Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz 

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Prominent among these are the deliberate use of fire for land preparation, deforestation driven by commercial logging, and the expansion of agricultural frontiers—particularly through intensive potato cultivation. Additional stressors include extensive cattle grazing, sedimentation and eutrophication of aquatic systems, unregulated mining, and unsupervised tourism. The proliferation of road infrastructure without appropriate planning, coupled with the degradation of native biodiversity due to hunting and fishing, and the spread of invasive species, further exacerbate the ecological vulnerability of these high-altitude environments. The Sumapaz paramo —recognized as the largest in the world— is especially affected by these threats, due to its slow ecological recovery processes and inherent fragility. Within this context, the municipality of Pasca (Cundinamarca), encompassing over eleven thousand hectares of the Sumapaz paramo, is home to peasant communities traditionally engaged in agriculture and livestock. These rural settlements constitute spatially dynamic landscapes shaped by deep-rooted social relations. Despite being frequently identified as a primary threat to biodiversity conservation, the displacement of these populations is neither viable nor ethically appropriate. Instead, there is a critical need to investigate the perceptions and knowledge of local communities regarding environmental issues. Social mapping emerges as a powerful participatory methodology to visualize and document the perspectives of these communities—beyond their roles as agricultural producers tied to specific parcels of land. This article presents a participatory workshop-based methodology focused on the co-creation of social cartography by youth and peasant families from the villages of Juan Viejo, Costa Rica, and Quebradas—territories located within or adjacent to the Sumapaz paramo and bordering the National Natural Park." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-930", "name": "Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental..." } } ] } Home Browse Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Herrera Martínez LA, Suárez Parra KV, Guerrero Ruiz JE and Royero-Benavides B. Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168362.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Case Study Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] Luis Alberto Herrera Martínez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-0500 1 , Karen Victoria Suárez Parra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-9070 1 , Jorge Enrique Guerrero Ruiz 1 , Bibiana Royero-Benavides https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3884-0745 1 Luis Alberto Herrera Martínez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8213-0500 1 , Karen Victoria Suárez Parra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-9070 1 , Jorge Enrique Guerrero Ruiz 1 , Bibiana Royero-Benavides https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3884-0745 1 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2025 Author details Author details 1 Universidad De Cundinamarca Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca, Colombia Luis Alberto Herrera Martínez Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Karen Victoria Suárez Parra Roles: Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Jorge Enrique Guerrero Ruiz Roles: Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Bibiana Royero-Benavides Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Ecology and Global Change gateway. Abstract Diverse anthropogenic pressures are increasingly threatening paramo ecosystems. Prominent among these are the deliberate use of fire for land preparation, deforestation driven by commercial logging, and the expansion of agricultural frontiers—particularly through intensive potato cultivation. Additional stressors include extensive cattle grazing, sedimentation and eutrophication of aquatic systems, unregulated mining, and unsupervised tourism. The proliferation of road infrastructure without appropriate planning, coupled with the degradation of native biodiversity due to hunting and fishing, and the spread of invasive species, further exacerbate the ecological vulnerability of these high-altitude environments. The Sumapaz paramo —recognized as the largest in the world— is especially affected by these threats, due to its slow ecological recovery processes and inherent fragility. Within this context, the municipality of Pasca (Cundinamarca), encompassing over eleven thousand hectares of the Sumapaz paramo, is home to peasant communities traditionally engaged in agriculture and livestock. These rural settlements constitute spatially dynamic landscapes shaped by deep-rooted social relations. Despite being frequently identified as a primary threat to biodiversity conservation, the displacement of these populations is neither viable nor ethically appropriate. Instead, there is a critical need to investigate the perceptions and knowledge of local communities regarding environmental issues. Social mapping emerges as a powerful participatory methodology to visualize and document the perspectives of these communities—beyond their roles as agricultural producers tied to specific parcels of land. This article presents a participatory workshop-based methodology focused on the co-creation of social cartography by youth and peasant families from the villages of Juan Viejo, Costa Rica, and Quebradas—territories located within or adjacent to the Sumapaz paramo and bordering the National Natural Park. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Social Cartography, Paramo, Peasant Community, Environmental Problems Corresponding Author(s) Luis Alberto Herrera Martínez ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Luis Alberto Herrera Martínez Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Herrera Martínez LA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Herrera Martínez LA, Suárez Parra KV, Guerrero Ruiz JE and Royero-Benavides B. Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168362.1 ) First published: 16 Sep 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168362.1 ) Latest published: 16 Sep 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168362.1 ) Introduction The Sumapaz paramo complex, situated on the eastern flank of the Colombian Andes at elevations ranging from 3,200 to 3,800 meters above sea level, covers over 333,000 hectares ( Garavito González et al., 2018 ), making it the largest high-mountain ecosystem in the world and the most significant paramo region in Colombia. Of this area, 210,739 hectares are protected as the Sumapaz National Natural Park. Within this protected area, the municipality of Pasca holds 1,598.19 hectares of the park and an additional 11,422.79 hectares of paramo ecosystem, where most of the population is engaged in agriculture and livestock activities. The present study concentrates on the environmental and socio-territorial dynamics in this locality. The Sumapaz paramo’s critical national importance is attributed to its ecological, agricultural, and hydrological functions. Its unique flora and endemic fauna sustain ecological balance, its agricultural aptitude supports food production, and its hydrological services contribute to potable water provision ( Hernández Florez et al., 2009 ). However, the ecosystem is highly vulnerable to disturbances, recovering slowly from impacts due to climate change and anthropogenic activities, notably temperature shifts, humidity fluctuations, and extreme precipitation events ( Garcia Bustamante & Leal Espear, 2019 ). Historically, state-sponsored colonization, especially during the liberal administrations of Enrique Olaya Herrera and Alfonso López Pumarejo, enabled settlers to claim land rights in Sumapaz and facilitated intensified agricultural use in the region ( Comisión de la Verdad, 2019 ). Since then, the agricultural frontier has expanded, transforming natural landscapes and exposing weaknesses in territorial governance ( Morales-Betancourt & Estévez-Varón, 2006 ). Scientific studies ( Daza Torres et al., 2014 ) list a suite of major environmental pressures affecting paramo ecosystems, including: Slash-and-burn land clearing, Logging, Potato monoculture, Cattle ranching, Aquatic ecosystem eutrophication, Mining, Unregulated tourism, Road construction, Biodiversity loss, Unsustainable hunting/fishing and Invasive species proliferation. Typically, policymakers and environmental discourses cast rural communities as primary threats to biodiversity and water, but this view reduces their cultural and economic relationships with the land to a simplistic source of environmental problems and erases their identity and livelihoods ( Méndez Polo, 2019 ). Therefore, social cartography is proposed as a research approach to visualize, exchange, and better understand rural communities’ perceptions of environmental issues beyond their roles as agricultural producers. Employing participatory and qualitative methods that encourage active community involvement is essential in designing more effective conservation strategies that both conserve the ecosystem and dignify its people ( Bustamante Toro & López Castaño, 2024 ). In this study, social cartography facilitated knowledge creation across a diverse group of actors: local youth, rural parents, and university researchers, collectively mapping environmental issues as perceived by the community. The research further explores how environmental conflicts in the paramo reflect more complex social problems, including stigmatization, marginalization, poverty, food security, state neglect, territorial fragmentation, and weak governance. Methods Geographical location This study took place in the municipality of Pasca, Cundinamarca, Colombia (see Figure 1 ). Pasca adjoins Bogotá (Province 20 Sumapaz) on the east, Sibaté and Soacha to the north, Fusagasugá to the west, and Arbeláez to the south, covering more than 264 km 2 and elevations between 2,180 and 3,900 meters, with average temperatures from 8–15°C ( Fonseca Carreño, 2021 ). Figure 1. Map of the location of the villages. Source: Authors. Pasca is part of the broader Sumapaz province, a vital hydrological region through which the Sumapaz River flows ( Albarracín-Zaidiza et al., 2019 ). The regional economy is primarily rural and agricultural, focused on maintaining production/consumption balances for family sustenance ( Santacoloma-Varón, 2015 ), though recent years have seen emerging tourism and environmental services ( Bermúdez et al., 2017 ). Within Pasca, 1,598.19 hectares fall under Sumapaz Natural Park protection, itself spanning over 210,000 hectares across Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Meta, and Huila ( Rivera Valderrama et al., 2018 ). Pasca also encompasses 11,422.79 hectares of Sumapaz–Cruz Verde Paramo, the world’s largest paramo and a region of immense biodiversity and water provision significance ( Daza Torres et al., 2014 ). The research focused on peasant communities inside or contiguous to the paramo zone and National Natural Park. The study, illustrated in Figure 1 , selected the villages of Costa Rica, Juan Viejo, and Quebradas. Social cartography and participant selection Social cartography was essential in this research as a participatory and collaborative tool for interpreting territorial dynamics and constructing knowledge dialogs ( Ospina Mesa et al., 2021 ). Two participatory workshops were designed. First Workshop: Engaged secondary school students (ages 10–15) from Costa Rica, Juan Viejo, and Quebradas. Participants self-identified by gender and worked in groups accordingly. Second Workshop: Conducted at Costa Rica’s primary school, included both children and their parents, separated by gender into groups of girls and mothers, and boys and fathers (see Table 1 ). Table 1. Organization of the participants. Sidewalk Workshop Group Age Juan Viejo #1 Men 11 – 15 years old Costa Rica #1 Men 11 – 15 years old Costa Rica #1 Women 10 – 15 years old Broken #1 Men 10 – 13 years old Costa Rica #2 Girls/Mothers 5-7 years girls/Mothers Costa Rica #2 Children/Parents 5-7 years old children/Parents Participation emphasized local voices over those of external facilitators, aiming for representation and inclusion as described by Barragán Giraldo et al. (2020) . Development of the methodological guide The participatory approach was rooted in creative, playful, and collaborative engagement principles “creating while playing and co-producing collectively” ( Diez Tetamanti, 2018 ). Data collection through social cartography followed a carefully structured process, supported by a methodological guide that contained four primary stages (see Figure 2 ). Figure 2. Methodological guide used in the workshops. Source: Authors. Stage One: Icebreaker Activity A trust-building game was developed, bringing participants together in two concentric circles to share about themselves while passing a ball to music—a pedagogical didactic used to stimulate group confidence and collective work ( Tamayo Giraldo & Restrepo Soto, 2017 ). Stage Two: Workshop Framing and Group Organization Each participant was introduced, and the workshop’s research-driven goals (understanding territory and environmental issues) were explained ( Diez Tetamanti, 2018 ). Small group organization (max 8 per group) was prioritized to ensure active engagement ( Barragán Giraldo & Amador Báquiro, 2014 ). Details of composition by village and gender are found in Table 1 . Stage Three: Constructing “Our Map” Participants, in groups, produced visual maps of their environment using diverse materials (cardboard, markers, magazines, etc.), guided by predefined prompts and adaptable questions ( Betancurth Loaiza et al., 2019 ). Table 2 presents the key guiding questions. Table 2. Guiding questions used in “Our Map”. Guiding Questions • Where is my village? • What are the most important places in my territory? • Where are the houses? • Where are the schools? • Where are the Frailejones located? • Where are the rivers, lagoons, waterfalls among others? • Where are the sources of contamination of rivers, lagoons, waterfalls, among others? • Where are the crops found? • Where are the cows found? • Where are mining or excavation activities located? • Where is garbage or waste deposited? • Where are the jars or packages of herbicides and fertilizers deposited? • Where are herbicides and fertilizers used? • Where is the forest cleared or felled? • Where is wood taken from the mountain? • Where is wild animal hunting done? Which animals? • Where is fishing done? • Where are the burns carried out? Where were there fires? • Where is tourism (hiking, vehicle races, bicycles, motorcycles, etc.)? • Where have new roads, trails or roads been opened? • What are restricted (forbidden) spaces? Stage Four: Group Presentations and Closure The workshop closed with group presentations, where participants narratively explained their maps, including legends, symbols, and identified environmental problems. This phase fostered reflection, group validation, and knowledge exchange ( Diez Tetamanti & Rocha, 2016 ). Statement regarding informed consent In this study, informed consent and assent for the participation of minors and their parents were obtained verbally. This methodological decision was made in response to the context of violence, the presence of illegal armed groups, and state repression affecting rural communities in the Sumapaz paramo. During the workshops, the research team presented the planned activities to the parents gathered at the school and requested written consent; however, the parents refused to sign any documents, instead granting their authorization verbally under the explicit condition that neither adults nor minors would be required to sign or provide any personal or identifying information. This reservation is rooted in the climate of fear and insecurity caused by the assassination and persecution of social leaders in Colombia—with 170 cases reported in 2024 alone—as well as the risk of stigmatization or legal prosecution for traditional practices such as hunting, fishing, and wood extraction, which have been part of local livelihoods for over half a century but are now criminalized as environmental offenses. Therefore, verbal consent was an indispensable ethical condition to ensure the safety and informed participation of the peasant community, protecting their identities and rights throughout the research process. Results Research on Colombian paramos consistently points to severe ecological degradation owing to unsustainable land practices outside the agricultural frontier. Key damaging activities in Sumapaz are potato monoculture, cattle grazing, small-scale mining, indiscriminate logging, illegal flora/fauna extraction, soil erosion, reduced water retention, and pollution from fertilizers/herbicides ( Garavito Rincón, 2015 ). The present study focused on documenting how paramo-resident peasants, outside the formal agricultural zone, perceive and experience these environmental problems—through the participatory production of social cartographies. Juan Viejo Village: Located entirely within the paramo, Juan Viejo’s livelihoods center on potato farming and dairy cattle. The community burns household waste, including herbicide containers. The CAR has designated buffer/conservation zones perceived as “true wasteland” subject to strict use controls. Despite restrictions, residents depend on trout fishing and hunt small games (e.g., ducks, rabbits, borugos) for food (see Figure 3 ). Evidence of tree felling (for home repair) and recurring fires (cause unclear) was present. Small-scale mining supports local road maintenance. There has also been a notable increase in tourism (4x4s, bikes, hiking), raising new environmental concerns. Figure 3. Map of Juan Viejo village, workshop #1 for young people (men) between 11 – 15 years old. Source: Authors. Quebradas Village: This village, adjacent to the park and situated within the paramo, shares similar patterns: intensive potato and cattle production (lower zones), burning of waste, and hunting/fishing. Youth cartographers highlighted hunting of rabbits, borugos, and deer, as well as trout fishing in specific streams (El Soche, Long, Black). Unregulated tourism was recognized as a growing issue. Notably, access to some upper/remote areas was restricted due to rumors of armed group presence, resulting in both insecurity and a disrupted relationship with the environment (see Figure 4 ). Figure 4. Map of Quebradas village, workshop #1 for young people (men) between 11 – 13 years old. Source: Authors. Costa Rica Village: Four maps from two workshops revealed nuanced, gendered, and generational perspectives. Youth groups (see Figure 5 : A and B) depicted agricultural and livestock dependence, widespread burning of waste, river contamination by agrochemical runoff (notably herbicides), hunting and fishing for subsistence, tree felling, and tourism-generated trash left behind (a wildfire source). Figure 5. Map of Costa Rica village. A) workshop #1 for young people (women) between 10 – 15 years old. B) workshop #1 youth (Men) between 11 – 15 years old. C) workshop #2 Women (Mothers and daughters). D) Workshop #2 Man (Fathers and Children). Source: Authors. Adult groups produced differentiated narratives: • The mothers/girls group ( Figure 5 : C) repeated concerns over waste disposal, subsistence farming, hunting/fishing, but did not mention tree felling. • The fathers/sons group ( Figure 5 : D) focused on wildfires in the upper paramo and trout fishing, but omitted hunting and agrochemical contamination. Uniquely, they marked “prohibited zones” connected to rumors of armed groups. Across sites, findings demonstrate convergence in local perception: agriculture, livestock, burning waste (with associated agrochemical pollution), hunting/fishing, selective tree felling, the impact of unregulated tourism, insecure zones (due to armed groups), and shifting access to land/resources. Notably, tourism—though seen as a recent economic opportunity—frequently generates environmental hazards through unmanaged campfires, litter, and erosion. Discussion Traditional livelihoods and environmental impact Pasca’s peasants have long depended on potato farming and dairy cattle for survival—a pattern the participatory maps confirm. Locally, these activities are not widely regarded as environmentally destructive, but ecological literature identifies these as the principal forces reshaping paramo ecosystems ( Buytaert et al., 2006 ). Potato and cattle production occupy 10% of Colombia’s paramos, reducing native vegetation, biodiversity, and ecosystem functions, while chemical fertilizers/pesticides degrade land and water quality ( Farfán et al., 2020 ). Compaction from cattle, cultivation-induced exposure, and altered water retention compromise crucial hydrological services ( Cárdenas & Tobón, 2017 ; Díaz-Granados Ortiz et al., 2005 ). While these practices sustain food production, they are entwined with social challenges—especially since most farming occurs on minifundios (smallholdings), restricting economic viability and contributing to poverty. Economic precarity forces many to rely on informal labor and contributes to a cycle of overexploitation, as intensified efforts are required to bolster fragile livelihoods in the face of absent state support ( Giraldo, 2008 ; Santacoloma-Varón, 2015 ). Social marginalization, governance deficits, and food security Despite ecological costs, the importance of peasant food provisioning is unequivocal. High soil fertility, robust pollinator populations, and diverse flora support steady food output for local and regional markets—including urban centers like Bogotá ( Mena Vásconez, 2011 ; Silva Pérez, 2010 ). Yet, limited access to markets, technical support, and basic services sustains high levels of poverty and marginalization—reinforced by a historic lack of meaningful state intervention. ( Santacoloma-Varón, 2015 ). Instead of demonizing rural people, the discussion points to the need for agroecological technical assistance, market access, and capacity building—enabling peasants to transition toward productive models that align food security with environmental sustainability ( Toledo et al., 2017 ). Spatial and territorial fragmentation A salient outcome from social cartography is the bifurcation of the territory as seen by residents: • Productive Lands (Farms): Regarded as “owned” spaces, these produce economic subsistence but are not seen as part of the larger ecosystem. • Wild Paramo/Regulated Zones: Designated “protected” areas (park boundaries, riverbanks, reserves) are viewed as “waste” or otherwise out of reach, useful neither for agriculture nor livestock, and policed through restrictions, perceived sanctions, and institutional enforcement ( Piedrahita Arcila & Peña Padierna, 2016 ). This fragmentation provokes conflict and tension, as peasant communities often feel excluded from governance, their knowledge dismissed, and their needs marginalized ( Acevedo Tarazona & Correa Lugos, 2019 ; Méndez Polo, 2019 ). Instead, territorial governance is frequently characterized by top-down, non-participatory planning, where policies are imposed rather than negotiated or co-produced ( Garavito González et al., 2018 ). Rural poverty and survival strategies Economic vulnerability shapes environmentally marginal practices: Protein deficiencies prompt hunting and fishing (rabbits, borugos, birds, trout), while wood extraction (for construction, repairs, or sale) supplements cash income. These activities occur within the context of extreme rural poverty—often less than $6 USD daily per family ( Avellaneda-Torres et al., 2014 ). Youth openly admit to subsistence activities often omitted by adults, likely reflecting adult awareness of the risk of sanctions and social stigma. Toward sustainable and participatory solutions This study suggests four core interventions, requiring restored trust and co-governance between state and community actors: 1. Agroecological Transition: Reduce reliance on pesticides/herbicides, diversify crops, rotate cultivation, and apply organic soil amendments. 2. Alternative Livelihoods: Provide local capacity and support to move beyond extractive survival strategies. 3. Tourism Regulation: Develop sustainable tourism guidelines to control environmental impact. 4. Waste Management: Strengthen community-led initiatives for trash and agrochemical packaging disposal. State leadership is essential, but interventions must be designed, enacted, and monitored with active peasant participation—building legitimacy, credibility, and shared ownership. Recognizing territorial complexity, food insecurity, and rural hardship is key in designing policies that foster both conservation and community well-being. Conclusions This study employed social cartography as a participatory methodology to capture and analyze the environmental concerns of young members of peasant communities in the Colombian villages of Juan Viejo, Quebradas, and Costa Rica, located within or near the Sumapaz páramo. Through collaborative mapping and dialogue, the research identified key environmental challenges as experienced and understood by local youth. The most prominent issues involve inadequate waste management—particularly the open burning of household waste and agrochemical containers. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of a formal waste collection system and the absence of a structured municipal waste management plan. Furthermore, subsistence hunting of small mammals such as rabbits, borugos, and birds persists, alongside tree felling for timber necessary for housing, repairs, or to supplement household income. Another pressing concern is the growing impact of uncontrolled tourism; increased visitation by off-road vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, and hikers is contributing to environmental degradation in these sensitive high-mountain ecosystems. Notably, despite well-documented evidence that livestock grazing and traditional agricultural practices are major drivers of ecological degradation in páramo ecosystems, community members do not perceive these as threats. Instead, they see these productive activities as vital to food security and regional supply for nearby towns and cities, including Pasca, Fusagasugá, Sibaté, and Bogotá. The findings underscore the need to avoid stigmatizing or criminalizing traditional agricultural livelihoods. Instead, it is crucial to provide agroecological technical assistance and educational resources that can facilitate a transition toward more sustainable and environmentally responsible production systems. Such support is essential for alleviating extreme poverty in rural communities, which frequently drives secondary environmental pressures such as hunting, fishing, and deforestation. The research reveals a pronounced fragmentation in the territorial identity among peasant populations. While they express a strong sense of connection to the lands they cultivate, legally protected páramo zones are seen as “real wasteland”—spaces characterized by prohibition, outside surveillance, and the threat of sanctions. This perception deepens the divide between people and protected areas, hindering community engagement in conservation and undermining the ecological connectivity vital for páramo protection. In conclusion, the study argues for the necessity of integrating peasant communities into territorial governance through participatory, inclusive frameworks. Such approaches, initiated by state institutions but developed collaboratively with local actors, are vital to fostering shared stewardship, legitimacy, and active participation in the sustainable management and conservation of the páramo ecosystem. Ethical considerations The research obtained a favorable opinion from the Ethics, Bioethics, and Research Integrity Committee (CEBII) of the University of Cundinamarca, as stated in document MCTF054 (Evaluation by the Ethics, Bioethics, and Research Integrity Committee – CEBII), dated December 11, 2024 ( Herrera Luis, 2025 ). The Committee was formally informed that the study would obtain verbal consent only from participants. This authorization was granted in order to uphold the principles of human dignity and to safeguard the rights of individuals, as well as other living beings, involved in the research. For verification, the official ethical approval document is provided in the Extended Data. Data availability All data and materials supporting the results and analyses reported in this study are openly available in accordance with F1000’s Open Data policy and can be accessed in the Figshare repository. The artistic maps created by peasant community participants serve as the primary research outputs, capturing the environmental perceptions and territorial experiences of the groups involved. These maps, along with the methodological instruments and supporting documentation, are provided under the terms of the CC0 license, permitting unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Any additional materials or information are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author. The full dataset required to replicate all study findings can be accessed via Figshare at the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29667293 Herrera, Luis (2025) . Extended data [Figshare.] [Materials used for social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental]. [ https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29667293 ]. ( Herrera Luis, 2025 ) This project contains the following extended data: • Guide for the social mapping workshop. (This document describes icebreaker activities for participants, the rules of the meeting, and each step necessary to properly conduct the workshop, resulting in a cartography collaboratively created by the workshop participants.) • Guiding Questions. (The map-making process was shaped by a set of carefully crafted, adaptable guiding questions, developed by the research team based on field experience and the project’s environmental objectives. These prompts enabled facilitators to engage flexibly with participants, encouraging open dialogue and allowing them to delve more deeply into new concerns or themes as they arose during the workshops.) • Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5. (Social cartography produces, as its principal outcome, artistic maps created by peasant communities—including children, mothers, and fathers. These maps are of paramount importance because they vividly reflect participants’ perceptions of their territories and articulate the environmental challenges present in their localities. For this reason, the maps themselves must be included as a core documentary output of the research.) • 1. Workshop 1, 2. Workshop 1, 3. Workshop 1, 4. Workshop 1, 5. Workshop 1, 6. Workshop 1 (Photos of the activities carried out in workshop number 1). • 1. Workshop 2, 2. Workshop 2, 3. Workshop 2 (Photos of the activities carried out in workshop number 2). • MCTF054 - EVALUATION OF THE ETHICS, BIOETHICS, AND RESEARCH INTEGRITY COMMITTEE - CEBII References Acevedo Tarazona Á, Correa Lugos AD: Pensar el cambio socioambiental: un acercamiento a las acciones colectivas por el páramo de Santurbán (Santander, Colombia). 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Publisher Full Text Comisión de la Verdad: Sumapaz: la eterna disputa por el páramo.2019, December 27. Reference Source Daza Torres MC, Hernández Flórez F, Triana FA: Efecto del Uso del Suelo en la Capacidad de Almacenamiento Hídrico en el Páramo de Sumapaz - Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. 2014; 67 (1): 7189–7200. Publisher Full Text Díaz-Granados Ortiz MA, Navarrete González JD, Suárez López T: Páramos: Hidrosistemas Sensibles. Revista de Ingeniería. 2005; 22 : 64–75. Publisher Full Text Diez Tetamanti JM: Cartografía social: Teoría y método. Estrategias para una eficaz transformación comunitaria. Biblos; 1a ed. 2018. Diez Tetamanti JM, Rocha E: CARTOGRAFÍA SOCIAL APLICADA A LA INTERVENCIÓN SOCIAL EN BARRIO DUNAS, PELOTAS, BRASIL. Revista Geográfica de América Central. 2016; 2 (57): 97. 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Reference Source Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Universidad De Cundinamarca Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca, Colombia Luis Alberto Herrera Martínez Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Karen Victoria Suárez Parra Roles: Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Jorge Enrique Guerrero Ruiz Roles: Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Bibiana Royero-Benavides Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 16 Sep 2025, 14:930 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168362.1 Copyright © 2025 Herrera Martínez LA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Herrera Martínez LA, Suárez Parra KV, Guerrero Ruiz JE and Royero-Benavides B. Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.168362.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Díaz-Timoté Jj. Reviewer Report For: Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r444693 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-930/v1#referee-response-444693 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Jan 2026 Jhonatan julián Díaz-Timoté , Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r444693 In general, I believe that the article has a lot of potential, as there is not much information like this in Colombia. It is easy to read and understand. However, I believe it is necessary to review some methodology for ... Continue reading READ ALL In general, I believe that the article has a lot of potential, as there is not much information like this in Colombia. It is easy to read and understand. However, I believe it is necessary to review some methodology for analyzing this data in order to make better use of it, which will lead to an improvement of the entire article, including the discussion and conclusions. I suggest reviewing the works of this author and looking at some of his methodologies that could be applied to this work ( refer to 1). Observations: - In Figure 1, the entire boundary of the páramo complex could be shown, bearing in mind that it is mentioned as being the largest in the world. -As for literature, it is possible to find some references to the author Alejandra Osejo, who worked at the Humboldt Institute and produced several works on páramos in general and some on the Sumapaz páramo. This will enrich the discussion. - Include in Table 1 the number of participants for each group. -I believe that based on the results of the maps, a small descriptive statistic could be made that would allow us to compare each of the villages evaluated and find where they coincide and where they do not. -Based on these results, it would also be possible to highlight which ecosystem services people perceive, in order to compare them with those mentioned in the literature and thus enrich the discussion. -I believe it is necessary to enrich the discussion by contrasting it with the results of social mapping, bearing in mind that this is the main focus of the article, which is not reflected in the discussion. The results could be further enriched by generating characterization categories or some element that allows the results of each map to be compared in the overall context. -Perhaps identifying the environmental or social concerns that intersect between the paths will help to improve the thread of the discussion and thus open up the conclusions in the way that is done, since they are not mentioned very clearly in the results. -The conclusions should be more precise, as they seem more like a summary of the results presented earlier. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes References 1. https://unal.academia.edu/AlexanderRinc%C3%B3n. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: assessment and mapping of ecosystem services, analysis of human spatial footprint, ecology of fire in Paramos: dynamics, spatial patterns and drivers. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Díaz-Timoté Jj. Reviewer Report For: Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r444693 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-930/v1#referee-response-444693 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Paez R. Reviewer Report For: Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r415539 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-930/v1#referee-response-415539 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 29 Oct 2025 Roger Paez , Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r415539 The article investigates the perceptions and knowledge of local communities regarding environmental issues in three villages on the western edges of the Sumapaz Páramo National Natural Park in Colombia. To do so, the researchers use social mapping, a participatory methodology ... Continue reading READ ALL The article investigates the perceptions and knowledge of local communities regarding environmental issues in three villages on the western edges of the Sumapaz Páramo National Natural Park in Colombia. To do so, the researchers use social mapping, a participatory methodology to visualize and document the perspectives of these peasant communities on the environmental problems and challenges of this vulnerable ecosystem. The article correctly frames the case study in the knowledge fields of environmental studies and participatory practices in SSH, but a deeper discussion on mapping and specifically social cartography could further the relevance of the case study described. Specifically, a more focused framing of mapping practices devoted to critically representing reality in order to facilitate transformative change (e.g., critical cartography [Crampton and Krygier, An Introduction to Critical Cartography , 2006], counter-mapping [Wood, Rethinking the Power of Maps, 2010], or operative mapping [Paez, Operative Mapping , 2019], to mention but a few key concepts), and a more detailed and nuanced discussion of the resulting maps would significantly increase the article’s relevance and interest. Also, specific hermeneutic methods to interpret the maps produced in the participatory sessions could help in providing a more in-depth analysis of the achieved results (e.g., semiotic, feminist, or indigenous hermeneutics would provide very interesting readings of, for instance, the gender and age divide patent in the four maps shown in Fig 5 or the planimetric vs panoramic depictions of the páramo space shown respectively in Figs 3 and 4). Additionally, the very relevant issues raised in the discussion section (including Traditional livelihoods and environmental impact, Spatial and territorial fragmentation, Rural poverty and survival strategies, and Toward sustainable and participatory solutions), are so succinct that they appear slightly generic. Some of them (e.g., the discussions on territorial fragmentation and sustainable participatory solutions based on co-governance) are of particular interest and would require of a little more in-depth discussion, while some others, although of fundamental importance (e.g., the discussion on rural poverty and economic vulnerability as the keystone to explain negative extractive practices), perhaps would be better addressed in the conclusions. The conclusions correctly address the research’s most prominent topics and results, although it is unclear whether the most prominent issues identified (waste management, subsistence hunting and fishing, tree felling, uncontrolled tourism and unplanned (mobility) infrastructures) are indeed the result of the participatory social mapping or rather the questions chosen by the researchers to trigger the maps. Finally, the last paragraph of the conclusions boldly argues the need of “integrating peasant communities into territorial governance through participatory, inclusive frameworks,” in order to foster “shared stewardship, legitimacy, and active participation in the sustainable management and conservation of the páramo ecosystem.” The present case study is indeed a relevant step in the right direction. Having said that, in order to bolster its relevance and foster its replicability in different sites with different conditions, a stronger focus on the critical framing of social cartography practices and a more detailed and nuanced discussion of the resulting maps would be welcome. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Roger Paez works at the intersection of design, architecture, and the city, focusing on temporality, experimentation, and social impact. His main research interests include temporary space design, public space, operative mapping, game-based formats, and the articulation between artistic and architectural practices. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Paez R. Reviewer Report For: Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r415539 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-930/v1#referee-response-415539 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 16 Sep 25 read read Roger Paez , Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain Jhonatan julián Díaz-Timoté , Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Díaz-Timoté J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Jan 2026 | for Version 1 Jhonatan julián Díaz-Timoté , Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Díaz-Timoté J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions In general, I believe that the article has a lot of potential, as there is not much information like this in Colombia. It is easy to read and understand. However, I believe it is necessary to review some methodology for analyzing this data in order to make better use of it, which will lead to an improvement of the entire article, including the discussion and conclusions. I suggest reviewing the works of this author and looking at some of his methodologies that could be applied to this work ( refer to 1). Observations: - In Figure 1, the entire boundary of the páramo complex could be shown, bearing in mind that it is mentioned as being the largest in the world. -As for literature, it is possible to find some references to the author Alejandra Osejo, who worked at the Humboldt Institute and produced several works on páramos in general and some on the Sumapaz páramo. This will enrich the discussion. - Include in Table 1 the number of participants for each group. -I believe that based on the results of the maps, a small descriptive statistic could be made that would allow us to compare each of the villages evaluated and find where they coincide and where they do not. -Based on these results, it would also be possible to highlight which ecosystem services people perceive, in order to compare them with those mentioned in the literature and thus enrich the discussion. -I believe it is necessary to enrich the discussion by contrasting it with the results of social mapping, bearing in mind that this is the main focus of the article, which is not reflected in the discussion. The results could be further enriched by generating characterization categories or some element that allows the results of each map to be compared in the overall context. -Perhaps identifying the environmental or social concerns that intersect between the paths will help to improve the thread of the discussion and thus open up the conclusions in the way that is done, since they are not mentioned very clearly in the results. -The conclusions should be more precise, as they seem more like a summary of the results presented earlier. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes References 1. https://unal.academia.edu/AlexanderRinc%C3%B3n. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise assessment and mapping of ecosystem services, analysis of human spatial footprint, ecology of fire in Paramos: dynamics, spatial patterns and drivers. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Díaz-Timoté Jj. Peer Review Report For: Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r444693) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-930/v1#referee-response-444693 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Paez R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 29 Oct 2025 | for Version 1 Roger Paez , Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 0 Views copyright © 2025 Paez R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article investigates the perceptions and knowledge of local communities regarding environmental issues in three villages on the western edges of the Sumapaz Páramo National Natural Park in Colombia. To do so, the researchers use social mapping, a participatory methodology to visualize and document the perspectives of these peasant communities on the environmental problems and challenges of this vulnerable ecosystem. The article correctly frames the case study in the knowledge fields of environmental studies and participatory practices in SSH, but a deeper discussion on mapping and specifically social cartography could further the relevance of the case study described. Specifically, a more focused framing of mapping practices devoted to critically representing reality in order to facilitate transformative change (e.g., critical cartography [Crampton and Krygier, An Introduction to Critical Cartography , 2006], counter-mapping [Wood, Rethinking the Power of Maps, 2010], or operative mapping [Paez, Operative Mapping , 2019], to mention but a few key concepts), and a more detailed and nuanced discussion of the resulting maps would significantly increase the article’s relevance and interest. Also, specific hermeneutic methods to interpret the maps produced in the participatory sessions could help in providing a more in-depth analysis of the achieved results (e.g., semiotic, feminist, or indigenous hermeneutics would provide very interesting readings of, for instance, the gender and age divide patent in the four maps shown in Fig 5 or the planimetric vs panoramic depictions of the páramo space shown respectively in Figs 3 and 4). Additionally, the very relevant issues raised in the discussion section (including Traditional livelihoods and environmental impact, Spatial and territorial fragmentation, Rural poverty and survival strategies, and Toward sustainable and participatory solutions), are so succinct that they appear slightly generic. Some of them (e.g., the discussions on territorial fragmentation and sustainable participatory solutions based on co-governance) are of particular interest and would require of a little more in-depth discussion, while some others, although of fundamental importance (e.g., the discussion on rural poverty and economic vulnerability as the keystone to explain negative extractive practices), perhaps would be better addressed in the conclusions. The conclusions correctly address the research’s most prominent topics and results, although it is unclear whether the most prominent issues identified (waste management, subsistence hunting and fishing, tree felling, uncontrolled tourism and unplanned (mobility) infrastructures) are indeed the result of the participatory social mapping or rather the questions chosen by the researchers to trigger the maps. Finally, the last paragraph of the conclusions boldly argues the need of “integrating peasant communities into territorial governance through participatory, inclusive frameworks,” in order to foster “shared stewardship, legitimacy, and active participation in the sustainable management and conservation of the páramo ecosystem.” The present case study is indeed a relevant step in the right direction. Having said that, in order to bolster its relevance and foster its replicability in different sites with different conditions, a stronger focus on the critical framing of social cartography practices and a more detailed and nuanced discussion of the resulting maps would be welcome. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Roger Paez works at the intersection of design, architecture, and the city, focusing on temporality, experimentation, and social impact. His main research interests include temporary space design, public space, operative mapping, game-based formats, and the articulation between artistic and architectural practices. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Paez R. Peer Review Report For: Using social cartography to understand peasant perceptions of environmental degradation in the Páramo de Sumapaz [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :930 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.185543.r415539) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-930/v1#referee-response-415539 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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