Surface Waves and Free-Space Waves Co-Modulated Metasurface With the Same Aperture

Surface Waves and Free-Space Waves Co-Modulated Metasurface With the Same Aperture | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Surface Waves and Free-Space Waves Co-Modulated Metasurface With the Same Aperture Wen Yu Zhao, Xiu Ping Li, Zi Hang Qi, Lin Tong Wu, Shuo Sun, Jian Xun Su, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6741262/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Application scenarios like wireless/satellite communications, cognitive radar, and integrated photonics systems demand more advanced interfaces that can manipulate both surface waves emitted by in-plane sources and free-space waves fed by horn antennas into the open air, as well as smoothly controlling the radiated beam patterns. Conventional metasurfaces can only control one of either surface waves or free-space waves, limiting their applications. This paper reveals the intrinsic connection between the holographic principle and the general Snell’s Law. Specifically, the phase gradient derived from the holographic principle can be interpreted as a modulated form of that in the generalized Snell’s Law. Based on that, this paper firstly proposes a surface waves and free-space waves co-modulated(SFC) metasurface with the ability to simultaneously control both surface waves and free-space waves at the same frequency. SFC metasurface antennas offer capabilities such as beam steering, beam shaping, and polarization adjustment, while they are simultaneously fed by surface waves and free-space waves. We conduct simulations and measurements on SFC metasurface antennas, which prove their capabilities of seamless beam scanning, polarization adjustment, and the concurrent domination of both surface waves and free-space waves. Physical sciences/Materials science/Nanoscale materials/Metamaterials Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Metamaterials Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Metamaterial Metasurface Co-modulated metasurface Beam Scanning Generalized Snell’s Law Holographic principle Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files snarticlezwysupplementary.pdf sn-article_zwy_supplementary Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6741262","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":462437275,"identity":"ba572b0a-4888-4d48-bc42-9d9ffb62c113","order_by":0,"name":"Wen Yu Zhao","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNiC2SUCwidSSBtTCTJqWwyRoMbiR/uzBj4rzeQa3+w8wfCg7zMA/u4GQloR0w54zt4sN7hxmYJxx7jCDxJ0D+LWY3Ug4JsHbdjtxw41kBmbetsMMBhIJhLQktkn+bTsH0fKXOC3JbNK8bQcgWhiJ0WJ/5hmbtMyZ5GLJO4cNDvacS+eRuEFAi2R7+jPJNxV2eXy3Gx8++FFmLcc/g4AWBgGYAgkGhgNAioeAeiDgP4DQMgpGwSgYBaMAKwAA2iBHOzbowZwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-7907","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wen","middleName":"Yu","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":462437276,"identity":"311307fe-4f9d-40b7-abd6-91ffde9feb44","order_by":1,"name":"Xiu Ping Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiu","middleName":"Ping","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":462437277,"identity":"f6740834-a692-406c-9092-9abeafd86af8","order_by":2,"name":"Zi Hang Qi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zi","middleName":"Hang","lastName":"Qi","suffix":""},{"id":462437278,"identity":"3315a0e2-78ed-4d73-a248-78dbeb3d583e","order_by":3,"name":"Lin Tong Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lin","middleName":"Tong","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":462437279,"identity":"0302104a-ff22-4056-9b45-fb767fa80464","order_by":4,"name":"Shuo Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuo","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":462437280,"identity":"ae2e41fd-dd06-4e09-992f-ceed8d4eb05d","order_by":5,"name":"Jian Xun Su","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4970-6103","institution":"Communication University of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jian","middleName":"Xun","lastName":"Su","suffix":""},{"id":462437281,"identity":"b74cb689-2dc7-4225-bfb8-6155d05e1180","order_by":6,"name":"Zhi Ning Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Singapore","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhi","middleName":"Ning","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-25 01:20:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6741262/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6741262/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85738535,"identity":"14891168-2655-4cf7-aa65-9bf0aa3077b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-01 08:24:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1121255,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"snarticlezwync.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6741262/v1_covered_e61146ac-5027-4497-8294-34c645105f9e.pdf"},{"id":83555245,"identity":"960d9d7e-bc09-4993-9919-91c07a970a6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-28 11:28:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":748080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"sn-article_zwy_supplementary","description":"","filename":"snarticlezwysupplementary.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6741262/v1/1984ed74e33adcdfe6dde390.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Surface Waves and Free-Space Waves Co-Modulated Metasurface With the Same Aperture","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Metamaterial, Metasurface, Co-modulated metasurface, Beam Scanning, Generalized Snell’s Law, Holographic principle","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6741262/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6741262/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Application scenarios like wireless/satellite communications, cognitive radar, and integrated photonics systems demand more advanced interfaces that can manipulate both surface waves emitted by in-plane sources and free-space waves fed by horn antennas into the open air, as well as smoothly controlling the radiated beam patterns. Conventional metasurfaces can only control one of either surface waves or free-space waves, limiting their applications. This paper reveals the intrinsic connection between the holographic principle and the general Snell’s Law. Specifically, the phase gradient derived from the holographic principle can be interpreted as a modulated form of that in the generalized Snell’s Law. Based on that, this paper firstly proposes a surface waves and free-space waves co-modulated(SFC) metasurface with the ability to simultaneously control both surface waves and free-space waves at the same frequency. SFC metasurface antennas offer capabilities such as beam steering, beam shaping, and polarization adjustment, while they are simultaneously fed by surface waves and free-space waves. We conduct simulations and measurements on SFC metasurface antennas, which prove their capabilities of seamless beam scanning, polarization adjustment, and the concurrent domination of both surface waves and free-space waves.","manuscriptTitle":"Surface Waves and Free-Space Waves Co-Modulated Metasurface With the Same Aperture","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-28 11:28:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6741262/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b2c8bb7c-2154-4747-bd11-4a007d581695","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":49100785,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Nanoscale materials/Metamaterials"},{"id":49100786,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical materials and structures/Metamaterials"},{"id":49100787,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-01T08:15:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-28 11:28:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6741262","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6741262","identity":"rs-6741262","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}