Investigating the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards of heavy metal ions in Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with biochar and humic acid

Investigating the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards of heavy metal ions in Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with biochar and humic acid | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigating the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards of heavy metal ions in Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with biochar and humic acid Farzad Moradi-Choghamarani, Farshid Ghorbani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230260/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in Environmental Geochemistry and Health → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study addressed the bioaccumulation and human health risk among consumption of Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with humic acid and biochars. The biochars came from two local feedstocks of rice husk (RH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) pyrolyzed at temperatures 300 and 600°C. The effect of soil treatment with biomass/biochar and humic acid in the accumulation of Heavy metals (HMs) in spinach leaves was considered under the controlled laboratory conditions. Optimum conditions for minimum accumulation of HMs were evaluated according to a central composite design (CCD) under the response surface method (RSM) by Design Expert software. Total concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Ni in soil and biomass/biochar were beyond acceptable standards worldwide. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni in spinach exceeded the safety threshold limit, and its consumption is not recommended. Results of the desirability test suggested the minimum values of biomass/biochar application rate due to their metal-contaminated nature. The minimum concentration of humic acid also was suggested due to its role in promoting pollutant bioavailability. Results showed that the treatment of metal-contaminated soil with HMs polluted-biochars fails to stabilize pollution. Also, polluted biochars increased the hazard indices for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic diseases beyond the permissible levels. Biochar Spinach Health risk assessment Carcinogenic risk 3D surface plot Inceptisols Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in Environmental Geochemistry and Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 10 Apr, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 07 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4230260","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":289641751,"identity":"748eb738-7bf4-4578-aaee-ca765fec2d7f","order_by":0,"name":"Farzad Moradi-Choghamarani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kurdistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farzad","middleName":"","lastName":"Moradi-Choghamarani","suffix":""},{"id":289641752,"identity":"1c13863d-a4cb-4135-a4cc-0d5d0a0fc468","order_by":1,"name":"Farshid Ghorbani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYGNiB1gIGBGcj4wMCQQFALzwEkLYwzSNPCwMDGzEOUFgb2aw8+7rkjb87O/OyxbZtdHj97A+OHjzn4tPCUG8549sxwZzObuXFuW3KxZM8BZsmZ23BrsWfgSZPmOXCYccNhHjbp3DbmxA03EtiYefFo4YFqsQdrsWyrJ0YL+zGQlkSwFsa2w0RoYeZhk5xx4FnyhsNsZpI9544nzuw52IzXLzzs7c8kPhy4Y7vh/OFnEj/KqhP72ZsPfviIRwsDM48BgsPIBiYb8KgHAfYHSJw/BBSPglEwCkbBiAQAQqxQ6ocq52EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kurdistan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farshid","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghorbani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-07 07:59:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230260/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230260/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02110-3","type":"published","date":"2024-07-16T16:05:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61595006,"identity":"39a927ac-fe48-4764-a7c7-3b4f9b75c1cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-01 17:19:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2756734,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4230260/v1_covered_2f050187-31a0-47d6-a5a6-1ad931619fe3.pdf"},{"id":54488334,"identity":"ae1e566f-b196-4e82-98ac-1045cb635728","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-11 09:44:34","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":12336271,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementary.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4230260/v1/4c07fca1d26bcefaead2e4fe.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigating the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards of heavy metal ions in Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with biochar and humic acid","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-geochemistry-and-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"egah","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Geochemistry and Health](https://www.springer.com/journal/10653)","snPcode":"10653","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10653/3","title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Biochar, Spinach, Health risk assessment, Carcinogenic risk, 3D surface plot, Inceptisols","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230260/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4230260/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study addressed the bioaccumulation and human health risk among consumption of \u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea\u003c/em\u003e grown in agricultural soil treated with humic acid and biochars. The biochars came from two local feedstocks of rice husk (RH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) pyrolyzed at temperatures 300 and 600\u0026deg;C. The effect of soil treatment with biomass/biochar and humic acid in the accumulation of Heavy metals (HMs) in spinach leaves was considered under the controlled laboratory conditions. Optimum conditions for minimum accumulation of HMs were evaluated according to a central composite design (CCD) under the response surface method (RSM) by Design Expert software. Total concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Ni in soil and biomass/biochar were beyond acceptable standards worldwide. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni in spinach exceeded the safety threshold limit, and its consumption is not recommended. Results of the desirability test suggested the minimum values of biomass/biochar application rate due to their metal-contaminated nature. The minimum concentration of humic acid also was suggested due to its role in promoting pollutant bioavailability. Results showed that the treatment of metal-contaminated soil with HMs polluted-biochars fails to stabilize pollution. 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