An Experimental Study on the Tractive Performance of a Single Tire according to Normal Load in Sandy Soil

An Experimental Study on the Tractive Performance of a Single Tire according to Normal Load in Sandy Soil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Experimental Study on the Tractive Performance of a Single Tire according to Normal Load in Sandy Soil Se-O Choi, Min-Seung Kim, Dae-Wi Jung, Shin-Young Noh, Ye-Na Lee, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842654/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of normal load variation on the tractive performance of a single tire under sandy soil conditions using an indoor soil-bin test system. Methods Straight-line traveling tests were conducted at a constant theoretical traveling speed of 0.5 m/s while varying the applied normal load at five levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg). Dry sandy soil with a particle size of 0.18–0.20 mm and negligible water content was used to ensure experimental repeatability. For each load condition, the tire traveled 3 m, and each test was repeated five times. Soil thrust was estimated from the driving motor torque, slip ratio was calculated from the difference between theoretical and actual traveling distances, and slip efficiency was derived from the slip ratio. In addition, a gross traction coefficient was introduced as a normalized index by dividing soil thrust by the vertical dynamic load. Results The average soil thrust increased from 27.07 N at 0 kg to 47.19 N at 40 kg, corresponding to a 1.74-fold increase, indicating that normal load strongly influences soil thrust generation under sandy soil conditions. In contrast, slip ratio and slip efficiency exhibited non-monotonic behavior, with the minimum slip ratio (46.90%) and maximum slip efficiency (53.10%) occurring at the 20 kg condition. The gross traction coefficient ranged from approximately 0.04 to 0.05 and also showed non-monotonic variation with increasing normal load. Conclusions The results demonstrate that increasing normal load enhances the absolute magnitude of soil thrust but does not necessarily improve tractive performance due to increased slip under high-load conditions. An optimal normal load condition exists in sandy soil that cannot be identified based on soil thrust magnitude alone. The soil-bin-based experimental results provide reliable benchmark data for understanding soil-tire interaction and for validating numerical soil-tire interaction models. Soil-Tire interaction Normal load Tractive performance Single tire Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8842654","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":601554482,"identity":"3dca4de2-8fc3-4427-9f90-d78b99adf92d","order_by":0,"name":"Se-O Choi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pusan National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Se-O","middleName":"","lastName":"Choi","suffix":""},{"id":601554486,"identity":"5eaa8da0-65b3-4519-b04b-345f3f3360e9","order_by":1,"name":"Min-Seung Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pusan National 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tire","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842654/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8842654/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of normal load variation on the tractive performance of a single tire under sandy soil conditions using an indoor soil-bin test system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStraight-line traveling tests were conducted at a constant theoretical traveling speed of 0.5 m/s while varying the applied normal load at five levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg). Dry sandy soil with a particle size of 0.18\u0026ndash;0.20 mm and negligible water content was used to ensure experimental repeatability. For each load condition, the tire traveled 3 m, and each test was repeated five times. Soil thrust was estimated from the driving motor torque, slip ratio was calculated from the difference between theoretical and actual traveling distances, and slip efficiency was derived from the slip ratio. In addition, a gross traction coefficient was introduced as a normalized index by dividing soil thrust by the vertical dynamic load.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average soil thrust increased from 27.07 N at 0 kg to 47.19 N at 40 kg, corresponding to a 1.74-fold increase, indicating that normal load strongly influences soil thrust generation under sandy soil conditions. In contrast, slip ratio and slip efficiency exhibited non-monotonic behavior, with the minimum slip ratio (46.90%) and maximum slip efficiency (53.10%) occurring at the 20 kg condition. The gross traction coefficient ranged from approximately 0.04 to 0.05 and also showed non-monotonic variation with increasing normal load.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrate that increasing normal load enhances the absolute magnitude of soil thrust but does not necessarily improve tractive performance due to increased slip under high-load conditions. An optimal normal load condition exists in sandy soil that cannot be identified based on soil thrust magnitude alone. 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