Picoway-induced Black Spot on the OLED Screen

Picoway-induced Black Spot on the OLED Screen | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Picoway-induced Black Spot on the OLED Screen Qiaoyuan Zheng, Jintian Hu, Xueshang Su, Jun Zhuang, Shiwei Wang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5285855/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Backround: Organic light-emitting diodes(OLED) is a material widely used in mobile phone’s screen. Picosecond laser is a kind of short pulse width laser that can be used to treat dermatological diseases. Recently, we recorded a incident when operating a picoway machine, that the laser accidently irradiated a mobile phone screen nearby and induced unexpectedly damage. Methods/Results: In order to prevent similar accidents, we conducted repeated experiments with Xiaomi 12, 1064 nanometer light and 532 nanometer light. The same damage occured again when the laser irradiated the screen. Conclusion Picosecond laser can deal damage to mobile phone’s OLED screen and cause unnecessary property loss. picosecond laser OLEDs picoway accident prevention Introduction Organic light-emitting diodes screen(OLEDs) consist of five layers: cathode, electron transport layer(ETL), luminescent layer, hole transport layer(HTL), anode. The electrons start from the cathode and the electron holes start from the anode, and then the two combine to emit photons in the luminescent layer. The carriers that transport electrons are generally organic metal complexes, and the hole transport materials are diamines or aromatic amines. [ 1 ] Picosecond laser, also called picoway, is a kind of short pulse width laser whose pulse duration reaches picosecond level, which can be used to treat dermatological diseases. However, there’s no report so far that picosecond laser or picoway can deal damage to OLED screen and make mobile phones unusable, thus risking evitable property loss to unsuspecting patients or clinicians. In an accident, we observed that when picosecond laser unexpectedly irradiated the OLED screen of Apple 13, it induced a black spot, thus producing irreversible display failure and damage of the phone. Thus we wrote this article to prevent similar accidents. Methods/Results In order to prevent more accidents and provide references for clinical practice, we conducted repeated experiments with Xiaomi 12, and 1064 nanometer light and 532 nanometer light were used to irradiate the mobile phone screen at different distances in the experiment. (video.1) After irradiation, the OLED screen emerged black spots, with a dark peripheral section and a relatively bright core. After standing the phone for 7 minutes, we observed adjacent black spots pulling each other, some of the spots fused. The farther the irradiation distance is, the brighter and bigger the spots are, which may be caused by the divergence of picosecond laser in the air. Through the test, the sensibility of the touch screen and motherboard function are not obviously affected, indicating that the damage is limited to the OLED screen. (video.1) Discussion Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) is an anode material generally used in OLEDs, whose display function depends on the flatness and stability of this layer, otherwise black spots will occur. [ 2 ] Chemical stability is low for C-S bond (~ 2.9eV), C-P bond (~ 3.4eV), C-N bond (~ 3.5eV) of the aromatic amines in HTL, and their chemical reaction can change the properties of ITO layer, thus inducing black spots in screens, which has been reported when screen sealing is incomplete. [ 3 ] As a high-energy laser, picosecond laser has been reported to have the capability to stimulate covalent bonds and rapidly dissociate complex molecules. [ 4 ] Previous research reported ITO appearing room temperature ferromagnetism after annealing. [ 5 ] Consequently, we proposed a hypothesis that the occurrence of black spots is due to the stimulation and dissociation of covalent bonds in C-S, C-P and C-N of aromatic amines in the HTL, which enable molecules to take chemical reaction with ITO after their dissociation and form amine-ITO complexes that appear to be black spots, thus affecting the flatness and stability of ITO layer and inducing display default. The attracting phenomenon of black spots may be caused by the annealing of ITO after irradiated by high-energy picosecond laser, which can generate its room temperature ferromagnetism, and then the electric field generated by the phone itself magnetize the ITO powder, enabling them to attract adjacent spots. More repeated experiments are needed to test this hypothesis, especially tests on inorganic LCD screens like TFT screens to observe their differences with OLEDs’ damage. Conclusion Picosecond laser can deal damage to mobile phone’s OLED screen and cause unnecessary property loss, of which patients and clinicians must be awared. Declarations Disclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. Author Contributions : Xiaoning Li and Jintian Hu developed the idea and provided the methodology for the study, Qiaoyuan Zheng collected the data and wrote the paper. The remaining authors contributed to refining the ideas, discussing the results and revising the manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate： Not applicable. Consent for publication: The results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration. Availability of data and material: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors have not competing interests to declare. Funding: No funding. Authors' contributions: Qiaoyuan Zheng and Jintian Hu have contributed equally to this manuscript. Xiaoning Li and Jintian Hu developed the idea and provided the methodology for the study, Qiaoyuan Zheng collected the data and wrote the paper. The remaining authors contributed to refining the ideas, discussing the results and revising the manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References TANG C W, VANSLYKE S A. Organic electroluminescent diodes[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 1987,51(12): 913-915. GASSENBAUER Y, SCHAFRANEK R, KLEIN A, et al. Surface states, surface potentials, and segregation at surfaces of tin-doped In2O3[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2006,73(24). LEE S, PARK N, BANG J. Nonlocal effect of excited carriers on the bond strength of carbazole-based OLED host materials[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS, 2020,4(4). KOROLKOV M V, PARAMONOV G K. Ultrafast laser-pulse control for selective excitation of high vibrational states and dissociation of diatomic molecules in an environment[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW A, 1997,56(5): 3860-3869. DIETL T, OHNO H, MATSUKURA F, et al. Zener Model Description of Ferromagnetism in Zinc-Blende Magnetic Semiconductors[J]. Science, 2000,287(5455). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files repeatedexperimentedit.mp4 video.1 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5285855","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":374406942,"identity":"9317fde5-b7be-4b76-b7c7-3e59f3b07b1e","order_by":0,"name":"Qiaoyuan Zheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fudan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiaoyuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zheng","suffix":""},{"id":374406944,"identity":"d9abc769-c2ff-4b30-91e8-6d50807f3d16","order_by":1,"name":"Jintian Hu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jintian","middleName":"","lastName":"Hu","suffix":""},{"id":374406945,"identity":"432d5170-0e7f-4c54-8d8f-83bee8858330","order_by":2,"name":"Xueshang Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueshang","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""},{"id":374406946,"identity":"3cf28c35-60f9-4be1-a1ab-2237c2742f37","order_by":3,"name":"Jun Zhuang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jun","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhuang","suffix":""},{"id":374406948,"identity":"d189cff2-d19b-4792-858d-6174a9bcb7ad","order_by":4,"name":"Shiwei Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"lmeik Technology Development Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shiwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":374406950,"identity":"f1e32b5c-e408-4781-9b6e-02e773cf1cf1","order_by":5,"name":"Xiaoning Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIie3RPQrCQBCG4VkCYzMm7YiwOYEwEBDSeJaIoI0HsHODYKW9gocQBOsVwcoD2IqgjY21+FdqlbUT3Ld/4BsGwOf7wTDe54fbHTXGB+tGQmgNhDBMImhnbkRDZ8iEujk1XXEcBivDTHU1t9vL7gwNXTNFROVGhNuBrMaLdAatpG6LSKBMlskGZV1eVglsc1lIUBlrswfJho6OhFSeG4tcGRE6ElaD1zaUiDFJZ+JwSzwpna4v0h9ysN+dew1dSD5icnzNO/lW+Hw+31/0BB/3PHFWHqXsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Distinct Clinic","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoning","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-18 02:38:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5285855/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5285855/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69283144,"identity":"308b25b2-b9cb-4667-b5fc-ed107402c9f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-18 19:08:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":171700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5285855/v1/57df0978-9702-46b5-9a10-1018e864dbb1.pdf"},{"id":68759123,"identity":"8f3b598a-078f-4bc9-ad63-d662b64aaac1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-11 17:51:31","extension":"mp4","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":11604881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003evideo.1\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"repeatedexperimentedit.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5285855/v1/feccfd0498260520ebb42d40.mp4"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Picoway-induced Black Spot on the OLED Screen","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOrganic light-emitting diodes screen(OLEDs) consist of five layers: cathode, electron transport layer(ETL), luminescent layer, hole transport layer(HTL), anode. The electrons start from the cathode and the electron holes start from the anode, and then the two combine to emit photons in the luminescent layer. The carriers that transport electrons are generally organic metal complexes, and the hole transport materials are diamines or aromatic amines. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Picosecond laser, also called picoway, is a kind of short pulse width laser whose pulse duration reaches picosecond level, which can be used to treat dermatological diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there\u0026rsquo;s no report so far that picosecond laser or picoway can deal damage to OLED screen and make mobile phones unusable, thus risking evitable property loss to unsuspecting patients or clinicians.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn an accident, we observed that when picosecond laser unexpectedly irradiated the OLED screen of Apple 13, it induced a black spot, thus producing irreversible display failure and damage of the phone. Thus we wrote this article to prevent similar accidents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods/Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn order to prevent more accidents and provide references for clinical practice, we conducted repeated experiments with Xiaomi 12, and 1064 nanometer light and 532 nanometer light were used to irradiate the mobile phone screen at different distances in the experiment. (video.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter irradiation, the OLED screen emerged black spots, with a dark peripheral section and a relatively bright core. After standing the phone for 7 minutes, we observed adjacent black spots pulling each other, some of the spots fused. The farther the irradiation distance is, the brighter and bigger the spots are, which may be caused by the divergence of picosecond laser in the air. Through the test, the sensibility of the touch screen and motherboard function are not obviously affected, indicating that the damage is limited to the OLED screen. (video.1)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) is an anode material generally used in OLEDs, whose display function depends on the flatness and stability of this layer, otherwise black spots will occur. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Chemical stability is low for C-S bond (~\u0026thinsp;2.9eV), C-P bond (~\u0026thinsp;3.4eV), C-N bond (~\u0026thinsp;3.5eV) of the aromatic amines in HTL, and their chemical reaction can change the properties of ITO layer, thus inducing black spots in screens, which has been reported when screen sealing is incomplete. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e As a high-energy laser, picosecond laser has been reported to have the capability to stimulate covalent bonds and rapidly dissociate complex molecules.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003ePrevious research reported ITO appearing room temperature ferromagnetism after annealing.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003eConsequently, we proposed a hypothesis that the occurrence of black spots is due to the stimulation and dissociation of covalent bonds in C-S, C-P and C-N of aromatic amines in the HTL, which enable molecules to take chemical reaction with ITO after their dissociation and form amine-ITO complexes that appear to be black spots, thus affecting the flatness and stability of ITO layer and inducing display default. The attracting phenomenon of black spots may be caused by the annealing of ITO after irradiated by high-energy picosecond laser, which can generate its room temperature ferromagnetism, and then the electric field generated by the phone itself magnetize the ITO powder, enabling them to attract adjacent spots.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore repeated experiments are needed to test this hypothesis, especially tests on inorganic LCD screens like TFT screens to observe their differences with OLEDs\u0026rsquo; damage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePicosecond laser can deal damage to mobile phone\u0026rsquo;s OLED screen and cause unnecessary property loss, of which patients and clinicians must be awared.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Author Contributions : Xiaoning Li and Jintian Hu developed the idea and provided the methodology for the study, Qiaoyuan Zheng collected the data and wrote the paper. The remaining authors contributed to refining the ideas, discussing the results and revising the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have not competing interests to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQiaoyuan Zheng and Jintian Hu have contributed equally to this manuscript. Xiaoning Li and Jintian Hu developed the idea and provided the methodology for the study, Qiaoyuan Zheng collected the data and wrote the paper. The remaining authors contributed to refining the ideas, discussing the results and revising the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTANG C W, VANSLYKE S A. Organic electroluminescent diodes[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 1987,51(12): 913-915.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGASSENBAUER Y, SCHAFRANEK R, KLEIN A, et al. Surface states, surface potentials, and segregation at surfaces of tin-doped In2O3[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 2006,73(24).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLEE S, PARK N, BANG J. Nonlocal effect of excited carriers on the bond strength of carbazole-based OLED host materials[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW MATERIALS, 2020,4(4).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKOROLKOV M V, PARAMONOV G K. Ultrafast laser-pulse control for selective excitation of high vibrational states and dissociation of diatomic molecules in an environment[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW A, 1997,56(5): 3860-3869.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDIETL T, OHNO H, MATSUKURA F, et al. Zener Model Description of Ferromagnetism in Zinc-Blende Magnetic Semiconductors[J]. Science, 2000,287(5455).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"picosecond laser, OLEDs, picoway, accident prevention","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5285855/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5285855/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackround:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic light-emitting diodes(OLED) is a material widely used in mobile phone\u0026rsquo;s screen. Picosecond laser is a kind of short pulse width laser that can be used to treat dermatological diseases. Recently, we recorded a incident when operating a picoway machine, that the laser accidently irradiated a mobile phone screen nearby and induced unexpectedly damage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods/Results:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to prevent similar accidents, we conducted repeated experiments with Xiaomi 12, 1064 nanometer light and 532 nanometer light. The same damage occured again when the laser irradiated the screen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePicosecond laser can deal damage to mobile phone\u0026rsquo;s OLED screen and cause unnecessary property loss.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Picoway-induced Black Spot on the OLED Screen","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-11 17:51:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5285855/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a14d363c-f5be-455e-8a0c-b31d4a1d91a3","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-18T17:53:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-11 17:51:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5285855","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5285855","identity":"rs-5285855","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}