Spatial Distribution of Climate Change Variables (Rainfall and Temperature): A Case Study of Delta State, Nigeria

Spatial Distribution of Climate Change Variables (Rainfall and Temperature): A Case Study of Delta State, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Spatial Distribution of Climate Change Variables (Rainfall and Temperature): A Case Study of Delta State, Nigeria Akus Kingsley Okoduwa, Chika Floyd Amaechi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4202634/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Fluctuations in rainfall and increasedtemperatures serve as indicators of climate change in Nigeria. However, a comprehensive examination of climatic variables and their spatial distribution within Delta State is lacking in the literature. Previous studies on climate change predominantly rely on data from ground-based monitoring stations. However, these stations fail to cover all geopolitical zones within Delta State, posing significant challenges to climate monitoring research. To address this research gap, this study employs the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) and ERA5_Land reanalysis datasets to analyzerainfall and temperature trends spanning from 1983-2023 in Delta State, Nigeria. The statistical significance of these trends was determined using the Mann‒Kendall testand Sen’s slope trend test. Additionally, ArcGIS 10.7 was used to map the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature in the region. The results revealed a decreasing trend in rainfall from 1983-2023. However, this decreasing trend was not statistically significant (p-value> 0.05). Spatially, rainfall has been decreasing in certain regions of Delta State. For the temperature, the results show an increasing trend from 1983-2023. This increasing trend in temperature was statistically significant (p-value < 0.01). The spatial map shows that Oshimili North, Oshimili South, certain areas of Burutu, certain areas of Warri South West, and some parts of Warri North experienced the highest temperatures throughout the study period. The study's findings will be helpful to environmental managers and policymakers in developing creative strategies to lessen the negative effects of climate change. Rainfall Temperature Climate change CHIRPS ERA5_Land Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4202634","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":287656210,"identity":"c58d9469-24d5-44d7-8caf-093992062c36","order_by":0,"name":"Akus Kingsley Okoduwa","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akus","middleName":"Kingsley","lastName":"Okoduwa","suffix":""},{"id":287656211,"identity":"2b61ed60-746d-4883-809f-0e242267f351","order_by":1,"name":"Chika Floyd Amaechi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Benin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chika","middleName":"Floyd","lastName":"Amaechi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-01 20:59:19","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4202634/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4202634/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55533227,"identity":"99153f37-96f8-4c9d-8eac-2ee19ab3b34d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 16:05:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1036568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MainManuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4202634/v2_covered_bb8b2d43-f1f1-4155-91c5-af9f6104aa86.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial Distribution of Climate Change Variables (Rainfall and Temperature): A Case Study of Delta State, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Rainfall, Temperature, Climate change, CHIRPS, ERA5_Land","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4202634/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4202634/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFluctuations in rainfall and increasedtemperatures serve as indicators of climate change in Nigeria. 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However, this decreasing trend was not statistically significant (p-value\u0026gt; 0.05). Spatially, rainfall has been decreasing in certain regions of Delta State. For the temperature, the results show an increasing trend from 1983-2023. This increasing trend in temperature was statistically significant (p-value \u0026lt; 0.01). The spatial map shows that Oshimili North, Oshimili South, certain areas of Burutu, certain areas of Warri South West, and some parts of Warri North experienced the highest temperatures throughout the study period. 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