Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephrididae) Journey from South to Northward in Türkiye: as a case study

Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephrididae) Journey from South to Northward in Türkiye: as a case study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephrididae) Journey from South to Northward in Türkiye: as a case study Mohammed Ahmed MOHAMMED, Emin ÖZER, Can AKDENIZ, Mustafa Alper KÖSELİ, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6924428/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Phytoparasitica → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly invasive agricultural pest that poses a significant threat to fruit production worldwide. Understanding its dispersal patterns and genetic connectivity is crucial for effective pest management. This study investigates the northward expansion of C. capitata in Türkiye by analyzing gene flow population movement and genetic differentiation between Adana, which has a Mediterranean climate zone, and Ankara, which has a continental climate zone. Over three years (2022–2025), a field study was conducted using cone-type traps, and mitochondrial COI gene sequencing was performed on 50 specimens to assess genetic variation. Trap captures revealed that Medfly populations first appeared in Adana in early April, gradually dispersed northward, and were detected in Ankara by late August. However, population numbers declined significantly after October, suggesting that the Medfly does not establish overwintering populations in Ankara. Genetic analyses did not show moderate differentiation between the Adana and Ankara populations. The presence of shared haplotypes indicates that the Medfly populations in Ankara originate from recurrent introductions rather than forming self-sustaining colonies. These findings confirm that both natural dispersal and human-mediated fruit transport contribute to the movement of the Medfly along this transect. Ceratitis capitata dispersal genetic connectivity pest management Türkiye Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION The family Tephritidae, belonging to the order Diptera, consists of approximately 4,000 species. Around 1,400 of these species are known to develop in maturing fruit and are of significant economic importance. Commonly referred to as "fruit flies," these insects are among the most harmful agricultural pests worldwide, causing substantial economic losses by infesting a wide variety of fruit species. Within the Tephritidae family, the genus Ceratitis includes about 65 species, many of which are highly polyphagous (White et al., 1992). One of the most invasive and economically significant members of this genus is the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), commonly known as the Medfly. This species is believed to be native to sub-Saharan Africa, but it has successfully established populations in various regions, including North Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, and parts of the Americas (CAB-International, 1999; EPPO, 2011). Ceratitis capitata has a broad host range, affecting more than 300 species of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, which contributes to its rapid global spread and economic impact. Its major host plants include apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.), avocado ( Persea americana Mill.), citrus ( Citrus spp.), fig ( Ficus carica L.), mango ( Mangifera indica L.), peach ( Prunus persica L.), and pear ( Pyrus communis L.) (Liquido et al., 1991 ; Rigamonti, 2005). The Mediterranean fruit fly, is a holometabolous insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis, transitioning through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Female fruit flies lay 1 to 10 eggs beneath the skin of host fruits, where the larvae develop before pupating in the soil (Berg, 1979 ; White et al., 1992). The duration of development is highly dependent on temperature, typically ranging from 28 to 34 days in summer and extending to 60 to 115 days in winter (Shoukry & Hafez, 1979 ; Duyck et al., 2022 ; Grout et al., 2007). Medfly dispersal occurs through natural flight as well as human-mediated transport of fruits. Wind currents play a significant role in facilitating long-distance movement (Aluja, 1993), while trade networks contribute to human-assisted expansion (Prokopy et al., 1989; Barbosa et al., 2000). The Mediterranean fruit fly, has successfully adapted to various climatic conditions, allowing it to expand into temperate regions. Its ability to survive through winter largely depends on factors such as temperature, humidity, and the availability of host fruit (Israely et al., 1997 ; Papadopoulos et al., 2001a, 2001b). In subtropical areas, population changes are mainly influenced by rainfall and humidity levels (Harris et al., 1987). In contrast, in temperate climates, low winter temperatures can significantly limit the persistence of these populations (Denlinger et al., 1998; Vera et al., 2022). Recent detections of C. capitata in continental regions such as Central Macedonia (Greece), Lombardy and Trentino (Italy), northeastern Spain, mainland France, Austria, Germany, and Romania indicate a northward expansion of its range (Zanoni et al., 2020; Escudero-Colomar et al., 2008 ; Egartner et al., 2019 ; König et al., 2022 ; Chireceanu et al., 2013 ). This phenomenon raises critical questions about the Medfly's overwintering mechanisms and the role of genetic adaptation in its establishment. Two primary hypotheses have been proposed regarding Medfly's presence in these cooler areas: i. Temporary infestations due to imported fruit, suggesting that Medfly populations in colder regions originate from infested fruit transported from warmer areas (Papadopoulos et al., 1996 , 1998 , 2022; Israely et al., 1997 , 2004 ); ii. Adaptation to temperate climates, where some studies indicate that Medfly can survive low temperatures, allowing for partial overwintering (Papadopoulos et al., 1996 , 1998 ; Rigamonti et al., 2022). Despite the increasing reports of Medfly's geographical expansion, the genetic connectivity between populations living in different climatic regions remains largely unexplored. A significant but understudied migration corridor exists between Adana, a crucial agricultural hub in southern Türkiye with a Mediterranean climate, and Ankara, which experiences a more temperate continental climate. Given the substantial transport of fresh fruit and vegetables between these regions, C. capitata may disperse not only through natural flight but also via human-mediated trade routes. However, the extent of this movement and its genetic implications are still uncertain. This study focuses on the following hypotheses: populations of C. capitata in Adana and Ankara are interconnected through both natural dispersal and human-assisted transport of infested fruit. Additionally, climatic differences between these regions may influence the genetic structure and survival of the Medfly, potentially leading to localized adaptations. To address these hypotheses, the study aims to analyze genetic variation in C. capitata populations from Adana and Ankara. The objectives include determining the extent of gene flow, assessing the impact of climate on population structure and survival, and evaluating the role of fruit trade in facilitating Medfly dispersal. Understanding the genetic connectivity and dispersal mechanisms of C. capitata is essential for developing effective pest management strategies and predicting future expansion trends under changing environmental conditions and trade practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trap placement, sampling and identification To monitor the dispersal and overwintering potential of C. capitata , a field study was conducted between 2022 and 2025. Cone-type traps (0.0075 g lambda-cyhalothrin + 74.75% ammonium acetate + 8.31% trimethylamine hydrochloride + 0.33% 1,4-diaminobutane; SYNGENTA) were deployed along a south-to-north transect from Adana (Çukurova region) to Ankara, covering a range of climatic conditions. The traps were deployed mainly on Citrus trees at a height of 1.5 m above ground in Çukurova region (MFF1, MFF2, MFF3 and MFF4). The first set of traps was installed in the Çukurova region on April 4, 2022, where C. capitata is typically first detected after winter. Three traps were placed at different locations within Adana: Adana City Center (one trap), Adana Yolgeçen (one trap), and Adana K. Çıldırım (one trap). Traps were checked weekly, and lure replacements were conducted every six months to maintain their effectiveness. On April 25, 2022, when the insect was first detected in the traps, 20 additional traps were installed along a northward transect from Adana to Ankara (Fig. 1 ). These traps were placed in various agricultural and peri-urban environments to assess population movement patterns. Monitoring continued bi-weekly for the duration of the study, with lures replaced every six months. EPPO (2011) was used for morphological identification of specimens collected from the traps. DNA Extraction, Sequencing, and Alignment Genomic DNA was extracted from 50 samples (Table 1 ) collected from various locations and time points using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Spin Column Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) (Table 1 ). A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was amplified using the primers LCO1490 (5′-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3′) and HCO2198 (5′-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3′) (Folmer et al., 1994). Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed in a 20 µL reaction volume containing 0.5 µL of genomic DNA, 0.1 mM dNTPs, 0.5 U/µM BIOTAQ DNA Polymerase, 3 mM MgCl₂, and 0.3 µM of each primer (forward and reverse). The PCR conditions consisted of an initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 51°C for 1 min, extension at 72°C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72°C for 7 min. PCR products were sequenced bidirectionally using ABI sequencing technology. Sequences were aligned in Geneious v.7.1.7 (Kearse et al., 2012) alongside reference sequences retrieved from GenBank. PCR products were purified and sequenced by Telomer Yaşam Bilimleri (Adana, Turkey). Contigs were assembled using CodonCode Aligner (CodonCode Corp.), and multiple sequence alignments were performed using ClustalW in BioEdit. Each alignment was visually inspected, and sequences containing large gaps were trimmed. Such gaps often arise due to excessive sequence variation among taxa. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference methods. ML trees were constructed in MEGA X, with codon positions partitioned into three datasets for COI. A General Time Reversible (GTR) nucleotide substitution model was applied to each partition. Non-parametric bootstrapping (10,000 replicates) was performed, with every 100 bootstrap trees used as starting trees for ML optimization. Bayesian phylogenies were reconstructed using MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003) within the Geneious package. A separate GTR model with gamma-distributed rates and a proportion of invariant sites was applied to each partition, using default priors. Four Markov chains (three hot and one cold) were run simultaneously for five million generations, sampling trees every 1,000 generations. The log-likelihood plot over time was examined to ensure convergence, and the first 1,000 trees, generated before stationarity was reached, were discarded as burn-in. Genetic differentiation was assessed using Fst values in ARLEQUIN v.3.5. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using Maximum Likelihood (MEGA X) with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. Haplotype diversity was calculated to evaluate gene flow between populations. Table 1 DNA isolated Ceratitis capitata and outgroups DNA KOD DATE LOCATION SPECIES AMS001 24.08.2023 AUZF Ceratitis capitata AMS002 24.08.2023 Ankara Meteoroloji Ceratitis capitata AMS003 30.07.2023 Mersin-Doganlar Ceratitis capitata AMS004 10.08.2023 Tekir Ceratitis capitata AMS005 18.09.2024 Ankara Golbasi Ceratitis capitata AMS006 09.09.2024 Ankara Ceratitis capitata AMS007 29.08.2024 Ankara Ceratitis capitata AMS008 14.09.2023 Mersin-Doganlar Ceratitis capitata AMS009 14.09.2024 Demireller Ceratitis capitata AMS010 13.09.2024 Ankara Ceratitis capitata AMS011 18.09.2024 Demireller Ceratitis capitata AMS012 01.08.2024 Mersin-Yenice Ceratitis capitata AMS013 01.08.2024 Tekir Ceratitis capitata AMS014 26.07.2022 Mersin-Yenice Ceratitis capitata AMS015 09.09.2022 SerefliKoshisar Ceratitis capitata AMS016 06.09.2022 Aksaray Ceratitis capitata AMS017 06.09.2022 Mersin-Yenice Ceratitis capitata AMS018 31.10.2022 Adana-Cildirim Ceratitis capitata AMS019 31.10.2022 Aksaray Ceratitis capitata AMS020 31.10.2022 Tekir Ceratitis capitata AMS021 31.10.2022 SerefliKochisar Ceratitis capitata AMS022 15.09.2022 Yolgecen Ceratitis capitata AMS023 24.09.2024 Cildirim Ceratitis capitata AMS024 19.07.2022 Mersin-Yenice Ceratitis capitata AMS025 06.09.2022 Tekir Ceratitis capitata AMS026 09.06.2022 Mersin-Yenice Ceratitis capitata AMS027 09.06.2023 Cildirim Ceratitis capitata AMS028 12.07.2023 Mersin-Yenice Ceratitis capitata AMS029 12.07.2023 Cildirim Ceratitis capitata AMS030 18.09.2024 SerefliKochisar Ceratitis capitata AMS032 05.09.2023 Ankara (Tepe Prime) Ceratitis capitata AMS033 24.08.2023 AUZF Ceratitis capitata AMS034 18.09.2024 Aksaray-Total Ceratitis capitata AMS035 05.09.2023 Ankara (Tepe Prime 2) Ceratitis capitata AMS036 05.05.2024 Yenice-Mersin Ceratitis capitata AMS037 04.09.2024 Yenice-Mersin Ceratitis capitata AMS038 18.09.2024 Ankara Ceratitis capitata AMS039 26.07.2022 Yenice-Mersin Ceratitis capitata AMS040 12.08.2023 Cildirim Ceratitis capitata AMS041 19.08.2022 Yolgecen Ceratitis capitata AMS042 18.09.2024 Tekir Ceratitis capitata AMS043 07.02.2024 Yenice-Mersin Ceratitis capitata AMS044 10.06.2024 Yenice-Mersin Ceratitis capitata AMS045 24.08.2024 Ankara Ceratitis capitata AMS046 12.08.2023 Yolgecen Ceratitis capitata AMS047 04.09.2023 Topakkaya Ceratitis capitata AMS048 31.10.2022 Yolgecen Ceratitis capitata AMS049 19.07.2022 Yenice-Mersin Ceratitis capitata AMS050 31.10.2022 Yenice-Mersin Ceratitis capitata KY428231.1 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata MG764540.1 Yalova5 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata MG764540.1 Yalova5 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata MG764539.1 Mersin3 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata MG764538.1 Mugla11 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata MG764535.1 Izmir1 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata MN868854.1 Portequise NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata MN454441.1 Peru NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata EU733506.1 Pathway NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata EU733503.1 Pathway1 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata EU733480.1 Pathway2 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis capitata Outgroup JN705238.1 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis cornuta AY788414.1 NCBI RECORDS NCBI RECORDS Ceratitis caetrata AMS031 04.09.2023 Tekir Carpomya schineri RESULTS and DISCUSSION The field monitoring data revealed distinct seasonal patterns in the occurrence of C. capitata along the Adana-Ankara transect. Initial detections in the Çukurova region in early April indicate that Medfly populations emerge after a period of winter dormancy in this Mediterranean climate zone. The subsequent movement of individuals northward, reflected in trap captures from April to October, demonstrates an active dispersal process extending into the temperate region of Ankara. This observation is consistent with previous studies highlighting the Medfly’s ability to expand its range into cooler areas through both natural dispersal and human-assisted transport. The presence of C. capitata in traps as late as October in Ankara supports the hypothesis that some individuals can persist into autumn but not overwinter under suitable microclimatic conditions (Fig. 3 ). The first capture of the Mediterranean fruit fly in traps MFF5-20 (from Tekir to Ankara) occurred between mid-August and early September. Although the number of captured individuals was low, it was noted that the MedFly started to move north after September (Fig. 3 ). In trap MFF5, captures were recorded in Tekir during August. In traps MFF7 and MFF8, the first capture was observed at the end of September. In trap MFF10, the first capture occurred at the end of October. Trap MFF11 saw its first capture at the beginning of August, with additional captures at the end of September. Trap MFF12 recorded the first capture at the beginning of September, followed by another at the end of September. Trap MFF13 had its first capture at the end of September. Traps MFF14, MFF15, MFF16, MFF17, MFF18, MFF19, and MFF20 were set up in various locations within Ankara city center. The first capture in these traps was observed in mid-August. While some locations had higher populations, the overall number was generally small, and the population was only observed until the end of September. However, given that Medfly developmental duration extends significantly in colder temperatures (Shoukry & Hafez, 1979 ; Duyck et al., 2022 ), it remains unclear whether these populations establish viable breeding cycles or are replenished by continuous migration from warmer regions. The observed population fluctuations reinforce prior research suggesting that overwintering success is constrained by temperature and host fruit availability (Israely et al., 1997 ; Papadopoulos et al., 1998 ). Mitochondrial COI sequence analyses revealed moderate genetic differentiation between Medfly populations from Adana and Ankara ( Fig. 4 ) . Haplotype diversity was higher in Adana, consistent with its role as a primary infestation source. Conversely, the Ankara population exhibited lower diversity, with haplotypes largely shared with individuals from Adana. This pattern suggests that Medfly populations in Ankara are not self-sustaining but rather rely on continued immigration from southern regions. The clustering of Ankara specimens with Adana-derived haplotypes supports the hypothesis that gene flow occurs along this corridor, facilitated by both natural dispersal and human-mediated fruit transport. These findings align with studies indicating that Medfly range expansions into temperate regions may be driven more by repeated introductions than by genetic adaptation to cold climates (Papadopoulos et al., 1996 , 2022). However, the presence of unique haplotypes in some Ankara specimens raises the possibility of localized adaptation or additional introduction sources, warranting further investigation. Mitochondrial COI sequence analyses revealed moderate genetic differentiation between Medfly populations from Adana and Ankara ( Fig. 4 ) . Haplotype diversity was higher in Adana, consistent with its role as a primary infestation source. Conversely, the Ankara population exhibited lower diversity, with haplotypes largely shared with individuals from Adana. This pattern suggests that Medfly populations in Ankara are not self-sustaining but rather rely on continued immigration from southern regions. The clustering of Ankara specimens with Adana-derived haplotypes supports the hypothesis that gene flow occurs along this corridor, facilitated by both natural dispersal and human-mediated fruit transport. These findings align with studies indicating that Medfly range expansions into temperate regions may be driven more by repeated introductions than by genetic adaptation to cold climates (Papadopoulos et al., 1996 , 2022). However, the presence of unique haplotypes in some Ankara specimens raises the possibility of localized adaptation or additional introduction sources, warranting further investigation. The genetic similarity between Adana and Ankara populations, combined with the timing of Medfly detection in Ankara following peak fruit trade periods, underscores the importance of human-assisted dispersal. Given that Medfly is known to spread through commercial fruit movement the significant trade routes between these two regions likely serve as conduits for infestation (Rigamonti et al., 2022; Escudero-Colomar et al., 2008 ). This is particularly relevant considering previous reports that C. capitata detections in new areas often coincide with increased fruit imports from infested regions (Rigamonti et al., 2022; Escudero-Colomar et al., 2008 ). The results of this study emphasize the necessity for targeted pest management strategies along key dispersal corridors. Since Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) populations in Ankara seem to rely more on immigration than on local winter survival, control measures should prioritize limiting introductions through fruit. Implementing quarantine measures, enhancing fruit inspection, and utilizing post-harvest treatments could help reduce this risk. Additionally, genetic data indicate that while the current Medfly populations in Ankara are primarily sustained by immigration from Adana, the identification of unique haplotypes raises concerns about the potential for local establishment. If selective pressures favor individuals with greater cold tolerance, these flies could eventually adapt to overwinter in Ankara, similar to observations in parts of Central Europe (Egartner et al., 2019 ; König et al., 2022 ). Future research involving genome-wide analyses and thermal tolerance experiments will be essential to determine whether C. capitata is undergoing evolutionary changes that would enable its permanent establishment in temperate regions. CONCLUSION This study provides strong evidence that the dispersal of Ceratitis capitata , commonly known as the Medfly, in Türkiye is mainly driven by seasonal migration rather than local overwintering. Field monitoring results show that Medfly populations emerge in the Çukurova region (Adana) in early spring and gradually move northward, reaching Ankara by late summer. However, the notable decline in captured individuals after October suggests that C. capitata does not establish self-sustaining populations in Ankara; instead, it relies on continuous immigration from southern regions. Genetic analyses provide additional support for this hypothesis, revealing a moderate level of genetic differentiation between the populations in Adana and Ankara. The higher haplotype diversity observed in Adana, compared to Ankara, suggests that the northern populations likely stem from repeated introductions rather than local reproduction. The presence of shared haplotypes between the two regions indicates ongoing gene flow, which can be attributed to both natural dispersal and human-assisted transport through fruit trade networks. The findings have important implications for pest management in Türkiye. Since the movement of infested fruit from southern to northern regions is facilitated by commercial fruit transportation, stricter quarantine measures should be implemented to prevent this. In addition, strategies for early detection and rapid response, such as pheromone-based trapping systems and targeted insecticide applications, should be improved to reduce further spread. Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, which combine biological control, cultural practices, and regulatory measures, will be essential in mitigating the northward spread of C. capitata. Future research should concentrate on several crucial areas. First, although no evidence of overwintering was found in this study, ongoing monitoring is vital to determine whether populations of Ceratitis capitata in Ankara develop cold-adaptive traits over time. Whole-genome sequencing and gene expression studies could offer insights into the genetic mechanisms that underpin cold tolerance. Second, rising global temperatures may change the distribution patterns of the Mediterranean fruit fly potentially allowing populations to thrive in temperate regions. Predictive climate modelling studies will be necessary to evaluate the long-term risk of C. capitata establishing itself in northern Türkiye. Finally, further investigation into trade-related dispersal mechanisms, particularly the impact of fruit imports from Mediterranean regions, will help refine pest control strategies. Implementing stringent monitoring of transportation routes and post-harvest treatments could significantly reduce the risk of infestation. By integrating genetic monitoring with region-specific pest control measures, we can minimize the risk of C. capitata establishing permanent populations in temperate areas. A proactive approach to Medfly management, which combines scientific research with practical pest control interventions, will be essential for protecting Türkiye's agricultural economy from this highly invasive species. Due to Ankara's dependence on ongoing immigration, it is crucial to prioritize quarantine measures and stricter monitoring of the fruit trade between southern and northern Türkiye in order to prevent further expansion. Implementing integrated pest management strategies that include genetic monitoring and trade regulations will be essential for mitigating the spread of this pest to the north. Declarations Acknowledgements We sincerely express our gratitude to Syngenta Türkiye for continuous support by providing traps used throughout the study. Author contributions MBK: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing -review & editing; CA: Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing- original draft; MAM, EÖ, MAK, CG, ŞB, EK, HHK, MY, SE & PY: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing -review & editing. References BERG, G. H. 1979. Pictorial key to fruit fly larvae of the family Tephritidae . Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad agropecuaria (OIRSA), San Salvador, El Sal- vador. 36 pp. CABI-International, 2025. Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly) https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.12367 Chireceanu, C., Iamandei, M., Stănică, F., & Chiriloaie A. (2013). The presence of the mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Romania. Romanian Journal of Plant Protection , 6, 92–97. Denlinger, D.L., & Yocum, G.D. (2019). Physiology of heat sensitivity. In D.L. Denlinger, & G.D. 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MOHAMMED","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"MOHAMMED","suffix":""},{"id":483116881,"identity":"c7a05ba6-ab8b-4fd9-aa8f-aa0c811df716","order_by":1,"name":"Emin ÖZER","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emin","middleName":"","lastName":"ÖZER","suffix":""},{"id":483116882,"identity":"988acd8b-9711-480e-adec-fc3679a3233c","order_by":2,"name":"Can AKDENIZ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Can","middleName":"","lastName":"AKDENIZ","suffix":""},{"id":483116883,"identity":"0fa1787e-e8bc-4be7-8907-5474f16ba4be","order_by":3,"name":"Mustafa Alper KÖSELİ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mustafa","middleName":"Alper","lastName":"KÖSELİ","suffix":""},{"id":483116884,"identity":"c8d717a9-82c4-4827-a3a5-8d3f083938c9","order_by":4,"name":"Cengizhan GÜVENÇ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cengizhan","middleName":"","lastName":"GÜVENÇ","suffix":""},{"id":483116885,"identity":"ace0dc28-7d4a-41cb-ad36-18d24f796c2e","order_by":5,"name":"Şevkiye BALCI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Şevkiye","middleName":"","lastName":"BALCI","suffix":""},{"id":483116886,"identity":"86151e16-cfd3-4645-b6e8-60199f6e5110","order_by":6,"name":"Ezgi KURTULUŞ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ezgi","middleName":"","lastName":"KURTULUŞ","suffix":""},{"id":483116887,"identity":"e1dcb449-f0fc-456f-a380-509b313e03f1","order_by":7,"name":"Halil Hikmet KURU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Halil","middleName":"Hikmet","lastName":"KURU","suffix":""},{"id":483116888,"identity":"cdd502ad-a74a-4727-9c55-f1b4b9e315b0","order_by":8,"name":"Miraç YAYLA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Syngenta Türkiye, Crop Protection Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miraç","middleName":"","lastName":"YAYLA","suffix":""},{"id":483116889,"identity":"147308de-cbbb-4aba-b7a3-b2832558e68d","order_by":9,"name":"Sait ERTURK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Plant Protection Central Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sait","middleName":"","lastName":"ERTURK","suffix":""},{"id":483116890,"identity":"bfe90d13-cdcd-4c42-8dc1-ccc292cb687b","order_by":10,"name":"Petek YANIK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cukurova Universty, Biotechnology Application and Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petek","middleName":"","lastName":"YANIK","suffix":""},{"id":483116891,"identity":"2a584234-7c99-4699-8dd0-16b5d0f00e6a","order_by":11,"name":"Mehmet Bora KAYDAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cukurova University Vocational School of Imamoğlu","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehmet","middleName":"Bora","lastName":"KAYDAN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-18 15:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6924428/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6924428/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-025-01350-y","type":"published","date":"2026-01-08T15:59:09+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86658554,"identity":"91e5077e-12e8-4c36-ad73-56562ab419c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 10:26:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":468694,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLayout plan of cone traps+lures used to catch \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e along the Adana-Ankara line.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6924428/v1/07f32c0ba5770abd7870991b.png"},{"id":86658555,"identity":"c489bbe0-32b9-4258-8ed3-0fa41a38afdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 10:26:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1297347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e individuals captured in one trap at locations MFF1, MFF2, MFF3 and MFF4.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6924428/v1/4313451c9e1630324da3c4e6.png"},{"id":86658560,"identity":"14c16ee6-5054-4bdd-92ed-9159e4f7d7fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 10:26:18","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1091136,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe population in one traps in the location MFF5-20.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6924428/v1/b91f7d303f08a47ba152bf9b.png"},{"id":86658559,"identity":"59caa246-bce2-483f-98b8-e0ef53e92779","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 10:26:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119901,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBayesian analysis of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e DNA sequences of individuals from different locations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6924428/v1/c79ecd1cbd8fdd57272e72f3.png"},{"id":100070086,"identity":"6ec38e53-8358-4107-ad58-7f58886a1cae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 16:16:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4428757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6924428/v1/7ae75935-b683-46fd-a88a-0b74d0f128f8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMediterranean Fruit Fly\u003cem\u003e Ceratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephrididae) Journey from South to Northward in Türkiye: as a case study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe family Tephritidae, belonging to the order Diptera, consists of approximately 4,000 species. Around 1,400 of these species are known to develop in maturing fruit and are of significant economic importance. Commonly referred to as \"fruit flies,\" these insects are among the most harmful agricultural pests worldwide, causing substantial economic losses by infesting a wide variety of fruit species. Within the Tephritidae family, the genus \u003cem\u003eCeratitis\u003c/em\u003e includes about 65 species, many of which are highly polyphagous (White et al., 1992). One of the most invasive and economically significant members of this genus is the Mediterranean fruit fly, \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Wiedemann), commonly known as the Medfly. This species is believed to be native to sub-Saharan Africa, but it has successfully established populations in various regions, including North Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, and parts of the Americas (CAB-International, 1999; EPPO, 2011). \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e has a broad host range, affecting more than 300 species of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, which contributes to its rapid global spread and economic impact. Its major host plants include apple (\u003cem\u003eMalus domestica\u003c/em\u003e Borkh.), avocado (\u003cem\u003ePersea americana\u003c/em\u003e Mill.), citrus (\u003cem\u003eCitrus\u003c/em\u003e spp.), fig (\u003cem\u003eFicus carica\u003c/em\u003e L.), mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L.), peach (\u003cem\u003ePrunus persica\u003c/em\u003e L.), and pear (\u003cem\u003ePyrus communis\u003c/em\u003e L.) (Liquido et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Rigamonti, 2005).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Mediterranean fruit fly, is a holometabolous insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis, transitioning through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Female fruit flies lay 1 to 10 eggs beneath the skin of host fruits, where the larvae develop before pupating in the soil (Berg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; White et al., 1992). The duration of development is highly dependent on temperature, typically ranging from 28 to 34 days in summer and extending to 60 to 115 days in winter (Shoukry \u0026amp; Hafez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Duyck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Grout et al., 2007). Medfly dispersal occurs through natural flight as well as human-mediated transport of fruits. Wind currents play a significant role in facilitating long-distance movement (Aluja, 1993), while trade networks contribute to human-assisted expansion (Prokopy et al., 1989; Barbosa et al., 2000). The Mediterranean fruit fly, has successfully adapted to various climatic conditions, allowing it to expand into temperate regions. Its ability to survive through winter largely depends on factors such as temperature, humidity, and the availability of host fruit (Israely et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Papadopoulos et al., 2001a, 2001b). In subtropical areas, population changes are mainly influenced by rainfall and humidity levels (Harris et al., 1987). In contrast, in temperate climates, low winter temperatures can significantly limit the persistence of these populations (Denlinger et al., 1998; Vera et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecent detections of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e in continental regions such as Central Macedonia (Greece), Lombardy and Trentino (Italy), northeastern Spain, mainland France, Austria, Germany, and Romania indicate a northward expansion of its range (Zanoni et al., 2020; Escudero-Colomar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Egartner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; K\u0026ouml;nig et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Chireceanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon raises critical questions about the Medfly's overwintering mechanisms and the role of genetic adaptation in its establishment. Two primary hypotheses have been proposed regarding Medfly's presence in these cooler areas: i. Temporary infestations due to imported fruit, suggesting that Medfly populations in colder regions originate from infested fruit transported from warmer areas (Papadopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e, 2022; Israely et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e); ii. Adaptation to temperate climates, where some studies indicate that Medfly can survive low temperatures, allowing for partial overwintering (Papadopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Rigamonti et al., 2022). Despite the increasing reports of Medfly's geographical expansion, the genetic connectivity between populations living in different climatic regions remains largely unexplored. A significant but understudied migration corridor exists between Adana, a crucial agricultural hub in southern T\u0026uuml;rkiye with a Mediterranean climate, and Ankara, which experiences a more temperate continental climate. Given the substantial transport of fresh fruit and vegetables between these regions, \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e may disperse not only through natural flight but also via human-mediated trade routes. However, the extent of this movement and its genetic implications are still uncertain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study focuses on the following hypotheses: populations of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e in Adana and Ankara are interconnected through both natural dispersal and human-assisted transport of infested fruit. Additionally, climatic differences between these regions may influence the genetic structure and survival of the Medfly, potentially leading to localized adaptations. To address these hypotheses, the study aims to analyze genetic variation in \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e populations from Adana and Ankara. The objectives include determining the extent of gene flow, assessing the impact of climate on population structure and survival, and evaluating the role of fruit trade in facilitating Medfly dispersal. Understanding the genetic connectivity and dispersal mechanisms of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e is essential for developing effective pest management strategies and predicting future expansion trends under changing environmental conditions and trade practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrap placement, sampling and identification\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo monitor the dispersal and overwintering potential of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e, a field study was conducted between 2022 and 2025. Cone-type traps (0.0075 g lambda-cyhalothrin\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;74.75% ammonium acetate\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8.31% trimethylamine hydrochloride\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.33% 1,4-diaminobutane; SYNGENTA) were deployed along a south-to-north transect from Adana (\u0026Ccedil;ukurova region) to Ankara, covering a range of climatic conditions. The traps were deployed mainly on \u003cem\u003eCitrus\u003c/em\u003e trees at a height of 1.5 m above ground in \u0026Ccedil;ukurova region (MFF1, MFF2, MFF3 and MFF4). The first set of traps was installed in the \u0026Ccedil;ukurova region on April 4, 2022, where \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e is typically first detected after winter. Three traps were placed at different locations within Adana: Adana City Center (one trap), Adana Yolge\u0026ccedil;en (one trap), and Adana K. \u0026Ccedil;ıldırım (one trap). Traps were checked weekly, and lure replacements were conducted every six months to maintain their effectiveness. On April 25, 2022, when the insect was first detected in the traps, 20 additional traps were installed along a northward transect from Adana to Ankara (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These traps were placed in various agricultural and peri-urban environments to assess population movement patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring continued bi-weekly for the duration of the study, with lures replaced every six months. EPPO (2011) was used for morphological identification of specimens collected from the traps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDNA Extraction, Sequencing, and Alignment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenomic DNA was extracted from 50 samples (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) collected from various locations and time points using the DNeasy Blood \u0026amp; Tissue Spin Column Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). A fragment of the mitochondrial \u003cem\u003ecytochrome c oxidase subunit I\u003c/em\u003e (COI) gene was amplified using the primers LCO1490 (5\u0026prime;-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3\u0026prime;) and HCO2198 (5\u0026prime;-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3\u0026prime;) (Folmer et al., 1994).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed in a 20 \u0026micro;L reaction volume containing 0.5 \u0026micro;L of genomic DNA, 0.1 mM dNTPs, 0.5 U/\u0026micro;M BIOTAQ DNA Polymerase, 3 mM MgCl₂, and 0.3 \u0026micro;M of each primer (forward and reverse). The PCR conditions consisted of an initial denaturation at 94\u0026deg;C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94\u0026deg;C for 1 min, annealing at 51\u0026deg;C for 1 min, extension at 72\u0026deg;C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72\u0026deg;C for 7 min. PCR products were sequenced bidirectionally using ABI sequencing technology. Sequences were aligned in Geneious v.7.1.7 (Kearse et al., 2012) alongside reference sequences retrieved from GenBank.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePCR products were purified and sequenced by Telomer Yaşam Bilimleri (Adana, Turkey). Contigs were assembled using CodonCode Aligner (CodonCode Corp.), and multiple sequence alignments were performed using ClustalW in BioEdit. Each alignment was visually inspected, and sequences containing large gaps were trimmed. Such gaps often arise due to excessive sequence variation among taxa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analyses were conducted using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference methods. ML trees were constructed in MEGA X, with codon positions partitioned into three datasets for COI. A General Time Reversible (GTR) nucleotide substitution model was applied to each partition. Non-parametric bootstrapping (10,000 replicates) was performed, with every 100 bootstrap trees used as starting trees for ML optimization. Bayesian phylogenies were reconstructed using MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Ronquist \u0026amp; Huelsenbeck, 2003) within the Geneious package. A separate GTR model with gamma-distributed rates and a proportion of invariant sites was applied to each partition, using default priors. Four Markov chains (three hot and one cold) were run simultaneously for five million generations, sampling trees every 1,000 generations. The log-likelihood plot over time was examined to ensure convergence, and the first 1,000 trees, generated before stationarity was reached, were discarded as burn-in.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic differentiation was assessed using Fst values in ARLEQUIN v.3.5. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using Maximum Likelihood (MEGA X) with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. Haplotype diversity was calculated to evaluate gene flow between populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDNA isolated \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e and outgroups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDNA KOD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDATE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOCATION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPECIES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.08.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAUZF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.08.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara Meteoroloji\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.07.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Doganlar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.08.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTekir\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara Golbasi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e09.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.08.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.09.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Doganlar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemireller\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemireller\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01.08.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Yenice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e01.08.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTekir\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.07.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Yenice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e09.09.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerefliKoshisar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e06.09.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAksaray\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e06.09.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Yenice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.10.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdana-Cildirim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.10.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAksaray\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.10.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTekir\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.10.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerefliKochisar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.09.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYolgecen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCildirim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.07.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Yenice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e06.09.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTekir\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e09.06.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Yenice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e09.06.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCildirim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.07.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMersin-Yenice\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.07.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCildirim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerefliKochisar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05.09.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara (Tepe Prime)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.08.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAUZF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAksaray-Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05.09.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara (Tepe Prime 2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e05.05.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYenice-Mersin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e04.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYenice-Mersin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.07.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYenice-Mersin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.08.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCildirim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.08.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYolgecen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTekir\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e07.02.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYenice-Mersin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.06.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYenice-Mersin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.08.2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnkara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.08.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYolgecen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e04.09.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTopakkaya\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.10.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYolgecen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.07.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYenice-Mersin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.10.2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYenice-Mersin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKY428231.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMG764540.1 Yalova5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMG764540.1 Yalova5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMG764539.1 Mersin3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMG764538.1 Mugla11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMG764535.1 Izmir1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMN868854.1 Portequise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMN454441.1 Peru\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEU733506.1 Pathway\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEU733503.1 Pathway1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEU733480.1 Pathway2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOutgroup\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJN705238.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis cornuta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAY788414.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCBI RECORDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeratitis caetrata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMS031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e04.09.2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTekir\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarpomya schineri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS and DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field monitoring data revealed distinct seasonal patterns in the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e along the Adana-Ankara transect. Initial detections in the \u0026Ccedil;ukurova region in early April indicate that Medfly populations emerge after a period of winter dormancy in this Mediterranean climate zone. The subsequent movement of individuals northward, reflected in trap captures from April to October, demonstrates an active dispersal process extending into the temperate region of Ankara. This observation is consistent with previous studies highlighting the Medfly\u0026rsquo;s ability to expand its range into cooler areas through both natural dispersal and human-assisted transport.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe presence of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e in traps as late as October in Ankara supports the hypothesis that some individuals can persist into autumn but not overwinter under suitable microclimatic conditions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The first capture of the Mediterranean fruit fly in traps MFF5-20 (from Tekir to Ankara) occurred between mid-August and early September. Although the number of captured individuals was low, it was noted that the MedFly started to move north after September (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In trap MFF5, captures were recorded in Tekir during August. In traps MFF7 and MFF8, the first capture was observed at the end of September. In trap MFF10, the first capture occurred at the end of October. Trap MFF11 saw its first capture at the beginning of August, with additional captures at the end of September. Trap MFF12 recorded the first capture at the beginning of September, followed by another at the end of September. Trap MFF13 had its first capture at the end of September. Traps MFF14, MFF15, MFF16, MFF17, MFF18, MFF19, and MFF20 were set up in various locations within Ankara city center. The first capture in these traps was observed in mid-August. While some locations had higher populations, the overall number was generally small, and the population was only observed until the end of September.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, given that Medfly developmental duration extends significantly in colder temperatures (Shoukry \u0026amp; Hafez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Duyck et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), it remains unclear whether these populations establish viable breeding cycles or are replenished by continuous migration from warmer regions. The observed population fluctuations reinforce prior research suggesting that overwintering success is constrained by temperature and host fruit availability (Israely et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Papadopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitochondrial COI sequence analyses revealed moderate genetic differentiation between Medfly populations from Adana and Ankara \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Haplotype diversity was higher in Adana, consistent with its role as a primary infestation source. Conversely, the Ankara population exhibited lower diversity, with haplotypes largely shared with individuals from Adana. This pattern suggests that Medfly populations in Ankara are not self-sustaining but rather rely on continued immigration from southern regions. The clustering of Ankara specimens with Adana-derived haplotypes supports the hypothesis that gene flow occurs along this corridor, facilitated by both natural dispersal and human-mediated fruit transport. These findings align with studies indicating that Medfly range expansions into temperate regions may be driven more by repeated introductions than by genetic adaptation to cold climates (Papadopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, 2022). However, the presence of unique haplotypes in some Ankara specimens raises the possibility of localized adaptation or additional introduction sources, warranting further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitochondrial COI sequence analyses revealed moderate genetic differentiation between Medfly populations from Adana and Ankara \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Haplotype diversity was higher in Adana, consistent with its role as a primary infestation source. Conversely, the Ankara population exhibited lower diversity, with haplotypes largely shared with individuals from Adana. This pattern suggests that Medfly populations in Ankara are not self-sustaining but rather rely on continued immigration from southern regions. The clustering of Ankara specimens with Adana-derived haplotypes supports the hypothesis that gene flow occurs along this corridor, facilitated by both natural dispersal and human-mediated fruit transport. These findings align with studies indicating that Medfly range expansions into temperate regions may be driven more by repeated introductions than by genetic adaptation to cold climates (Papadopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e, 2022). However, the presence of unique haplotypes in some Ankara specimens raises the possibility of localized adaptation or additional introduction sources, warranting further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe genetic similarity between Adana and Ankara populations, combined with the timing of Medfly detection in Ankara following peak fruit trade periods, underscores the importance of human-assisted dispersal. Given that Medfly is known to spread through commercial fruit movement the significant trade routes between these two regions likely serve as conduits for infestation (Rigamonti et al., 2022; Escudero-Colomar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). This is particularly relevant considering previous reports that \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e detections in new areas often coincide with increased fruit imports from infested regions (Rigamonti et al., 2022; Escudero-Colomar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study emphasize the necessity for targeted pest management strategies along key dispersal corridors. Since Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) populations in Ankara seem to rely more on immigration than on local winter survival, control measures should prioritize limiting introductions through fruit. Implementing quarantine measures, enhancing fruit inspection, and utilizing post-harvest treatments could help reduce this risk. Additionally, genetic data indicate that while the current Medfly populations in Ankara are primarily sustained by immigration from Adana, the identification of unique haplotypes raises concerns about the potential for local establishment. If selective pressures favor individuals with greater cold tolerance, these flies could eventually adapt to overwinter in Ankara, similar to observations in parts of Central Europe (Egartner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; K\u0026ouml;nig et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Future research involving genome-wide analyses and thermal tolerance experiments will be essential to determine whether C. capitata is undergoing evolutionary changes that would enable its permanent establishment in temperate regions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides strong evidence that the dispersal of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as the Medfly, in T\u0026uuml;rkiye is mainly driven by seasonal migration rather than local overwintering. Field monitoring results show that Medfly populations emerge in the \u0026Ccedil;ukurova region (Adana) in early spring and gradually move northward, reaching Ankara by late summer. However, the notable decline in captured individuals after October suggests that \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e does not establish self-sustaining populations in Ankara; instead, it relies on continuous immigration from southern regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic analyses provide additional support for this hypothesis, revealing a moderate level of genetic differentiation between the populations in Adana and Ankara. The higher haplotype diversity observed in Adana, compared to Ankara, suggests that the northern populations likely stem from repeated introductions rather than local reproduction. The presence of shared haplotypes between the two regions indicates ongoing gene flow, which can be attributed to both natural dispersal and human-assisted transport through fruit trade networks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings have important implications for pest management in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. Since the movement of infested fruit from southern to northern regions is facilitated by commercial fruit transportation, stricter quarantine measures should be implemented to prevent this. In addition, strategies for early detection and rapid response, such as pheromone-based trapping systems and targeted insecticide applications, should be improved to reduce further spread. Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, which combine biological control, cultural practices, and regulatory measures, will be essential in mitigating the northward spread of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture research should concentrate on several crucial areas. First, although no evidence of overwintering was found in this study, ongoing monitoring is vital to determine whether populations of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e in Ankara develop cold-adaptive traits over time. Whole-genome sequencing and gene expression studies could offer insights into the genetic mechanisms that underpin cold tolerance. Second, rising global temperatures may change the distribution patterns of the Mediterranean fruit fly potentially allowing populations to thrive in temperate regions. Predictive climate modelling studies will be necessary to evaluate the long-term risk of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e establishing itself in northern T\u0026uuml;rkiye. Finally, further investigation into trade-related dispersal mechanisms, particularly the impact of fruit imports from Mediterranean regions, will help refine pest control strategies. Implementing stringent monitoring of transportation routes and post-harvest treatments could significantly reduce the risk of infestation. By integrating genetic monitoring with region-specific pest control measures, we can minimize the risk of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e establishing permanent populations in temperate areas. A proactive approach to Medfly management, which combines scientific research with practical pest control interventions, will be essential for protecting T\u0026uuml;rkiye's agricultural economy from this highly invasive species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to Ankara's dependence on ongoing immigration, it is crucial to prioritize quarantine measures and stricter monitoring of the fruit trade between southern and northern T\u0026uuml;rkiye in order to prevent further expansion. Implementing integrated pest management strategies that include genetic monitoring and trade regulations will be essential for mitigating the spread of this pest to the north.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe sincerely express our gratitude to Syngenta T\u0026uuml;rkiye for continuous support by providing traps used throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMBK: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing -review \u0026amp; editing;\u0026nbsp;CA: Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing- original draft;\u0026nbsp;MAM, E\u0026Ouml;, MAK, CG, ŞB, EK, HHK, MY, SE \u0026amp; PY: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing -review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBERG, G. H. 1979. \u003cem\u003ePictorial key to fruit fly larvae of the family Tephritidae\u003c/em\u003e. Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad agropecuaria (OIRSA), San Salvador, El Sal- vador. 36 pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCABI-International, 2025. \u003cem\u003eCeratitis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecapitata\u003c/em\u003e (Mediterranean fruit fly) https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.12367\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChireceanu, C., Iamandei, M., Stănică, F., \u0026amp; Chiriloaie A. (2013). The presence of the mediterranean fruit fly \u003cem\u003eCeratitis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecapitata\u003c/em\u003e (Wied.), (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Romania. \u003cem\u003eRomanian Journal of Plant Protection\u003c/em\u003e, 6, 92\u0026ndash;97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDenlinger, D.L., \u0026amp; Yocum, G.D. (2019). Physiology of heat sensitivity. In D.L. Denlinger, \u0026amp; G.D. Yocum (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eTemperature sensitivity in insects and application in integrated pest management\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 7\u0026ndash;53). CRC Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuyck, F., Jourdan, H., \u0026amp; Mille, C. (2022). Sequential invasions by fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Pacific and Indian Ocean islands: A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eEcology and Evolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(5), e8880. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8880\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEgartner, A., Lethmayer, C., Gottsberger, R.A., \u0026amp; Bl\u0026uuml;mel, S. (2019). Recent records of the Mediterranean fruit fly, \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Tephritidae, Diptera), in Austria. Pheromones and other Semiochemicals in integrated production and integrated protection of fruit crops. \u003cem\u003eIOBC-WPRS Bulletin\u003c/em\u003e, 146, 143\u0026ndash;152.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEPPO, 2025. \u003cem\u003eCeratitis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecapitata\u003c/em\u003e (CERTCA). Retrieved June 5, 2025 from https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CERTCA. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEscudero-Colomar, L.A., Vilajeliu, M., \u0026amp; Batllori, L. (2008), Seasonality in the occurrence of the Mediterranean fruit fly [\u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Wied.)] in the north-east of Spain. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, 132, 714\u0026ndash;721. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01372.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrout, T.G., \u0026amp; Stoltz, K.C. (2007). Developmental rates at constant temperatures of three economically important \u003cem\u003eCeratitis\u003c/em\u003e spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Southern Africa. \u003cem\u003eEnviromental Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, 36, 1310e1317. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsraely, N., Yuval B., Kitron U., \u0026amp; Nestel, D. (1997). Population fluctuations of adult Mediterranean fruit \u0026szlig;ies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Mediterranean heterogeneous agricultural region. Environmental Entomology, 26, 1263-1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.6.1263\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsraely, N., Ritte, U., \u0026amp; Oman, S.D. (2004). Inability of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Tephritidae) to overwinter in the Judean hills. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Economic Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, 97(1), pp.33\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsraely, N., Ritte, U. \u0026amp; Oman, S.D. (2004). Inability of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecapitata\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Tephritidae) to overwinter in the Judean Hills. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Economic Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, 97, 33\u0026ndash;42. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/97.1.33 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK\u0026ouml;nig, S., Steinm\u0026ouml;ller, S., \u0026amp; Baufeld, P. (2022). Origin and potential for overwintering of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Wiedemann) captured in an official survey in Germany. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Plant Diseases and Protection, \u003c/em\u003e129, 1201\u0026ndash;1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00605-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquido, N.J., Shinoda, L.A., \u0026amp; Cunningham, R.T. (1991). Host plants of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). An annotated world list, Annuals of Entomological Society of America, 77, 1\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePapadopoulos, N.T., Katsoyannos, B.I., \u0026amp; Carey, J.R. (1998). Temporal changes in the composition of the overwintering larvae population of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Greece, \u003cem\u003eAnnals of the Entomological Society of America\u003c/em\u003e, 91, 430-434.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePapadopoulos, N.T., Katsoyannos, B.I., \u0026amp; Carey, J.R. (2000). Spring and early summer phenology of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Greece, pp. 583\u0026ndash;590. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePapadopoulos, N.T., Carey, J.R., Katsoyannos, B.I., \u0026amp; Kouloussis, N.A. (1996). Overwintering of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Greece. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of the Entomological Society of America\u003c/em\u003e, 89, 526\u0026ndash;534.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRigamonti, I.E. (2004). Contributions to the knowledge of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e Wied. (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Northern Italy: II. Overwintering in Lombardy. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, 36,101\u0026ndash;116.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShoukry, A. \u0026amp; Hafez, M. (1979). Studies on the biology of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eEntomologia Experimentalis et Applicata\u003c/em\u003e, 26, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1979.tb02894.x;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVera, M.T., Rodriguez, R., Segura, D.F., Cladera, J.L., \u0026amp; Sutherst, R.W. (2002).Potential Geographical Distribution of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Diptera: Tephritidae), with Emphasis on Argentina and Australia. Environmental Entomology, 31, 1009\u0026ndash;1022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhite, I.M. \u0026amp; Elson-Harris, M.M. (1992). Fruit Flies of Economic Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. CABI International, 601 pp. Wallingford.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhite, I.M. (1993). Fruit flies. Biology and management. Edited by Martin Aluja and Pablo Liedo. xxxiii+492 pp. New York: Springer-Verlag.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZanoni, S. (2018). Study of the bio-ethology of \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e Wied. in Trentino and development of sustainable strategies for population control. Dissertation, Universita` degli studi del Molise.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"phytoparasitica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pypa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Phytoparasitica](http://link.springer.com/journal/12597)","snPcode":"12600","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12600/3","title":"Phytoparasitica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Ceratitis capitata, dispersal, genetic connectivity, pest management, Türkiye","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6924428/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6924428/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mediterranean fruit fly, \u003cem\u003eCeratitis capitata\u003c/em\u003e (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly invasive agricultural pest that poses a significant threat to fruit production worldwide. Understanding its dispersal patterns and genetic connectivity is crucial for effective pest management. This study investigates the northward expansion of \u003cem\u003eC. capitata\u003c/em\u003e in Türkiye by analyzing gene flow population movement and genetic differentiation between Adana, which has a Mediterranean climate zone, and Ankara, which has a continental climate zone. Over three years (2022–2025), a field study was conducted using cone-type traps, and mitochondrial COI gene sequencing was performed on 50 specimens to assess genetic variation. Trap captures revealed that Medfly populations first appeared in Adana in early April, gradually dispersed northward, and were detected in Ankara by late August. However, population numbers declined significantly after October, suggesting that the Medfly does not establish overwintering populations in Ankara. Genetic analyses did not show moderate differentiation between the Adana and Ankara populations. The presence of shared haplotypes indicates that the Medfly populations in Ankara originate from recurrent introductions rather than forming self-sustaining colonies. These findings confirm that both natural dispersal and human-mediated fruit transport contribute to the movement of the Medfly along this transect.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephrididae) Journey from South to Northward in Türkiye: as a case study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-14 10:26:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6924428/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-08T09:32:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-09T08:24:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"198668247648531401944241423554714677398","date":"2025-07-09T05:32:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-08T19:13:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-21T22:19:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-20T04:18:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Phytoparasitica","date":"2025-06-18T15:18:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"phytoparasitica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pypa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Phytoparasitica](http://link.springer.com/journal/12597)","snPcode":"12600","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12600/3","title":"Phytoparasitica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8ade217f-cef1-4fda-bb90-0963353dff8b","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T16:10:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6924428","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-025-01350-y","journal":{"identity":"phytoparasitica","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Phytoparasitica"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-08 15:59:09","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 8th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-14 10:26:13","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12600-025-01350-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-025-01350-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6924428","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6924428","identity":"rs-6924428","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}