Comparative Maternal-Fetal Outcomes Associated with Different Antihypertensive Treatment Strategies in Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Comparative Maternal-Fetal Outcomes Associated with Different Antihypertensive Treatment Strategies in Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Comparative Maternal-Fetal Outcomes Associated with Different Antihypertensive Treatment Strategies in Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study Haiying Wu, Lin Zhao, Rui Chen, Yahui Xu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9156634/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Preeclampsia poses a significant threat to maternal and infant health. Antihypertensive therapy is a critical component in improving perinatal outcomes, but the comparative maternal-fetal effects of different oral antihypertensive agents require further clinical evidence. Objective To compare the differences in maternal-fetal outcomes between two antihypertensive strategies—oral labetalol and oral nifedipine—in patients with preeclampsia, providing a reference for individualized clinical treatment. Methods This retrospective cohort study enrolled consecutive preeclampsia patients admitted from January 2023 to December 2025, dividing them into two groups based on antihypertensive treatment: the Labetalol Group (154 patients) and the Nifedipine Group (136 patients). Both groups received magnesium sulfate for spasmolysis as needed based on their condition, and were also given adjunctive aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin depending on platelet counts and coagulation function. Following 1:1 Propensity Score Matching (PSM), maternal and fetal outcomes were compared between groups. Primary outcomes were the occurrence of maternal complications and neonatal outcomes. Secondary outcomes included maternal uterine artery blood flow and hemodynamics, incidence of fetal growth restriction, and incidence of adverse drug reactions. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. Results Following PSM, baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). Both achieved similar improvements in blood pressure, uterine artery blood flow (S/D, PI, RI), and hemodynamic indicators (plasma and whole blood viscosity, hematocrit) (P > 0.05). The Labetalol Group, compared to the Nifedipine Group, had significantly lower rates of postpartum hemorrhage (8.8% vs. 17.0%, P = 0.043) and preterm birth (24.6% vs. 37.3%, P = 0.041), and higher neonatal birth weight (2933.95 ± 803.23 g vs. 2541.35 ± 631.41 g, P < 0.001). Conversely, the Nifedipine Group experienced higher incidences of headache (16.4% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.037) and facial flushing (13.6% vs. 4.6%, P = 0.019). Multivariate Logistic regression identified maternal age ≥ 35 years, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, preeclampsia onset at < 34 weeks, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, severe preeclampsia, and pre-gestational diabetes as independent risk factors for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Both labetalol and nifedipine effectively control blood pressure and improve uteroplacental blood flow and most maternal-fetal outcomes in patients with preeclampsia. Adverse effects are more common with nifedipine, whereas labetalol offers the added benefits of reducing preterm birth and postpartum hemorrhage, indicating a better safety profile. Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Medical research/Clinical trial design Preeclampsia Antihypertensive therapy Labetalol Nifedipine Maternal-fetal outcomes Figures Figure 1 Summary Table 1. Introduction A serious threat to maternal and infant health, preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder defined by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction after 20 weeks of gestation [ 1 ]. Global epidemiological data indicate that the incidence of preeclampsia ranges from 1.0% to 5.6%, with an incidence of approximately 2.4% in China and a total incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy reaching 9.5% [ 2 ]. Preeclampsia can lead to multiple organ dysfunction in the mother, including liver abnormalities, renal failure, coagulation disorders, and neurological complications. In severe cases, it can progress to eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or even maternal death [ 3 – 5 ]. Although termination of pregnancy is the only definitive cure for preeclampsia, active antihypertensive therapy, spasmolysis, and close monitoring are core components in improving perinatal outcomes before the optimal time for delivery is reached [ 6 ]. Therefore, optimizing antihypertensive treatment strategies and selecting safe and effective antihypertensive medications are of significant clinical importance for delaying disease progression, prolonging gestation, and improving maternal and fetal prognosis. Currently, both labetalol and nifedipine are recommended as first-line agents for antihypertensive therapy in preeclampsia by international and domestic guidelines [ 7 ]. Extensive clinical evidence shows both drug classes lower blood pressure and delay progression in preeclamptic patients. However, existing comparative studies often focus primarily on the antihypertensive efficacy itself, with a lack of systematic evaluation of comprehensive maternal-fetal outcomes, including maternal hemodynamic changes, uterine artery perfusion status, and neonatal outcomes, under different medication strategies [ 8 , 9 ]. The goal of preeclampsia management extends beyond merely controlling blood pressure; it aims to delay disease progression, reduce maternal complications, and improve fetal prognosis. Uterine artery hemodynamic parameters, key indicators of placental perfusion, are closely linked to adverse outcomes. Therefore, evaluating antihypertensive effects alone is no longer sufficient to comprehensively guide individualized clinical medication choices. In-depth investigation into the differential impacts of various antihypertensive regimens on comprehensive maternal-fetal outcomes—particularly their effects on uteroplacental blood perfusion, the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, the incidence of preterm birth, and neonatal prognosis—is of paramount importance for achieving precision treatment and improving overall pregnancy outcomes. In light of this, the present study employed a retrospective cohort design, utilizing Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to control for confounding factors. It systematically compared the effects of two antihypertensive regimens—oral labetalol versus oral sustained-release nifedipine tablets—on maternal complications, uteroplacental hemodynamic parameters, and neonatal outcomes in patients with preeclampsia. Furthermore, it investigated independent predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the hemodynamic effects and maternal-fetal safety profiles of different antihypertensive agents, thereby providing direct comparative evidence to inform the individualized selection of oral antihypertensive therapy for patients with preeclampsia, ultimately optimizing perinatal management and improving maternal and fetal prognosis. 2. Methods 2.1 Participants This study employed a retrospective cohort design, consecutively enrolling patients with preeclampsia who were admitted for delivery to the Obstetrics Department of our hospital between January 2023 and December 2025. All patients were clinically diagnosed with preeclampsia and received either oral labetalol or oral sustained-release nifedipine as their primary antihypertensive therapy based on the clinicians' treatment decisions. Clinical data, laboratory results, ultrasound monitoring findings, and maternal-fetal outcomes were collected through review of the electronic medical record system. The specific study process is illustrated in Figure 1. 2.2 Inclusion Criteria (1) Gestational age ≥ 20 weeks; (2) Met the diagnostic criteria of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [10]; (3) Had complete clinical data, including blood pressure monitoring, laboratory tests, and delivery outcome records; (4) Received oral antihypertensive therapy for the first time upon admission, with the treatment regimen including either labetalol or sustained-release nifedipine as the primary antihypertensive agent. 2.3 Exclusion Criteria (1) Chronic hypertension complicating pregnancy or hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia; (2) Pregnancy complicated by severe cardiac disease; (3) Contraindications or history of allergy to labetalol or nifedipine; (4) Concomitant severe liver or renal dysfunction; (5) Concomitant gestational diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control; (6) Concomitant active autoimmune diseases; (7) Concomitant severe hematological disorders or coagulation dysfunction; (8) Fetal major structural abnormalities or chromosomal abnormalities; (9) Required switching of antihypertensive medication regimen due to clinical condition during treatment; (10) Incomplete clinical data or loss to follow-up. 2.4 Ethical Statement This study was approved by Henan Provincial People's Hospital's Ethics Committee and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. As a retrospective observational study using anonymized data, informed consent from the pregnant women was waived. 2.5 Sample Matching During the screening period, a total of 290 eligible patients with preeclampsia were enrolled in this study, comprising 154 cases in the Labetalol Group and 136 cases in the Nifedipine Group. To mitigate selection bias and confounding factors inherent in retrospective studies, PSM was employed to match patients from the two groups at a 1:1 ratio. Matching variables included: age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational age, baseline blood pressure upon admission, and severity of preeclampsia (mild/severe). A caliper width of 0.02 was set. Following PSM, 110 patients were successfully matched in each group, resulting in a total of 220 patients included in the final statistical analysis. 2.6 Treatment Regimens [10] Patients in both groups initiated oral antihypertensive therapy according to routine clinical practice following diagnosis. Labetalol Group: The initial dose was oral labetalol hydrochloride 100-200 mg, administered 2-3 times daily. Dosage adjustments were made by the attending physician based on blood pressure control, with a maximum daily dose not exceeding 2400 mg. Nifedipine Group: The initial dose was oral sustained-release nifedipine tablets 10-20 mg, administered every 12 hours. Dosage was adjusted based on blood pressure control, with a maximum daily dose not exceeding 120 mg. Both groups received foundational treatment based on disease severity and guideline recommendations: (1) Intravenous magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis when clinically indicated; (2) Adjunctive use of aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin based on assessment of platelet counts and coagulation function. 2.7 Clinical Outcome Measures 2.7.1 Primary Outcome Measures: (1) Maternal complications: Including the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, etc. (2) Neonatal outcomes: Preterm birth rate (<37 weeks), early preterm birth rate (<34 weeks), mean birth weight, proportion of very low birth weight infants (<1500 g), Apgar scores (1-minute, 5-minute), incidence of neonatal asphyxia, NICU admission rate, fetal distress, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, perinatal mortality rate, etc. 2.7.2 Secondary Outcome Measures: Maternal parameters: (1) Blood pressure control: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rate of achieving target blood pressure (<135/85 mmHg). (2) Uterine artery blood flow: Systolic/Diastolic (S/D) ratio, Pulsatility Index (PI), Resistance Index (RI). (3) Hemodynamics: Plasma viscosity, high-shear whole blood viscosity, hematocrit. (4) Safety indicators: Incidence of adverse drug reactions (e.g., headache, facial flushing, tachycardia, nausea, dizziness). Fetal and neonatal parameters: Incidence of fetal growth restriction (FGR), incidence of oligohydramnios, and rate of abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring. 2.8 Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0. Continuous variables are presented as mean±SD and compared using t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, while categorical variables are shown as frequencies (%) and compared using χ² or Fisher's exact test. To reduce confounding, 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching was applied. Variables with P<0.05 in univariate analysis were entered into multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. P<0.05 indicating statistical significance. 3. Results 3.1 Baseline Characteristics After PSM Matching Table 1 presents a comparison of the baseline clinical characteristics between the Labetalol Group and the Nifedipine Group following Propensity Score Matching. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education level, place of residence, gestational age at onset, gravidity, parity, multiple pregnancy, prenatal care attendance, severity of preeclampsia, baseline blood pressure values, and comorbid conditions (P>0.05). Table 1. Baseline Characteristics (After PSM) Variables Total (n=220) Labetalol group (n=110) Nifedipine group (n=110) Statistics P Age (years), Mean±SD 31.68±4.85 31.82±4.83 31.55±4.89 t=0.416 0.678 Age <35 years, n (%) 162 (73.64) 80 (72.73) 82 (74.55) χ 2 =0.094 0.760 Age ≥35 years, n (%) 58 (26.36) 30 (27.27) 28 (25.45) Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²), Mean±SD 24.25±3.90 24.22±3.77 24.29±4.04 t=-0.140 0.889 Normal pre-pregnancy weight, n (%) 110 (50.00) 54 (49.09) 56 (50.91) χ 2 =0.073 0.787 Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, n (%) 110 (50.00) 56 (50.91) 54 (49.09) Education level, n (%) Junior high school or below 49 (22.27) 24 (21.82) 25 (22.73) Z=-0.118 0.906 High school/Technical secondary school 85 (38.64) 44 (40.00) 41 (37.27) College degree or above 86 (39.09) 42 (38.18) 44 (40.00) Residence Urban 143 (65.00) 70 (63.64) 73 (66.36) χ 2 =0.180 0.672 Rural 77 (35.00) 40 (36.36) 37 (33.64) Gestational age at onset (weeks), Mean±SD 33.94±3.13 33.91±3.12 33.96±3.16 t=-0.129 0.898 Gestational age at onset ≥34 weeks, n (%) 141 (64.09) 71 (64.55) 70 (63.64) χ 2 =0.020 0.888 Gestational age at onset <34 weeks, n (%) 79 (35.91) 39 (35.45) 40 (36.36) Gravidity (times), M (Q1, Q3) 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) Z=-0.385 0.700 Parity (times), M (Q1, Q3) 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) Z=0.129 0.897 Primipara 125 (56.82) 62 (56.36) 63 (57.27) χ 2 =0.019 0.892 Multiple pregnancy, n (%) 18 (8.18) 9 (8.18) 9 (8.18) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 Number of antenatal visits, M (Q1, Q3) 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) Z=0.251 0.802 Regular antenatal visits, n (%) 178 (80.91) 90 (81.82) 88 (80.00) χ 2 =0.118 0.732 Severity of preeclampsia Mild 88 (40.00) 42 (38.18) 46 (41.82) χ 2 =0.303 0.582 Severe 132 (60.00) 68 (61.82) 64 (58.18) SBP(mmHg), Mean±SD 154.85±10.38 154.25±9.67 155.45±11.05 t=-0.857 0.392 DBP (mmHg), Mean±SD 98.95±8.79 98.62±8.44 99.27±9.15 t=-0.551 0.582 Pre-gestational diabetes, n (%) 28 (12.73) 15 (13.64) 13 (11.82) χ 2 =0.164 0.686 History of kidney disease, n (%) 8 (3.64) 4 (3.64) 4 (3.64) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 History of thyroid disease, n (%) 15 (6.82) 8 (7.27) 7 (6.36) χ 2 =0.072 0.789 History of previous preeclampsia, n (%) 10 (4.55) 5 (4.55) 5 (4.55) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 3.2 Blood Pressure Control and Hemodynamic Parameters Table 2 showed that after treatment, systolic blood pressure, DBP, uterine artery S/D ratio, PI, RI, as well as plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, and hematocrit were all significantly improved compared to pretreatment values in both groups (P0.05), suggesting that both antihypertensive regimens have comparable efficacy in controlling blood pressure and improving hemodynamic parameters. Table 2. Blood pressure control and hemodynamic parameters, Mean±SD Time Variables Total (n=220) Labetalol group (n=110) Nifedipine group (n=110) Statistics P Pre-treatment SBP (mmHg) 154.85±10.38 154.25±9.67 155.45±11.05 t=-0.857 0.392 Post-treatment SBP (mmHg) 129.95±9.58* 129.83±9.76* 130.08±9.45* t=-0.197 0.844 Pre-treatment DBP (mmHg) 98.95±8.79 98.62±8.44 99.27±9.15 t=-0.551 0.582 Post-treatment DBP (mmHg) 79.53±9.10* 79.58±9.06* 79.47±9.19* t=0.089 0.929 Pre-treatment S/D ratio 2.88±0.45 2.85±0.42 2.91±0.48 t=-0.883 0.378 Post-treatment S/D ratio 2.40±0.36* 2.38±0.35* 2.42±0.37* t=-0.620 0.536 Pre-treatment PI 1.13±0.20 1.12±0.18 1.15±0.21 t=-1.019 0.309 Post-treatment PI 0.90±0.15* 0.89±0.15* 0.91±0.16* t=-1.294 0.197 Pre-treatment RI 0.88±0.18 0.88±0.17 0.89±0.19 t=-0.004 0.997 Post-treatment RI 0.70±0.16* 0.70±0.17* 0.69±0.15* t=0.900 0.369 Pre-treatment Plasma Viscosity (mPa·s) 1.86±0.24 1.85±0.22 1.88±0.25 t=-0.620 0.536 Post-treatment Plasma Viscosity (mPa·s) 1.54±0.20* 1.52±0.18* 1.55±0.21* t=-1.136 0.257 Pre-treatment High-shear Whole Blood Viscosity (mPa·s) 4.65±0.61 4.62±0.57 4.68±0.64 t=-0.733 0.464 Post-treatment High-shear Whole Blood Viscosity (mPa·s) 3.77±0.49* 3.79±0.48* 3.75±0.52* t=0.557 0.578 Pre-treatment Hematocrit (%) 38.70±4.53 38.57±4.26 38.82±4.81 t=-0.409 0.683 Post-treatment Hematocrit (%) 35.69±3.99* 35.59±3.81* 35.80±4.17* t=-0.370 0.711 Note: *P<0.05 compared with pre-treatment value in the same group. 3.3 Maternal Complications Table 3 showed that the rate of postpartum hemorrhage was significantly lower in the Labetalol Group compared to the Nifedipine Group (8.8% vs. 17.0%, P=0.043). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the incidence of other complications, such as eclampsia, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, acute kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or retinopathy (P>0.05). Table 3. Maternal complications, n (%) Variables Total (n=220) Labetalol group (n=110) Nifedipine group (n=110) Statistics P Postpartum Hemorrhage 28 (12.73) 9 (8.18) 19 (17.27) χ 2 =4.092 0.043 Eclampsia 5 (2.27) 2 (1.82) 3 (2.73) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 Placental Abruption 12 (5.45) 5 (4.55) 7 (6.36) χ 2 =0.353 0.553 HELLP Syndrome 10 (4.55) 4 (3.64) 6 (5.45) χ 2 =0.419 0.517 Acute Kidney Injury 7 (3.18) 3 (2.73) 4 (3.64) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 Pulmonary Edema 2 (0.91) 1 (0.91) 1 (0.91) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 Retinopathy 14 (6.36) 6 (5.45) 8 (7.27) χ 2 =0.305 0.581 3.4 Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes Table 4 showed that the Labetalol Group had a significantly lower rate of preterm birth (<37 weeks) compared to the Nifedipine Group (24.6% vs. 37.3%, P=0.041), and neonatal birth weight was significantly higher in the Labetalol Group (2933.95±803.23 g vs. 2541.35±631.41 g, P<0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in other parameters, including fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring, early preterm birth (0.05). Table 4. Fetal and neonatal outcomes Variables Total (n=220) No Adverse Outcome Group (n=142) Adverse Outcome Group (n=78) Statistics P Fetal Growth Restriction, n (%) 27 (12.27) 12 (10.91) 15 (13.64) χ 2 =0.380 0.538 Oligohydramnios, n (%) 20 (9.09) 9 (8.18) 11 (10.00) χ 2 =0.220 0.639 Abnormal Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring, n (%) 40 (18.18) 18 (16.36) 22 (20.00) χ 2 =0.489 0.484 Preterm Birth (<37 weeks), n (%) 68 (30.91) 27 (24.55) 41 (37.27) χ 2 =4.172 0.041 Early Preterm Birth (<34 weeks), n (%) 20 (9.09) 8 (7.27) 12 (10.91) χ 2 =0.880 0.348 Very Low Birth Weight Infant (<1500g), n (%) 10 (4.55) 4 (3.64) 6 (5.45) χ 2 =0.419 0.517 Neonatal Birth Weight, Mean±SD 2737.65±747.16 2933.95±803.23 2541.35±631.41 t=4.030 <0.001 1-minute Apgar Score (points), Mean±SD 8.15±1.17 8.25±1.36 8.05±0.93 t=1.275 0.204 5-minute Apgar Score (points), Mean±SD 9.10±0.54 9.05±0.54 9.15±0.54 t=-1.251 0.212 Neonatal Asphyxia, n (%) 15 (6.82) 6 (5.45) 9 (8.18) χ 2 =0.644 0.422 NICU Admission, n (%) 50 (22.73) 22 (20.00) 28 (25.45) χ 2 =0.932 0.334 Fetal Distress, n (%) 19 (8.64) 8 (7.27) 11 (10.00) χ 2 =0.518 0.471 Intraventricular Hemorrhage, n (%) 5 (2.27) 2 (1.82) 3 (2.73) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, n (%) 3 (1.36) 1 (0.91) 2 (1.82) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 Perinatal Death, n (%) 5 (2.27) 2 (1.82) 3 (2.73) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 3.5 Adverse Drug Reactions Table 5 showed that the Nifedipine Group had significantly higher rates of headache (16.36% vs. 7.27%, P=0.037) and facial flushing (13.64% vs. 4.55%, P=0.019) compared to the Labetalol Group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in the incidence of other adverse reactions such as tachycardia, nausea, dizziness, or hypotension (P>0.05). Table 5. Adverse drug reactions, n (%) Variables Total (n=220) No Adverse Outcome Group (n=142) Adverse Outcome Group (n=78) Statistics P Headache 26 (11.82) 8 (7.27) 18 (16.36) χ2=4.362 0.037 Facial Flushing 20 (9.09) 5 (4.55) 15 (13.64) χ2=5.500 0.019 Tachycardia 15 (6.82) 6 (5.45) 9 (8.18) χ2=0.644 0.422 Nausea 10 (4.55) 4 (3.64) 6 (5.45) χ2=0.419 0.517 Dizziness 15 (6.82) 7 (6.36) 8 (7.27) χ2=0.072 0.789 Hypotension 7 (3.18) 3 (2.73) 4 (3.64) χ2=0.000 1.000 Any Adverse Reaction 60 (27.27) 25 (22.73) 35 (31.82) χ2=2.292 0.130 3.6 Adverse Maternal-Fetal Outcomes Based on the occurrence of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes (a composite endpoint including postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, eclampsia, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, and perinatal death), the 220 patients were divided into an adverse outcome group (n=78) and a no adverse outcome group (n=142). Table 6 compares the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Univariate analysis revealed that the proportions of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, severe preeclampsia, onset of preeclampsia at <34 weeks gestation, and maternal age ≥35 years were significantly higher in the adverse outcome group compared to the no adverse outcome group (P0.05). Table 6. Baseline characteristics between the adverse maternal-fetal outcome group and the no adverse outcome group Variables Total (n=220) No Adverse Outcome Group (n=142) Adverse Outcome Group (n=78) Statistics P Age, n (%) <35 years 162 (73.64) 112 (78.87) 50 (64.10) χ 2 =5.658 0.017 ≥35 years 58 (26.36) 30 (21.13) 28 (35.90) Pre-pregnancy BMI Normal pre-pregnancy weight, n (%) 110 (50.00) 80 (56.34) 30 (38.46) χ 2 =6.436 0.011 Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, n (%) 110 (50.00) 62 (43.66) 48 (61.54) Education level, n (%) Junior high school or below 49 (22.27) 33 (23.24) 16 (20.51) Z=-0.727 0.467 High school/Technical secondary school 85 (38.64) 56 (39.44) 29 (37.18) College degree or above 86 (39.09) 53 (37.32) 33 (42.31) Residence Urban 143 (65.00) 93 (65.49) 50 (64.10) χ 2 =0.043 0.836 Rural 77 (35.00) 49 (34.51) 28 (35.90) Gestational age at onset, n (%) ≥34 weeks 141 (64.09) 106 (74.65) 35 (44.87) χ 2 =19.395 <0.001 <34 weeks 79 (35.91) 36 (25.35) 43 (55.13) Primipara 125 (56.82) 73 (51.41) 52 (66.67) χ 2 =4.777 0.029 Multiple pregnancy, n (%) 18 (8.18) 6 (4.23) 12 (15.38) χ 2 =8.346 0.004 Number of antenatal visits, M (Q1, Q3) 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) 7.00 (5.00, 8.00) Z=-1.296 0.195 Regular antenatal visits, n (%) 178 (80.91) 116 (81.69) 62 (79.49) χ 2 =0.158 0.691 Severity of preeclampsia Mild 88 (40.00) 71 (50.00) 17 (21.79) χ 2 =16.688 <0.001 Severe 132 (60.00) 71 (50.00) 61 (78.21) Pre-gestational diabetes, n (%) 28 (12.73) 12 (8.45) 16 (20.51) χ 2 =6.595 0.010 History of kidney disease, n (%) 8 (3.64) 5 (3.52) 3 (3.85) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 History of thyroid disease, n (%) 15 (6.82) 9 (6.34) 6 (7.69) χ 2 =0.145 0.703 History of previous preeclampsia, n (%) 10 (4.55) 6 (4.23) 4 (5.13) χ 2 =0.000 1.000 Antihypertensive medication, n (%) Labetalol 110 (50.00) 75 (52.82) 35 (44.87) χ 2 =1.271 0.260 Nifedipine 110 (50.00) 67 (47.18) 43 (55.13) 3.7 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Variables that were statistically significant in the univariate analysis from Table 6 (pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, severe preeclampsia, onset of preeclampsia at <34 weeks gestation, and maternal age ≥35 years) were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model. The results, presented in Table 7, showed that maternal age ≥35 years (OR=2.091, 95% CI: 1.131-3.872, P=0.018), pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OR=2.064, 95% CI: 1.180-3.655, P=0.012), onset of preeclampsia at <34 weeks gestation (OR=3.618, 95% CI: 2.027-6.545, P<0.001), primiparity (OR=1.890, 95% CI: 1.071-3.390, P=0.030), multiple pregnancy (OR=4.121, 95% CI: 1.530-12.288, P=0.007), severe preeclampsia (OR=3.588, 95% CI: 1.944-6.894, P<0.001), and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (OR=2.796, 95% CI: 1.254-6.391, P=0.013) were all independent risk factors for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. The model demonstrated good fit (Nagelkerke R² = 0.305). Furthermore, the type of antihypertensive medication did not enter the final model in the regression analysis, suggesting that it was not an independent predictor of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes in this study population. Table 7. Multivariate logistic regression analysis Variable Estimate S.E OR (95%CI) Z P Maternal age ≥35 years 0.738 0.313 2.091 (1.131-3.872) 2.356 0.018 Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity 0.725 0.288 2.064 (1.180-3.655) 2.519 0.012 Gestational age at onset <34 weeks 1.286 0.298 3.618 (2.027-6.545) 4.309 <0.001 Primipara 0.637 0.293 1.890 (1.071-3.390) 2.173 0.030 Multiple pregnancy 1.416 0.522 4.121 (1.530-12.288) 2.713 0.007 Severe preeclampsia 1.278 0.322 3.588 (1.944-6.894) 3.974 <0.001 Pre-gestational diabetes 1.028 0.412 2.796 (1.254-6.391) 2.496 0.013 4. Discussion Preeclampsia, as a pregnancy-specific multisystem disorder, presents a clinical challenge where the choice of antihypertensive strategy directly impacts maternal and fetal prognosis. This study systematically compared the effects of two first-line oral antihypertensive regimens—labetalol and sustained-release nifedipine—on maternal-fetal outcomes in patients with preeclampsia. We found that while both agents demonstrated comparable efficacy in blood pressure control and hemodynamic improvement, significant differences emerged regarding postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, and adverse drug reactions. This finding holds substantial practical significance for guiding individualized clinical medication. Regarding blood pressure control, both the Labetalol Group and the Nifedipine Group in our study showed significant reductions in systolic and DBP post-treatment compared to baseline, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. This suggests that both medications effectively manage hypertension in preeclamptic patients. A randomized controlled trial by Webster et al. [11] directly comparing labetalol and nifedipine for treating chronic hypertension in pregnancy reported no significant difference in the rates of achieving target blood pressure control. This conclusion aligns with the findings of Leonard et al. [12], whose analysis of a large cohort of 6,724 pregnant women in the United States clearly indicated that labetalol and nifedipine possess similar efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of chronic hypertension during pregnancy. The equivalence in controlling systolic and DBP observed in our study corroborates the results of these larger trials, further supporting the rationale behind current international guidelines that list both agents as first-line options. Uterine artery hemodynamic parameters are critical indicators reflecting placental perfusion status and are closely associated with the severity of preeclampsia and fetal prognosis [13, 14]. After treatment, both groups showed significant improvements in uterine artery S/D ratio, PI, and RI from baseline, with no significant differences between them. Research by Hassan et al. [15], utilizing Doppler ultrasound evaluation, found that labetalol effectively maintains uteroplacental perfusion while lowering blood pressure, with its effect on improving uterine artery PI and RI being comparable to that of nifedipine. This finding aligns with our observation that uterine artery blood flow parameters significantly improved in both groups without inter-group differences. The increased resistance in uterine arteries among preeclamptic patients is largely attributable to systemic maternal vasospasm/vasoconstriction, leading to abnormal perfusion pressure [16, 17]. Once both medications successfully lower maternal blood pressure to the target range, the elevated uterine artery resistance state directly caused by hypertension is consequently alleviated. Labetalol, an α/β-adrenergic receptor blocker, induces direct vasodilation by blocking α1 receptors while simultaneously slowing heart rate and reducing myocardial oxygen demand through β-blockade [18]. Nifedipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, directly inhibits calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells, potently dilating peripheral arterioles, and clinical studies have not shown negative effects on uteroplacental blood flow [19]. Although labetalol and nifedipine have different mechanisms of action, they both effectively reduce systemic vascular resistance in preeclamptic patients through the common pathway of lowering blood pressure and inducing vasodilation. When they achieve similar levels of blood pressure control, they demonstrate clinical equivalence in improving uterine artery Doppler parameters. Postpartum hemorrhage is a major complication during the delivery period in patients with preeclampsia and poses a serious threat to maternal safety. This study found that the rate of postpartum hemorrhage in the Labetalol Group was significantly lower than that in the Nifedipine Group, a finding of considerable clinical importance. Research by Ajit Kumar Gupta [20] indicated that in managing gestational hypertension, oral labetalol was associated with significantly reduced blood loss during delivery and a lower risk of postpartum hemorrhage, potentially related to labetalol's relatively milder vasodilatory effect which may help maintain better uterine tone. The calcium channel blocking action of nifedipine could inhibit uterine smooth muscle contraction, whereas labetalol's alpha-receptor blocking effect, while dilating vessels, has a relatively smaller impact on uterine contractility [21]. Furthermore, the potent systemic vasodilation caused by nifedipine might lead to sustained dilation of the uterine vascular bed postpartum, affecting uterine contraction and the hemostatic process [22]. This finding suggests that for preeclamptic patients with high-risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage, labetalol may represent a safer choice. Preterm birth is a critical factor requiring careful consideration in the management of preeclampsia, where one goal of antihypertensive therapy is to prolong gestation as much as possible while controlling the maternal condition. The significantly lower rate of preterm birth observed in the Labetalol Group compared to the Nifedipine Group in this study supports the advantage of labetalol in extending gestational age. A large-scale systematic review and network meta-analysis provides high-level evidence for this, incorporating 23 trials with a total of 3,989 patients and showing that labetalol reduced the risk of preterm birth by 32% compared to nifedipine [23]. This result aligns closely with our finding of a significantly lower preterm birth rate in the Labetalol Group. The same meta-analysis also indicated that labetalol has advantages in reducing the risk of developing preeclampsia. These findings suggest that labetalol, potentially through more stable hemodynamic control, might mitigate the impact of blood pressure fluctuations on the uteroplacental unit, thereby delaying disease progression and allowing more time for fetal maturation. In contrast, although nifedipine is equally effective at lowering blood pressure, its faster onset and potent vasodilatory properties could lead to greater blood pressure variability or reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system, causing tachycardia—factors that might be less conducive to prolonging pregnancy [24]. Drug safety is a key consideration in selecting antihypertensive regimens. This study found that headache and facial flushing occurred significantly more often in the Nifedipine Group than the Labetalol Group, likely due to nifedipine's vasodilatory effects. A meta-analysis indicated that for hypertensive patients, nifedipine was significantly superior to other antihypertensive agents (labetalol, hydralazine, methyldopa) in lowering blood pressure [25]. Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial involving pregnant women requiring pharmacological intervention for severe hypertension compared the efficacy of oral nifedipine, labetalol, or methyldopa. The results showed that the primary outcome of achieving blood pressure control within 6 hours without adverse outcomes was higher for both nifedipine and labetalol compared to methyldopa [26]. Zhu et al. [27] compared calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension, noting that the vasodilatory effects of calcium channel blockers can lead to headache, facial flushing, palpitations, peripheral edema, and hypotension; such vasodilatory side effects are more common with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. A prospective study by Solanki et al. [28] also explicitly identified headache, facial flushing, palpitations, peripheral edema, and hypotension as the main side effects of calcium channel blockers. The significantly higher rates of headache and facial flushing observed in the Nifedipine Group in our study are consistent with the conclusions of these systematic reviews. Although these adverse reactions are often mild, they may affect patient treatment adherence, thereby potentially impacting blood pressure control. Labetalol, due to its combined alpha and beta-blocking action, counteracts the reflex tachycardia caused by alpha-blockade alone, resulting in more stable hemodynamic changes—a pharmacological property that explains its better tolerability [29]. The Labetalol Group had a significantly lower preterm birth rate and higher neonatal birth weight than the Nifedipine Group. No significant differences were found between groups for other indicators, including fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring, Apgar scores, fetal distress, or NICU admission rate. Research by Ajit Kumar Gupta [20] indicated that although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in neonatal Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, the incidence of fetal distress, NICU admission rates, or mortality, the mean neonatal birth weight was significantly higher in the Labetalol Group compared to the Nifedipine Group (P=0.002), suggesting an advantage for labetalol in improving neonatal birth weight. This aligns with the trend observed in our study. These findings suggest that while the two medications may be equivalent regarding major perinatal outcomes, labetalol might offer a subtle advantage in promoting fetal growth. Multivariate logistic regression analysis further identified independent risk factors for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes, including maternal age ≥35 years, pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, onset of preeclampsia at <34 weeks gestation, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, severe preeclampsia, and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. Recognition of these factors aids clinicians in the early identification and targeted management of high-risk patients [30, 31]. Onset at <34 weeks as a predictive factor aligns with the conclusions of a large cohort study by Venkatesh et al. [32], which confirmed the prognostic value of this gestational age threshold for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The high-risk nature of severe preeclampsia and multiple pregnancy is well established. Jikamo et al. [33] found that severe features increased the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes by 46%, while a large cohort study confirmed significantly higher risks for most adverse outcomes in twin pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, excluding stillbirth and neonatal asphyxia [34]. Risk factors such as maternal age ≥35 years and pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity align with the 2020 ACOG Guideline [10]. Notably, the type of antihypertensive medication did not enter the final regression model, suggesting that after controlling for other confounding factors, labetalol and nifedipine did not show a significant difference in the overall risk of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. This aligns with the observed equivalence of the two drugs in blood pressure control and hemodynamic improvement. However, labetalol still demonstrated advantages in specific outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage and preterm birth, which may be related to the more complex mechanisms underlying these outcomes, involving various pathophysiological processes beyond simple blood pressure control. The findings of this study support the preferential selection of labetalol in specific clinical scenarios, particularly when the therapeutic goals include prolonging gestation, reducing preterm birth, or when the patient has high-risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage. Nevertheless, clinical decision-making must remain individualized, taking into account patient comorbidities, drug contraindications, and treatment response. For instance, in patients with concomitant asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the beta-blocking effect of labetalol may warrant cautious use; for patients with bradycardia or heart block, nifedipine might be more suitable. 5. Study Limitations As a retrospective cohort study, despite using PSM to control for confounders, the potential for unmeasured confounding factors remains. The relatively limited sample size may have provided insufficient power for comparing certain rare complications. Furthermore, the study did not perform a standardized analysis of medication dosages, and different dosages could potentially influence outcomes. Additionally, the absence of long-term follow-up limits evaluation of the drugs’ effects on maternal and fetal prognosis. Future large-scale prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate these findings and assess the impact of different antihypertensive strategies on long-term cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in patients with preeclampsia. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, both labetalol and sustained-release nifedipine, as first-line agents for antihypertensive therapy in preeclampsia, demonstrate comparable efficacy in blood pressure control and improvement of uteroplacental blood flow. However, labetalol exhibits advantages in reducing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, lowering the incidence of preterm birth, and offering a better safety profile. These findings provide important evidence-based support for individualized antihypertensive treatment in patients with preeclampsia, endorsing the selection of appropriate antihypertensive regimens in clinical practice based on individual patient characteristics and therapeutic goals to optimize maternal-fetal outcomes. Declarations Acknowledgment None Consent to Publish The manuscript has neither been previously published nor is under consideration by any other journal. The authors have all approved the content of the paper. Consent to Participate As a retrospective observational study using anonymized data, informed consent from the pregnant women was waived. Ethic Approval This study was approved by Henan Provincial People's Hospital's Ethics Committee and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the findings of this study can be obtained from the corresponding author, upon request. Funding None Author Contribution [Lin Zhao]: Conceived and designed the research, and analyzed data. Drafted and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. [Rui Chen, Yahui Xu]: Contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data. Provided substantial intellectual input during the drafting and revision of the manuscript. [Haiying Wu]: Participated in the conception and design of the study. Played a key role in data interpretation and manuscript preparation. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors affirm that they do not have any financial conflicts of interest. References Rosenberg EA, Seely EW. Update on Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2024;53(3):377-89. Liu Y, Li N, An H, Li Z, Zhang L, Li H, et al. Impact of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia on low birthweight and small-for-gestational-age infants in China: A large prospective cohort study. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn). 2021;23(4):835-42. Chiang YT, Seow KM, Chen KH. The Pathophysiological, Genetic, and Hormonal Changes in Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. International journal of molecular sciences. 2024;25(8). Conley MK. Preeclampsia: Short- and Long-Term Effects. Neonatal network : NN. 2024;43(4):234-46. Countouris ME, Bello NA. Advances in Our Understanding of Cardiovascular Diseases After Preeclampsia. Circulation research. 2025;136(6):583-93. Wu P, Green M, Myers JE. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2023;381:e071653. Scott G, Gillon TE, Pels A, von Dadelszen P, Magee LA. Guidelines-similarities and dissimilarities: a systematic review of international clinical practice guidelines for pregnancy hypertension. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2022;226(2s):S1222-s36. S D, Novri DA, Hamidy Y, Savira M. Effectiveness of nifedipine, labetalol, and hydralazine as emergency antihypertension in severe preeclampsia: a randomized control trial. F1000Research. 2022;11:1287. Sanusi AA, Leach J, Boggess K, Dugoff L, Sibai B, Lawrence K, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes of Nifedipine Compared With Labetalol for Oral Treatment of Mild Chronic Hypertension. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2024;144(1):126-34. Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2020;135(6):e237-e60. Webster LM, Myers JE, Nelson-Piercy C, Harding K, Cruickshank JK, Watt-Coote I, et al. Labetalol Versus Nifedipine as Antihypertensive Treatment for Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2017;70(5):915-22. Leonard SA, Siadat S, Huybrechts KF, Main EK, Hlatky MA, Hernández-Díaz S, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Labetalol Versus Nifedipine for Treatment of Chronic Hypertension During Pregnancy. JACC Advances. 2025;4(9):102054. Pedroso MA, Palmer KR, Hodges RJ, Costa FDS, Rolnik DL. Uterine Artery Doppler in Screening for Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction. Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia. 2018;40(5):287-93. Song WL, Zhao YH, Shi SJ, Liu XY, Zheng GY, Morosky C, et al. First trimester Doppler velocimetry of the uterine artery ipsilateral to the placenta improves ability to predict early-onset preeclampsia. Medicine. 2019;98(16):e15193. Hassan MAK, Elnamory MM, Eldorf AAE, Eltokhy HM. The Effect of Methyl Dopa, Nifedipine and Labetalol Treatment on Uterine, Umbilical and Fetal Middle Cerebral Artery Blood Flows in Cases Suffered from Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research. 2021;33(21):84-94. Ridder A, Giorgione V, Khalil A, Thilaganathan B. Preeclampsia: The Relationship between Uterine Artery Blood Flow and Trophoblast Function. 2019;20(13):3263. Qu H, Khalil RA. Vascular mechanisms and molecular targets in hypertensive pregnancy and preeclampsia. American journal of physiology Heart and circulatory physiology. 2020;319(3):H661-h81. Woolston E, Tang Y, Azizi S, Kando I, Chamley L, Stone P, et al. Comparison of the effects on maternal endothelial cell activation: an in vitro study of anti-hypertensive drugs clinically used in pre-eclampsia. Journal of human hypertension. 2022;36(2):192-200. Everett TR, Lees CC. Beyond the placental bed: Placental and systemic determinants of the uterine artery Doppler waveform. Placenta. 2012;33(11):893-901. Ajit Kumar Gupta GM. Comparison of therapeutic effect of labetalol with nifedipine in control of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2026;7(1):309-15. Sondgeroth K, Boyman E, Pathare R, Porta M. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and the Parity-Dependent Differential Uterine Response to Oxytocin in Rats. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif). 2025;32(2):300-15. Zamani M, Alimi R, Arabi SM, Moradi M, Azmoude E. Comparison of the efficacy of nifedipine with ritodrine, nitroglycerine and magnesium sulfate for the management of preterm labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2024;24(1):318. Hup RJ, Damen JAA, Terstappen J, Klein Haneveld MJ, Terstappen F, Magee LA, et al. Oral antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2025;233(4):250-62. van Winden TMS, Nijman TAJ, Kleinrouweler CE, Salim R, Kashanian M, Al-Omari WR, et al. Tocolysis with nifedipine versus atosiban and perinatal outcome: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2022;22(1):567. George R, Thomas C, Joy CA, Varghese B, Undela K, Adela R. Comparative efficacy and safety of oral nifedipine with other antihypertensive medications in the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of hypertension. 2022;40(10):1876-86. Easterling T, Mundle S, Bracken H, Parvekar S, Mool S, Magee LA, et al. Oral antihypertensive regimens (nifedipine retard, labetalol, and methyldopa) for management of severe hypertension in pregnancy: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2019;394(10203):1011-21. Zhu J, Chen N, Zhou M, Guo J, Zhu C, Zhou J, et al. Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2021;10(10):Cd003654. Solanki N, Pandit D, Desai S. Effectiveness and safety assessment of beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive patients: a prospective study. American journal of cardiovascular disease. 2021;11(5):601-10. Chaemsaithong P, Biswas M, Lertrut W, Warintaksa P, Wataganara T, Poon LC, et al. Pharmacogenomics of Preeclampsia therapies: Current evidence and future challenges for clinical implementation. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2024;92:102437. Ozer B, Bolat F, Keyif F, Peltek Ozer S, Sit M, Karagoz I, et al. The Relationship of Blood Glucose with Early Morbidity, Mortality, and Other Prognostic Factors in Pancreatic Cancer. Advances in Modern Biomedicine. 2025;1(2):11-20. Li M, Ji J, Ma L. Treatment as Prevention: A Review of the Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in High-Risk Diabetic Foot. Nursing Science and Clinical Practice. 2025;1(3):1-8. Venkatesh KK, Strauss RA, Westreich DJ, Thorp JM, Stamilio DM, Grantz KL. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with preeclampsia with severe features <34 weeks gestation with versus without comorbidity. Pregnancy hypertension. 2020;20:75-82. Jikamo B, Adefris M, Azale T, Gelaye KA. Incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes and risk factors among women with pre-eclampsia, southern Ethiopia: a prospective open cohort study. BMJ paediatrics open. 2022;6(1). Chai L, Li S, Yin B, Zhu X, Zhu B, Wu K. Prevalence, risk factors, and adverse perinatal outcomes in Chinese women with preeclampsia: a large retrospective cohort study. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2025;44(1):32. Additional Declarations There is NO conflict of interest to disclose. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 16 Apr, 2026 Review # 2 received at journal 02 Apr, 2026 Review # 1 received at journal 01 Apr, 2026 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 01 Apr, 2026 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 22 Mar, 2026 Unknown event 18 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 18 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9156634","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":613800531,"identity":"ebf117a3-2e46-496e-be59-1ac3a4b09f27","order_by":0,"name":"Haiying Wu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSjNxt58DMogVgs/z7E0BoYEoBZmYrVIzsgxA2thIKTF4HaP8WfeHXcSNxzI+fbg449t8nzMDIwfPubg0XLnjJk075lnQC1ntxvOSLht2MbMwCw5cxtuLWY3csyYedsOJ2442LtNmifhNiNQCxszL34tQIeBtBzmeQbSYk+MFgNpkJaZbTxsIC2JBLXY30grk5zbdti4n4fNTHJG2u3kNmbGZrx+kZyRvPnD27bDsm3yj59JfLC5bTu/vfngh494tDAwcBiASMcGhAhjA3aVcMD+AOxAAqpGwSgYBaNgJAMAmHRTjhbo8/oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Henan Provincial People's Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haiying","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":613800532,"identity":"f2bf56a2-b322-4951-956e-4af67b5251cf","order_by":1,"name":"Lin Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":613800533,"identity":"f0c31bf8-9715-4cdb-ba49-22a8fdc6d11e","order_by":2,"name":"Rui Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rui","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":613800534,"identity":"4e625ada-b5d1-4f04-b298-2230b5145327","order_by":3,"name":"Yahui Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yahui","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-18 08:27:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9156634/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9156634/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106188757,"identity":"7d4d72f9-75c0-44c3-a729-40ef9bc6514c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-05 17:06:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55461,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch Process.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9156634/v1/9fcd99208e804e910ce3e74d.png"},{"id":106403024,"identity":"dcab03c3-5f19-4d01-85e8-4fd4f47c7bf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:13:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1329736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9156634/v1/5a055572-185a-4f44-bca1-2c7ef82d5682.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e conflict of interest to disclose.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Maternal-Fetal Outcomes Associated with Different Antihypertensive Treatment Strategies in Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Summary Table","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/95224_ce634422aaf2e7a6/95224_custom_files/img1775219893.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eA serious threat to maternal and infant health, preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder defined by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction after 20 weeks of gestation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Global epidemiological data indicate that the incidence of preeclampsia ranges from 1.0% to 5.6%, with an incidence of approximately 2.4% in China and a total incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy reaching 9.5% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Preeclampsia can lead to multiple organ dysfunction in the mother, including liver abnormalities, renal failure, coagulation disorders, and neurological complications. In severe cases, it can progress to eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or even maternal death [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Although termination of pregnancy is the only definitive cure for preeclampsia, active antihypertensive therapy, spasmolysis, and close monitoring are core components in improving perinatal outcomes before the optimal time for delivery is reached [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, optimizing antihypertensive treatment strategies and selecting safe and effective antihypertensive medications are of significant clinical importance for delaying disease progression, prolonging gestation, and improving maternal and fetal prognosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, both labetalol and nifedipine are recommended as first-line agents for antihypertensive therapy in preeclampsia by international and domestic guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Extensive clinical evidence shows both drug classes lower blood pressure and delay progression in preeclamptic patients. However, existing comparative studies often focus primarily on the antihypertensive efficacy itself, with a lack of systematic evaluation of comprehensive maternal-fetal outcomes, including maternal hemodynamic changes, uterine artery perfusion status, and neonatal outcomes, under different medication strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The goal of preeclampsia management extends beyond merely controlling blood pressure; it aims to delay disease progression, reduce maternal complications, and improve fetal prognosis. Uterine artery hemodynamic parameters, key indicators of placental perfusion, are closely linked to adverse outcomes. Therefore, evaluating antihypertensive effects alone is no longer sufficient to comprehensively guide individualized clinical medication choices. In-depth investigation into the differential impacts of various antihypertensive regimens on comprehensive maternal-fetal outcomes\u0026mdash;particularly their effects on uteroplacental blood perfusion, the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, the incidence of preterm birth, and neonatal prognosis\u0026mdash;is of paramount importance for achieving precision treatment and improving overall pregnancy outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn light of this, the present study employed a retrospective cohort design, utilizing Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to control for confounding factors. It systematically compared the effects of two antihypertensive regimens\u0026mdash;oral labetalol versus oral sustained-release nifedipine tablets\u0026mdash;on maternal complications, uteroplacental hemodynamic parameters, and neonatal outcomes in patients with preeclampsia. Furthermore, it investigated independent predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the hemodynamic effects and maternal-fetal safety profiles of different antihypertensive agents, thereby providing direct comparative evidence to inform the individualized selection of oral antihypertensive therapy for patients with preeclampsia, ultimately optimizing perinatal management and improving maternal and fetal prognosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a retrospective cohort design, consecutively enrolling patients with preeclampsia who were admitted for delivery to the Obstetrics Department of our hospital between January 2023 and December 2025. All patients were clinically diagnosed with preeclampsia and received either oral labetalol or oral sustained-release nifedipine as their primary antihypertensive therapy based on the clinicians\u0026apos; treatment decisions. Clinical data, laboratory results, ultrasound monitoring findings, and maternal-fetal outcomes were collected through review of the electronic medical record system. The specific study process is illustrated in Figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Inclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Gestational age \u0026ge; 20 weeks; (2) Met the diagnostic criteria of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) [10]; (3) Had complete clinical data, including blood pressure monitoring, laboratory tests, and delivery outcome records; (4) Received oral antihypertensive therapy for the first time upon admission, with the treatment regimen including either labetalol or sustained-release nifedipine as the primary antihypertensive agent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Exclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Chronic hypertension complicating pregnancy or hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia; (2) Pregnancy complicated by severe cardiac disease; (3) Contraindications or history of allergy to labetalol or nifedipine; (4) Concomitant severe liver or renal dysfunction; (5) Concomitant gestational diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control; (6) Concomitant active autoimmune diseases; (7) Concomitant severe hematological disorders or coagulation dysfunction; (8) Fetal major structural abnormalities or chromosomal abnormalities; (9) Required switching of antihypertensive medication regimen due to clinical condition during treatment; (10) Incomplete clinical data or loss to follow-up.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Ethical Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by Henan Provincial People\u0026apos;s Hospital\u0026apos;s Ethics Committee and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. As a retrospective observational study using anonymized data, informed consent from the pregnant women was waived.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Sample Matching\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the screening period, a total of 290 eligible patients with preeclampsia were enrolled in this study, comprising 154 cases in the Labetalol Group and 136 cases in the Nifedipine Group. To mitigate selection bias and confounding factors inherent in retrospective studies, PSM was employed to match patients from the two groups at a 1:1 ratio. Matching variables included: age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational age, baseline blood pressure upon admission, and severity of preeclampsia (mild/severe). A caliper width of 0.02 was set. Following PSM, 110 patients were successfully matched in each group, resulting in a total of 220 patients included in the final statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Treatment Regimens\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[10]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients in both groups initiated oral antihypertensive therapy according to routine clinical practice following diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLabetalol Group: The initial dose was oral labetalol hydrochloride 100-200 mg, administered 2-3 times daily. Dosage adjustments were made by the attending physician based on blood pressure control, with a maximum daily dose not exceeding 2400 mg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNifedipine Group: The initial dose was oral sustained-release nifedipine tablets 10-20 mg, administered every 12 hours. Dosage was adjusted based on blood pressure control, with a maximum daily dose not exceeding 120 mg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth groups received foundational treatment based on disease severity and guideline recommendations: (1) Intravenous magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis when clinically indicated; (2) Adjunctive use of aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin based on assessment of platelet counts and coagulation function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7 Clinical Outcome Measures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.1 Primary Outcome Measures:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Maternal complications: Including the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Neonatal outcomes: Preterm birth rate (\u0026lt;37 weeks), early preterm birth rate (\u0026lt;34 weeks), mean birth weight, proportion of very low birth weight infants (\u0026lt;1500 g), Apgar scores (1-minute, 5-minute), incidence of neonatal asphyxia, NICU admission rate, fetal distress, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, perinatal mortality rate, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.2 Secondary Outcome Measures:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaternal parameters: (1) Blood pressure control: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), rate of achieving target blood pressure (\u0026lt;135/85 mmHg). (2) Uterine artery blood flow: Systolic/Diastolic (S/D) ratio, Pulsatility Index (PI), Resistance Index (RI). (3) Hemodynamics: Plasma viscosity, high-shear whole blood viscosity, hematocrit. (4) Safety indicators: Incidence of adverse drug reactions (e.g., headache, facial flushing, tachycardia, nausea, dizziness).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFetal and neonatal parameters: Incidence of fetal growth restriction (FGR), incidence of oligohydramnios, and rate of abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.8 Statistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0. Continuous variables are presented as mean\u0026plusmn;SD and compared using t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, while categorical variables are shown as frequencies (%) and compared using \u0026chi;\u0026sup2; or Fisher\u0026apos;s exact test. To reduce confounding, 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching was applied. Variables with P\u0026lt;0.05 in univariate analysis were entered into multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. P\u0026lt;0.05 indicating statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Baseline Characteristics After PSM Matching\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 presents a comparison of the baseline clinical characteristics between the Labetalol Group and the Nifedipine Group following Propensity Score Matching. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education level, place of residence, gestational age at onset, gravidity, parity, multiple pregnancy, prenatal care attendance, severity of preeclampsia, baseline blood pressure values, and comorbid conditions (P\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Baseline Characteristics (After PSM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=220)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabetalol group (n=110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNifedipine group (n=110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years), Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.68\u0026plusmn;4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.82\u0026plusmn;4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.55\u0026plusmn;4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=0.416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge \u0026lt;35 years, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162 (73.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (72.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (74.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge \u0026ge;35 years, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (26.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (27.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (25.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m\u0026sup2;), Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.25\u0026plusmn;3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.22\u0026plusmn;3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.29\u0026plusmn;4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal pre-pregnancy weight, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (49.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (50.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (50.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (49.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior high school or below\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (22.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (21.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (22.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school/Technical secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (38.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (37.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege degree or above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (39.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (38.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (65.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (63.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (66.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (35.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (36.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (33.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age at onset (weeks), Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.94\u0026plusmn;3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.91\u0026plusmn;3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.96\u0026plusmn;3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age at onset \u0026ge;34 weeks, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (64.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (64.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (63.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age at onset \u0026lt;34 weeks, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (35.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (35.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (36.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGravidity (times), M (Q1, Q3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00 (1.00, 2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00 (1.00, 2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00 (1.00, 2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParity (times), M (Q1, Q3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00, 1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00, 1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00 (0.00, 1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimipara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (56.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (56.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (57.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple pregnancy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of antenatal visits, M (Q1, Q3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00 (5.00, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00 (5.00, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00 (5.00, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=0.251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular antenatal visits, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178 (80.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (81.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity of preeclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (38.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (41.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (60.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (61.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (58.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBP(mmHg), Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.85\u0026plusmn;10.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.25\u0026plusmn;9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155.45\u0026plusmn;11.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBP (mmHg), Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.95\u0026plusmn;8.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.62\u0026plusmn;8.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.27\u0026plusmn;9.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-gestational diabetes, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (12.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (13.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (11.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of kidney disease, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of thyroid disease, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (6.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (6.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of previous preeclampsia, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Blood Pressure Control and Hemodynamic Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 showed that after treatment, systolic blood pressure, DBP, uterine artery S/D ratio, PI, RI, as well as plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, and hematocrit were all significantly improved compared to pretreatment values in both groups (P\u0026lt;0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P\u0026gt;0.05), suggesting that both antihypertensive regimens have comparable efficacy in controlling blood pressure and improving hemodynamic parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Blood pressure control and hemodynamic parameters, Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=220)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabetalol group (n=110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNifedipine group (n=110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.85\u0026plusmn;10.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.25\u0026plusmn;9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155.45\u0026plusmn;11.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.95\u0026plusmn;9.58*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.83\u0026plusmn;9.76*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.08\u0026plusmn;9.45*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.95\u0026plusmn;8.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.62\u0026plusmn;8.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.27\u0026plusmn;9.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.53\u0026plusmn;9.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.58\u0026plusmn;9.06*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.47\u0026plusmn;9.19*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS/D ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026plusmn;0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.85\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS/D ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u0026plusmn;0.36*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026plusmn;0.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026plusmn;0.37*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-1.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026plusmn;0.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026plusmn;0.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026plusmn;0.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-1.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026plusmn;0.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026plusmn;0.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=0.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma Viscosity (mPa\u0026middot;s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026plusmn;0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlasma Viscosity (mPa\u0026middot;s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u0026plusmn;0.20*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026plusmn;0.18*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026plusmn;0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-1.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-shear Whole Blood Viscosity (mPa\u0026middot;s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u0026plusmn;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u0026plusmn;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-shear Whole Blood Viscosity (mPa\u0026middot;s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u0026plusmn;0.49*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u0026plusmn;0.48*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u0026plusmn;0.52*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=0.557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHematocrit (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.70\u0026plusmn;4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.57\u0026plusmn;4.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.82\u0026plusmn;4.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.409\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHematocrit (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.69\u0026plusmn;3.99*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.59\u0026plusmn;3.81*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.80\u0026plusmn;4.17*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-0.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: *P\u0026lt;0.05 compared with pre-treatment value in the same group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Maternal Complications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 showed that the rate of postpartum hemorrhage was significantly lower in the Labetalol Group compared to the Nifedipine Group (8.8% vs. 17.0%, P=0.043). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the incidence of other complications, such as eclampsia, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, acute kidney injury, pulmonary edema, or retinopathy (P\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Maternal complications, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=220)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabetalol group (n=110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNifedipine group (n=110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostpartum Hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (12.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (17.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=4.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlacental Abruption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (6.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHELLP Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcute Kidney Injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Edema\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetinopathy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (6.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 showed that the Labetalol Group had a significantly lower rate of preterm birth (\u0026lt;37 weeks) compared to the Nifedipine Group (24.6% vs. 37.3%, P=0.041), and neonatal birth weight was significantly higher in the Labetalol Group (2933.95\u0026plusmn;803.23 g vs. 2541.35\u0026plusmn;631.41 g, P\u0026lt;0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in other parameters, including fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring, early preterm birth (\u0026lt;34 weeks), very low birth weight, Apgar scores, fetal distress, NICU admission rate, neonatal complications, and perinatal mortality (P\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Fetal and neonatal outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=220)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Adverse Outcome Group (n=142)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdverse Outcome Group (n=78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFetal Growth Restriction, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (12.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (10.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (13.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOligohydramnios, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (9.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (10.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbnormal Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (18.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (16.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreterm Birth (\u0026lt;37 weeks), n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (30.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (24.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (37.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=4.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly Preterm Birth (\u0026lt;34 weeks), n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (9.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (10.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Low Birth Weight Infant (\u0026lt;1500g), n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeonatal Birth Weight, Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2737.65\u0026plusmn;747.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2933.95\u0026plusmn;803.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2541.35\u0026plusmn;631.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=4.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-minute Apgar Score (points), Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.15\u0026plusmn;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u0026plusmn;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.05\u0026plusmn;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=1.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-minute Apgar Score (points), Mean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.10\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.05\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.15\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et=-1.251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeonatal Asphyxia, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (6.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNICU Admission, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (22.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (25.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFetal Distress, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (8.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (10.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraventricular Hemorrhage, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNecrotizing Enterocolitis, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerinatal Death, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Adverse Drug Reactions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 showed that the Nifedipine Group had significantly higher rates of headache (16.36% vs. 7.27%, P=0.037) and facial flushing (13.64% vs. 4.55%, P=0.019) compared to the Labetalol Group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in the incidence of other adverse reactions such as tachycardia, nausea, dizziness, or hypotension (P\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Adverse drug reactions, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=220)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Adverse Outcome Group (n=142)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdverse Outcome Group (n=78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeadache\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (11.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (16.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2=4.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFacial Flushing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (9.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (13.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2=5.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTachycardia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (6.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2=0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNausea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2=0.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDizziness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (6.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (6.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2=0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypotension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAny Adverse Reaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (27.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (22.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (31.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;2=2.292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.6 Adverse Maternal-Fetal Outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the occurrence of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes (a composite endpoint including postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, eclampsia, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, and perinatal death), the 220 patients were divided into an adverse outcome group (n=78) and a no adverse outcome group (n=142). Table 6 compares the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Univariate analysis revealed that the proportions of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, severe preeclampsia, onset of preeclampsia at \u0026lt;34 weeks gestation, and maternal age \u0026ge;35 years were significantly higher in the adverse outcome group compared to the no adverse outcome group (P\u0026lt;0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in the distribution of antihypertensive medications between the two groups (P\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. Baseline characteristics between the adverse maternal-fetal outcome group and the no adverse outcome group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=220)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Adverse Outcome Group (n=142)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdverse Outcome Group (n=78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162 (73.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (78.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (64.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=5.658\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (26.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (21.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (35.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-pregnancy BMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal pre-pregnancy weight, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (56.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (38.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=6.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (43.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (61.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior high school or below\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (22.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (23.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (20.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=-0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school/Technical secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (38.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (39.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (37.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege degree or above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (39.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (37.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (42.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (65.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (65.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (64.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (35.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (34.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (35.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age at onset, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;34 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (64.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (74.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (44.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=19.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;34 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (35.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (25.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (55.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimipara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (56.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (51.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (66.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=4.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple pregnancy, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (4.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (15.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=8.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of antenatal visits, M (Q1, Q3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00 (5.00, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00 (5.00, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00 (5.00, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ=-1.296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular antenatal visits, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178 (80.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (81.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (79.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity of preeclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (40.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (21.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=16.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (60.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (78.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-gestational diabetes, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (12.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (8.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (20.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=6.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of kidney disease, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (3.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of thyroid disease, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (6.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (6.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (7.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistory of previous preeclampsia, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (4.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (5.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntihypertensive medication, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabetalol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (52.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (44.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=1.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNifedipine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (47.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (55.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables that were statistically significant in the univariate analysis from Table 6 (pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, severe preeclampsia, onset of preeclampsia at \u0026lt;34 weeks gestation, and maternal age \u0026ge;35 years) were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model. The results, presented in Table 7, showed that maternal age \u0026ge;35 years (OR=2.091, 95% CI: 1.131-3.872, P=0.018), pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OR=2.064, 95% CI: 1.180-3.655, P=0.012), onset of preeclampsia at \u0026lt;34 weeks gestation (OR=3.618, 95% CI: 2.027-6.545, P\u0026lt;0.001), primiparity (OR=1.890, 95% CI: 1.071-3.390, P=0.030), multiple pregnancy (OR=4.121, 95% CI: 1.530-12.288, P=0.007), severe preeclampsia (OR=3.588, 95% CI: 1.944-6.894, P\u0026lt;0.001), and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (OR=2.796, 95% CI: 1.254-6.391, P=0.013) were all independent risk factors for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. The model demonstrated good fit (Nagelkerke R\u0026sup2; = 0.305). Furthermore, the type of antihypertensive medication did not enter the final model in the regression analysis, suggesting that it was not an independent predictor of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes in this study population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. Multivariate logistic regression analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal age \u0026ge;35 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.091 (1.131-3.872)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-pregnancy overweight or obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.064 (1.180-3.655)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age at onset \u0026lt;34 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.618 (2.027-6.545)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimipara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.890 (1.071-3.390)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.121 (1.530-12.288)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere preeclampsia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.588 (1.944-6.894)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-gestational diabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.796 (1.254-6.391)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePreeclampsia, as a pregnancy-specific multisystem disorder, presents a clinical challenge where the choice of antihypertensive strategy directly impacts maternal and fetal prognosis. This study systematically compared the effects of two first-line oral antihypertensive regimens\u0026mdash;labetalol and sustained-release nifedipine\u0026mdash;on maternal-fetal outcomes in patients with preeclampsia. We found that while both agents demonstrated comparable efficacy in blood pressure control and hemodynamic improvement, significant differences emerged regarding postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, and adverse drug reactions. This finding holds substantial practical significance for guiding individualized clinical medication. Regarding blood pressure control, both the Labetalol Group and the Nifedipine Group in our study showed significant reductions in systolic and DBP post-treatment compared to baseline, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. This suggests that both medications effectively manage hypertension in preeclamptic patients. A randomized controlled trial by Webster et al. [11] directly comparing labetalol and nifedipine for treating chronic hypertension in pregnancy reported no significant difference in the rates of achieving target blood pressure control. This conclusion aligns with the findings of Leonard et al. [12], whose analysis of a large cohort of 6,724 pregnant women in the United States clearly indicated that labetalol and nifedipine possess similar efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of chronic hypertension during pregnancy. The equivalence in controlling systolic and DBP observed in our study corroborates the results of these larger trials, further supporting the rationale behind current international guidelines that list both agents as first-line options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUterine artery hemodynamic parameters are critical indicators reflecting placental perfusion status and are closely associated with the severity of preeclampsia and fetal prognosis [13, 14]. After treatment, both groups showed significant improvements in uterine artery S/D ratio, PI, and RI from baseline, with no significant differences between them. Research by Hassan et al. [15], utilizing Doppler ultrasound evaluation, found that labetalol effectively maintains uteroplacental perfusion while lowering blood pressure, with its effect on improving uterine artery PI and RI being comparable to that of nifedipine. This finding aligns with our observation that uterine artery blood flow parameters significantly improved in both groups without inter-group differences. The increased resistance in uterine arteries among preeclamptic patients is largely attributable to systemic maternal vasospasm/vasoconstriction, leading to abnormal perfusion pressure [16, 17]. Once both medications successfully lower maternal blood pressure to the target range, the elevated uterine artery resistance state directly caused by hypertension is consequently alleviated. Labetalol, an \u0026alpha;/\u0026beta;-adrenergic receptor blocker, induces direct vasodilation by blocking \u0026alpha;1 receptors while simultaneously slowing heart rate and reducing myocardial oxygen demand through \u0026beta;-blockade [18]. Nifedipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, directly inhibits calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells, potently dilating peripheral arterioles, and clinical studies have not shown negative effects on uteroplacental blood flow [19]. Although labetalol and nifedipine have different mechanisms of action, they both effectively reduce systemic vascular resistance in preeclamptic patients through the common pathway of lowering blood pressure and inducing vasodilation. When they achieve similar levels of blood pressure control, they demonstrate clinical equivalence in improving uterine artery Doppler parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostpartum hemorrhage is a major complication during the delivery period in patients with preeclampsia and poses a serious threat to maternal safety. This study found that the rate of postpartum hemorrhage in the Labetalol Group was significantly lower than that in the Nifedipine Group, a finding of considerable clinical importance. Research by Ajit Kumar Gupta [20] indicated that in managing gestational hypertension, oral labetalol was associated with significantly reduced blood loss during delivery and a lower risk of postpartum hemorrhage, potentially related to labetalol\u0026apos;s relatively milder vasodilatory effect which may help maintain better uterine tone. The calcium channel blocking action of nifedipine could inhibit uterine smooth muscle contraction, whereas labetalol\u0026apos;s alpha-receptor blocking effect, while dilating vessels, has a relatively smaller impact on uterine contractility [21]. Furthermore, the potent systemic vasodilation caused by nifedipine might lead to sustained dilation of the uterine vascular bed postpartum, affecting uterine contraction and the hemostatic process [22]. This finding suggests that for preeclamptic patients with high-risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage, labetalol may represent a safer choice. Preterm birth is a critical factor requiring careful consideration in the management of preeclampsia, where one goal of antihypertensive therapy is to prolong gestation as much as possible while controlling the maternal condition. The significantly lower rate of preterm birth observed in the Labetalol Group compared to the Nifedipine Group in this study supports the advantage of labetalol in extending gestational age. A large-scale systematic review and network meta-analysis provides high-level evidence for this, incorporating 23 trials with a total of 3,989 patients and showing that labetalol reduced the risk of preterm birth by 32% compared to nifedipine [23]. This result aligns closely with our finding of a significantly lower preterm birth rate in the Labetalol Group. The same meta-analysis also indicated that labetalol has advantages in reducing the risk of developing preeclampsia. These findings suggest that labetalol, potentially through more stable hemodynamic control, might mitigate the impact of blood pressure fluctuations on the uteroplacental unit, thereby delaying disease progression and allowing more time for fetal maturation. In contrast, although nifedipine is equally effective at lowering blood pressure, its faster onset and potent vasodilatory properties could lead to greater blood pressure variability or reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system, causing tachycardia\u0026mdash;factors that might be less conducive to prolonging pregnancy [24].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrug safety is a key consideration in selecting antihypertensive regimens. This study found that headache and facial flushing occurred significantly more often in the Nifedipine Group than the Labetalol Group, likely due to nifedipine\u0026apos;s vasodilatory effects. A meta-analysis indicated that for hypertensive patients, nifedipine was significantly superior to other antihypertensive agents (labetalol, hydralazine, methyldopa) in lowering blood pressure [25]. Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial involving pregnant women requiring pharmacological intervention for severe hypertension compared the efficacy of oral nifedipine, labetalol, or methyldopa. The results showed that the primary outcome of achieving blood pressure control within 6 hours without adverse outcomes was higher for both nifedipine and labetalol compared to methyldopa [26]. Zhu et al. [27] compared calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension, noting that the vasodilatory effects of calcium channel blockers can lead to headache, facial flushing, palpitations, peripheral edema, and hypotension; such vasodilatory side effects are more common with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. A prospective study by Solanki et al. [28] also explicitly identified headache, facial flushing, palpitations, peripheral edema, and hypotension as the main side effects of calcium channel blockers. The significantly higher rates of headache and facial flushing observed in the Nifedipine Group in our study are consistent with the conclusions of these systematic reviews. Although these adverse reactions are often mild, they may affect patient treatment adherence, thereby potentially impacting blood pressure control. Labetalol, due to its combined alpha and beta-blocking action, counteracts the reflex tachycardia caused by alpha-blockade alone, resulting in more stable hemodynamic changes\u0026mdash;a pharmacological property that explains its better tolerability [29].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Labetalol Group had a significantly lower preterm birth rate and higher neonatal birth weight than the Nifedipine Group. No significant differences were found between groups for other indicators, including fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring, Apgar scores, fetal distress, or NICU admission rate. Research by Ajit Kumar Gupta [20] indicated that although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in neonatal Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, the incidence of fetal distress, NICU admission rates, or mortality, the mean neonatal birth weight was significantly higher in the Labetalol Group compared to the Nifedipine Group (P=0.002), suggesting an advantage for labetalol in improving neonatal birth weight. This aligns with the trend observed in our study. These findings suggest that while the two medications may be equivalent regarding major perinatal outcomes, labetalol might offer a subtle advantage in promoting fetal growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression analysis further identified independent risk factors for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes, including maternal age \u0026ge;35 years, pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, onset of preeclampsia at \u0026lt;34 weeks gestation, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, severe preeclampsia, and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. Recognition of these factors aids clinicians in the early identification and targeted management of high-risk patients [30, 31]. Onset at \u0026lt;34 weeks as a predictive factor aligns with the conclusions of a large cohort study by Venkatesh et al. [32], which confirmed the prognostic value of this gestational age threshold for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The high-risk nature of severe preeclampsia and multiple pregnancy is well established. Jikamo et al. [33] found that severe features increased the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes by 46%, while a large cohort study confirmed significantly higher risks for most adverse outcomes in twin pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, excluding stillbirth and neonatal asphyxia [34]. Risk factors such as maternal age \u0026ge;35 years and pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity align with the 2020 ACOG Guideline [10]. Notably, the type of antihypertensive medication did not enter the final regression model, suggesting that after controlling for other confounding factors, labetalol and nifedipine did not show a significant difference in the overall risk of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. This aligns with the observed equivalence of the two drugs in blood pressure control and hemodynamic improvement. However, labetalol still demonstrated advantages in specific outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage and preterm birth, which may be related to the more complex mechanisms underlying these outcomes, involving various pathophysiological processes beyond simple blood pressure control. The findings of this study support the preferential selection of labetalol in specific clinical scenarios, particularly when the therapeutic goals include prolonging gestation, reducing preterm birth, or when the patient has high-risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage. Nevertheless, clinical decision-making must remain individualized, taking into account patient comorbidities, drug contraindications, and treatment response. For instance, in patients with concomitant asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the beta-blocking effect of labetalol may warrant cautious use; for patients with bradycardia or heart block, nifedipine might be more suitable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Study Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a retrospective cohort study, despite using PSM to control for confounders, the potential for unmeasured confounding factors remains. The relatively limited sample size may have provided insufficient power for comparing certain rare complications. Furthermore, the study did not perform a standardized analysis of medication dosages, and different dosages could potentially influence outcomes. Additionally, the absence of long-term follow-up limits evaluation of the drugs’ effects on maternal and fetal prognosis. Future large-scale prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate these findings and assess the impact of different antihypertensive strategies on long-term cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in patients with preeclampsia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, both labetalol and sustained-release nifedipine, as first-line agents for antihypertensive therapy in preeclampsia, demonstrate comparable efficacy in blood pressure control and improvement of uteroplacental blood flow. However, labetalol exhibits advantages in reducing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, lowering the incidence of preterm birth, and offering a better safety profile. These findings provide important evidence-based support for individualized antihypertensive treatment in patients with preeclampsia, endorsing the selection of appropriate antihypertensive regimens in clinical practice based on individual patient characteristics and therapeutic goals to optimize maternal-fetal outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript has neither been previously published nor is under consideration by any other journal. The authors have all approved the content of the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a retrospective observational study using anonymized data, informed consent from the pregnant women was waived.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthic Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by Henan Provincial People's Hospital's Ethics Committee and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study can be obtained from the corresponding author, upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Lin Zhao]: Conceived and designed the research, and analyzed data. Drafted and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Rui Chen, Yahui Xu]: Contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data. Provided substantial intellectual input during the drafting and revision of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Haiying Wu]: Participated in the conception and design of the study. Played a key role in data interpretation and manuscript preparation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors affirm that they do not have any financial conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRosenberg EA, Seely EW. Update on Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. 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Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and the Parity-Dependent Differential Uterine Response to Oxytocin in Rats. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif). 2025;32(2):300-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZamani M, Alimi R, Arabi SM, Moradi M, Azmoude E. Comparison of the efficacy of nifedipine with ritodrine, nitroglycerine and magnesium sulfate for the management of preterm labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2024;24(1):318.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHup RJ, Damen JAA, Terstappen J, Klein Haneveld MJ, Terstappen F, Magee LA, et al. Oral antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2025;233(4):250-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan Winden TMS, Nijman TAJ, Kleinrouweler CE, Salim R, Kashanian M, Al-Omari WR, et al. Tocolysis with nifedipine versus atosiban and perinatal outcome: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2022;22(1):567.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeorge R, Thomas C, Joy CA, Varghese B, Undela K, Adela R. Comparative efficacy and safety of oral nifedipine with other antihypertensive medications in the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of hypertension. 2022;40(10):1876-86.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEasterling T, Mundle S, Bracken H, Parvekar S, Mool S, Magee LA, et al. Oral antihypertensive regimens (nifedipine retard, labetalol, and methyldopa) for management of severe hypertension in pregnancy: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2019;394(10203):1011-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu J, Chen N, Zhou M, Guo J, Zhu C, Zhou J, et al. Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2021;10(10):Cd003654.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolanki N, Pandit D, Desai S. Effectiveness and safety assessment of beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive patients: a prospective study. American journal of cardiovascular disease. 2021;11(5):601-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChaemsaithong P, Biswas M, Lertrut W, Warintaksa P, Wataganara T, Poon LC, et al. Pharmacogenomics of Preeclampsia therapies: Current evidence and future challenges for clinical implementation. Best practice \u0026amp; research Clinical obstetrics \u0026amp; gynaecology. 2024;92:102437.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOzer B, Bolat F, Keyif F, Peltek Ozer S, Sit M, Karagoz I, et al. The Relationship of Blood Glucose with Early Morbidity, Mortality, and Other Prognostic Factors in Pancreatic Cancer. Advances in Modern Biomedicine. 2025;1(2):11-20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi M, Ji J, Ma L. Treatment as Prevention: A Review of the Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in High-Risk Diabetic Foot. Nursing Science and Clinical Practice. 2025;1(3):1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVenkatesh KK, Strauss RA, Westreich DJ, Thorp JM, Stamilio DM, Grantz KL. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with preeclampsia with severe features \u0026lt;34 weeks gestation with versus without comorbidity. Pregnancy hypertension. 2020;20:75-82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJikamo B, Adefris M, Azale T, Gelaye KA. Incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes and risk factors among women with pre-eclampsia, southern Ethiopia: a prospective open cohort study. BMJ paediatrics open. 2022;6(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChai L, Li S, Yin B, Zhu X, Zhu B, Wu K. Prevalence, risk factors, and adverse perinatal outcomes in Chinese women with preeclampsia: a large retrospective cohort study. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2025;44(1):32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-human-hypertension","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jhh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Human Hypertension](http://www.nature.com/jhh/)","snPcode":"41371","submissionUrl":"https://mts-jhh.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"Journal of Human Hypertension","twitterHandle":"@jhhypertension","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Preeclampsia, Antihypertensive therapy, Labetalol, Nifedipine, Maternal-fetal outcomes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9156634/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9156634/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreeclampsia poses a significant threat to maternal and infant health. Antihypertensive therapy is a critical component in improving perinatal outcomes, but the comparative maternal-fetal effects of different oral antihypertensive agents require further clinical evidence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo compare the differences in maternal-fetal outcomes between two antihypertensive strategies\u0026mdash;oral labetalol and oral nifedipine\u0026mdash;in patients with preeclampsia, providing a reference for individualized clinical treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis retrospective cohort study enrolled consecutive preeclampsia patients admitted from January 2023 to December 2025, dividing them into two groups based on antihypertensive treatment: the Labetalol Group (154 patients) and the Nifedipine Group (136 patients). Both groups received magnesium sulfate for spasmolysis as needed based on their condition, and were also given adjunctive aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin depending on platelet counts and coagulation function. Following 1:1 Propensity Score Matching (PSM), maternal and fetal outcomes were compared between groups. Primary outcomes were the occurrence of maternal complications and neonatal outcomes. Secondary outcomes included maternal uterine artery blood flow and hemodynamics, incidence of fetal growth restriction, and incidence of adverse drug reactions. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing PSM, baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Both achieved similar improvements in blood pressure, uterine artery blood flow (S/D, PI, RI), and hemodynamic indicators (plasma and whole blood viscosity, hematocrit) (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The Labetalol Group, compared to the Nifedipine Group, had significantly lower rates of postpartum hemorrhage (8.8% vs. 17.0%, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043) and preterm birth (24.6% vs. 37.3%, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041), and higher neonatal birth weight (2933.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;803.23 g vs. 2541.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;631.41 g, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Conversely, the Nifedipine Group experienced higher incidences of headache (16.4% vs. 7.3%, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037) and facial flushing (13.6% vs. 4.6%, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019). Multivariate Logistic regression identified maternal age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, preeclampsia onset at \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;34 weeks, primiparity, multiple pregnancy, severe preeclampsia, and pre-gestational diabetes as independent risk factors for adverse maternal-fetal outcomes (all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth labetalol and nifedipine effectively control blood pressure and improve uteroplacental blood flow and most maternal-fetal outcomes in patients with preeclampsia. Adverse effects are more common with nifedipine, whereas labetalol offers the added benefits of reducing preterm birth and postpartum hemorrhage, indicating a better safety profile.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Maternal-Fetal Outcomes Associated with Different Antihypertensive Treatment Strategies in Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-05 17:06:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9156634/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"revise","date":"2026-04-16T14:15:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-04-03T00:52:42+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-04-02T03:04:07+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-04-01T07:30:14+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-03-31T09:14:28+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-28T15:11:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T16:49:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Human Hypertension","date":"2026-03-23T02:21:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksFailed","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T14:59:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T08:22:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-human-hypertension","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jhh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Human Hypertension](http://www.nature.com/jhh/)","snPcode":"41371","submissionUrl":"https://mts-jhh.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"Journal of Human Hypertension","twitterHandle":"@jhhypertension","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1ab0677b-cef0-4168-a055-533bf2c795b1","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":65316133,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":65316134,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research/Clinical trial design"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-16T14:20:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-05 17:06:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9156634","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9156634","identity":"rs-9156634","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}