Preliminary exploration of the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries and establishment of neurointerventional models in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs based on digital subtraction angiography

Preliminary exploration of the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries and establishment of neurointerventional models in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs based on digital subtraction angiography | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Preliminary exploration of the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries and establishment of neurointerventional models in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs based on digital subtraction angiography Shuailong Shi, Shuhai Long, Jie Yang, Ye Wang, Ji Ma, Jianzhuang Ren, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7122421/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives To: (i) summarize the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs (GBMPs) based on digital subtraction angiography (DSA); (ii) explore the feasibility of establishing neurointerventional models. Methods Twenty-four GBMPs were selected as experimental subjects. Under general anesthesia, DSA was undertaken via the femoral artery. Based on DSA results, the branching patterns and distribution characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries were analyzed. A DSA post-processing workstation was used to calibrate and measure the diameters of vascular structures. Subsequently, neurointerventional models (aneurysm, stenosis, and thromboembolism of the common carotid artery (CCA)) were established in GBMPs. Results In GBMPs, the aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and CCA trunk, which divides further into left and right branches. At their terminal ends, the CCAs give rise to the larger external carotid artery and smaller ascending pharyngeal artery. The vertebral arteries, originating from the subclavian arteries, communicate extensively with carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. Four models of sidewall aneurysms, four models of fusiform aneurysms, eight models of stenoses, and eight thromboembolism models of CCAs were established. One GBMP died from a hematoma at the site of femoral-artery puncture 2 h postoperatively, but the remaining 23 GBMPs survived. Three weeks postoperatively, DSA confirmed establishment of models. Conclusions DSA-based analyses of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs confirmed the suitability for modeling the stenosis, aneurysms, and thromboembolism of the CCA in neurointerventional procedures. Digital subtraction angiography Guangxi Bama miniature pigs Supra-aortic artery Animal models Neurointerventional Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Thanks to advances in materials science and the development of new manufacturing techniques for intracranial stents and coil devices, an increasing number of neurointerventional devices have emerged. These innovations could benefit patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases. Before these novel neurointerventional devices can be applied in clinical practice, large-scale animal studies are necessary to observe their therapeutic effects and verify their safety and efficacy 1 – 3 . Guangxi Bama miniature pigs (GBMPs) have a physiological metabolism and vascular anatomical features similar to those of humans. They are among the most ideal animal models for neurointerventional procedures 4 , 5 . However, the literature on the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs is based primarily on cadaver specimens. Hence, direct and systematic anatomical data are lacking, which has hindered research progress. We utilized digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to summarize the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs. We established models of aneurysm, stenosis, and thromboembolism of the common carotid artery (CCA). Our aim was to explore the technical operation points and practicality of these models. In this way, we hope to provide a valuable resource for neurointerventional researchers conducting animal experiments and developing novel neurointerventional devices. METHODS Ethical Approval of the Study Protocol The experimental protocol was approved by the ethics committee of our institution (IRB:2022-KY-0911). The euthanasia and biological-material collection of all GBMPs were conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines for the use of laboratory animals set by ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines. Experimental Animals We utilized healthy GBMPs of both sexes. Twenty-four GBMPs were purchased from Henan Chunying Biotechnology (license number: SCXK[Yu]2021-0002). The average weight was 19.4 ± 2.0 (range, 16.2–22.4) kg. The average age was 4.6 ± 0.5 (range 3–6) months. GBMPs were housed individually in single pens at the Animal Experimentation Center of our institution, with consistent feeding frequency and amounts. The basal diet formula comprised 60.0% corn, 15.0% peanut cake, 10.2% wheat bran, 10.0% domestic fish meal, 1.0% bone meal, 3.2% premix, 0.5% salt, and 0.1% Vino composite probiotics. The high-salt, high-fat diet formula comprised 50.0% basal feed, 13.6% egg yolk powder, 20.4% lard, 15.0% peanut oil, and 1.0% salt. The total daily intake for each pig was 2–3 kg. Induction and Management of Anesthesia Interventional procedures were conducted under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. GBMPs were fasted for 12 h before the procedure. Pre-anesthesia medication was administered (i.m.) in the gluteal region before entering the DSA suite. The regimen comprised 0.5 mg of atropine (batch number, 62103222; Huayuan Zhongsheng Pharmaceuticals), 0.1 mL/kg of xylazine hydrochloride (batch number, 180121777; Changsha Best Biotechnology Research Institute), and 0.1 mg/kg of midazolam (batch number, H10980025; Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceuticals) Once GBMPs exhibited signs of ataxia and reduced responsiveness, they were positioned supine and fixed on a DSA-compatible operating table designed for animal experiments (Pilot3000; Beijing Wemed Medical Equipment, Beijing, China). An animal-specific face mask (KM701-6; Boyi Shanghai Industrial, Shanghai, China) was fitted snugly over the snout to administer 5% sevoflurane (batch number 20052131; Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceuticals, Shanghai, China) with an oxygen flow rate of 2 L/min for anesthesia induction. Then, endotracheal intubation was conducted. GBMPs were connected to an animal-specific ventilator (Jinling-01; Nanjing Puao Medical Equipment, Nanjing, China) for assisted ventilation. Anesthesia was maintained intraoperatively with continuous inhalation of sevoflurane. Vital parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation) were measured throughout the procedure. Cerebral DSA and Measurements After the induction of anesthesia, routine disinfection was undertaken in bilateral inguinal regions, and sterile drapes were applied. Using the Seldinger technique, a 6-F radial-artery puncture needle (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted into the right femoral artery under bedside ultrasound guidance (LOGIQ-C; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), followed by an exchange for a 5-F arterial sheath (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA). Through the sheath, a 5-F pig-tail catheter (Cook Medical) and a 180-cm hydrophilic guidewire (Cook Medical) were introduced sequentially. The catheter tip was positioned in the mid-aortic arch for aortic-arch angiography (contrast agent: iodixanol 320; iodine concentration: 32 g/100 mL (Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, China); imaging angle: left anterior oblique 10–15°, injection rate: 10 mL/s; total volume: 15 mL). Subsequently, a 5-F vertebral-artery catheter (Cook Medical) was introduced. Using a guidewire (Cook Medical), the catheter was selected to the origins of bilateral CCAs, bilateral subclavian arteries, and bilateral vertebral arteries for complete cerebral DSA. The rate of contrast injection was 3 mL/s (total volume, 5 mL) for CCAs and subclavian arteries, and 2 mL/s (total volume, 4 mL) for vertebral arteries. If needed, three-dimensional-DSA of the target vessels was conducted to obtain three-dimensional reconstructed images of the vasculature (rate of contrast injection: 2.5 mL/s (total volume, 13 mL) with a 2-s delay). After DSA, vessel diameters and lengths of the aortic-arch branches were measured using the 5-F catheter at a DSA post-processing workstation. The final measurement was obtained after taking the average value from three measurements. Establishment of Neurointerventional Models After completing DSA, three models were established sequentially in 24 GBMPs: CCA stenosis (n = 8), CCA aneurysm (n = 8), and CCA thromboembolism (n = 8). Model of CCA Stenosis The model of CCA stenosis was developed using a combination of oversized balloon dilation combined with a high-fat diet 6 , 7 . Prior to the procedure, all eight GBMPs were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Then, the intraoperative procedure was undertaken. Briefly, an 8-F arterial sheath was introduced and, with the assistance of a guidewire, an 8-F guiding catheter (Cordis, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was advanced to the mid-CCA. A balloon catheter (Aviator PTA; rated pressure: 6 atm; Cordis) with a diameter 10–20% larger than the CCA was passed through the guiding catheter and positioned at the mid-CCA. The balloon was inflated to 10–12 atm for 2–3 min to induce excessive dilation. This process was repeated 3–5 times, and the balloon was dragged back-and-forth at standard inflation pressure to damage the vascular endothelium further. After the procedure, all instruments were withdrawn, and a pressure dressing was applied at the puncture site. Postoperatively, the GBMPs continued to consume a high-fat diet. At 3 weeks post-procedure, DSA was undertaken to evaluate formation of a CCA stenosis. “Successful” modeling was defined as evident stenosis at the balloon-dilation site with ≥ 50% luminal narrowing under DSA. Following DSA, the GBMPs were euthanized via intravenous injection of 20–30 mL of 10% potassium chloride through the femoral vein. A midline cervical incision was made to expose the target carotid artery, and the vessel tissue was harvested. Specimens were rinsed with heparinized saline (5 IU/mL) and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h. Then, samples were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into slices of thickness ~ 4 µm. Staining (hematoxylin and eosin) was carried out to observe intimal hyperplasia at the stenotic site. Models of CCA Aneurysm Two aneurysm models of the CCA were created 8 – 10 . For a side-wall CCA aneurysm, a midline cervical incision was made to expose the skin and subcutaneous tissue, followed by careful dissection to expose the CCA and common jugular vein. A segment of the common jugular vein (1–2 cm) was ligated distally, and the proximal end was side-to-end anastomosed to the lateral wall of the mid-portion of the CCA. For a fusiform CCA aneurysm, after exposing the CCA and common jugular vein, the CCA was transected, and a segment (1–2 cm) of the common jugular vein was anastomosed end-to-end to both ends of the CCA. Once the vascular anastomosis had been completed, the hemostatic clamps were released. DSA was conducted to check for anastomotic leakage or severe vascular spasm. If the latter occurred due to arterial clamping or traction, then 5 mL of 2% lidocaine was used for extravascular soaking, along with intra-arterial local infusion of 0.3% papaverine (20–50 mL at 0.1 mL/s) to alleviate the vascular spasm. The cervical incision was closed after confirming filling of the venous sac, blood-flow restoration, and the absence of anastomotic leakage. Gentamicin was administered postoperatively for infection prophylaxis (80,000–120,000 units, i.m., every 12 h for 3 days). At 3 weeks postoperatively, DSA and histopathology were undertaken to evaluate aneurysm formation in the CCA. “Successful” modeling on DSA was defined as: a sac-like protrusion outside the normal lumen of the CCA with observation of contrast filling for side-wall aneurysms; localized fusiform dilation of the CCA with a maximum diameter ≥ 1.5-times the normal CCA diameter for fusiform aneurysms. Model of CCA Thromboembolism The model for CCA thromboembolism was created using autologous blood clots. Autologous blood (20 mL) was drawn through a femoral-artery sheath and mixed thoroughly with 5000 units of thrombin powder. The mixture was left to stand for 20 min so that a firm autologous blood clot was formed. An 8-F guiding catheter was advanced to the proximal left or right CCA. Once correct positioning had been confirmed by DSA, the blood clot was aspirated into a syringe and then injected through the guiding catheter to the distal CCA. After embolization, follow-up DSA was undertaken to assess the vascular occlusion and confirm establishment of the thromboembolism model. At 3 weeks post-procedure, DSA and histopathology were done to evaluate thromboembolism formation in the CCA. “Successful” modeling on DSA was defined as a clear interruption of blood flow in the CCA, with a significant filling defect observed in the proximal occluded vessel. Statistical Analyses Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables with a normal (or approximately normal) distribution are expressed as the mean ± SD. RESULTS Branch Distribution and Anatomical Characteristics of Supra-Aortic Arteries In GBMPs, the aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk divides further into the right subclavian artery and CCA trunk, from which the left and right CCAs originate. The distal ends of the CCA give rise to large external carotid arteries and smaller ascending pharyngeal arteries, the latter being the primary blood supply to the brain. The vertebral arteries on both sides are underdeveloped and originate from the subclavian arteries, and form the vertebrobasilar circulation system, with extensive vascular communications between carotid arteries and vertebral arteries (Fig. 1 ). External Carotid Artery System The external carotid artery arises from the CCA, and is relatively large. Along its course, it gives off several branches, including the lingual artery, external maxillary artery, and internal maxillary artery. The latter is a continuation of the main trunk of the external carotid artery, follows an S-shaped curve upwards, with branches such as the middle meningeal artery and ophthalmic artery, which supply the cheek muscles and orbit. Internal Carotid Artery System The internal carotid artery system consists of the anterior carotid artery system and intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. The anterior carotid artery system is composed mainly of the ascending pharyngeal artery and occipital artery, which typically originate from a common trunk although, in a minority of cases, the occipital artery may arise from the ascending pharyngeal artery. The terminal end of the ascending pharyngeal artery forms numerous small branches at the perforation of the sella turcica and interconnects to form a dense microvascular network (rete mirabile (RMB)) at the skull base. Upon entering the cavernous sinus, these branches merge into a slender artery: the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. The occipital artery ascends slightly and anastomoses with the vertebral artery at the atlanto-axial joint to form the spinal artery. The anterior spinal arteries from both sides connect to form the basilar artery. The intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery gives off the posterior communicating artery. Then, the main trunk curves medially and anteriorly, bifurcating at the optic chiasm into the middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery. The latter connects to the contralateral artery through 1–2 communicating branches to form the anterior communicating artery. Typically, the middle cerebral artery does not have a single main trunk but consists of 1–3 branches. The posterior cerebral artery (the terminal branch of the basilar artery) connects with the anterior cerebral artery at its terminal end to form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The Circle of Willis consists of the anterior communicating artery, bilateral anterior cerebral arteries, intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery, posterior communicating arteries, and bilateral posterior cerebral arteries. Vertebrobasilar Arterial System In GBMPs, the left subclavian artery originates from the aortic arch. The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk. The major branches of the subclavian arteries on both sides include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk, and axillary artery. The vertebrobasilar system in GBMPs is relatively underdeveloped. The vertebral arteries are thin, tortuous, and lack a well-developed intracranial segment. As they ascend, they anastomose with the occipital artery at the atlanto-occipital region to form the spinal artery. The anterior branches of bilateral spinal arteries fuse to form the basilar artery, which is often tortuous in its course. After anastomosing with posterior communicating arteries, the basilar artery integrates into the Circle of Willis. Along its course, it gives rise to several branches, including the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, pontine arteries, and middle cerebellar artery. Anastomotic Connections among Supra-aortic Branches Extensive anastomoses exist among the supra-aortic branches in GBMPs. They facilitate interconnections between the external carotid artery system, internal carotid artery system, and vertebrobasilar arterial system. For instance, in the external carotid artery system, the middle meningeal artery communicating branch of the maxillary artery and anastomotic branch of the external ophthalmic artery form connections with the RMB. In addition, muscular branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery anastomose with the vertebral artery, and bilateral muscular branches of the ascending pharyngeal arteries communicate with each other, as do bilateral RMBs. Furthermore, the vertebral artery, deep cervical artery, and occipital artery also establish anastomotic connections. However, due to the small caliber of these anastomotic vessels, only a subset of GBMPs exhibits these vascular communications on DSA. Measurements of Supra-aortic Arteries Based on DSA results, the diameters and lengths of supra-aortic arteries and their major branches were measured using a post-processing workstation following calibration with a 5-F guiding catheter in DSA (Table 1 ). Establishment of Neurointerventional Models Four models of lateral-wall CCA aneurysms, four models of fusiform CCA aneurysms, eight models of CCA stenosis, and eight models of CCA thromboembolism were established. The modeling procedures were completed without complications in all GBMPs. However, one GBMP (model of CCA stenosis) died 2 h postoperatively due to hematoma formation at the femoral-artery puncture site, but the remaining 23 GBMPs survived. Immediate postoperative and follow-up DSA evaluations confirmed establishment of eight models of CCA thromboembolism and eight aneurysm models. In seven of the CCA-stenosis models, DSA at 3-week follow-up demonstrated significant luminal narrowing at the site of vascular injury. Histopathology revealed marked intimal thickening leading to luminal stenosis, with proliferative neointima composed primarily of smooth muscle cells, indicating that the model had been established (Fig. 2 ). DISCUSSION We systematically analyzed DSA data from 24 GBMPs to characterize the course and branching patterns of their supra-aortic arteries. Precise measurements of the diameters and lengths of the aortic arch and its major branches were obtained. These data enabled construction of a detailed DSA-based anatomical atlas of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs. We established preliminary neurointerventional models in GBMPs stenosis, aneurysms, and thromboembolism of the CCA based on relevant literature 7 – 10 and prior experience. DSA confirmed the establishment of these models. Combined with anatomical and morphometric characteristics of supra-aortic arteries, our results indicate that these models support testing and evaluation of commonly used neurointerventional devices in vivo . Small rodents (e.g., mice, rats) are used commonly for modeling neurological diseases (e.g., cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage) due to their low cost and ready availability. However, the extremely small vasculature in the head and neck makes them unsuitable for endovascular interventions such as stent placement 11 , 12 . Rabbits are also employed for neurointerventional research, offering a larger body size compared with rodents. However, their supra-aortic arteries exhibit significant anatomical and physiological differences from those of humans, which limits the clinical relevance of research findings. In addition, their peripheral vasculature is relatively thin, often necessitating vessel exposure or ligation for catheterization, which complicates follow-up procedures 13 – 15 . GBMPs have a moderate body size and organ structures closely resembling those of humans in terms of morphology, spatial arrangement, and weight distribution. GBMPs have long been used widely in modeling myocardial infarction, ischemic heart failure, and diabetes mellitus 16 – 18 . Given their cervical vascular architecture and vessel calibers are similar to those of humans, GBMPs have been employed recently in studies on atherosclerotic stenosis models and the deployment of intracranial stents (e.g., covered stents, flow diverters, biodegradable stents), and yielded promising results 19 , 20 . Compared with other experimental animals, GBMPs offer distinct advantages for neurointerventional research in terms of surgical tolerance and vessel dimensions, making them a more suitable model for endovascular procedures. However, studies focusing specifically on the vascular characteristics of GBMPs are scarce and outdated. Most available data are derived from cadaveric specimens, which lack real-time, systematic imaging-based assessments. A few studies have reported basic vascular characteristics at experimental sites, but they have failed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of supra-aortic arterial branches, thereby limiting their practical applicability. With respect to the model of CCA stenosis, studies 21 , 22 have demonstrated that the platelet-aggregation system and spontaneous atherosclerosis progression in GBMPs closely resemble those of humans. By inducing stenosis through balloon overstretching combined with a high-fat diet, we simulated the pathologic process of atherosclerotic stenosis in humans. In addition, the CCA diameter in GBMPs ranges from approximately 4.0 to 5.0 mm, which falls within the compatibility range of commonly used intracranial stents, such as Neuroform EZ (designed for vessels measuring 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm). Our model facilitates the investigation of endothelial injury and repair following stent placement, as well as the histopathology of in-stent restenosis mechanisms. This model could provide a scientific basis for improving existing intracranial stents and developing novel stent materials and manufacturing methods. We developed two distinct models of CCA aneurysms (sidewall and fusiform) to encompass the most common types of intracranial aneurysms encountered in clinical practice. These models allow for the evaluation of aneurysm-embolization devices, particularly in terms of their wall apposition and endothelialization at the aneurysm neck, which is crucial for flow diverter current focus in neurointervention). Unlike in vitro experiments, these in vivo models enable a more realistic simulation of hemodynamic changes in the parent artery following the deployment of flow diverters, as well as alterations in intra-aneurysmal vortex flow and thrombus formation. With regard to a model of CCA thromboembolism, the primary intracranial feeding artery in GBMPs is the ascending pharyngeal artery, with a diameter of ~ 2 mm, whereas the CCA measures around 4–5 mm. By injecting autologous thrombi under DSA guidance, we induced targeted embolism in these vessels. This procedure simulated acute large-vessel occlusions (e.g., carotid-artery occlusion) and distal intracranial occlusions in smaller-caliber vessels (e.g., occlusions of M1 or A1 segments). This model enables evaluation of thrombectomy methods, including stent retrievers and aspiration catheters. Moreover, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging combined with histopathology would allow for more detailed assessment of vascular-wall injury following thrombectomy. Our study had three main limitations. First, although our study provides a summary of the supra-aortic artery characteristics in GBMPs, their relatively small size and homogeneity limit the generalizability of our findings. Further research is needed to investigate whether variations in breed and bodyweight affect the anatomical course and diameter of supra-aortic arteries. Second, the number of experimental models established in our study was limited, and the practicality and reliability of these models require further validation. Third, high-fat diets and balloon angioplasty were combined to establish a model of CCA stenosis, but this approach does not fully replicate human atherosclerotic stenosis. CONCLUSIONS Anatomical analyses of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs based on DSA confirmed the suitability of this model for simulating vascular stenosis, aneurysms, and thrombosis in neurointerventional procedures. Abbreviations GBMPs Guangxi Bama miniature pigs DSA digital subtraction angiography CCA common carotid artery Declarations Author Contribution Shuailong Shi: Conceptualization; Data Curation; Methodology; Formal Analysis; Writing - Original DraftShuhai Long: Data Curation; MethodologyJie Yang: Investigation; Formal AnalysisYe Wang: Supervision; SoftwareJi Ma: Project Administration; ValidationJianzhuang Ren: Resources; SupervisionXinwei Han: Project Administration; Visualization; ValidationTengfei Li: Conceptualization; Funding Acquisition; Methodology; Supervision; Visualization; Writing - Review & Editing Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions. Funding Declaration This research was partially supported by Henan Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction Youth Project of Medical Science and Technology Research Plan (YXKC2022029), Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province (24A320038), and Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project (242102310109). Declaration of conflicting interest: All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. References Uchikawa H, Rahmani R (2025) Animal Models of Intracranial Aneurysms: History, Advances, and Future Perspectives. Transl Stroke Res 16:37–48 Ding D, Zhao Y, Jia Y et al (2024) Identification of novel genes associated with atherosclerosis in Bama miniature pig. Anim Model Exp Med 7:377–387 Chen J, Liu J, Liu X et al (2022) Animal model contributes to the development of intracranial aneurysm: A bibliometric analysis. 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Measurements of aortic arch and supra-aortic arteries in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs (n = 24) Vessel Diameter (mean ± SD, mm）(min, max) Length (mean ± SD, mm）(min, max) Ascending aorta 12.34±0.23（11.91～12.67） 32.47±3.92（26.19～38.64） Descending aorta 9.16±0.76（8.18～10.64） 218.91±8.03（205.99～232.25） Brachiocephalic trunk 7.64±0.21（7.24～7.95） 24.05±3.24（18.67～29.87） Common carotid trunk 6.26±0.26（5.73～6.67） 6.03±1.33(3.96～8.19) Common carotid artery Left：4.60±0.15（4.31～4.81） Right：4.88±0.19（4.54～5.32） Left：111.54±9.11（94.67～129.52） Right：115.13±11.12（98.42～134.68） External carotid artery Left：3.96±0.23（3.49～4.28） Right：4.25±0.22（3.78～4.59） Left：41.59±5.93（31.28～49.68） Right：39.85±6.09（27.52～48.43） Ascending pharyngeal artery Left：1.84±0.16（1.59～2.28） Right：2.05±0.24（1.69～2.41） Left：28.88±5.82（20.45～37.49） Right：29.58±4.42（ 21.39～37.47） Internal carotid artery Left：0.87±0.11（0.69～1.03） Right：0.95±0.11（0.76～1.18） Left： 11.83±3.19(8.58～18.17） Right：12.81±3.22（ 7.93～18.36） Subclavian artery Left：5.92±0.19（5.59～6.21） Right：4.59±0.24（4.23～5.06） Left：73.81±4.37（64.32～80.18） Right：53.11±3.94（47.41～60.95） Vertebral artery Left：1.64±0.13（1.37～1.85） Right：1.65±0.15（1.20～1.89） Left：74.05±6.67（64.89～87.11） Right：75.85±6.76（62.17～88.29） Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7122421","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":486577612,"identity":"ceb1a49f-3b92-471d-8c8b-a87d38759c74","order_by":0,"name":"Shuailong Shi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuailong","middleName":"","lastName":"Shi","suffix":""},{"id":486577613,"identity":"72e57a4f-6350-4c9b-bf38-8f3f8d8d3d6c","order_by":1,"name":"Shuhai Long","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuhai","middleName":"","lastName":"Long","suffix":""},{"id":486577614,"identity":"9389b639-184e-4b27-af68-c562926a06f8","order_by":2,"name":"Jie Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":486577615,"identity":"48110e5e-3b2b-4490-af8e-14be5d29e24a","order_by":3,"name":"Ye Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ye","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":486577616,"identity":"b84e7919-328d-4e5d-8798-ab3e85e01620","order_by":4,"name":"Ji Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ji","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":486577617,"identity":"efe37bee-b5da-475c-9fe2-2c977933e2fe","order_by":5,"name":"Jianzhuang Ren","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianzhuang","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""},{"id":486577618,"identity":"532c0576-747d-4121-80b4-c0268baf6b87","order_by":6,"name":"Xinwei Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":486577619,"identity":"dd6afba8-7c60-4cc1-94df-1c00bc2eae89","order_by":7,"name":"Tengfei Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+2bmww8+VPyz4ydaiwF7W5rhjDMHkiUbiNbCc0ZBmrftAOOGA8RqMZfIYTDgbbvDbHw8eQPDj4pthLVYzsg98EDi3DM+szPPChh7ztwmwpobeQkGBmXMzGY3cgyYGduI0pJjIJHAxsy4eQaxWgzOnDGQONB2mHGDBLFaJNuBgdxwJi1ZAuiXg0T5hZ+Z+fDjPxU2dvztyRsf/Kggxi8IkGBwgCT1YC2k6hgFo2AUjIIRAgDzr0J/fZV1xAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tengfei","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-14 14:53:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7122421/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7122421/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87108129,"identity":"b402d271-f17c-4735-b4a4-d62c8a2d1b4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-19 16:07:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":243048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAnatomical\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003echaracteristics of supra-aortic arteries in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs (GBMPs). \u003cstrong\u003ea. \u003c/strong\u003eAngiography of the aortic arch in GBMPs. \u003cstrong\u003eb.\u003c/strong\u003e Anatomical diagram of the supra-aortic arteries: ① ascending aorta; ② descending aorta; ③ brachiocephalic trunk; ④ left subclavian artery; ⑤ right subclavian artery; ⑥ common carotid trunk; ⑦ left vertebral artery; ⑧ right vertebral artery; ⑨ right common carotid artery; ⑩ left common carotid artery; ⑪ right external carotid artery; ⑫ left external carotid artery; ⑬ right ascending pharyngeal artery; ⑭ left ascending pharyngeal artery; ⑮ rete mirabile (RMB); ⑯ left internal carotid artery; ⑰ Circus of Willis; ⑱ left middle cerebral artery; ⑲ left anterior cerebral artery.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7122421/v1/9d6b4ab461bb0ce3705fffc9.png"},{"id":87108497,"identity":"111ded27-50ac-4582-8cd0-3292e5ebcf14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-19 16:15:29","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":381437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEstablishment of neurointerventional models in GBMPs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel of a sidewall aneurysm of the common carotid artery (CCA).\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ea. \u003c/strong\u003eSidewall-aneurysm model created \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e end-to-side anastomosis (black arrow); \u003cstrong\u003eb.\u003c/strong\u003e DSA 3 weeks postoperatively showing formation of a sidewall aneurysm of the left CCA with visible filling of contrast agent. \u003cstrong\u003ec.\u003c/strong\u003e Histopathology (H\u0026amp;E staining, 500 μm) confirming establishment of a sidewall aneurysm in the left CCA, with the aneurysmal lumen indicated by a black arrow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel of CCA stenosis: d.\u003c/strong\u003ePreoperative lateral angiogram of the left CCA. \u003cstrong\u003ee.\u003c/strong\u003e Overinflation of the left CCA using a 6-mm balloon (black arrow). \u003cstrong\u003ef.\u003c/strong\u003e DSA 3 weeks postoperatively revealing formation of a stenosis in the main stem of the left CCA (black arrow). \u003cstrong\u003eg.\u003c/strong\u003e Histopathology (H\u0026amp;E staining, 100 μm) showing significant intimal thickening and narrowing of the vessel lumen (black arrow indicates a ruptured internal elastic lamina; white arrow points to the markedly thickened intima, predominantly consisting of smooth muscle cells).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel of CCA thrombosis.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eh.\u003c/strong\u003eAnteroposterior angiogram of the CCA. \u003cstrong\u003ei.\u003c/strong\u003e Immediate post-thrombosis DSA showing a cutoff sign at the distal right CCA, with a white filling defect visible (black arrow). \u003cstrong\u003ej.\u003c/strong\u003e Histopathology (H\u0026amp;E staining, 100 μm) of aspirated material after catheter aspiration and thrombectomy for stent retrieval demonstrating formation of a fresh thrombus accompanied with mild infiltration by inflammatory cells.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7122421/v1/c95048a473194e23e8730f37.png"},{"id":89846441,"identity":"0c5835f5-ecf4-4047-ae1d-4202a17caa41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-25 16:23:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1420997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7122421/v1/1ce30369-a1a2-4a17-b34c-0728f21a70c8.pdf"},{"id":87108130,"identity":"2f208c64-b01d-46e9-ad90-f54a06a43dc5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-19 16:07:27","extension":"jpg","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":144485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GraphicalAbstract.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7122421/v1/ea29a15993078c25aa81d142.jpg"},{"id":87108493,"identity":"3beebf53-4888-4d23-8ce1-54dc29cb2248","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-19 16:15:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":159900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AuthorChecklistFull.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7122421/v1/d43147a574ec15f43b547847.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Preliminary exploration of the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries and establishment of neurointerventional models in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs based on digital subtraction angiography","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThanks to advances in materials science and the development of new manufacturing techniques for intracranial stents and coil devices, an increasing number of neurointerventional devices have emerged. These innovations could benefit patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases. Before these novel neurointerventional devices can be applied in clinical practice, large-scale animal studies are necessary to observe their therapeutic effects and verify their safety and efficacy\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGuangxi Bama miniature pigs (GBMPs) have a physiological metabolism and vascular anatomical features similar to those of humans. They are among the most ideal animal models for neurointerventional procedures\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the literature on the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs is based primarily on cadaver specimens. Hence, direct and systematic anatomical data are lacking, which has hindered research progress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe utilized digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to summarize the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs. We established models of aneurysm, stenosis, and thromboembolism of the common carotid artery (CCA). Our aim was to explore the technical operation points and practicality of these models. In this way, we hope to provide a valuable resource for neurointerventional researchers conducting animal experiments and developing novel neurointerventional devices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical Approval of the Study Protocol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental protocol was approved by the ethics committee of our institution (IRB:2022-KY-0911). The euthanasia and biological-material collection of all GBMPs were conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines for the use of laboratory animals set by ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental Animals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe utilized healthy GBMPs of both sexes. Twenty-four GBMPs were purchased from Henan Chunying Biotechnology (license number: SCXK[Yu]2021-0002). The average weight was 19.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0 (range, 16.2\u0026ndash;22.4) kg. The average age was 4.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 (range 3\u0026ndash;6) months. GBMPs were housed individually in single pens at the Animal Experimentation Center of our institution, with consistent feeding frequency and amounts. The basal diet formula comprised 60.0% corn, 15.0% peanut cake, 10.2% wheat bran, 10.0% domestic fish meal, 1.0% bone meal, 3.2% premix, 0.5% salt, and 0.1% Vino composite probiotics. The high-salt, high-fat diet formula comprised 50.0% basal feed, 13.6% egg yolk powder, 20.4% lard, 15.0% peanut oil, and 1.0% salt. The total daily intake for each pig was 2\u0026ndash;3 kg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInduction and Management of Anesthesia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterventional procedures were conducted under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. GBMPs were fasted for 12 h before the procedure. Pre-anesthesia medication was administered (i.m.) in the gluteal region before entering the DSA suite. The regimen comprised 0.5 mg of atropine (batch number, 62103222; Huayuan Zhongsheng Pharmaceuticals), 0.1 mL/kg of xylazine hydrochloride (batch number, 180121777; Changsha Best Biotechnology Research Institute), and 0.1 mg/kg of midazolam (batch number, H10980025; Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceuticals)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce GBMPs exhibited signs of ataxia and reduced responsiveness, they were positioned supine and fixed on a DSA-compatible operating table designed for animal experiments (Pilot3000; Beijing Wemed Medical Equipment, Beijing, China). An animal-specific face mask (KM701-6; Boyi Shanghai Industrial, Shanghai, China) was fitted snugly over the snout to administer 5% sevoflurane (batch number 20052131; Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceuticals, Shanghai, China) with an oxygen flow rate of 2 L/min for anesthesia induction. Then, endotracheal intubation was conducted. GBMPs were connected to an animal-specific ventilator (Jinling-01; Nanjing Puao Medical Equipment, Nanjing, China) for assisted ventilation. Anesthesia was maintained intraoperatively with continuous inhalation of sevoflurane. Vital parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation) were measured throughout the procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCerebral DSA and Measurements\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the induction of anesthesia, routine disinfection was undertaken in bilateral inguinal regions, and sterile drapes were applied. Using the Seldinger technique, a 6-F radial-artery puncture needle (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted into the right femoral artery under bedside ultrasound guidance (LOGIQ-C; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), followed by an exchange for a 5-F arterial sheath (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA). Through the sheath, a 5-F pig-tail catheter (Cook Medical) and a 180-cm hydrophilic guidewire (Cook Medical) were introduced sequentially. The catheter tip was positioned in the mid-aortic arch for aortic-arch angiography (contrast agent: iodixanol 320; iodine concentration: 32 g/100 mL (Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, China); imaging angle: left anterior oblique 10\u0026ndash;15\u0026deg;, injection rate: 10 mL/s; total volume: 15 mL).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, a 5-F vertebral-artery catheter (Cook Medical) was introduced. Using a guidewire (Cook Medical), the catheter was selected to the origins of bilateral CCAs, bilateral subclavian arteries, and bilateral vertebral arteries for complete cerebral DSA. The rate of contrast injection was 3 mL/s (total volume, 5 mL) for CCAs and subclavian arteries, and 2 mL/s (total volume, 4 mL) for vertebral arteries. If needed, three-dimensional-DSA of the target vessels was conducted to obtain three-dimensional reconstructed images of the vasculature (rate of contrast injection: 2.5 mL/s (total volume, 13 mL) with a 2-s delay). After DSA, vessel diameters and lengths of the aortic-arch branches were measured using the 5-F catheter at a DSA post-processing workstation. The final measurement was obtained after taking the average value from three measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEstablishment of Neurointerventional Models\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter completing DSA, three models were established sequentially in 24 GBMPs: CCA stenosis (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), CCA aneurysm (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), and CCA thromboembolism (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel of CCA Stenosis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe model of CCA stenosis was developed using a combination of oversized balloon dilation combined with a high-fat diet\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Prior to the procedure, all eight GBMPs were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Then, the intraoperative procedure was undertaken. Briefly, an 8-F arterial sheath was introduced and, with the assistance of a guidewire, an 8-F guiding catheter (Cordis, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was advanced to the mid-CCA. A balloon catheter (Aviator PTA; rated pressure: 6 atm; Cordis) with a diameter 10\u0026ndash;20% larger than the CCA was passed through the guiding catheter and positioned at the mid-CCA. The balloon was inflated to 10\u0026ndash;12 atm for 2\u0026ndash;3 min to induce excessive dilation. This process was repeated 3\u0026ndash;5 times, and the balloon was dragged back-and-forth at standard inflation pressure to damage the vascular endothelium further. After the procedure, all instruments were withdrawn, and a pressure dressing was applied at the puncture site. Postoperatively, the GBMPs continued to consume a high-fat diet. At 3 weeks post-procedure, DSA was undertaken to evaluate formation of a CCA stenosis. \u0026ldquo;Successful\u0026rdquo; modeling was defined as evident stenosis at the balloon-dilation site with \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50% luminal narrowing under DSA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollowing DSA, the GBMPs were euthanized \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e intravenous injection of 20\u0026ndash;30 mL of 10% potassium chloride through the femoral vein. A midline cervical incision was made to expose the target carotid artery, and the vessel tissue was harvested. Specimens were rinsed with heparinized saline (5 IU/mL) and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h. Then, samples were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into slices of thickness\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4 \u0026micro;m. Staining (hematoxylin and eosin) was carried out to observe intimal hyperplasia at the stenotic site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModels of CCA Aneurysm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo aneurysm models of the CCA were created\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For a side-wall CCA aneurysm, a midline cervical incision was made to expose the skin and subcutaneous tissue, followed by careful dissection to expose the CCA and common jugular vein. A segment of the common jugular vein (1\u0026ndash;2 cm) was ligated distally, and the proximal end was side-to-end anastomosed to the lateral wall of the mid-portion of the CCA. For a fusiform CCA aneurysm, after exposing the CCA and common jugular vein, the CCA was transected, and a segment (1\u0026ndash;2 cm) of the common jugular vein was anastomosed end-to-end to both ends of the CCA. Once the vascular anastomosis had been completed, the hemostatic clamps were released. DSA was conducted to check for anastomotic leakage or severe vascular spasm. If the latter occurred due to arterial clamping or traction, then 5 mL of 2% lidocaine was used for extravascular soaking, along with intra-arterial local infusion of 0.3% papaverine (20\u0026ndash;50 mL at 0.1 mL/s) to alleviate the vascular spasm. The cervical incision was closed after confirming filling of the venous sac, blood-flow restoration, and the absence of anastomotic leakage. Gentamicin was administered postoperatively for infection prophylaxis (80,000\u0026ndash;120,000 units, i.m., every 12 h for 3 days).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt 3 weeks postoperatively, DSA and histopathology were undertaken to evaluate aneurysm formation in the CCA. \u0026ldquo;Successful\u0026rdquo; modeling on DSA was defined as: a sac-like protrusion outside the normal lumen of the CCA with observation of contrast filling for side-wall aneurysms; localized fusiform dilation of the CCA with a maximum diameter\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.5-times the normal CCA diameter for fusiform aneurysms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel of CCA Thromboembolism\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe model for CCA thromboembolism was created using autologous blood clots. Autologous blood (20 mL) was drawn through a femoral-artery sheath and mixed thoroughly with 5000 units of thrombin powder. The mixture was left to stand for 20 min so that a firm autologous blood clot was formed. An 8-F guiding catheter was advanced to the proximal left or right CCA. Once correct positioning had been confirmed by DSA, the blood clot was aspirated into a syringe and then injected through the guiding catheter to the distal CCA. After embolization, follow-up DSA was undertaken to assess the vascular occlusion and confirm establishment of the thromboembolism model. At 3 weeks post-procedure, DSA and histopathology were done to evaluate thromboembolism formation in the CCA. \u0026ldquo;Successful\u0026rdquo; modeling on DSA was defined as a clear interruption of blood flow in the CCA, with a significant filling defect observed in the proximal occluded vessel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables with a normal (or approximately normal) distribution are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBranch Distribution and Anatomical Characteristics of Supra-Aortic Arteries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn GBMPs, the aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk divides further into the right subclavian artery and CCA trunk, from which the left and right CCAs originate. The distal ends of the CCA give rise to large external carotid arteries and smaller ascending pharyngeal arteries, the latter being the primary blood supply to the brain. The vertebral arteries on both sides are underdeveloped and originate from the subclavian arteries, and form the vertebrobasilar circulation system, with extensive vascular communications between carotid arteries and vertebral arteries (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExternal Carotid Artery System\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe external carotid artery arises from the CCA, and is relatively large. Along its course, it gives off several branches, including the lingual artery, external maxillary artery, and internal maxillary artery. The latter is a continuation of the main trunk of the external carotid artery, follows an S-shaped curve upwards, with branches such as the middle meningeal artery and ophthalmic artery, which supply the cheek muscles and orbit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInternal Carotid Artery System\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe internal carotid artery system consists of the anterior carotid artery system and intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe anterior carotid artery system is composed mainly of the ascending pharyngeal artery and occipital artery, which typically originate from a common trunk although, in a minority of cases, the occipital artery may arise from the ascending pharyngeal artery. The terminal end of the ascending pharyngeal artery forms numerous small branches at the perforation of the sella turcica and interconnects to form a dense microvascular network (rete mirabile (RMB)) at the skull base. Upon entering the cavernous sinus, these branches merge into a slender artery: the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. The occipital artery ascends slightly and anastomoses with the vertebral artery at the atlanto-axial joint to form the spinal artery. The anterior spinal arteries from both sides connect to form the basilar artery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery gives off the posterior communicating artery. Then, the main trunk curves medially and anteriorly, bifurcating at the optic chiasm into the middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery. The latter connects to the contralateral artery through 1\u0026ndash;2 communicating branches to form the anterior communicating artery. Typically, the middle cerebral artery does not have a single main trunk but consists of 1\u0026ndash;3 branches. The posterior cerebral artery (the terminal branch of the basilar artery) connects with the anterior cerebral artery at its terminal end to form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The Circle of Willis consists of the anterior communicating artery, bilateral anterior cerebral arteries, intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery, posterior communicating arteries, and bilateral posterior cerebral arteries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVertebrobasilar Arterial System\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn GBMPs, the left subclavian artery originates from the aortic arch. The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk. The major branches of the subclavian arteries on both sides include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk, and axillary artery. The vertebrobasilar system in GBMPs is relatively underdeveloped. The vertebral arteries are thin, tortuous, and lack a well-developed intracranial segment. As they ascend, they anastomose with the occipital artery at the atlanto-occipital region to form the spinal artery. The anterior branches of bilateral spinal arteries fuse to form the basilar artery, which is often tortuous in its course. After anastomosing with posterior communicating arteries, the basilar artery integrates into the Circle of Willis. Along its course, it gives rise to several branches, including the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, pontine arteries, and middle cerebellar artery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnastomotic Connections among Supra-aortic Branches\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtensive anastomoses exist among the supra-aortic branches in GBMPs. They facilitate interconnections between the external carotid artery system, internal carotid artery system, and vertebrobasilar arterial system. For instance, in the external carotid artery system, the middle meningeal artery communicating branch of the maxillary artery and anastomotic branch of the external ophthalmic artery form connections with the RMB. In addition, muscular branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery anastomose with the vertebral artery, and bilateral muscular branches of the ascending pharyngeal arteries communicate with each other, as do bilateral RMBs. Furthermore, the vertebral artery, deep cervical artery, and occipital artery also establish anastomotic connections. However, due to the small caliber of these anastomotic vessels, only a subset of GBMPs exhibits these vascular communications on DSA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeasurements of Supra-aortic Arteries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on DSA results, the diameters and lengths of supra-aortic arteries and their major branches were measured using a post-processing workstation following calibration with a 5-F guiding catheter in DSA (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEstablishment of Neurointerventional Models\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFour models of lateral-wall CCA aneurysms, four models of fusiform CCA aneurysms, eight models of CCA stenosis, and eight models of CCA thromboembolism were established. The modeling procedures were completed without complications in all GBMPs. However, one GBMP (model of CCA stenosis) died 2 h postoperatively due to hematoma formation at the femoral-artery puncture site, but the remaining 23 GBMPs survived.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImmediate postoperative and follow-up DSA evaluations confirmed establishment of eight models of CCA thromboembolism and eight aneurysm models. In seven of the CCA-stenosis models, DSA at 3-week follow-up demonstrated significant luminal narrowing at the site of vascular injury. Histopathology revealed marked intimal thickening leading to luminal stenosis, with proliferative neointima composed primarily of smooth muscle cells, indicating that the model had been established (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe systematically analyzed DSA data from 24 GBMPs to characterize the course and branching patterns of their supra-aortic arteries. Precise measurements of the diameters and lengths of the aortic arch and its major branches were obtained. These data enabled construction of a detailed DSA-based anatomical atlas of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs. We established preliminary neurointerventional models in GBMPs stenosis, aneurysms, and thromboembolism of the CCA based on relevant literature\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and prior experience. DSA confirmed the establishment of these models. Combined with anatomical and morphometric characteristics of supra-aortic arteries, our results indicate that these models support testing and evaluation of commonly used neurointerventional devices \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall rodents (e.g., mice, rats) are used commonly for modeling neurological diseases (e.g., cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage) due to their low cost and ready availability. However, the extremely small vasculature in the head and neck makes them unsuitable for endovascular interventions such as stent placement\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Rabbits are also employed for neurointerventional research, offering a larger body size compared with rodents. However, their supra-aortic arteries exhibit significant anatomical and physiological differences from those of humans, which limits the clinical relevance of research findings. In addition, their peripheral vasculature is relatively thin, often necessitating vessel exposure or ligation for catheterization, which complicates follow-up procedures\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGBMPs have a moderate body size and organ structures closely resembling those of humans in terms of morphology, spatial arrangement, and weight distribution. GBMPs have long been used widely in modeling myocardial infarction, ischemic heart failure, and diabetes mellitus\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Given their cervical vascular architecture and vessel calibers are similar to those of humans, GBMPs have been employed recently in studies on atherosclerotic stenosis models and the deployment of intracranial stents (e.g., covered stents, flow diverters, biodegradable stents), and yielded promising results\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Compared with other experimental animals, GBMPs offer distinct advantages for neurointerventional research in terms of surgical tolerance and vessel dimensions, making them a more suitable model for endovascular procedures. However, studies focusing specifically on the vascular characteristics of GBMPs are scarce and outdated. Most available data are derived from cadaveric specimens, which lack real-time, systematic imaging-based assessments. A few studies have reported basic vascular characteristics at experimental sites, but they have failed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of supra-aortic arterial branches, thereby limiting their practical applicability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the model of CCA stenosis, studies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e have demonstrated that the platelet-aggregation system and spontaneous atherosclerosis progression in GBMPs closely resemble those of humans. By inducing stenosis through balloon overstretching combined with a high-fat diet, we simulated the pathologic process of atherosclerotic stenosis in humans. In addition, the CCA diameter in GBMPs ranges from approximately 4.0 to 5.0 mm, which falls within the compatibility range of commonly used intracranial stents, such as Neuroform EZ (designed for vessels measuring 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm). Our model facilitates the investigation of endothelial injury and repair following stent placement, as well as the histopathology of in-stent restenosis mechanisms. This model could provide a scientific basis for improving existing intracranial stents and developing novel stent materials and manufacturing methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe developed two distinct models of CCA aneurysms (sidewall and fusiform) to encompass the most common types of intracranial aneurysms encountered in clinical practice. These models allow for the evaluation of aneurysm-embolization devices, particularly in terms of their wall apposition and endothelialization at the aneurysm neck, which is crucial for flow diverter current focus in neurointervention). Unlike \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e experiments, these \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e models enable a more realistic simulation of hemodynamic changes in the parent artery following the deployment of flow diverters, as well as alterations in intra-aneurysmal vortex flow and thrombus formation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith regard to a model of CCA thromboembolism, the primary intracranial feeding artery in GBMPs is the ascending pharyngeal artery, with a diameter of ~\u0026thinsp;2 mm, whereas the CCA measures around 4\u0026ndash;5 mm. By injecting autologous thrombi under DSA guidance, we induced targeted embolism in these vessels. This procedure simulated acute large-vessel occlusions (e.g., carotid-artery occlusion) and distal intracranial occlusions in smaller-caliber vessels (e.g., occlusions of M1 or A1 segments). This model enables evaluation of thrombectomy methods, including stent retrievers and aspiration catheters. Moreover, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging combined with histopathology would allow for more detailed assessment of vascular-wall injury following thrombectomy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur study had three main limitations. First, although our study provides a summary of the supra-aortic artery characteristics in GBMPs, their relatively small size and homogeneity limit the generalizability of our findings. Further research is needed to investigate whether variations in breed and bodyweight affect the anatomical course and diameter of supra-aortic arteries. Second, the number of experimental models established in our study was limited, and the practicality and reliability of these models require further validation. Third, high-fat diets and balloon angioplasty were combined to establish a model of CCA stenosis, but this approach does not fully replicate human atherosclerotic stenosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eAnatomical analyses of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs based on DSA confirmed the suitability of this model for simulating vascular stenosis, aneurysms, and thrombosis in neurointerventional procedures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGBMPs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGuangxi Bama miniature pigs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDSA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edigital subtraction angiography\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCCA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecommon carotid artery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eShuailong Shi: Conceptualization; Data Curation; Methodology; Formal Analysis; Writing - Original DraftShuhai Long: Data Curation; MethodologyJie Yang: Investigation; Formal AnalysisYe Wang: Supervision; SoftwareJi Ma: Project Administration; ValidationJianzhuang Ren: Resources; SupervisionXinwei Han: Project Administration; Visualization; ValidationTengfei Li: Conceptualization; Funding Acquisition; Methodology; Supervision; Visualization; Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research was partially supported by Henan Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction Youth Project of Medical Science and Technology Research Plan (YXKC2022029), Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province (24A320038), and Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project (242102310109).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDeclaration of conflicting interest:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUchikawa H, Rahmani R (2025) Animal Models of Intracranial Aneurysms: History, Advances, and Future Perspectives. 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Annu Rev Biomed Eng 22:25\u0026ndash;49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLv Y, Li K, Wang S et al (2024) Protective role of arachidonic acid against diabetic myocardial ischemic injury: a translational study of pigs, rats, and humans. Cardiovasc Diabetol 23:58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNiu M, Zhao Y, Jia Y, Xiang L, Dai X, Chen H (2023) Whole-genome sequencing study to identify candidate markers indicating susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Bama miniature pigs. Anim Model Exp Med 6:283\u0026ndash;293\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu XN, Qu CJ, Zhang YB et al (2021) A Novel Sirolimus-eluting Biodegradable Magnesium-based Alloy Scaffold: Six-month Results In Porcine Peripheral Arteries. Clin Invest Med 44:E28\u0026ndash;37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarbacher S, Strange F, Fr\u0026ouml;s\u0026eacute;n J, Fandino J (2020) Preclinical extracranial aneurysm models for the study and treatment of brain aneurysms: A systematic review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 40:922\u0026ndash;938\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKim M, Kim HB, Park DS et al (2021) A model of atherosclerosis using nicotine with balloon overdilation in a porcine. Sci Rep 11:13695\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSimon F, Larena-Avellaneda A, Wipper S (2022) Experimental Atherosclerosis Research on Large and Small Animal Models in Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Res 59:221\u0026ndash;228\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Measurements of aortic arch and supra-aortic arteries in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs (n = 24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"964\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVessel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 369px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiameter (mean \u0026plusmn; SD, mm）(min,\u0026nbsp;max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 425px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength (mean \u0026plusmn; SD, mm）(min,\u0026nbsp;max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscending aorta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 369px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.34\u0026plusmn;0.23（11.91～12.67）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 425px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.47\u0026plusmn;3.92（26.19～38.64）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescending aorta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 369px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.16\u0026plusmn;0.76（8.18～10.64）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 425px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218.91\u0026plusmn;8.03（205.99～232.25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrachiocephalic trunk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 369px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.64\u0026plusmn;0.21（7.24～7.95）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 425px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.05\u0026plusmn;3.24（18.67～29.87）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommon carotid trunk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 369px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u0026plusmn;0.26（5.73～6.67）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 425px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.03\u0026plusmn;1.33(3.96～8.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommon carotid artery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：4.60\u0026plusmn;0.15（4.31～4.81）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：4.88\u0026plusmn;0.19（4.54～5.32）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：111.54\u0026plusmn;9.11（94.67～129.52）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：115.13\u0026plusmn;11.12（98.42～134.68）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExternal carotid artery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：3.96\u0026plusmn;0.23（3.49～4.28）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：4.25\u0026plusmn;0.22（3.78～4.59）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：41.59\u0026plusmn;5.93（31.28～49.68）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：39.85\u0026plusmn;6.09（27.52～48.43）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscending pharyngeal artery \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：1.84\u0026plusmn;0.16（1.59～2.28）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：2.05\u0026plusmn;0.24（1.69～2.41）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：28.88\u0026plusmn;5.82（20.45～37.49）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：29.58\u0026plusmn;4.42（\u0026nbsp;21.39～37.47）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal carotid artery\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：0.87\u0026plusmn;0.11（0.69～1.03）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：0.95\u0026plusmn;0.11（0.76～1.18）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：\u0026nbsp;11.83\u0026plusmn;3.19(8.58～18.17）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：12.81\u0026plusmn;3.22（\u0026nbsp;7.93～18.36）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubclavian artery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：5.92\u0026plusmn;0.19（5.59～6.21）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：4.59\u0026plusmn;0.24（4.23～5.06）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：73.81\u0026plusmn;4.37（64.32～80.18）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：53.11\u0026plusmn;3.94（47.41～60.95）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebral artery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：1.64\u0026plusmn;0.13（1.37～1.85）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：1.65\u0026plusmn;0.15（1.20～1.89）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft：74.05\u0026plusmn;6.67（64.89～87.11）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 217px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight：75.85\u0026plusmn;6.76（62.17～88.29）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Digital subtraction angiography, Guangxi Bama miniature pigs, Supra-aortic artery, Animal models, Neurointerventional","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7122421/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7122421/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjectives\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo: (i) summarize the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs (GBMPs) based on digital subtraction angiography (DSA); (ii) explore the feasibility of establishing neurointerventional models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwenty-four GBMPs were selected as experimental subjects. Under general anesthesia, DSA was undertaken \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e the femoral artery. Based on DSA results, the branching patterns and distribution characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries were analyzed. A DSA post-processing workstation was used to calibrate and measure the diameters of vascular structures. Subsequently, neurointerventional models (aneurysm, stenosis, and thromboembolism of the common carotid artery (CCA)) were established in GBMPs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn GBMPs, the aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and CCA trunk, which divides further into left and right branches. At their terminal ends, the CCAs give rise to the larger external carotid artery and smaller ascending pharyngeal artery. The vertebral arteries, originating from the subclavian arteries, communicate extensively with carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. Four models of sidewall aneurysms, four models of fusiform aneurysms, eight models of stenoses, and eight thromboembolism models of CCAs were established. One GBMP died from a hematoma at the site of femoral-artery puncture 2 h postoperatively, but the remaining 23 GBMPs survived. Three weeks postoperatively, DSA confirmed establishment of models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDSA-based analyses of the supra-aortic arteries in GBMPs confirmed the suitability for modeling the stenosis, aneurysms, and thromboembolism of the CCA in neurointerventional procedures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Preliminary exploration of the anatomical characteristics of the supra-aortic arteries and establishment of neurointerventional models in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs based on digital subtraction angiography","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-19 16:07:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7122421/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"59645e16-5f4b-4f02-84d1-c9399da60590","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-25T16:23:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-19 16:07:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7122421","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7122421","identity":"rs-7122421","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}