.001 Female 569 56.77 ± 6.22 525 (92.3%) Age group (years) 18–24 529 55.40 ± 7.24 454 (85.8%) F=1.92 0.088 χ²(5)=11.22 0.047 25–34 166 56.45 ± 6.25 151 (91.0%) 35–44 139 56.73 ± 5.95 128 (92.1%) 45–54 92 56.38 ± 5.11 86 (93.5%) 55–64 45 56.38 ± 4.97 43 (95.6%) ≥65 6 51.50 ± 9.67 5 (83.3%) Marital status bachelor 583 55.63 ± 7.18 504 (86.4%) F=0.86 0.462 χ²(3)=7.90 0.048 married 375 56.30 ± 5.82 346 (92.3%) divorced 7 54.71 ± 5.94 6 (85.7%) widow 12 55.92 ± 5.95 11 (91.7%) Education University 844 56.14 ± 6.56 756 (89.6%) F=3.73 0.011 χ²(3)=13.00 0.005 Secondary 114 54.18 ± 7.18 94 (82.5%) Basic 15 55.53 ± 4.72 15 (100.0%) Uneducated 4 50.75 ± 11.70 2 (50.0%) Occupation Student 415 55.37 ± 7.24 358 (86.3%) F=22.67 <0.001 χ²(3)=11.93 0.008 Non-health employed 271 54.78 ± 6.06 237 (87.5%) Health field 156 59.75 ± 5.73 150 (96.2%) Not working/retired 135 55.22 ± 5.36 122 (90.4%) Smoking status no 761 56.32 ± 6.58 689 (90.5%) F=7.40 <0.001 χ²(2)=14.84 <0.001 Former smoker 36 54.61 ± 6.29 33 (91.7%) Yes 180 54.31 ± 6.85 145 (80.6%) Self-reported comorbidity (any) No 874 55.98 ± 6.65 775 (88.7%) t=1.32 0.189 χ²(1)=0.00 0.989 Yes 103 55.10 ± 6.80 92 (89.3%) Kidney function test recency No exam 279 55.40 ± 7.09 238 (85.3%) F=5.28 <0.001 χ²(5)=21.33 <0.001 Don’t know 250 54.49 ± 6.91 212 (84.8%) 2 years 63 56.43 ± 7.02 54 (85.7%) CKD awareness session attendance No 860 55.39 ± 6.61 753 (87.6%) t=7.27 <0.001 χ²(1)=9.09 0.003 Yes 117 59.54 ± 6.09 114 (97.4%) Nationality Palestinian 952 55.89 ± 6.67 845 (88.8%) t=0.05 0.957 χ²(1)=0.02 0.898 Non-Palestinian 25 55.80 ± 6.56 22 (88.0%) Table 3. CKD knowledge item correctness overall and by key subgroups (N = 977). Item (short) Overall correct (%) Female correct (%) Male correct (%) χ² (sex) p (sex) V (sex) Health-field correct (%) Non-health correct (%) B1 99.4 99.3 99.5 0.00 0.996 0.013 99.4 99.4 B2-1 Urine 71.0 73.3 67.9 3.10 0.078 0.059 85.9 68.2 B2-2 Protein breakdown 54.0 54.0 54.2 0.00 1.000 0.002 59.6 53.0 B2-3 Filter blood 91.5 93.1 89.2 4.23 0.040 0.070 95.5 90.7 B2-4 Bone health 32.5 35.5 28.4 5.09 0.024 0.074 48.1 29.6 B2-5 BP regulation 65.5 67.3 63.0 1.87 0.171 0.044 79.5 62.8 B2-6 Break down fats 43.8 42.7 45.3 0.57 0.451 0.026 58.3 41.0 B3-1 Urine test 92.0 92.3 91.7 0.07 0.796 0.009 94.2 91.6 B3-2 Blood test 82.2 81.9 82.6 0.07 0.789 0.008 89.7 80.7 B3-3 Stool test 52.3 54.0 50.0 1.53 0.216 0.040 66.7 49.5 B3-4 BP monitoring 45.8 47.1 44.1 0.83 0.361 0.029 59.0 43.3 B4 CKD stages 24.7 30.1 17.2 20.58 <0.001 0.148 32.7 23.1 B5-1 Heart 73.2 73.1 73.3 0.00 0.931 0.003 85.9 70.7 B5-2 Lungs 52.2 52.0 52.5 0.02 0.891 0.006 76.3 47.6 B5-3 Skin 49.9 50.4 49.3 0.12 0.727 0.011 67.3 46.5 B5-4 Brain 40.1 40.4 39.7 0.03 0.874 0.007 59.0 36.5 B6 HTN 72.5 74.3 70.1 2.01 0.156 0.045 83.3 70.5 B6 Diabetes 61.1 60.1 62.5 0.54 0.461 0.024 76.9 58.0 B6 Family history 75.1 75.6 74.5 0.16 0.687 0.013 88.5 72.6 B6 Heart disease 57.6 56.2 59.6 1.12 0.289 0.034 76.3 54.0 B6 NSAIDs 68.0 68.0 68.1 0.00 0.987 0.000 83.3 65.1 B6 Obesity 60.1 60.5 59.6 0.04 0.849 0.006 73.7 57.5 B6 Stress 45.3 45.5 45.1 0.02 0.884 0.006 62.2 42.1 B7 Nausea/vomiting 49.9 50.8 48.8 0.36 0.548 0.019 69.9 46.1 B7 Fatigue 83.8 84.9 82.4 1.04 0.307 0.033 92.3 82.0 B7 Loss appetite 57.4 57.5 57.4 0.00 0.981 0.001 76.3 53.9 B7 Fever 25.9 26.2 25.5 0.03 0.864 0.008 37.2 23.8 B7 Fluid retention 87.1 88.8 84.8 3.36 0.067 0.059 91.7 86.2 B8 Limit soft drinks 84.6 85.9 82.8 1.69 0.193 0.042 92.3 83.2 B8 Control sugar 81.8 82.6 80.6 0.63 0.429 0.025 92.3 79.8 B8 Control BP 80.1 80.8 79.2 0.33 0.567 0.018 89.7 78.3 B8 Control weight 76.9 78.0 75.5 0.83 0.362 0.029 87.8 74.7 B9 Drugs 57.3 57.3 57.4 0.00 0.985 0.001 73.1 54.3 B9 Dialysis 86.8 88.0 85.0 1.73 0.188 0.042 92.9 85.6 Table 4. Adjusted associations with CKD knowledge in multivariable linear and logistic models. Scale scoring was aligned with the original instrument’s coding. For the logistic model, higher knowledge was defined as score greater than 51. Predictor Adj. B (95% CI) p (B) Adj. OR (95% CI) p (OR) Sex: Female vs Male 2.09 (1.16, 3.02) <0.001 1.79 (1.21, 2.63) 0.003 Age (years), per 1-year increase 0.07 (0.01, 0.12) 0.015 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) 0.003 Residential area: Hebron vs Jerusalem 1.09 (0.03, 2.16) 0.045 1.82 (1.16, 2.85) 0.009 Occupation: Health field vs Non-health employed 4.49 (3.13, 5.86) <0.001 5.63 (2.51, 12.62) <0.001 Occupation: Student vs Non-health employed 1.91 (0.55, 3.27) 0.006 1.37 (0.79, 2.40) 0.264 CKD awareness session attendance: Yes vs No 2.79 (1.51, 4.07) <0.001 2.15 (1.08, 4.28) 0.029 Kidney function test recency: 1-2 years vs No exam 1.71 (0.20, 3.22) 0.027 1.94 (0.99, 3.80) 0.055 Kidney function test recency: 6-12 months vs No exam 2.16 (0.60, 3.71) 0.007 2.11 (1.04, 4.28) 0.039 Smoking status: Yes vs no -1.31 (-2.42, -0.20) 0.021 0.51 (0.33, 0.80) 0.003 Alcohol consumption: any (Yes/previous) vs No -5.34 (-8.80, -1.87) 0.003 0.25 (0.07, 0.87) 0.03 Self-reported comorbidity: any vs none -1.50 (-2.92, -0.08) 0.038 0.74 (0.39, 1.39) 0.345 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 05 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 04 May, 2026 Editor invited by journal 09 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 08 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9319916","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":638952808,"identity":"019782e5-00d9-4c5d-aad1-aa4d4570606b","order_by":0,"name":"Omar G. Nasereddin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omar","middleName":"G.","lastName":"Nasereddin","suffix":""},{"id":638952810,"identity":"9b273dd7-01dd-4f45-9abb-d4b84e495a50","order_by":1,"name":"Hamza Y. 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Dar","lastName":"Ziedan","suffix":""},{"id":638952819,"identity":"4dc180f6-8e94-4457-88ca-c8584403bdf3","order_by":5,"name":"Moayad H. Alskafi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moayad","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Alskafi","suffix":""},{"id":638952820,"identity":"490f0bc9-ea07-4f55-847c-5e0005dc0d89","order_by":6,"name":"Haya S. Salah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haya","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Salah","suffix":""},{"id":638952821,"identity":"468f223d-e5ba-46b2-9f03-5c1ebbda8da3","order_by":7,"name":"Lina Motee Ashhab","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lina","middleName":"Motee","lastName":"Ashhab","suffix":""},{"id":638952822,"identity":"8a9488e7-ceb6-41a0-8134-c97509659c60","order_by":8,"name":"Mohammad R. Abuarqoub","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"R.","lastName":"Abuarqoub","suffix":""},{"id":638952823,"identity":"546577b9-971f-454c-b080-e3671d03e17c","order_by":9,"name":"Hala M. Alkaraja","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hala","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Alkaraja","suffix":""},{"id":638952824,"identity":"dc74ec63-e87b-48b3-a02f-cc8e59905ae3","order_by":10,"name":"Alhareth M. Amro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alhareth","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Amro","suffix":""},{"id":638952825,"identity":"e534efcf-3a9b-4cca-a393-26b283b788ba","order_by":11,"name":"Salahaldeen Deeb","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gZmBjYGBgP2xoYDCRUgAeYGAloYoVp4Dh988OAMSAsjsVok0pINH7ZBRPBqkG8/2Pi5oMxGzpwhx0wicV5tNH87UMuPim04tRicSWyWnnEuzdiy4QxQy7bjuTMOMzYw9py5jVsLQ2KDNG/b4cQNB3tAWo7lNgC1MDO24dYi3/+w+Tdv2//6DYd5gFrmHMudT0gLw43ENqAtBxIMjrElGyQ21ORuIKTF4MbDNmuec8mGO3uYDz5IOHYgdyNQy0F8fpHvTz58m6fMTt5c/mHDwR81dbnzzgMj6EcFHoehgcNg8gDR6oGgjhTFo2AUjIJRMEIAAPmUYzv98RqgAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salahaldeen","middleName":"","lastName":"Deeb","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-04 11:08:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9319916/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9319916/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109263686,"identity":"7926e73d-38a6-46b9-9713-2c4ce7e272d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-14 12:06:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":559685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall percentage of correct responses across CKD knowledge items.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHorizontal bars show the percentage of respondents who answered each item correctly. Lower values indicate areas of weaker public awareness.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9319916/v1/530d9b3d901c0e5c8b8d171d.png"},{"id":109296197,"identity":"80325f2a-687f-43ec-bcf3-f8c2720b8e70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-15 08:46:05","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean CKD knowledge score by occupation category.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBars represent mean knowledge scores and error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9319916/v1/09b346f731625b225d3835a4.png"},{"id":109263688,"identity":"4349749b-4096-49ec-b150-64d9ad2906dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-14 12:06:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":186337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjusted predictors of higher CKD knowledge in the multivariable logistic model.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForest plot showing adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for knowledge score greater than 51. The vertical reference line indicates an odds ratio of 1.00.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9319916/v1/0f93b1e8485eb8f582153161.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Public Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Adults in Palestine: Knowledge Gaps and Determinants of Higher Awareness in a Resource Constrained Setting","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eChronic kidney disease is a chronic and often irreversible disorder defined by structural or functional kidney abnormalities that persist for at least three months and may be manifested by a reduced glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, or other markers of kidney damage. It is now recognized as a major noncommunicable disease and a growing cause of disability and premature death worldwide. Beyond progression to kidney failure, CKD is strongly linked to cardiovascular morbidity, recurrent hospitalization, and reduced quality of life, which makes early recognition a core public health priority rather than a purely nephrology concern [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe clinical and economic consequences of late CKD detection are substantial. As kidney function declines, many patients eventually require dialysis or transplantation, both of which impose long term physical, financial, and system level burdens. This challenge is particularly relevant in Palestine, where the Ministry of Health reported 1,778 patients receiving dialysis in the West Bank and 236,131 dialysis sessions during 2024 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In a setting where health services already operate under resource constraints and where continuity of care may be affected by fragmented access and movement restrictions, missed opportunities for prevention or early detection can carry especially serious consequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic awareness is therefore an essential part of CKD prevention. The disease may remain clinically silent for years, while major drivers such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, cardiovascular disease, and family history continue to accelerate renal injury. When the public lacks accurate knowledge about kidney function, risk factors, symptoms, or screening methods, diagnosis is often delayed and patients are less likely to seek testing or engage in kidney protective behaviors. Evidence from community and primary care settings suggests that awareness initiatives can support earlier identification, improve risk perception, and strengthen preventive action [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite growing attention to kidney health, previous studies from the region show that public understanding of CKD remains incomplete. A recent study in T\u0026uuml;rkiye demonstrated poor recognition of CKD stages and limited awareness of the kidney\u0026rsquo;s role in bone health, while research from Saudi Arabia documented persistent misconceptions regarding CKD causes, symptoms, and treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings suggest that familiarity with the term CKD does not necessarily translate into accurate clinical understanding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparable concerns have been reported in Arab populations more broadly. Recent studies from Palestine and Makkah found that respondents often recognized some common risk factors, yet important deficits remained in knowledge about complications, early detection, and protective behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there remains a need for a more detailed Palestinian assessment that does not only estimate overall awareness, but also identifies item level knowledge gaps and the participant characteristics associated with better knowledge. Such evidence is especially important in Palestine, where educational campaigns must be feasible, targeted, and responsive to a resource constrained context. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess public awareness of CKD among adults in Palestine and to identify the major gaps and determinants that may guide future awareness and early detection strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a cross sectional, community based survey in Palestine between November 2025 and January 2026 to assess public awareness and knowledge of CKD. Data were collected using an electronic self administered questionnaire distributed through social media platforms and interpersonal networks, consistent with a snowball sampling strategy. This approach facilitated broad community reach across different Palestinian areas, although it may have preferentially recruited younger and more digitally connected adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEligible participants were adults aged 18 years or older residing in Palestine who were able to provide electronic informed consent and complete the questionnaire in Arabic or English. The survey was open to the general public, and occupation was recorded for analytic purposes, including work in health related fields. A minimum sample size was estimated using CDC Epi Info with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error. Of 981 submitted questionnaires, 977 complete responses were retained in the final analytic sample after data cleaning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire source, translation, and validation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire used in this study was adapted from the previously published and validated CKD knowledge scale developed by Younes et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. It was therefore not developed de novo for the present study. The instrument included two sections: sociodemographic and health related characteristics, and a 34 item CKD knowledge assessment covering kidney function, tests used to evaluate kidney health, CKD staging, organs affected by CKD, risk factors, symptoms of advanced disease, prevention, and treatment options. For use in the present study, the questionnaire was translated into Arabic using forward and backward translation by bilingual researchers. The translated version was then reviewed by subject experts and an Arabic language specialist to assess clarity, linguistic accuracy, and cultural appropriateness. After reconciliation of the comments, the final questionnaire was administered in Arabic and English.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eScoring and reliability\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScoring was performed according to the original published instrument [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Knowledge items were scored according to the original instrument, with correct responses assigned higher values than incorrect or \u0026ldquo;do not know\u0026rdquo; answers, yielding a theoretical total score range of 34 to 68. Higher scores indicated better CKD knowledge. The adapted questionnaire showed good internal consistency in the present sample, with a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.879. For descriptive subgroup analyses, better knowledge was defined as a total score of 48 or higher, based on the ROC derived threshold reported in the validation study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. For the adjusted logistic model, a stricter dichotomization of score greater than 51 was used to enhance discrimination, while linear regression on the continuous score was retained as the primary adjusted analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData management and statistical analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were exported from the electronic platform for cleaning and analysis using SPSS version 25. Continuous variables are presented as means with standard deviations or medians with interquartile ranges, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Group differences in mean knowledge scores were assessed using independent samples t tests or one way analysis of variance as appropriate, while associations with categorical knowledge classifications were evaluated using chi square tests. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine predictors of the continuous knowledge score, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with knowledge score greater than 51. Adjusted effect estimates are reported with 95% confidence intervals, and statistical significance was defined as p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical approval\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol, questionnaire, and electronic consent procedure were reviewed and approved by the Al-Quds University Research Ethics Committee. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and electronic informed consent was obtained before access to the questionnaire. All data were used for research purposes only and handled confidentially\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eParticipant characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 981 questionnaires were received. After exclusion of four incomplete responses, 977 participants were included in the final analysis. Mean age was 28.97 ± 12.55 years, median age was 23 years (IQR 19–36), and the observed age range was 18 to 100 years. Women constituted 58.2% of the sample. More than half of respondents were aged 18 to 24 years, 86.4% had university level education, and 42.5% were students. Only 12.0% had ever attended a CKD awareness session, while 28.6% reported never having undergone kidney function testing and 25.6% could not recall the timing of their last test (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCKD knowledge distribution and item level gaps\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean total CKD knowledge score was 55.88 ± 6.67 out of a theoretical range of 34 to 68, corresponding to 64.36% correct responses across all scored items. Using the ROC derived threshold, 867 participants (88.7%) met the criterion for better knowledge. Internal consistency of the 34 item scale was high (Cronbach alpha = 0.879). Item level correctness ranged from 24.7% to 99.4%, demonstrating broad familiarity with some basic concepts but substantial deficits in other domains (Figure 1; Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe highest performing items were recognition that a healthy human has two kidneys (99.4%), that urine testing can evaluate kidney disease (92.0%), and that kidneys filter the blood and remove waste (91.5%). By contrast, only 24.7% correctly identified that CKD has five stages, 25.9% correctly rejected fever as a typical symptom of advanced CKD, and 32.5% recognized the kidney’s role in bone health. Knowledge was also limited for brain involvement (40.1%), blood pressure monitoring as part of assessment (45.8%), and nausea or vomiting as a symptom of advanced disease (Figure 1; Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSubgroup differences in CKD knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen had significantly higher mean knowledge scores than men (56.77 ± 6.22 versus 54.64 ± 7.06, p \u0026lt; 0.001), and a greater proportion met the better knowledge threshold (92.3% versus 83.8%, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Occupation showed the largest unadjusted difference in knowledge score, with respondents working in the health field achieving the highest mean score (59.75 ± 5.73) and the highest prevalence of better knowledge (96.2%) (Table 2; Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttendance at CKD awareness sessions was also associated with higher knowledge. Participants who had attended an awareness session had a mean score of 59.54 ± 6.09 compared with 55.39 ± 6.61 among those who had not, and 97.4% versus 87.6% met the threshold for better knowledge (both p ≤ 0.003). Knowledge likewise varied significantly according to the recency of kidney function testing, with the highest mean scores observed among those reporting testing within 6 to 12 months or 1 to 2 years, whereas the lowest scores were seen among participants who did not know when they were last tested (Table 2; Figure 3). Current smokers also had lower knowledge than nonsmokers (54.31 ± 6.85 versus 56.32 ± 6.58, p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMultivariable predictors of CKD knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the adjusted linear model, female sex, older age, residence in Hebron compared with Jerusalem, work in the health field, attendance at CKD awareness sessions, and more recent kidney function testing were independently associated with higher CKD knowledge scores. Current smoking, alcohol consumption, and the presence of self reported comorbidity were associated with lower scores in the linear model. In the adjusted logistic model for knowledge score greater than 51, female sex (adjusted OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.21–2.63), older age (adjusted OR 1.04 per year, 95% CI 1.01–1.07), residence in Hebron (adjusted OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.16–2.85), health field occupation (adjusted OR 5.63, 95% CI 2.51–12.62), awareness session attendance (adjusted OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.08–4.28), and kidney function testing within 6 to 12 months (adjusted OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.04–4.28) remained significant, whereas current smoking was negatively associated with higher knowledge (adjusted OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.33–0.80) (Table 4; Figure 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough alcohol use was also inversely associated with higher knowledge in the logistic model, this estimate should be interpreted cautiously because the exposed subgroup was very small. Education, marital status, nationality, insurance type, and family history were not independently associated with higher knowledge after adjustment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis cross sectional study provides a detailed assessment of CKD awareness among adults in Palestine and highlights a mixed pattern of findings. Overall knowledge was reasonably good at the aggregate level, yet this seemingly reassuring pattern masked several clinically important misconceptions. The most prominent gaps concerned CKD staging, advanced symptom recognition, and the kidney’s role in bone health. Knowledge was also socially patterned: women, health field workers, participants who had attended awareness sessions, and those who had undergone more recent kidney function testing demonstrated better performance, whereas smoking was associated with lower knowledge. Taken together, these results suggest that CKD awareness in Palestine is not uniformly poor, but it remains uneven and selectively incomplete in ways that may affect prevention and early detection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall level of awareness observed in our sample is broadly consistent with recent regional studies showing moderate to relatively good public familiarity with CKD, while also confirming that total scores can obscure specific conceptual deficits. A recent online study from the West Bank similarly reported that some core CKD concepts were recognized by many respondents, yet important misunderstandings persisted regarding risk factors, complications, and protective behaviors [8]. Comparable patterns have been reported in Saudi samples, where broad awareness coexisted with substantial misconceptions about CKD treatment and disease progression [10]. This distinction matters because accurate public understanding is needed not only for general familiarity, but also for timely testing, risk recognition, and informed help seeking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe weakest items in the present study are clinically meaningful. Fewer than one third of participants knew that CKD has five stages, recognized fever as an atypical manifestation of advanced CKD, or identified the kidney’s role in bone health. Similar deficiencies have been described in Türkiye, where knowledge of CKD staging and skeletal complications was also notably poor, and in Saudi Arabia, where misconceptions about symptoms and management remained common [6,7]. These domains are less intuitive than basic anatomical knowledge and are often underemphasized in public messaging, yet they are central to understanding disease severity, monitoring, and long term complications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupational exposure to health information emerged as one of the strongest correlates of higher knowledge. Participants working in the health field had substantially higher mean scores and markedly higher odds of being above the median in adjusted analysis. Attendance at CKD awareness sessions and more recent kidney function testing showed similar positive associations. These findings are plausible because repeated contact with healthcare environments can improve exposure to preventive counseling, laboratory interpretation, and risk communication. They also align with evidence suggesting that stronger integration of CKD recognition into routine primary care and screening pathways can improve disease identification and public understanding [4,11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen in our sample performed better than men, and age showed a small but statistically significant positive association with knowledge. Similar sex differences have been reported in some regional studies, although the magnitude and direction are not always uniform across populations [6,10]. The higher scores among women in the present study may reflect greater engagement with health information, greater participation in family health decision making, or higher responsiveness to prevention messages. The age effect was modest, but it may indicate that cumulative exposure to healthcare encounters and chronic disease information gradually improves CKD knowledge over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrent smoking was consistently associated with lower CKD knowledge in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. This finding should not be interpreted causally, yet it may reflect clustering of lower health engagement with other risk behaviors. Evidence from population studies suggests that limited health literacy is associated with smoking and with reduced adoption of preventive health behaviors [12]. In addition, when health communication is not sufficiently clear or patient centered, complex clinical concepts such as kidney function decline, systemic complications, and screening indications may be poorly understood by the public [13]. Together, these observations support the value of integrating CKD education into broader risk reduction and health literacy initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Palestinian context is particularly important when interpreting these findings. CKD awareness does not develop in isolation from the structure of the health system in which people seek care. In Palestine, preventive efforts are delivered within a resource constrained environment, and continuity of screening or follow up may be affected by fragmented service delivery and movement restrictions associated with the occupation. Under such conditions, seemingly modest knowledge gaps may translate into delayed testing, interrupted follow up, and later presentation with advanced disease. The large dialysis burden documented by the Ministry of Health underscores why low cost public education and earlier risk identification should remain public health priorities [3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings are also compatible with evidence from other low and middle income settings in which CKD awareness has been limited by uneven access to health information and preventive services. Studies from Ethiopia and Nigeria reported incomplete public understanding of CKD and emphasized the importance of community level education for early detection [5,14]. Although social and health system contexts differ across settings, these comparisons reinforce the view that CKD awareness should be addressed as a population health issue rather than as a problem confined to specialist clinics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths. It used a previously validated knowledge instrument, evaluated both overall and item level awareness, and included a relatively large community sample with multivariable analysis of associated factors. At the same time, important limitations should be acknowledged. The cross sectional design precludes causal inference, and the online snowball sampling strategy likely favored younger, more educated, and more digitally connected participants. The inclusion of respondents from health related occupations may have modestly increased average knowledge estimates, while self reported data remain vulnerable to recall and social desirability bias. In the Palestinian context, digital exclusion, uneven regional participation, and barriers related to mobility or access may also have limited representation of some groups. These factors should be considered when interpreting the findings and generalizing them to the wider population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, the study offers actionable implications. Future awareness programs should move beyond general messaging and focus specifically on the concepts that participants found most difficult, particularly CKD staging, advanced manifestations, multisystem consequences, and the rationale for screening. Educational materials should be delivered through channels that the public already uses, including universities, primary care clinics, community campaigns, and digital platforms, but they should be framed in clear language and linked to concrete preventive actions. Expanding low cost kidney function testing for high risk groups, embedding CKD content into smoking cessation and chronic disease counseling, and evaluating awareness interventions prospectively would all be valuable next steps.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this Palestinian sample, public awareness of CKD was generally acceptable but far from complete. Important deficits persisted in knowledge of CKD stages, advanced symptoms, and the kidney\u0026rsquo;s systemic effects. Higher knowledge was associated with female sex, older age, health field occupation, prior awareness session attendance, and recent kidney function testing, whereas smoking was associated with lower knowledge. These findings support targeted, context sensitive education and stronger early detection strategies within the Palestinian health system, particularly in a resource constrained environment where late recognition carries major clinical and system level consequences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch1\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eData availability\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eFunding\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Al-Quds University Research Ethics Committee. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before they accessed the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed substantially to study conception and design, survey dissemination, data acquisition, data interpretation, manuscript drafting, critical revision of the manuscript, and approval of the final version. Salahaldeen Deeb served as the corresponding author and coordinated the final manuscript preparation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2025). Reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases through promotion of kidney health and strengthening prevention and control of kidney disease. WHO Executive Board, 156th session.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYounes S, Mourad N, Safwan J, Dabbous M, Rahal M, Nabulsi A, M., Sakr F. Chronic kidney disease awareness among the general population: Tool validation and knowledge assessment in a developing country. BMC Nephrol. 2022;23(1):266. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-022-02889-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12882-022-02889-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePalestinian Ministry of Health. (2025). Health annual report, Palestine 2024. Ministry of Health. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://site.moh.ps/Content/Books/JsOcOwZxWZU7SAEraJ6SFLhq2Udwv2qmunFGMam4YzqmQlNtdzdsDv_XdvvM4qXsgWQDF1MjLKh8TLosrZ2ENPebOot4bCKj68sItYbuKzBhX.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://site.moh.ps/Content/Books/JsOcOwZxWZU7SAEraJ6SFLhq2Udwv2qmunFGMam4YzqmQlNtdzdsDv_XdvvM4qXsgWQDF1MjLKh8TLosrZ2ENPebOot4bCKj68sItYbuKzBhX.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePesce F, Pasculli D, Pasculli G, De Nicola L, Cozzolino M, Granata A, Gesualdo L. The Disease Awareness Innovation Network for chronic kidney disease identification in general practice. J Nephrol. 2022;35(8):2057\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOluyombo R, Ayodele OE, Akinwusi PO, Okunola OO, Gbadegesin BA, Soje MO, Akinsola A. 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Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2583328. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2025.2583328\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/07853890.2025.2583328\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMokhtar Shatla M, Alghamdi MS, Almutawa SM, Alamodi AM, Alsaedi AA, Alosaimi SA, Al-Ghanem MK, Al-Zamel SM. A cross sectional assessment of chronic kidney disease awareness among the general population in Makkah. Saudi Med Horizons J. 2024;4(3):126\u0026ndash;36. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.54293/smhj.v4i3.118\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.54293/smhj.v4i3.118\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahmoud MA, Ibrahim A, Fadil HA, Alalawi AM, Alnezary FS, Alahmadi Y, Alolayan SO, Althaqfan SS, Omer S, Goresh HK, Shoroq E, Alghamdi R. (2023). Assessment of public knowledge about chronic kidney disease and factors influencing knowledge levels: A cross sectional study. Medicina, 59(12), 2072. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122072\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/medicina59122072\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChien SY, Chuang MC, Chen IP. Why people do not attend health screenings: Factors that influence willingness to participate in health screenings for chronic diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3495. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103495\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijerph17103495\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi M, Sonoda N, Koh C, Yasumoto R, Morimoto A. Meta analysis of the association between health literacy and smoking. Popul Med. 2022;4:22. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.18332/popmed/152572\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.18332/popmed/152572\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKripalani S, Jacobson TA, Mugalla IC, Cawthon CR, Niesner KJ, Vaccarino V. Health literacy and the quality of physician patient communication during hospitalization. J Hosp Med. 2010;5(5):269\u0026ndash;75. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.667\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/jhm.667\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebreyohannes LT, Wake AD, Abdulle MU. Knowledge, attitude and practices towards prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease and associated factors in Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. J Public Health Res. 2024;13(3):22799036241277088. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/22799036241277088\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/22799036241277088\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Participant characteristics of the study sample, Palestine (N = 977).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e569 (58.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408 (41.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e529 (54.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (14.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e583 (59.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375 (38.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e844 (86.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUneducated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e415 (42.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-health employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth field\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156 (16.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot working/retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e639 (65.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203 (20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e761 (77.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (18.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormer smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth insurance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernmental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e591 (60.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf-reported comorbidities (any)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e874 (89.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily history (any)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e513 (52.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e464 (47.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCKD awareness session attendance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860 (88.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (12.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKidney function test recency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo exam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279 (28.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;12 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (6.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. CKD knowledge outcomes by key participant characteristics.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetter knowledge defined as total score \u0026ge;48, based on the ROC derived threshold from the validation study [2].\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBetter knowledge n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest (score)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep (score)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep (better)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.64 \u0026plusmn; 7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342 (83.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(1)=16.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e569\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.77 \u0026plusmn; 6.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525 (92.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge group (years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.40 \u0026plusmn; 7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454 (85.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF=1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(5)=11.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.45 \u0026plusmn; 6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (91.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.73 \u0026plusmn; 5.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (92.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.38 \u0026plusmn; 5.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (93.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.38 \u0026plusmn; 4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (95.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.50 \u0026plusmn; 9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebachelor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.63 \u0026plusmn; 7.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e504 (86.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF=0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3)=7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.30 \u0026plusmn; 5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346 (92.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.71 \u0026plusmn; 5.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.92 \u0026plusmn; 5.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (91.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.14 \u0026plusmn; 6.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e756 (89.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF=3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3)=13.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.18 \u0026plusmn; 7.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (82.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.53 \u0026plusmn; 4.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (100.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUneducated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.75 \u0026plusmn; 11.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.37 \u0026plusmn; 7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358 (86.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF=22.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(3)=11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-health employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.78 \u0026plusmn; 6.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237 (87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth field\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.75 \u0026plusmn; 5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 (96.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot working/retired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.22 \u0026plusmn; 5.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (90.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.32 \u0026plusmn; 6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e689 (90.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF=7.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(2)=14.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormer smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.61 \u0026plusmn; 6.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (91.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.31 \u0026plusmn; 6.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (80.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf-reported comorbidity (any)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.98 \u0026plusmn; 6.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775 (88.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(1)=0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.10 \u0026plusmn; 6.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (89.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKidney function test recency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo exam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.40 \u0026plusmn; 7.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238 (85.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF=5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(5)=21.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDon\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.49 \u0026plusmn; 6.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212 (84.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.71 \u0026plusmn; 6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193 (92.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.27 \u0026plusmn; 5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (96.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;12 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.63 \u0026plusmn; 5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (96.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.43 \u0026plusmn; 7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCKD awareness session attendance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.39 \u0026plusmn; 6.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e753 (87.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=7.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(1)=9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.54 \u0026plusmn; 6.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (97.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNationality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalestinian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e952\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.89 \u0026plusmn; 6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e845 (88.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;(1)=0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 154px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Palestinian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.80 \u0026plusmn; 6.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (88.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. CKD knowledge item correctness overall and by key subgroups (N = 977).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem (short)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall correct (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale correct (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale correct (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2; (sex)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep (sex)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV (sex)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth-field correct (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-health correct (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB2-1 Urine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB2-2 Protein breakdown\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB2-3 Filter blood\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB2-4 Bone health\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB2-5 BP regulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB2-6 Break down fats\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB3-1 Urine test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB3-2 Blood test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB3-3 Stool test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB3-4 BP monitoring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB4 CKD stages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB5-1 Heart\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB5-2 Lungs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB5-3 Skin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB5-4 Brain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB6 HTN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB6 Diabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB6 Family history\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB6 Heart disease\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB6 NSAIDs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB6 Obesity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB6 Stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB7 Nausea/vomiting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB7 Fatigue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB7 Loss appetite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB7 Fever\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB7 Fluid retention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB8 Limit soft drinks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB8 Control sugar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB8 Control BP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB8 Control weight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB9 Drugs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB9 Dialysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Adjusted associations with CKD knowledge in multivariable linear and logistic models.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScale scoring was aligned with the original instrument\u0026rsquo;s coding. For the logistic model, higher knowledge was defined as score greater than 51.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredictor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdj. B (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep (B)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdj. OR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep (OR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex: Female vs Male\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09 (1.16, 3.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79 (1.21, 2.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years), per 1-year increase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07 (0.01, 0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 (1.01, 1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidential area: Hebron vs Jerusalem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09 (0.03, 2.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82 (1.16, 2.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation: Health field vs Non-health employed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.49 (3.13, 5.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63 (2.51, 12.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation: Student vs Non-health employed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91 (0.55, 3.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37 (0.79, 2.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCKD awareness session attendance: Yes vs No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79 (1.51, 4.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15 (1.08, 4.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKidney function test recency: 1-2 years vs No exam\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71 (0.20, 3.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94 (0.99, 3.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKidney function test recency: 6-12 months vs No exam\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16 (0.60, 3.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11 (1.04, 4.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking status: Yes vs no\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.31 (-2.42, -0.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51 (0.33, 0.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol consumption: any (Yes/previous) vs No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.34 (-8.80, -1.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25 (0.07, 0.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf-reported comorbidity: any vs none\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.50 (-2.92, -0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 173px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.39, 1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":false,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Chronic kidney disease, Awareness, Knowledge, Palestine, Early detection, Screening, Public health","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9319916/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9319916/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health challenge associated with kidney failure, cardiovascular complications, and premature mortality. In Palestine, delayed recognition is especially concerning because screening and follow up take place within a resource constrained health system. This study assessed public awareness of CKD and identified factors associated with higher knowledge among adults in Palestine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a cross sectional, community based online survey between November 2025 and January 2026. Adults aged 18 years or older living in Palestine were recruited using snowball sampling. CKD knowledge was measured using a questionnaire adapted from the previously published and validated CKD knowledge scale by Younes et al. The instrument was translated into Arabic using forward and backward translation, reviewed by subject experts and an Arabic language specialist, and showed good internal consistency in the present sample. Descriptive analyses and multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate knowledge patterns and independent predictors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 977 participants were analyzed; mean age was 28.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.55 years, and 58.2% were women. The mean CKD knowledge score was 55.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67, corresponding to 64.4% correct responses overall. Using the validated threshold, 88.7% met the criterion for better knowledge. Important gaps remained in awareness of CKD stages (24.7%), fever as a symptom of advanced CKD (25.9%), and the kidney\u0026rsquo;s role in bone health (32.5%). Female sex, older age, health field occupation, attendance at awareness sessions, and recent kidney function testing were independently associated with higher knowledge, whereas smoking was associated with lower knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCKD awareness in this Palestinian sample was generally acceptable but uneven. Targeted education, stronger prevention messaging, and wider early screening initiatives are needed through culturally tailored community programs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Public Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Adults in Palestine: Knowledge Gaps and Determinants of Higher Awareness in a Resource Constrained Setting","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-14 12:06:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9319916/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T11:55:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T12:35:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T04:29:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-08T15:38:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2026-04-08T15:02:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"02819fa4-50c9-465c-bd56-eecb43c5ea49","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 14th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"30","date":"2026-05-05T11:55:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T12:35:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-14T12:06:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-14 12:06:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9319916","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9319916","identity":"rs-9319916","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}