Exploring Core Themes in Nuclear Pollution Research: Insights from Ibn Khaldun’s Ecological and Economic Perspectives

Exploring Core Themes in Nuclear Pollution Research: Insights from Ibn Khaldun’s Ecological and Economic Perspectives | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring Core Themes in Nuclear Pollution Research: Insights from Ibn Khaldun’s Ecological and Economic Perspectives Huichan Ren, Suhaila Abdullah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859619/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study focuses on a comprehensive examination of the core themes in nuclear pollution research, utilizing Ibn Khaldun’s ecological and economic perspectives. The primary content of this study is to examine Ibn Khaldun’s ecological perspective and explore the probable consequences of nuclear pollution on ecosystems, specifically emphasizing its influence on the sustainable development of human society. Concurrently, the authors utilize Ibn Khaldun’s economic framework to examine the effects of nuclear pollution on the economic equilibrium. Subsequently, the authors extend these effects to assess their impact on the prosperity of metropolitan areas and the sustainability of civilization. Although there has been extensive research on nuclear pollution, approaching the issue from the perspective of Ibn Khaldun’s writing is indeed a novel and groundbreaking endeavor. Due to the interdisciplinary character of this study, the authors employ a bibliometric analysis method, a literature review, and a logical analysis method. The primary objective of this study is to improve understanding of the challenges posed by nuclear contamination and to promote cooperative strategies for achieving environmentally and socio-economically sustainable development. Nuclear pollution Ibn Khaldun Ecological Economic Civilization Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Currently, environmental issues are becoming more serious, and the issue of nuclear contamination has transformed into an intricate and urgent worldwide problem (Panov et al. 2023 ; Wu et al. 2023 ). The consequences of nuclear contamination have severely hindered the potential to achieve sustainable ecological development (Matsuo et al. 2021 ). Furthermore, as global trade expands rapidly and the word economic system becomes more complex, noteworthy events in a specific country or region not only have a profound impact on the local economy but also have the potential to initiate a series of reactions within the global economic system, ultimately influencing the progress of the global economy (Wu et al. 2023 ; Xin et al. 2022 ). Using the instance of nuclear wastewater discharge into the sea as an illustration, the release of radioactive waste into the seas poses a significant hazard to both marine ecosystems and global ecosystems (Liu et al. 2021 ; Periáñez et al. 2019 ; Inoue et al. 2012 ). Furthermore, the food and allied industries perceive a substantial decrease in worldwide consumer desire to buy items from the nation or region responsible for releasing radioactive waste, due to the negative impact on its reputation. Nuclear wastewater discharge presents a significant peril to the economic progress of the country or region concerned (Chen et al. 2023 ; Matsumoto & Hoang 2020 ). The cultivation and sale of seafood are vital for assuring the supply of protein to humans, maintaining food security, and fostering sustainable global economic growth (Yu et al. 2023). However, the release of radioactive waste into the ocean presents a possible risk to worldwide food security and the maintenance of a sustainable economy (Jennings et al. 2016 ; Guo et al. 2022 ). Environmental changes may lead to a range of conflicts, eventually affecting the course of human civilization’s growth (Homer-Dixon 1991 ). Ibn Khaldun is a significant character in the medieval academic realm, providing essential historical insights that established the basis for comprehending the interrelationships between ecological well-being, economic stability, and human civilization (Weiss 1995 ; Mohammad 2010 ; Önder & Ulaşan 2018 ). Although Ibn Khaldun is often recognized for his historical and sociological insights (Alatas 2007 ; Ardıç 2017 ), there is a lack of focus on how his ideas might be applied to address current environmental concerns. Using nuclear contamination as a case study, this research intends to fill gaps in the discourse, reconsider Ibn Khaldun’s idea, and tackle concerns that cross time and academic borders. Due to the global nature of environmental issues, the findings of this study may provide information for global conversations and actions, supporting international collaboration to lessen the impact of nuclear contamination and advance sustainable development goals. Literature review This section offers a thorough and detailed examination of the effects of nuclear contamination and the perspectives of Ibn Khaldun, as presented in a literature study. The researchers originally gathered and examined scholarly articles pertaining to the effects of nuclear contamination on water, air, and the economy. Subsequently, a comprehensive examination of Ibn Khaldun’s ecological and economic perspectives was undertaken. Literature review on the water resources impact of nuclear pollution Panov et al. ( 2023 ), Trapeznikov et al. ( 2015 ), and Matsuo et al. ( 2021 ) state categorically that all phases of the nuclear power plant lifecycle may constitute a threat to the atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial ecosystems for a variety of causes. Chen et al. ( 2023 ) remark that although there is disagreement among academics over the effects of treated nuclear effluent, they unanimously agree that even with treatment, there would still be negative impacts on ecosystems and human health. Buesseler ( 2020 ) and Robison et al. ( 2003 ) emphasize once more that isotopes with long half-life, like tritium, cannot be entirely eliminated. These isotopes pose a substantial danger to the water supplies that are crucial for human life. Moreover, Jaishankar et al. ( 2014 ), Ünlü et al. (2018), and Zhao et al. ( 2021 ) emphasize the accumulation of harmful substances in nuclear pollution inside plants and animals due to the contamination of soil, water, and atmosphere. Ultimately, these components impact human health through the food chain. Literature review on the air impact of nuclear pollution Qureshi et al. ( 2015 ), Przystupa et al. ( 2019 ), and Smodiš ( 2007 ) argue that the utilization of nuclear energy and the release of particulate matter and chemical components in nuclear pollution emissions are significant factors that contribute to air pollution and the deterioration of environmental indicators. Krewitt et al. ( 1998 ) emphasized the growing importance of air pollution and ionizing radiation as significant factors in causing human illnesses. They achieved this by employing suitable air quality models and drawing insights from the epidemiological literature on the consequences of exposure. Moreover, Niisoe ( 2021 ) and Tainio et al. ( 2021 ) contend that the emission of radioactive isotopes from nuclear reactors results in a deterioration of air quality, which poses a risk to human well-being and eventually disrupts the equilibrium of human civilization. Literature review on the economic impact of nuclear pollution Chen et al. ( 2023 ) stress that customers have continually emphasized food safety as a significant priority. Generally, customers tend to avoid buying food that might potentially be contaminated by nuclear radiation. Aruga and Wakamatsu ( 2018 ) have observed that even though there is official assurance on the safety of food in places and nearby regions where nuclear effluent is released, customers nevertheless display hesitancy in buying items from these areas. This hesitancy greatly hurts the food reputation and agricultural development in these regions and their respective countries. Dadakas and Tatsi ( 2021 ) argue that consumer resistance is likely to hinder global agricultural trade and might have substantial implications for the sustainable development of the global economy. Literature review on the ecological perspective of Ibn Khaldun According to Salijuq ( 1973 ) and Karataş and Demirkol ( 2016 ), Ibn Khaldun held the belief that the natural environment has a significant influence on human society, especially water and air. This influence plays a vital role in determining the trajectory of human civilization’s growth. According to Michel et al. ( 2012 ), Ibn Khaldun highlighted the idea that urban life represents the most advanced stage of civilization while discussing the cyclical patterns of human political and social structure. He regarded the availability of freshwater as a vital factor in selecting metropolitan locations. In addition, he suggested that the degradation of water quality and inadequate water supply were crucial elements that contributed to the devastation of several Arab communities. Weiss ( 1995 ) and Ali ( 2006 ) emphasize that Ibn Khaldun recognized the need to address potential health issues in urban growth. As the population exceeds the ideal capacity of a city, the negative impact of human activities on the natural environment increases. The decline in air and water quality can readily result in the emergence of pandemics, presenting a risk to the health of humans and eventually endangering the progress of human civilization. Literature review on the economic perspective of Ibn Khaldun According to Tayob ( 2022 ), Ibn Khaldun identified two types of livelihoods: natural and non-natural. The natural way of living, which forms the foundation of civilization, principally includes agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, and commerce. According to Beik and Arsyianti (2006), Hakim ( 2006 ), and Al-Hamdi ( 2006 ), labor is the exclusive means by which individuals may earn a living and generate wealth. It serves as both the source of value and the accurate standard for all transactions of goods. Moreover, it serves as the fundamental basis for attaining financial gain and the growth of wealth. The labor factors identified by Ibn Khaldun may be succinctly described as the primary catalysts for production, profitability, national prosperity, and the advancement of civilization (Mouhammed 2007 ; Mohamed 2006 ). Al Mamun et al. (2022), Kholiq et al. ( 2022 ), and Chabani ( 2021 ) highlight that Ibn Khaldun provided a detailed explanation of the interplay between supply and demand. He argued that demand leads to higher profits and opens up additional prospects for increasing supply. Key determinants impacting market supply levels encompass natural resources, population magnitude, and commodity pricing. Furthermore, the interaction between the value of labor, the pricing of commodities, and market demand collectively affects the progress of urban civilization. Boulakia ( 1971 ) notes that Ibn Khaldun’s exposition of production theory, value theory, distribution theory, and cycle theory coalesce into a coherent overarching economic theory, serving as the basis for his historical framework. Chapra ( 1999 ), Sümer ( 2012 ), and Gule ( 2014 ) emphasize that Khaldun performed an interdisciplinary examination of the dynamic connections between economics, politics, society, and human civilization. He hypothesized that the long-term interplay of politics, economy, population, and society eventually resulted in the rise and fall of civilizations. Methodology and data source In this section, the authors explore the research methodologies employed in the study. Furthermore, a comprehensive explanation is provided regarding the sources used to collect core data related to nuclear contamination research. Methodology This study is multidisciplinary. The authors utilized bibliometric analysis, literature review, and logical analysis throughout the investigation. Bibliometric analysis was primarily employed to evaluate the fundamental topics of nuclear contamination research. During the data analysis, VOSviewer and Scimago Graphica were identified as a crucial tool for examining the data. VOSviewer is a bibliometric network analysis tool. It can generate maps of coauthorship, co-occurrence, citation, bibliographic coupling, and co-citation (Vasudevan et al. 2016 ; Hassan-Montero et al. 2022 ). Scimago Graphica serves as a tool for crafting maps that highlight a country’s publication output and citation relationships (Li 2023 ). The primary purpose of the literature review approach is to expound upon Ibn Khaldun’s ecological and economic perspectives, as well as to examine the ecological and economic effects of nuclear contamination. The logical approach is employed to assess the impacts of nuclear pollution, as investigated within the framework of Ibn Khaldun’s ecological and economic perspectives. Data sources for the core theme of nuclear contamination research The research data in this study were collected from the Web of Science database. The criteria for selecting research data encompassed the topic (nuclear pollution), quick filters (open access), publication year (2019–2023), document type (article), Web of Science Index (science citation index expanded, emerging sources citation index, the arts & humanities citation index, and the social sciences citation index), and language (English). Based on these criteria, the authors ultimately chose 591 articles of high quality and significance for comprehensive visualization and analysis. Results and discussion This section examined countries that contributed significantly to nuclear contamination research. This shows how nuclear contamination has become a worldwide concern gaining attention from numerous countries. By carefully examining the keyword co-occurrence network, it revealed the main topics and research hotspots in nuclear contamination studies from 2019 to 2023. The third part, based on Ibn Khaldun’s ecological perspective, explores how nuclear contamination affects vital ecological resources and urban culture. The fourth part, based on Ibn Khaldun’s economic theory, examines how nuclear contamination affects economic growth and civilization. Top prominent countries documenting nuclear pollution Figure 1 depicts the rankings of the top ten nations based on their publication output and citation impact. China’s research efforts are highlighted by its impressive performance of 183 articles and an exceptional 1698 citations, solidifying its leading position in the field. The United States closely follows, ranking second with 92 publications and 939 citations. The United Kingdom ranks third with 47 articles and 833 citations. Furthermore, Fig. 1 displays three separate clusters that have highly interconnected citation links, each identified by a different color. Cluster 1, shown in green, includes Germany, Russia, Spain, and the United States. Cluster 2, shown in blue, comprises China, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. Cluster 3, shown in red, includes France and Japan. The strong inter-citation links between these clusters emphasize their joint endeavors in pursuing common research objectives. Keyword co-occurrence of nuclear pollution studies The researchers set the minimum co-occurrence of keywords to 15 and merged synonymous items, resulting in 29 relevant keywords. Figure 2 illustrates the co-occurrence network of keywords in nuclear pollution studies, revealing three discernible clusters differentiated by distinct colors. Cluster 1, highlighted in red, comprises 12 nodes, focusing primarily on the impact of nuclear pollution on air resources. The most important keyword is air-pollution (Total lines strength = 165, occurrences = 74). Cluster 2, highlighted in green, consists of 9 nodes, focusing on the impact of nuclear pollution on water resources. The pivotal keyword is water (Total lines strength = 32, occurrences = 39). Cluster 3, in blue, includes 8 nodes, emphasizing the impact of nuclear pollution on the development of renewable energy and economic growth. The critical keyword is renewable energy (Total lines strength = 93, occurrences = 32). Figure 2 illustrates the primary areas of interest for researchers studying the impacts of nuclear pollution, including water, air, renewable energy, and economics. Figure 3 depicts the co-occurrence overlay network of nuclear pollution studies. Utilizing the overlay network, researchers identified five recent prominent terms: nuclear energy (occurrences = 18, Avg. pub. year: 2022.00), economic-growth (occurrences = 25, Avg. pub. year: 2021.84), environmental Kuznets curve (occurrences = 15, Avg. pub. year: 2021.80), Co2 emission (occurrences = 31, Avg. pub. year: 2021.71), and consumption (occurrences = 17, Avg. pub. year: 2021.71). Analyzing the ecological impacts of nuclear pollution through Ibn Khaldun’s perspective Although Ibn Khaldun’s discussion on environmentally sustainable development is relatively restricted, he accurately recognized the influence of the natural environment on both humanity and human civilization (Hassanzadeh 2020 ; Demircioglu 2014 ). Ibn Khaldun argued that individual qualities, including physical appearance, mental well-being, personality, lifestyle, and general health, are influenced by the natural environment (Khaldun 2014 ). Furthermore, nature has exerted a significant influence on the formation, advancement, and deterioration of human civilization (Demircioglu 2014 ). Ibn Khaldun’s ecological perspective, which is considered a vital aspect of his sociological theory, allows him to examine the value of nature in human civilization (Ab Hamid et al. 2020 ). Khaldun states, When the air is stagnant and bad or close to corrupt waters or putrid pools or swamps, it is speedily affected by putrescence and it is unavoidable that all living beings who are there will speedily be affected by illness…... Towns, where no attention is paid to good air, have, as a rule, much illness…… There is a water problem. The place should be on a river, or near springs with plenty of fresh water. The existence of water will be a general convenience to the inhabitants (Khaldun 2015 , p.406–407). This quote provides a thorough analysis of the content of the Muqaddimah regarding nature, with a special emphasis on the impact of water and air resources on the positioning of cities, public health, and the progress of urban civilization. The fundamental causes of the downfall of urban civilization are human activities that degrade water and air quality, leading to disease epidemics, population reduction, and migration (Weiss 1995 ; Ali 2006 ). The impacts of nuclear contamination on air, water, and human health extend well beyond the scope of Ibn Khaldun’s discourse. According to Ibn Khaldun’s logic, nuclear contamination is a catalyst for ecological degradation, which will ultimately have an impact on the progress of human civilization. Indeed, there has been a longstanding debate on the detrimental impact of natural resource depletion on the progress of human civilization. For example, Akhtar et al. ( 2021 ) stated that fresh water is not only a source of human existence but also a crucial driver for sustainable economic growth and civilizational advancement. Pollution of the natural resources on which humans rely will eventually influence the development of human civilization. Analyzing the economic impacts of nuclear pollution through Ibn Khaldun’s perspective Agriculture is a fundamental and crucial means of livelihood (Tayob 2022 ). Ibn Khaldun deduced that the quality of natural conditions and investments in land improvement, new plant cultivation, and advancements in agricultural technology have a direct impact on the costs of agriculture and subsequently affect the prices of agricultural products. This conclusion was reached by comparing the agricultural practices of the Berbers, who inhabited fertile land, with those of the Islamic followers who were expelled by Christians and settled on infertile terrain (Khaldun 2014 ). Labor value is integrated into the value of commodities and enters the market, transforming into profits that circulate back to the workers through transactions. Hence, the accumulation of societal prosperity and the attainment of well-being for people are both accomplished through the value generated by labor (Hakim 2006 ). To facilitate the flow of goods in the market, it is necessary to ensure that the products retain utility according to the purchasing preferences of consumers, hence enabling the conversion of labor value into profit (Beik and Arsyianti 2006). When customers exhibit a negative inclination to make purchases, it hinders the movement of commodities and results in a decline in the demand for goods. At this juncture, the production yield of the commodity, the labor demand required for its production, and the commodity’s price will all decrease. Given the interconnectedness of the economic market, fluctuations in the price of one item typically have an impact on the price of another, eventually influencing the trajectory of the economy and the advancement of urban civilization (Muheramtohadi 2018 ; Hakim 2006 ). Ibn Khaldun’s economic theory is deeply linked to the advancement of society, the stability of political systems, and the trajectory of human civilization (Kholiq et al. 2022 ). He highlighted the government’s regulatory function in economic activity and the substantial influence of policies on the market (Muslim 2017 ). The basic principle in Ibn Khaldun’s theory of good governance is the preservation of justice. Essentially, he created a circular structure that encourages the ongoing progress of civilization, and it is crucial to guarantee that every element inside it is positive (Chapra 1999 ). While academics have examined the elements in this cycle to different extents, they generally concur that the primary variables consist of the regime, economy, people (asabiyah), development, and justice. Justice and development are the fundamental components of the entire cycle system, with people’s solidarity as the motivating factor supporting positive growth (Chapra 1999 ; Gule 2014 ; Sümer 2012 ). Ibn Khaldun discusses the significance of social cohesiveness in economic growth and civilizational advancement, although he does not specifically refer to an extensive range of people when discussing solidarity. To maintain a sustained level of social cohesiveness, it is crucial to have strong leadership, adherence to ethical standards, fair tax policies, dedication to the well-being of people in general, and responsiveness to public feelings (Gierer 2001 ; Ab Halim 2014 ). Moreover, economic policies that impose excessive burdens on workers not only diminish their work motivation but also impede industrial activity, ultimately resulting in an economic downturn and a decline in national tax revenues. Diminished tax revenues can subsequently impact military outlays, jeopardizing national security and ultimately precipitating the downfall of the state and the collapse of civilization ((Islahi 2006 ; Rizkiah and Chachi 2020 ; Al Mamun et al. 2022). Based on Khaldun’s economic theory, the presence of nuclear pollution will eventually jeopardize the survival of nations and lead to the downfall of civilizations. Undoubtedly, in the contemporary era, the variables influencing the survival of nations and the downfall of civilizations are much more intricate than during Khaldun’s era. Additionally, the economic challenges stemming from nuclear contamination may not pose an immediate threat to the lives of nations. However, nuclear contamination significantly influences the economic progress, health, and overall welfare of those residing in regions where it is released. Furthermore, it also impacts the amount of public support for those in authority and the speed of societal advancement. Conclusion The release of radioactive pollutants presents a significant risk to the sustainable growth of the environment and economy. Over the past five years, academic study in the field of nuclear contamination has mostly concentrated on water, air, and alternative energy sources. However, more recent research has placed particular emphasis on the economic aspects and the development of new energy technologies. From a historical standpoint, Ibn Khaldun’s ecological and economic perspectives are intricately linked to the advancement of human civilization. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the authors have examined the ecological and economic perspectives of Ibn Khaldun and discovered the potential impact of nuclear pollution on the progress of human society and civilization. As a notable medieval Arab scholar, Ibn Khaldun’s thoughts are certain to have limits when applied to the present problem of nuclear radiation. However, this study relies significantly on Ibn Khaldun’s objective observations of history to emphasize the possible threat of nuclear pollution to the evolution of human society and the advancement of civilization. Our objective is to raise awareness about the significance of nuclear contamination by examining the matter from different viewpoints and advocating for the regulation of nuclear contaminants at their origin, rather than releasing them (including those that have already been disposed of) for personal gain, without considering the welfare of humanity as a whole. Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. Author contribution statement Huichan Ren, as the primary author, acquired, analyzed, and interpreted the data. Additionally, the author drafted the work and played a critical role in reviewing it. Suhaila Abdullah, as a co-author, analyzed and interpreted the data. Furthermore, the author reviews the whole article critically for important intellectual content. Funding The authors received no direct funding for this research. Author Contribution R wrote the main manuscript text. A prepared and analyzed all the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgment The authors thank the reviewers and the editor for their useful suggestions and comments. Data availability This article uses databases of the top countries documenting nuclear pollution research and keyword co-occurrence data in nuclear pollution research, which are limited. 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International Journal of Islamic Business and Economics 2(1): 51-64. https://doi.org/10.28918/internationaljournalofislamicbusinessandeconomicsijibec.v2i1.2065 Muslim M. B. 2017, November. Ibn Khaldun: Managing Justice in Economy. ICLJ 2017. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of Law and Justice-Good Governance and Human Rights in Muslim Countries: Experiences and Challenges; November 7–8; Indonesia: Jakarta. p. 129-132 Niisoe T. 2021. An iterative application of the Green’s function approach to estimate the time variation in 137Cs release to the atmosphere from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. Atmospheric Environment 254: 118380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118380 Önder M., Ulaşan F. 2018. Ibn Khaldun’s cyclical theory on the rise and fall of Sovereign powers: the case of Ottoman Empire. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences 8(2): 231-266. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.453944 Panov A., Trapeznikov A., Trapeznikova V., Korzhavin A. 2023. Influence of operation of thermal and fast reactors of the Beloyarsk NPP on the radioecological situation in river ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 264: 107209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107209 Periáñez R., Bezhenar R., Brovchenko I., Duffa C., Iosjpe M., Jung K. T., Kim K.O., Kobayashi T., Liptak L., Little A., et al. 2019. Marine radionuclide transport modelling: Recent developments, problems and challenges. Environmental Modelling and Software 122: 104523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104523 Przystupa K., Vasylkivskyi I., Ishchenko V., Pohrebennyk V., Kochan O., Su J. 2019. Assessing air pollution from nuclear power plants. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Measurement ; May 27-29; Slovakia: Smolenice. p. 232-235. Qureshi M. I., Rasli A. M., Awan U., Ma J., Ali G., Faridullah, Alam A., Sajjad F., Zaman K., Zaman K. 2015. Environment and air pollution: Health services bequeath to grotesque menace. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22: 3467-3476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3584-2 Rizkiah S. K., Chachi A. 2020. The relevance of Ibn Khaldun’s economic thought in the contemporary world. Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics 7(2): 70-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/A074 Robison W. L., Conrado C. L., Bogen K. T., Stoker A. C. 2003. The effective and environmental half-life of 137Cs at Coral Islands at the former US nuclear test site. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 69(3): 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00080-8 Salijuq A. 1973. Ibn Khaldun’s study of physical environment. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 21(4): 219. Smodiš B. 2007. Investigation of trace element atmospheric pollution by nuclear analytical techniques at a global scale: Harmonised approaches supported by the IAEA. Journal of Environmental Management 85(1): 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.08.007 Sümer B. 2012. Ibn Khaldun’s asabiyya for social cohesion. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11(41): 253-267. Tainio M., Andersen Z. J., Nieuwenhuijsen M. J., Hu L., De Nazelle A., An R., Leandro M.T. Garcia L. M. T., Goenka S., Zapata-Diomedi B., Bull F., et al.2021. Air pollution, physical activity and health: A mapping review of the evidence. Environment International 147: 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105954 Tayob A. 2022. Beyond modernity: The moral economy of Ibn Khaldun. Journal for the Study of Religion 35(2): 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3027/2022/v35n2a4. Trapeznikov A. V., Trapeznikova V. N., Korjavin A. V. 2015. Dynamics of radioecological state of the fresh-water ecosystems affected by a long-term impact from nuclear power plant in the frontiers of the zone under observation. Radiatsionnaia Biologiia, Radioecologiia 55(3): 302-313. Ünlü S., Topçuoğlu S., Alpar B., Kırbaşoğlu Ç., Yılmaz Y. Z. 2008. Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment and mussel samples in the Gulf of Gemlik. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 144: 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9986-6 Vasudevan R. K., Ziatdinov M., Chen C., Kalinin S. V. 2016. Analysis of citation networks as a new tool for scientific research. Mrs Bulletin 41(12): 1009-1016. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.270. Weiss D. 1995. Ibn Khaldun on economic transformation. International Journal of Middle East Studies 27(1): 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800061560 Wu X., Zhang Y., Feng X. 2023. The impact of Japanese nuclear wastewater discharge into the sea on the global economy: Input-output model approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 192: 115067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115067 Xin X., Liu M., Wang X., Zhang T., Gao L., Chen K. 2022. Evolutionary analysis of Japan’s nuclear wastewater discharge events considering the impact of participants’ emotions. Ocean & Coastal Management 225: 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106231 Zhao C., Wang G., Zhang M., Wang G., de With G., Bezhenar, R., Maderich V., Xia C. S., Zhao B., Jung K. T., et al. 2021. Transport and dispersion of tritium from the radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. Marine Pollution Bulletin 169. 112515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112515 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3859619","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267564120,"identity":"c8a8ca7b-c5a6-4769-af3b-34981ac01299","order_by":0,"name":"Huichan Ren","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwbGBmYIk/kAkJCQIUULWwJICw8RWoDGQ5g8BmCSoBZzieTGzwU1d/L5pXs+v7pRY8HDwH746AZ8WixnJDZLzzj2zHLmnLPbrHOOAR3Gk5Z2A6/DbiS2MfOwHTYwuJG7zTiHDahFgseMCC3/DhvY38h5Zpzzj1gtvG1AWyRymB/nthGj5czDZmnevsMGEjfSzJhz+yR42Aj65Xj6w8883w4b8M9Ifvw551udHD/74WN4tSADNgkwSaxyEGD+QIrqUTAKRsEoGDkAAIeBRjX15eKoAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huichan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""},{"id":267564121,"identity":"f8cd5998-6467-485e-b20f-73a4e7afb264","order_by":1,"name":"Suhaila Abdullah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suhaila","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdullah","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-13 09:14:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859619/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859619/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49822001,"identity":"05cffe61-60e1-408e-82ec-171cad3a8691","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:15:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":376316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTop 10 countries with high publication volume and strong citation. relationship\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859619/v1/3e03245133f07139a4a07175.png"},{"id":49822002,"identity":"0f52b84f-9edf-4395-bb5a-4dc76065d2e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:15:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":343601,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKeyword co-occurrence in the network of nuclear pollution studies\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859619/v1/dbf20389928cae0c62450322.png"},{"id":49822588,"identity":"ffbff665-70a2-4d89-b20b-eb1a7686e366","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 15:23:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":339588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKeyword co-occurrence in the overlay network of nuclear pollution studies\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859619/v1/2a92111af7e20d0b9bf1392a.png"},{"id":51346964,"identity":"8e4589af-a352-43bc-9ab1-adc5a9f26152","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-20 03:43:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1251519,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3859619/v1/ff2c8cd7-a6ff-4874-96cd-0d72879a849c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploring Core Themes in Nuclear Pollution Research: Insights from Ibn Khaldun’s Ecological and Economic Perspectives","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCurrently, environmental issues are becoming more serious, and the issue of nuclear contamination has transformed into an intricate and urgent worldwide problem (Panov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The consequences of nuclear contamination have severely hindered the potential to achieve sustainable ecological development (Matsuo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, as global trade expands rapidly and the word economic system becomes more complex, noteworthy events in a specific country or region not only have a profound impact on the local economy but also have the potential to initiate a series of reactions within the global economic system, ultimately influencing the progress of the global economy (Wu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Xin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Using the instance of nuclear wastewater discharge into the sea as an illustration, the release of radioactive waste into the seas poses a significant hazard to both marine ecosystems and global ecosystems (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Peri\u0026aacute;\u0026ntilde;ez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Inoue et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the food and allied industries perceive a substantial decrease in worldwide consumer desire to buy items from the nation or region responsible for releasing radioactive waste, due to the negative impact on its reputation. Nuclear wastewater discharge presents a significant peril to the economic progress of the country or region concerned (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Matsumoto \u0026amp; Hoang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The cultivation and sale of seafood are vital for assuring the supply of protein to humans, maintaining food security, and fostering sustainable global economic growth (Yu et al. 2023). However, the release of radioactive waste into the ocean presents a possible risk to worldwide food security and the maintenance of a sustainable economy (Jennings et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Guo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental changes may lead to a range of conflicts, eventually affecting the course of human civilization\u0026rsquo;s growth (Homer-Dixon \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). Ibn Khaldun is a significant character in the medieval academic realm, providing essential historical insights that established the basis for comprehending the interrelationships between ecological well-being, economic stability, and human civilization (Weiss \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Mohammad \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;nder \u0026amp; Ulaşan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Although Ibn Khaldun is often recognized for his historical and sociological insights (Alatas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Ardı\u0026ccedil; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), there is a lack of focus on how his ideas might be applied to address current environmental concerns. Using nuclear contamination as a case study, this research intends to fill gaps in the discourse, reconsider Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s idea, and tackle concerns that cross time and academic borders. Due to the global nature of environmental issues, the findings of this study may provide information for global conversations and actions, supporting international collaboration to lessen the impact of nuclear contamination and advance sustainable development goals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature review","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section offers a thorough and detailed examination of the effects of nuclear contamination and the perspectives of Ibn Khaldun, as presented in a literature study. The researchers originally gathered and examined scholarly articles pertaining to the effects of nuclear contamination on water, air, and the economy. Subsequently, a comprehensive examination of Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological and economic perspectives was undertaken.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiterature review on the water resources impact of nuclear pollution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanov et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), Trapeznikov et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and Matsuo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) state categorically that all phases of the nuclear power plant lifecycle may constitute a threat to the atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial ecosystems for a variety of causes. Chen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) remark that although there is disagreement among academics over the effects of treated nuclear effluent, they unanimously agree that even with treatment, there would still be negative impacts on ecosystems and human health. Buesseler (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and Robison et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) emphasize once more that isotopes with long half-life, like tritium, cannot be entirely eliminated. These isotopes pose a substantial danger to the water supplies that are crucial for human life. Moreover, Jaishankar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), \u0026Uuml;nl\u0026uuml; et al. (2018), and Zhao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) emphasize the accumulation of harmful substances in nuclear pollution inside plants and animals due to the contamination of soil, water, and atmosphere. Ultimately, these components impact human health through the food chain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiterature review on the air impact of nuclear pollution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eQureshi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), Przystupa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and Smodiš (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) argue that the utilization of nuclear energy and the release of particulate matter and chemical components in nuclear pollution emissions are significant factors that contribute to air pollution and the deterioration of environmental indicators. Krewitt et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) emphasized the growing importance of air pollution and ionizing radiation as significant factors in causing human illnesses. They achieved this by employing suitable air quality models and drawing insights from the epidemiological literature on the consequences of exposure. Moreover, Niisoe (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and Tainio et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) contend that the emission of radioactive isotopes from nuclear reactors results in a deterioration of air quality, which poses a risk to human well-being and eventually disrupts the equilibrium of human civilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiterature review on the economic impact of nuclear pollution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) stress that customers have continually emphasized food safety as a significant priority. Generally, customers tend to avoid buying food that might potentially be contaminated by nuclear radiation. Aruga and Wakamatsu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) have observed that even though there is official assurance on the safety of food in places and nearby regions where nuclear effluent is released, customers nevertheless display hesitancy in buying items from these areas. This hesitancy greatly hurts the food reputation and agricultural development in these regions and their respective countries. Dadakas and Tatsi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) argue that consumer resistance is likely to hinder global agricultural trade and might have substantial implications for the sustainable development of the global economy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiterature review on the ecological perspective of Ibn Khaldun\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Salijuq (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e) and Karataş and Demirkol (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), Ibn Khaldun held the belief that the natural environment has a significant influence on human society, especially water and air. This influence plays a vital role in determining the trajectory of human civilization\u0026rsquo;s growth. According to Michel et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), Ibn Khaldun highlighted the idea that urban life represents the most advanced stage of civilization while discussing the cyclical patterns of human political and social structure. He regarded the availability of freshwater as a vital factor in selecting metropolitan locations. In addition, he suggested that the degradation of water quality and inadequate water supply were crucial elements that contributed to the devastation of several Arab communities. Weiss (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) and Ali (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) emphasize that Ibn Khaldun recognized the need to address potential health issues in urban growth. As the population exceeds the ideal capacity of a city, the negative impact of human activities on the natural environment increases. The decline in air and water quality can readily result in the emergence of pandemics, presenting a risk to the health of humans and eventually endangering the progress of human civilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiterature review on the economic perspective of Ibn Khaldun\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Tayob (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Ibn Khaldun identified two types of livelihoods: natural and non-natural. The natural way of living, which forms the foundation of civilization, principally includes agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, and commerce. According to Beik and Arsyianti (2006), Hakim (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), and Al-Hamdi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), labor is the exclusive means by which individuals may earn a living and generate wealth. It serves as both the source of value and the accurate standard for all transactions of goods. Moreover, it serves as the fundamental basis for attaining financial gain and the growth of wealth. The labor factors identified by Ibn Khaldun may be succinctly described as the primary catalysts for production, profitability, national prosperity, and the advancement of civilization (Mouhammed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Mohamed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Al Mamun et al. (2022), Kholiq et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and Chabani (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) highlight that Ibn Khaldun provided a detailed explanation of the interplay between supply and demand. He argued that demand leads to higher profits and opens up additional prospects for increasing supply. Key determinants impacting market supply levels encompass natural resources, population magnitude, and commodity pricing. Furthermore, the interaction between the value of labor, the pricing of commodities, and market demand collectively affects the progress of urban civilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoulakia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) notes that Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s exposition of production theory, value theory, distribution theory, and cycle theory coalesce into a coherent overarching economic theory, serving as the basis for his historical framework. Chapra (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), S\u0026uuml;mer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), and Gule (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) emphasize that Khaldun performed an interdisciplinary examination of the dynamic connections between economics, politics, society, and human civilization. He hypothesized that the long-term interplay of politics, economy, population, and society eventually resulted in the rise and fall of civilizations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology and data source","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this section, the authors explore the research methodologies employed in the study. Furthermore, a comprehensive explanation is provided regarding the sources used to collect core data related to nuclear contamination research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMethodology\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is multidisciplinary. The authors utilized bibliometric analysis, literature review, and logical analysis throughout the investigation. Bibliometric analysis was primarily employed to evaluate the fundamental topics of nuclear contamination research. During the data analysis, VOSviewer and Scimago Graphica were identified as a crucial tool for examining the data. VOSviewer is a bibliometric network analysis tool. It can generate maps of coauthorship, co-occurrence, citation, bibliographic coupling, and co-citation (Vasudevan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Hassan-Montero et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Scimago Graphica serves as a tool for crafting maps that highlight a country\u0026rsquo;s publication output and citation relationships (Li \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The primary purpose of the literature review approach is to expound upon Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological and economic perspectives, as well as to examine the ecological and economic effects of nuclear contamination. The logical approach is employed to assess the impacts of nuclear pollution, as investigated within the framework of Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological and economic perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData sources for the core theme of nuclear contamination research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research data in this study were collected from the Web of Science database. The criteria for selecting research data encompassed the topic (nuclear pollution), quick filters (open access), publication year (2019\u0026ndash;2023), document type (article), Web of Science Index (science citation index expanded, emerging sources citation index, the arts \u0026amp; humanities citation index, and the social sciences citation index), and language (English). Based on these criteria, the authors ultimately chose 591 articles of high quality and significance for comprehensive visualization and analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section examined countries that contributed significantly to nuclear contamination research. This shows how nuclear contamination has become a worldwide concern gaining attention from numerous countries. By carefully examining the keyword co-occurrence network, it revealed the main topics and research hotspots in nuclear contamination studies from 2019 to 2023. The third part, based on Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological perspective, explores how nuclear contamination affects vital ecological resources and urban culture. The fourth part, based on Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s economic theory, examines how nuclear contamination affects economic growth and civilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTop prominent countries documenting nuclear pollution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e depicts the rankings of the top ten nations based on their publication output and citation impact. China\u0026rsquo;s research efforts are highlighted by its impressive performance of 183 articles and an exceptional 1698 citations, solidifying its leading position in the field. The United States closely follows, ranking second with 92 publications and 939 citations. The United Kingdom ranks third with 47 articles and 833 citations. Furthermore, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e displays three separate clusters that have highly interconnected citation links, each identified by a different color. Cluster 1, shown in green, includes Germany, Russia, Spain, and the United States. Cluster 2, shown in blue, comprises China, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. Cluster 3, shown in red, includes France and Japan. The strong inter-citation links between these clusters emphasize their joint endeavors in pursuing common research objectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKeyword co-occurrence of nuclear pollution studies\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe researchers set the minimum co-occurrence of keywords to 15 and merged synonymous items, resulting in 29 relevant keywords. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the co-occurrence network of keywords in nuclear pollution studies, revealing three discernible clusters differentiated by distinct colors. Cluster 1, highlighted in red, comprises 12 nodes, focusing primarily on the impact of nuclear pollution on air resources. The most important keyword is air-pollution (Total lines strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;165, occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74). Cluster 2, highlighted in green, consists of 9 nodes, focusing on the impact of nuclear pollution on water resources. The pivotal keyword is water (Total lines strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32, occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39). Cluster 3, in blue, includes 8 nodes, emphasizing the impact of nuclear pollution on the development of renewable energy and economic growth. The critical keyword is renewable energy (Total lines strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;93, occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the primary areas of interest for researchers studying the impacts of nuclear pollution, including water, air, renewable energy, and economics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e depicts the co-occurrence overlay network of nuclear pollution studies. Utilizing the overlay network, researchers identified five recent prominent terms: nuclear energy (occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18, Avg. pub. year: 2022.00), economic-growth (occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25, Avg. pub. year: 2021.84), environmental Kuznets curve (occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15, Avg. pub. year: 2021.80), Co2 emission (occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31, Avg. pub. year: 2021.71), and consumption (occurrences\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17, Avg. pub. year: 2021.71).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalyzing the ecological impacts of nuclear pollution through Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s perspective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s discussion on environmentally sustainable development is relatively restricted, he accurately recognized the influence of the natural environment on both humanity and human civilization (Hassanzadeh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Demircioglu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Ibn Khaldun argued that individual qualities, including physical appearance, mental well-being, personality, lifestyle, and general health, are influenced by the natural environment (Khaldun \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, nature has exerted a significant influence on the formation, advancement, and deterioration of human civilization (Demircioglu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological perspective, which is considered a vital aspect of his sociological theory, allows him to examine the value of nature in human civilization (Ab Hamid et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhaldun states, When the air is stagnant and bad or close to corrupt waters or putrid pools or swamps, it is speedily affected by putrescence and it is unavoidable that all living beings who are there will speedily be affected by illness\u0026hellip;... Towns, where no attention is paid to good air, have, as a rule, much illness\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; There is a water problem. The place should be on a river, or near springs with plenty of fresh water. The existence of water will be a general convenience to the inhabitants (Khaldun \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, p.406\u0026ndash;407).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis quote provides a thorough analysis of the content of the \u003cem\u003eMuqaddimah\u003c/em\u003e regarding nature, with a special emphasis on the impact of water and air resources on the positioning of cities, public health, and the progress of urban civilization. The fundamental causes of the downfall of urban civilization are human activities that degrade water and air quality, leading to disease epidemics, population reduction, and migration (Weiss \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Ali \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The impacts of nuclear contamination on air, water, and human health extend well beyond the scope of Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s discourse. According to Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s logic, nuclear contamination is a catalyst for ecological degradation, which will ultimately have an impact on the progress of human civilization. Indeed, there has been a longstanding debate on the detrimental impact of natural resource depletion on the progress of human civilization. For example, Akhtar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) stated that fresh water is not only a source of human existence but also a crucial driver for sustainable economic growth and civilizational advancement. Pollution of the natural resources on which humans rely will eventually influence the development of human civilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalyzing the economic impacts of nuclear pollution through Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s perspective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture is a fundamental and crucial means of livelihood (Tayob \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Ibn Khaldun deduced that the quality of natural conditions and investments in land improvement, new plant cultivation, and advancements in agricultural technology have a direct impact on the costs of agriculture and subsequently affect the prices of agricultural products. This conclusion was reached by comparing the agricultural practices of the Berbers, who inhabited fertile land, with those of the Islamic followers who were expelled by Christians and settled on infertile terrain (Khaldun \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabor value is integrated into the value of commodities and enters the market, transforming into profits that circulate back to the workers through transactions. Hence, the accumulation of societal prosperity and the attainment of well-being for people are both accomplished through the value generated by labor (Hakim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). To facilitate the flow of goods in the market, it is necessary to ensure that the products retain utility according to the purchasing preferences of consumers, hence enabling the conversion of labor value into profit (Beik and Arsyianti 2006). When customers exhibit a negative inclination to make purchases, it hinders the movement of commodities and results in a decline in the demand for goods. At this juncture, the production yield of the commodity, the labor demand required for its production, and the commodity\u0026rsquo;s price will all decrease. Given the interconnectedness of the economic market, fluctuations in the price of one item typically have an impact on the price of another, eventually influencing the trajectory of the economy and the advancement of urban civilization (Muheramtohadi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hakim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIbn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s economic theory is deeply linked to the advancement of society, the stability of political systems, and the trajectory of human civilization (Kholiq et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). He highlighted the government\u0026rsquo;s regulatory function in economic activity and the substantial influence of policies on the market (Muslim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The basic principle in Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s theory of good governance is the preservation of justice. Essentially, he created a circular structure that encourages the ongoing progress of civilization, and it is crucial to guarantee that every element inside it is positive (Chapra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). While academics have examined the elements in this cycle to different extents, they generally concur that the primary variables consist of the regime, economy, people (asabiyah), development, and justice. Justice and development are the fundamental components of the entire cycle system, with people\u0026rsquo;s solidarity as the motivating factor supporting positive growth (Chapra \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Gule \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; S\u0026uuml;mer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Ibn Khaldun discusses the significance of social cohesiveness in economic growth and civilizational advancement, although he does not specifically refer to an extensive range of people when discussing solidarity. To maintain a sustained level of social cohesiveness, it is crucial to have strong leadership, adherence to ethical standards, fair tax policies, dedication to the well-being of people in general, and responsiveness to public feelings (Gierer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Ab Halim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, economic policies that impose excessive burdens on workers not only diminish their work motivation but also impede industrial activity, ultimately resulting in an economic downturn and a decline in national tax revenues. Diminished tax revenues can subsequently impact military outlays, jeopardizing national security and ultimately precipitating the downfall of the state and the collapse of civilization ((Islahi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Rizkiah and Chachi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Al Mamun et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s economic theory, the presence of nuclear pollution will eventually jeopardize the survival of nations and lead to the downfall of civilizations. Undoubtedly, in the contemporary era, the variables influencing the survival of nations and the downfall of civilizations are much more intricate than during Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s era. Additionally, the economic challenges stemming from nuclear contamination may not pose an immediate threat to the lives of nations. However, nuclear contamination significantly influences the economic progress, health, and overall welfare of those residing in regions where it is released. Furthermore, it also impacts the amount of public support for those in authority and the speed of societal advancement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe release of radioactive pollutants presents a significant risk to the sustainable growth of the environment and economy. Over the past five years, academic study in the field of nuclear contamination has mostly concentrated on water, air, and alternative energy sources. However, more recent research has placed particular emphasis on the economic aspects and the development of new energy technologies. From a historical standpoint, Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological and economic perspectives are intricately linked to the advancement of human civilization. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the authors have examined the ecological and economic perspectives of Ibn Khaldun and discovered the potential impact of nuclear pollution on the progress of human society and civilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a notable medieval Arab scholar, Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s thoughts are certain to have limits when applied to the present problem of nuclear radiation. However, this study relies significantly on Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s objective observations of history to emphasize the possible threat of nuclear pollution to the evolution of human society and the advancement of civilization. Our objective is to raise awareness about the significance of nuclear contamination by examining the matter from different viewpoints and advocating for the regulation of nuclear contaminants at their origin, rather than releasing them (including those that have already been disposed of) for personal gain, without considering the welfare of humanity as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contribution statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuichan Ren, as the primary author, acquired, analyzed, and interpreted the data. Additionally, the author drafted the work and played a critical role in reviewing it. Suhaila Abdullah, as a co-author, analyzed and interpreted the data. Furthermore, the author reviews the whole article critically for important intellectual content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors received no direct funding for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eR wrote the main manuscript text. A prepared and analyzed all the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the reviewers and the editor for their useful suggestions and comments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis article uses databases of the top countries documenting nuclear pollution research and keyword co-occurrence data in nuclear pollution research, which are limited. Due to their Clarivate license, these datasets are unavailable to the public. They can be found in Clarivate\u0026rsquo;s Web of Science database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/basic-search\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/basic-search\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAb Halim A. 2014. Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s theory of Asabiyyah and the concept of Muslim Ummah. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 9(1): 1-12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAb Hamid N., Hamat M. F., Abidin A. Z. 2020. Studies on Ibn Khaldun by Muslim scholars in Malaysia. Afkar: Jurnal Akidah and Pemikiran Islam 2: 79-106. https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.sp2020no2.3 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Hamdi M. T. 2006. November. Ibn Khaldun: The father of the division of labor. 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Marine Pollution Bulletin 192: 115067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115067 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXin X., Liu M., Wang X., Zhang T., Gao L., Chen K. 2022. Evolutionary analysis of Japan\u0026rsquo;s nuclear wastewater discharge events considering the impact of participants\u0026rsquo; emotions. Ocean \u0026amp; Coastal Management 225: 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106231\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao C., Wang G., Zhang M., Wang G., de With G., Bezhenar, R., Maderich V., Xia C. S., Zhao B., Jung K. T., et al. 2021. Transport and dispersion of tritium from the radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. Marine Pollution Bulletin 169. 112515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112515 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nuclear pollution, Ibn Khaldun, Ecological, Economic, Civilization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859619/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859619/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study focuses on a comprehensive examination of the core themes in nuclear pollution research, utilizing Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological and economic perspectives. The primary content of this study is to examine Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s ecological perspective and explore the probable consequences of nuclear pollution on ecosystems, specifically emphasizing its influence on the sustainable development of human society. Concurrently, the authors utilize Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s economic framework to examine the effects of nuclear pollution on the economic equilibrium. Subsequently, the authors extend these effects to assess their impact on the prosperity of metropolitan areas and the sustainability of civilization. Although there has been extensive research on nuclear pollution, approaching the issue from the perspective of Ibn Khaldun\u0026rsquo;s writing is indeed a novel and groundbreaking endeavor. Due to the interdisciplinary character of this study, the authors employ a bibliometric analysis method, a literature review, and a logical analysis method. The primary objective of this study is to improve understanding of the challenges posed by nuclear contamination and to promote cooperative strategies for achieving environmentally and socio-economically sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring Core Themes in Nuclear Pollution Research: Insights from Ibn Khaldun’s Ecological and Economic Perspectives","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-18 15:15:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3859619/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"04fbcb52-2d37-410b-9e2c-3448084a7af7","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-20T03:35:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-18 15:15:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3859619","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3859619","identity":"rs-3859619","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}