Physical and optical properties of bismuth borate glass doped with different rare earth ions A 2 O 3 (A= La, Ce, Nd, Sm)

Physical and optical properties of bismuth borate glass doped with different rare earth ions A 2 O 3 (A= La, Ce, Nd, Sm) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Physical and optical properties of bismuth borate glass doped with different rare earth ions A 2 O 3 (A= La, Ce, Nd, Sm) I. Kashif, A. Ratep This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3945423/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The physical, structural, and optical features of Bi2O3-B2O3-A2O3 (A = La, Ce, Nd, Sm)-based glasses were examined by measuring the density, optical band gap, volume access, spacing between boron atoms, and infrared (FTIR) and optical analyses. To obtain the optical band gap (Eopt), we applied the extinction coefficient approach. Our work demonstrates how the optical band gap forms and how atomic numbers correlate with all the physical attributes. The fiber ability of the research glasses was good. The glass samples studied are ideal for use as the fiber core material, and The Nd3+ connection is an ionic bond, whereas the Sm3+ link is a covalent bond, according to the bonding parameter. The optimal ions for effective luminescence were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Bismuth borate glass density optical band gap FTIR Judd-Oflet theory Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Introduction Bismuth borate glass is a type of glass material composed of bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) as a former modifier and boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) as the former. These glasses offer unique optical, electrical, and physical properties, which make them useful in unique applications from the composition of two together. In addition, the ability of boron to form glass alone and Bi, which has a small polarizability in Bi 3+ [ 1 – 3 ], makes it difficult to form glass alone. This glass can combine the two propertiesofB and Bi to form a unique property. Bismuth borate glasses exhibit good transparency in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared regions [ 2 , 4 ] of the electromagnetic spectrum. They have a wide optical band gap, and low optical dispersion [ 5 ]linear and nonlinear optical coefficients [ 6 ] that are used in optoelectronic devices and laser system applications. Bismuth borate glass can dissolve rare earth elements, making it promising for applications such as fiber amplifiers, laser memory devices, and flat panel displays [ 7 – 10 ]. Bismuth borate glasses typically have a high refractive index [ 11 ] and low optical dispersion, which can be advantageous for optical waveguide applications, refracting windows, photonic materials with high nonlinear susceptibility, liquid crystal displays, and phonon screens [ 1 , 2 , 4 ]. Borate glass [ 5 , 12 ] has the disadvantage of high hygroscopic properties, and it is necessary to add heavy oxides such as Bi 2 O 3 [ 13 ]. Bismuth borate glasses generally have good chemical durability, making them resistant to moisture and other corrosive environments [ 5 , 12 ]. Bismuth borate glasses [ 6 , 12 , 14 ] have relatively low glass transition temperatures and large coefficients of thermal expansion. This makes them suitable for use, which requires lower temperature processing, such as melt-quenching and fiber drawing. Based on these advantages, bismuth borate glasses can be used in fiber optics, laser systems, amplifiers, photonic devices, sensors, and shielding properties [ 10 , 11 , 15 ]. This work aims to study the structural changes resulting from the addition of different rare earth elements, in addition to studying the different optical properties resulting from different incomplete F levels. Experimental work Glass samples with a (50Bi 2 O 3 - 50B 2 O 3 - 1RE) mol% composition, where RE is La 2 O 3 , Ce 2 O 3 , Nd 2 O 3 , and Sm 2 O 3 . The pure chemicals were binned in a porcelain crucible, annealed for 30 min at 300°C, and melted for an hour at 1050°C. The liquid was poured into the air between two copper plates. An infrared spectrometer (type JASCOFT/IR-4100) was used to examine the produced samples in the region2000-400 cm -1 .The Archimedes method was used to weigh a glass sample multiple times in the air and submergeit in toluene at ambient temperature to calculate the density of the glasses. The formula used to compute density ρis ρ = [Wa/(Wa-Wb)]x0.8635 1 , where [Wa] stands for the weight of the glass sample in air, [Wb] in toluene,and [0.8635] stands for the density of toluene. The optical absorption characteristics of glass samples were examinedusing a JASCO V-570 spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan). Results and Discussion The usefulness of the FTIR spectrum in the group identification structure formed in the sample and the effect of any substitution or addition in the composition. The FTIR spectra of bismuth borate glass samples containing different RE are shown in Fig. 1 .FromFig. 1, it can be observed that the borate groups are identified in three bands. (i) The first band from 1500 cm -1 to 1140 cm -1 centered mostly at 1330 cm -1 is due to the asymmetric stretching vibration of the B–O bonds of the trigonal BO3 units. (ii)The second band from 1140 cm -1 to 750 cm -1 is attributed to the B–O bond stretching of the tetrahedral BO4 units. (iii)The third band from750 cm -1 to 650 cm -1 is due to the B–O–B bending vibrations of the borate network. The first band can have a small deviation with distinct peaks at 1337 cm -1 due to the stretching vibrations of BIII–O–BIII and at 1240 cm -1 due to the BIII–O–BIV bands [ 16 ]. The presence of Bi in borate glass can appear more accurately in glass doped with Ce at 550 cm -1 and 470 cm -1 owing to the bending vibration of the BiVI–O–BiVI and BiIII–O–BiIII units, respectively. Band 485cm -1 maycorrespond to Bi–O bending vibration in [BiO3] or [BiO6] units [ 17 ] On the other hand, the vibrations of distorted BiO6 units are at about 620cm -1 and480cm -1 [ 18 ] The weak broad peak at 474cm -1 is attributed to the doubly degenerate bending vibrations of [BiO3] pyramidal units in the glass, while the band at 540cm -1 is attributed to the doubly degenerate stretching vibration of[BiO3] group [ 19 ]. No [BiO3] polyhedral band at 840 cm -1 . This supports the idea that the glass network [ 17 ] contains only [BiO6] units. The presence of a band at 1640 cm -1 indicated that the sample contained water with H-O-H bending [ 20 ]. A deconvolution can be formed for FTIR spectra to know the component for each band and study the effect of the addition of different rare earths on glass samples according to the relation [ 21 ] asindicated in Fig. 2 . \(N4=\frac{A4}{(A4+A3)}\) 2 Where A4 is the BO4 area and A3 is the BO3 area. In general, the existence of Bi in borate glass leads to the progression of BO4[ 22 ]. In addition, the increase in N4 can be interpreted as an increase in the atomic number, which increases the number of NBO S [ 23 , 24 ]. Density is a persuasive tool for studying the changes occurring in glass networks. Density variation as the molecular weight and the volume structure change, can be calculated according to the previous relation mentioned inthe experimental work. Consequently, the molar volume calculated according to[25,[ 26 ]: \({V}_{m}=\frac{M}{\rho }\) 3 From Fig. 3 , the decrease in density, which is attributed to the increase in volume more than the molecular weight Mwt, is depicted by the N4 result; as the volume increases, the NBOs increase, as shown in Fig. 4 . Also, the bismuth borate glass containing Sm has a little increase in the density trend represented as the structure having more BOs that can be confirmed from the values obtained from excess volume according to the relation[ 27 , 28 ]: \({V}_{e}={V}_{m}-\sum _{i}{x}_{i}{V}_{m}\left(i\right)\) 4 where \(\sum _{i}{x}_{i}{V}_{m}\left(i\right)\) is the total sum of the product of the ratio of each oxide \({x}_{i}\) times its molar volume \({V}_{m}\left(i\right)\) . From the \({V}_{e}\) values in the range 36.6, 38.1, 41.1, and 40.3, respectively, it can be observed that all the values are positive, indicating that all glasses formed are more open structures, and the \({V}_{e}\) values decrease in the bismuth borate glass containing Sm, which represents the glass, has a small number of NBOs and increases the number of BOs. To study the effect of the addition of rare earth on glass composition can be viewed from the average boron–boron separation [ 29 ] from the relation: \(⟨{d}_{B-B}⟩={\left(\frac{{V}_{m}^{B}}{{N}_{A}}\right)}^{1/3}\) 5 As \({V}_{m}^{B}=\frac{{V}_{m}}{2\left(1-{X}_{B}\right)}\) 6 where \({X}_{B}\) is the molar fraction of B 2 O 3 and \({V}_{m}^{B}\) is the volume containing one mole of boron. From Fig. 5 , it can be observed that the average distance between boron and boron increases with the substitution of rare earth and an abrupt decrease in the trend from the glass containing Sm 2 O 3 , which results in an increase in BOs. To understand the electronic band gap of glasses, it is helpful to investigate the optical absorption in the UV area. One may see a sharp increase in absorbance towards shorter wavelengths in the optical absorption spectra of glasses. The basic absorption edge (UV off) is the name given to the sharp spike in the absorption coefficient [ 30 ]. Additionally, the optical absorption margins in the current glasses are not clearly defined, demonstrating their glassy nature [ 31 ]. In essence, both crystalline and non-crystalline materials can undergo direct and indirect transitions at fundamental absorption edge. These transitions are represented by the wave vector, and the transition from the valance band to the conduction band in the same direction as the wave vector is called the direct transition. The change in the wave vector from the minimum of the conduction band to the maximum of the valance band and the interaction between the photon and the lattice vibration is called the indirect transition[ 30 ].The relationship between the absorption coefficients and extinction coefficients can be used to establish the experimental optical band gap [ 32 ]. \(K=\frac{ℎ\upsilon }{4\pi }\) 7 The experimental optical band gaps can be determined by extrapolating the linear section of the extinction coefficient to zero. The optical band gap is calculated and drawn against the atomic weight of the rare earth in Fig. 6 . Figure 6 shows the increase in Eg with the increase in Mwt, which was explained as the comparison result of different RE having different ionic radii; thus, the increase in ionic radius gives a greater distance of electron transfer from the valence band to the conduction band. It can be observed the optical band gap decreases at the sample doped with Ce as explained above the increase of BO4 number, which has a bond strength (808.7 Kcal/mol) larger than the Ce-O (795 Kcal/mol)[ 33 ] The optical fiber performance is affected by the refractive index, no is directly correlated with the optical band gap according to the relation [ 34 ] that is calculated and tabulated in the table. \(\frac{{n}_{0}^{2}-1}{{n}_{0}^{2}+2}=1-\sqrt{\frac{{E}_{g}}{20}}\) 8 The produced glasses' higher refractive indices suggest that they are good candidates for optical fibers with higher NA values. If the optical fiber's core is made of a glassy substance, the numerical aperture a measure of the fiber's ability to gather light can be determined using the following formula: NA = n \(\sqrt{2{\Delta }}\) 9 where Δ is the fractional change in refractive index. Δ = \(\frac{n-{n}_{cladding}}{n}\) 10 For a typical value of Δ = 0.01 [ 35 ] the NA values for the current glasses were calculated and are listed in Table 1 . NA often falls between 0.13 and 0.50. The investigation glasses had good NA aperture values. Since they can capture more light from the source, they are ideal for use as the core material of an optical fiber. Table 1 the values of refractive index (n) and fiber's ability (NA) for different glass samples Atomic number n NA 57 La 2.41 0.33981 58 Ce 2.42 0.34122 60 Nd 2.38 0.33558 62Sm 2. 63 0.33276 Optical properties: First, we discuss the first rare earth element (La) that can be considered a transition metal. It has [Xe]5d1 6s2 configuration that does not have any F orbital. Figure 7 shows the optical spectra, which showed no significant peak in the UV region. A glass sample doped with Ce as the second rare-earth element is shown in Fig. 8 . It has an electron in the d orbital and an electron in the F orbital, according to the [Xe] 4F1 5d1 6s2 configuration. This can be present as Ce4+ (4F0) or Ce3+(4f1) [ 36 ]. From Fig. 8 the presence of two oxidation states in a glass sample depends on many factors such as the glass composition, furnace atmosphere, and the melting temperature[ 37 ]. From the optical spectrum, it can be observed that the peak is present in the UV and visible ranges as the charge transfer (O2→Ce 4+ ) [ 36 ] at 380 nm [ 2 , 38 ]. The band at approximately 427 nm was assumed to belong to Ce 3+ ions [ 36 ]. The addition of 50 mol% Bi 2 O 3 to the glass composition can mask the band in the higher energy state present in the visible region or it may combine the bands. The results obtained from Sk. Mahamuda [ 39 ] and Y.Y. Zhang [ 40 ]indicate increasing of Bi 2 O 3 concentration decreases the excited band's concentration and, in the concentration, 50mol% Bi 2 O 3 the visible bands disappear. Reducing the number of excited states makes oscillating strength measurements and Judd-Ofelt parameter calculation difficult [ 41 ]. Figure 9 depicts the optical absorption spectra of glasses doped with Nd 3+ . The transition from the ground state 4 F 9/2 to excited state 4 F 3/2 , 4 F 5/2 + 2 H 9/2 , 4 S 3/2 + 2 F 7/2 , 4 F 9/2 , 4 G 5/2 + 2 G 7/2 , 4 G 7/2 + 2 K 3/2 and 4 G 9/2 at 868, 802, 742, 680, 582, 524 and 512 respectively [ 42 ]. The calculated oscillating strengths are tabulated in Table 2according to [ 26 ]: \({f}_{exp}=4.32\times {10}^{-9}{\int }_{\upsilon 1}^{\upsilon 2}\epsilon \left(\upsilon \right)d\upsilon\) 11 Whereas ε(ν) is the molar extinction coefficient corresponding to the energy(ν cm − 1 ) and dν is the half-band width of the absorption band. By utilizing the following relation and the least-squares fit procedure, the calculated oscillator strengths (fcal) for the observed electric dipole transitions inside the 4f4 configuration were determined and combined in the table. \({f}_{cal}=\left[\frac{8mcv{\pi }^{2}}{3ℎ(2J+1)}\right]\left[\frac{{({n}^{2}+1)}^{2}}{9n}\right]\sum _{\lambda =\text{2,4},6}{\varOmega }_{\lambda }{\left({\psi }_{\lambda J}‖{U}^{\lambda }‖{\psi {\prime }}_{J{\prime }}\right)}^{2}\) 12 The quality fits the results obtain from f exp and f calc according to the relation of root mean square relation. \({{\delta }}_{\varvec{r}\varvec{m}\varvec{s}}={\left[\frac{\sum {({f}_{exp}-{f}_{cal})}^{2}}{N-3}\right]}^{1/2}\) 13 Where N is the number of transition. The \({{\delta }}_{\varvec{r}\varvec{m}\varvec{s}}\) values suggest that the measured \({f}_{\varvec{e}\varvec{x}\varvec{p}}\) and the theoretical \({f}_{\varvec{c}\varvec{a}\varvec{l}}\) oscillator strengths fit each other well. The Ωt parameters were determined using the least-squares fitting method, according to \({f}_{\varvec{c}\varvec{a}\varvec{l}}\) . The high-intensity peak observed around 582 nm represents the hypersensisitive transition following the selection rules Δ s = 0, Δ L ≤ 2 and Δ J ≥ 2 [ 35 , 43 ]. Depending on the experimental oscillator strength calculation, the refractive index, and Eg value were used the calculate Judd ofelt parameters. The importance of this parameter in discussing the structure around RE ions. as Ω 2 is used to explain the convelancy of ligand ions around the RE and symmetry properties, while Ω 4 and Ω 6 are used to explain long-range effects such as rigidity and viscosity. Especially, the Ω 6 used as an indication of the interaction electron-phonon interaction, a higher value of Ω 6 indicates the strong coupling between 4Fand 5d orbitals that magnify the bandwidth emission [ 44 , 45 ]. The data indicates that Ω 4 > Ω 6 > Ω 2 . Using the ratio Ω 4 /Ω 6 (spectroscopic quality factor (X)) yields the type of laser emission. The emission of the laser obtained from the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 or 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 transitions depends mainly on the value centered around 1. If the value of X is less than 1, then laser emission from the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 transition at 1.06 µm with high intensity is obtained. Conversely, a value larger than unity indicates a strong emission obtained from the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 transition [ 35 , 44 , 46 ]. A value of samples under study larger than unity indicates laser emission obtained from the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 transition. F exp , f cal , δ rms , Judd-Ofelt parameters (Ω 2 , Ω 4 , and Ω 6 ), spectroscopic quality factor (Ω 4 /Ω 6 ), 1/Ω 6 , and energy for each transition in the glass sample and aqua ion calculated and tabulated in Table 2 . Table 2 Fexp, fcal, δrms, Judd-Ofelt parameters (Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6), spectroscopic quality factor (Ω4/Ω6), 1/Ω6, and energy in each transition in glass samples containing 1 mol% Nd2O3 and aqua ions. λ nm f exp *E-6 f cal *E-6 υin aqua υ in glass sample 868 4.41 6.14 11600 11520.74 802 21.5 16.4 12610 12468.83 742 12.5 15.8 13586 13477.09 680 0.065 1.27 14854 14705.88 582 23.4 23.1 17391 17182.13 524 1.83 8.63 19018 19083.97 512 0.054 3.61 19544 19531.25 δ rms 5.09E-06 Ω 4 / Ω 6 1.17 Ω 2 0.384E-20 Ω 4 8.20E-20 1/ Ω 6 0.14E20 Ω 6 7.01E-20 In addition, exploiting the reciprocal of Ω6 determines the iconicity around the RE. The obtained value in the range of the prepared glass of different former indicates a lower value as the iconicity decreases to increase the covalency around the RE by modifying the crystal field potential [ 47 , 48 ]. The absorption transition of Sm 3+ doped with bismuth borate glass, shown in Fig. 10 , can be classified into two groups. The low-energy region in the NIR region satisfies an intense band at 936 nm, 1072 nm, 1222 nm, 1368 nm, 1478 nm, 1529 nm, and 1586 nm, corresponding to the transition due to the multiplication of the 4F5 configuration in Sm 3+ [ 49 ] and the ground state 6 H 5/2 to different excited states 6 F 11/2 , 6 F 9/2 , 6 F 7/2 , 6 F 5/2 , 6 F 3/2 , 6 H 15/2 , and 6 F 1/2 [ 50 ]owing to the electric dipole interaction and a few magnetic dipole interactions with the allowed spin[ 51 ]. The other group in the high-energy region in the UV-VIS region has a low-intensity band at 559 nm, corresponding to 4 G 5/2 , which was ascribed to the forbidden spin [ 51 ] Examine how Sm 3+ interacts with the Judd-Ofelt parameters and the strength of surrounding oscillators. Root mean square deviation (rms) value from the prior equation, coupled with the estimated and experimental oscillator strengths of absorption bands. The low value of rms denotes an equitable fit between measured and experimental oscillator strengths [ 52 ] indicated in Table 3 . The JuddOfelt parameter has Ω 2 > Ω 6 > Ω 4 , which is assigned to the covalency of Sm 3+ ions around their neighbors. Table 3 the fexp, fcal, δrms, Judd-Ofelt parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6), spectroscopic quality factor fo sample containing 1 mol% Sm2O3. λ nm f exp *E-6 f cal *E-6 1584 6.46 10.4 1524 31.5 0.015 1472 18.3 11.2 1368 0.96 8.56 1222 34.4 23.5 1072 2.68 18.5 936 0.793 3.10 δ rms 9.79 Ω 2 22.4E-20 Ω 4 8.28E-20 Ω 6 14.8E-20 The JO parameters AESA used to measure the ratio of emission intensity (Aem) to excited-stat eabsorption intensity are given by: Aem/AESA = 0.21Ω6/ (0.11Ω2 + 0.063Ω4) 14 An Aem/AESA ratio greater than one indicates the possibility of amplification. The ratio calculated for the glass samples containing Nd was higher than 1, which indicates the possibility of amplification, and vice versa for samples containing Sm. The covalent or ionic nature of the binding between oxygen and rare earth ions is determined by the bonding parameter (δ). If the δ value is positive, the relationship is covalent, and vice versa. The bonding parameter was calculated using the nephelauxetic ratio ß. The formula was used for the computation. ß = v c / v a 15 In the host, the transitional wave number of rare-earth ions is v c , whereas an aqua ion's is v a . Since ß' is the average, the value of ß and calculated using: ß' = \(\frac{1}{x}\sum \text{ß}\) Where \(x\) is the number of energy level. The value of δ wa calculated using the following formula: δ =(1-ß')/ß' The values for neodymium and samarium in the present samples were − 0.01428 and 0.006501, respectively. The value of Nd is negative, indicating that the Nd 3+ link is an ionic bond. As Nd ions in the samples were replaced by Sm ions, a covalent connection was created. These results were consistent with the Judd-Ofelt parameters. From comparing the results obtained in this work with previous works [ 52 – 54 ], we find that the change in results depends almost on the ratio between boron oxide and bismuth oxide. Conclusion The vibrational and optical properties of La 3+ , Ce 3+ , Nd 3+ , and Sm 3+ -doped bismuth borate glasses were examined using FTIR, and absorption, spectra. Using FTIR spectra, the vibrations of theBO3, BO4, BiO3, and BiO6 units were determined. For samples containing Nd, the asymmetric ratio of the current glasses displayed the highest value, indicating the possibility of using a laser material. Glass samples may be used as the fiber's core material because of the investigations mentioned above. Declarations Author Contribution Author statement A. Ratep and I. Kashif: Investigation, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing, References A. A. Ali, Optical properties of Sm3+-doped CaF2 bismuth borate glasses, J. 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Culea, Influence of europium ions on structure and crystallization properties of bismuth borate glasses and glass ceramics, J. Non. Cryst. Solids, 354(52–54)(2008)5475–5479, https://doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.09.010 . I. Kashif, A. Ratep, Red and green emission from chromium metal or oxide on co-doped lithium tetraborate glass, Opt. Quantum Electron.,48(11)(2016)516, https:// doi: 10.1007/s11082-016-0789-2 I. Kashif, A. Ratep, S. K. El-Mahy, Structural and optical properties of lithium tetraborate glasses containing chromium and neodymium oxide, Mater. Res. Bull., 89(2017)273–279, https://doi: 10.1016/ j. materresbull.2017.02.006. V. Kumar, S. Sharma, O. P. Pandey, K. Singh, Thermal and physical properties of 30SrO-40SiO2-20B2O3-10A2 O3 (A = La, Y, Al) glasses and their chemical reaction with bismuth vanadate for SOFC, Solid State Ionics, 181(1–2)(2010) 79–85, https://doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2009.12.005 . I. Kashif, A. 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Morsi, Optical and FTIR Absorption Spectra of CeO2 – Doped Cadmium Borate Glasses and Effects of Gamma Irradiation, Silicon, 9(1)(2017)105–110, https://doi:10.1007/s12633-015-9400-x . A. Paul, M. Mulholland, M. S. Zaman, Ultraviolet absorption of cerium (Ill) and cerium ( IV ) in some simple glasses, J. Mater. , 11(1976)2082–2086, 1976. M. A. Marzouk, H. A. Elbatal, A. M. Abdelghany, Effect of Gd2O3 and Sm2O3 Addition on the Properties of CeO2, J. Korean Inst. Electr. Electron. Mater. Eng., 16(11)(2003)979–986, https://doi:10.4313/jkem.2003.16.11.979 . SK. Mahamuda, K. Swapna, A. S. Rao, T. Sasikala, L. R. Moorthy, Reddish-orange emission from Pr3 + doped zinc alumino bismuth borate glasses, Phys. B Condens. Matter, 428(2013)36–42, https://doi:10.1016/j.physb.2013.07.010 . Y. Y. Zhang, B. J. Chen, E. Y. B. Pun, H. Lin, Optical radiative parameters and 1.3 µ m emission anticipation of Pr3 + in two kinds of bismuth-containing oxide glasses with lower phonon energies, Phys. B Condens. Matter, 404(8–11)(2009)1132–1136, https://doi:10.1016/j.physb.2008.11.075 . R. S. Quimby, W. J. Miniscalco, Modified Judd-Ofelt technique and application to optical transitions in Pr3+-doped glass, J. Appl. Phys., 75(1)(1994)613–615, https://doi:10.1063/1.355794 . K.Boonin, J.Kaewkhao,N.Nuntawong, P. Limsuwan, Luminescence of Nd3+-doped Bi2O3-B2O3 glass system, Procedia Eng. , 32 (2012) 827–832, https://doi: 10.1016/j. proeng. 2012.02.019. K. V. Kumar, A. S. Kumar, Spectroscopic properties of Nd3 + doped borate glasses, Opt. Mater. (Amst)., 35(1)(2012)12–17, https://doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2012.06.005 . S.N.S. Yaacob, M.R. Sahar, F. M.Noor, W.N.W. Shamsuri, S.K.Md. Zain, N.A.M. Jan, M.F. Omar, S.A. Jupri, S. M. Aziz, A. S. Alqarni., The effect of Nd2O3 content on the properties and structure of Nd3 + doped TeO2–MgO–Na2O- glass, Opt. Mater. (Amst)., 111(11)(2021) 110588, https://doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110588 . G. V Vázquez, I. Camarillo, C. Falcony, U. Caldiño, A. Lira, and others, Spectroscopic analysis of a novel Nd3+-activated barium borate glass for broadband laser amplification, Opt. Mater. (Amst)., 46 (2015) 97–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2015.04.009 Z.A.S.Mahraz,E.S. Sazali,M.R. Sahar, N.U. Amran, S.N.S. Yaacob, S.M. Aziz, S.Q. Mawlud, F.M. Noor, A.N. Harun, Spectroscopic investigations of near-infrared emission from Nd 3+ -doped zinc-phosphate glasses: Judd-Ofelt evaluation, J. Non. Cryst. Solids, 509(2)(2019)106–114, https://doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.05.013 . B. C. Jamalaiah, T. Suhasini, L. Rama Moorthy, I. G. Kim, D. S. Yoo, K. Jang, Structural and luminescence properties of Nd 3+-doped PbOB 2O 3TiO 2AlF 3 glass for 1.07 µm laser applications, J. Lumin. , 132(5)(2012)1144–1149, https://doi: 10.1016 /j. jlumin. 2011.12.073. T. Wei, Y. Tian, C. Tian, X. Jing, M. Cai, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, S. Xu, Comprehensive evaluation of the structural, absorption, energy transfer, luminescent properties and near-infrared applications of the neodymium doped germanate glass, J. Alloys Compd., 618 (2015) 95–101, https://doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.08.139 . V.Thomas, R.G.S. Sofin, M. Allen, H. Thomas, P.R. Biju, G. Jose, N.V. Unnikrishnan, Optical analysis of samarium doped sodium bismuth silicate glass, Spectrochim. Acta - Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 171(2017)144–148, https://doi:10.1016/j.saa. 2016.07 . 055. S. Mohan, S. Kaur, D. P. Singh, P. Kaur, Structural and luminescence properties of samarium doped lead alumino borate glasses, Opt. Mater. (Amst)., 73(2017)223–233, https://doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2017.08.015 . S. Sailaja, C. Nageswara Raju, C. Adinarayana Reddy, B. Deva Prasad Raju, Y. D. Jho, B. Sudhakar Reddy, Optical properties of Sm3+-doped cadmium bismuth borate glasses, J. Mol. Struct., 1038(2013)29–34, https://doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.01.052 . M. A. Marzouk, Optical characterization of some rare earth ions doped bismuth borate glasses and effect of gamma irradiation, J. Mol. Struct., 1019(2012)80–90, https://doi: 10.1016/ j. molstruc. 2012.03.041. M. Milanova, K. L. Kostov, R. Iordanova, L. Aleksandrov, A. Yordanova, T. Mineva, Local structure, connectivity and physical properties of glasses in the B2O3-Bi2O3-La2O3-WO3 system, J. Non. Cryst. Solids, 516(2)(2019)35–44, https://doi: 10.1016/ j. jnoncrysol.2019.04.028. E. S. Yousef, A. El-Adawy, N. El-KheshKhany, Effect of rare earth (Pr2O3, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3 and Er2O3) on the acoustic properties of glass belonging to bismuth-borate system, Solid State Commun., 139(3)(2006)108–113, https://doi: 10.1016/ j. ssc.2006.05.022. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Kashif","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNhCRUJDAwCDB2PD5R4UNkEGUFgOwlsbZDGfSCGuBALAWBsbZjG2HCWvh4z+d+OGBQZq8/OzmxuYCtvOJ/bObDz5gqLGJxukwidzNEgkGOYYb7hxsbJ7Bcztxxp1jyQYMx9JyG3Bq4d0A1FLBuEEisf0Bj8TtxIYbOWbAoDiMWwv/2c0/gFrs589IbGzgMTiXOJ+gFobcbSCHAQ1PbGzmSTiQuIGgFoncbRYJBmnJG4BaGmccSDbeeCMt2SABj1/k+89uvvmjItl2/oz0hw0f/9nJzruRfPDBhxobnFowgCNYZQKxykHAnhTFo2AUjIJRMDIAAKyfY4sdI1D+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Azhar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"I.","middleName":"","lastName":"Kashif","suffix":""},{"id":272439075,"identity":"d698cd8d-5c5c-4245-83bd-dbb0516f64b0","order_by":1,"name":"A. Ratep","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"","lastName":"Ratep","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-10 08:45:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3945423/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3945423/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51127875,"identity":"abb73088-5914-49b7-964b-c630d3ee7f05","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR of glass samples doped with different RE\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/79aafaea9bc0dd96604b67a1.png"},{"id":51127874,"identity":"684797a3-05cb-4cba-a0b8-d926d228287f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15379,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eN4 value against the atomic no., of different rare earth\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/440a25a6ec8056942127ab52.png"},{"id":51127883,"identity":"4ebc2c99-9b37-4acd-a71a-0f18a61c3b5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:18","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11658,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe Density values of glass samples of different RE\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/19df3f29183175d4187ca08a.png"},{"id":51127876,"identity":"9c5a93a1-3918-4c5e-8fc3-c58dabb67594","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:16","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11463,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe molar volume values of glass samples of different RE\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/c8e18e923fdeafaf6bbb2ecb.png"},{"id":51127878,"identity":"f7873d77-3556-4ca9-a328-94b6ec506221","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:16","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe avarage boron- boron seperation \u0026lt;B-B\u0026gt; of glass samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/fbf92f8c47ab3fa4be070b6c.png"},{"id":51127877,"identity":"ff95d4b9-9942-47e4-8cbc-907d5227f89b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:16","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe optical band gap determination by the extinction coefficient\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/e624f67f8c3512146d32d542.png"},{"id":51127880,"identity":"b7000f0e-b996-44dd-8c2b-37d02b422829","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:17","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe optical band gap value against the atomic no., of different RE\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/d522cc3bb716051b14b45d97.png"},{"id":51127884,"identity":"c01b5567-9beb-4713-994c-d4d0db7d7c71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:18","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe optical absorption of sample 50 Bi2O3+50B2O3+1 La2O3 mol%\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/f29c7fe4e200ec4b274bb717.png"},{"id":51128506,"identity":"83b08ace-013e-4bca-a2b0-bd202b4cbefb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:16:18","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe optical absorption of sample 50 Bi2O3+50B2O3+1 Ce2O3 mol%\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/f3fffdd0fad6b2befe71f007.png"},{"id":51127879,"identity":"c07ff611-b6b1-44ac-8fcc-15a583fc0440","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:16","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe optical absorption of sample 50 Bi2O3+50B2O3+1 Nd2O3 mol%\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/ef4b2b267574b045295fd814.png"},{"id":51127881,"identity":"7c4e19d9-d1c3-4743-acfc-32e6eae739dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:08:18","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe optical absorption of sample 50 Bi2O3+50B2O3+1 Sm2O3 mol%\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/b2868d0f1fb39df976a17cce.png"},{"id":51129550,"identity":"50429340-1f62-4977-a898-e97d45d547a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-14 16:32:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":504151,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3945423/v1/9fdfa4d2-a712-4d70-b581-2cbde9777ce4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Physical and optical properties of bismuth borate glass doped with different rare earth ions A 2 O 3 (A= La, Ce, Nd, Sm)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBismuth borate glass is a type of glass material composed of bismuth oxide (Bi\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) as a former modifier and boron oxide (B\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) as the former. These glasses offer unique optical, electrical, and physical properties, which make them useful in unique applications from the composition of two together. In addition, the ability of boron to form glass alone and Bi, which has a small polarizability in Bi\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], makes it difficult to form glass alone. This glass can combine the two propertiesofB and Bi to form a unique property. Bismuth borate glasses exhibit good transparency in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared regions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] of the electromagnetic spectrum. They have a wide optical band gap, and low optical dispersion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]linear and nonlinear optical coefficients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] that are used in optoelectronic devices and laser system applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBismuth borate glass can dissolve rare earth elements, making it promising for applications such as fiber amplifiers, laser memory devices, and flat panel displays [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBismuth borate glasses typically have a high refractive index [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and low optical dispersion, which can be advantageous for optical waveguide applications, refracting windows, photonic materials with high nonlinear susceptibility, liquid crystal displays, and phonon screens [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorate glass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] has the disadvantage of high hygroscopic properties, and it is necessary to add heavy oxides such as Bi\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Bismuth borate glasses generally have good chemical durability, making them resistant to moisture and other corrosive environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBismuth borate glasses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] have relatively low glass transition temperatures and large coefficients of thermal expansion. This makes them suitable for use, which requires lower temperature processing, such as melt-quenching and fiber drawing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these advantages, bismuth borate glasses can be used in fiber optics, laser systems, amplifiers, photonic devices, sensors, and shielding properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work aims to study the structural changes resulting from the addition of different rare earth elements, in addition to studying the different optical properties resulting from different incomplete F levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental work","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlass samples with a (50Bi\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- 50B\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e- 1RE) mol% composition, where RE is La\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, Ce\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, Nd\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and Sm\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e. The pure chemicals were binned in a porcelain crucible, annealed for 30 min at 300\u0026deg;C, and melted for an hour at 1050\u0026deg;C. The liquid was poured into the air between two copper plates. An infrared spectrometer (type JASCOFT/IR-4100) was used to examine the produced samples in the region2000-400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.The Archimedes method was used to weigh a glass sample multiple times in the air and submergeit in toluene at ambient temperature to calculate the density of the glasses. The formula used to compute density ρis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eρ = [Wa/(Wa-Wb)]x0.8635 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e, where [Wa] stands for the weight of the glass sample in air, [Wb] in toluene,and [0.8635] stands for the density of toluene. The optical absorption characteristics of glass samples were examinedusing a JASCO V-570 spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe usefulness of the FTIR spectrum in the group identification structure formed in the sample and the effect of any substitution or addition in the composition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectra of bismuth borate glass samples containing different RE are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.FromFig. 1, it can be observed that the borate groups are identified in three bands. (i) The first band from 1500 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e to 1140 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e centered mostly at 1330 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e is due to the asymmetric stretching vibration of the B\u0026ndash;O bonds of the trigonal BO3 units. (ii)The second band from 1140 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e to 750 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e is attributed to the B\u0026ndash;O bond stretching of the tetrahedral BO4 units. (iii)The third band from750 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e to 650 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e is due to the B\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;B bending vibrations of the borate network. The first band can have a small deviation with distinct peaks at 1337 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e due to the stretching vibrations of BIII\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;BIII and at 1240\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e due to the BIII\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;BIV bands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of Bi in borate glass can appear more accurately in glass doped with Ce at 550 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and 470 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e owing to the bending vibration of the BiVI\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;BiVI and BiIII\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;BiIII units, respectively. Band 485cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003emaycorrespond to Bi\u0026ndash;O bending vibration in [BiO3] or [BiO6] units [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] On the other hand, the vibrations of distorted BiO6 units are at about 620cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eand480cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weak broad peak at 474cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e is attributed to the doubly degenerate bending vibrations of [BiO3] pyramidal units in the glass, while the band\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eat 540cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e is attributed to the doubly degenerate stretching vibration of[BiO3] group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. No [BiO3] polyhedral band at 840 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This supports the idea that the glass network [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] contains only [BiO6] units.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of a band at 1640 cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e indicated that the sample contained water with H-O-H bending [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA deconvolution can be formed for FTIR spectra to know the component for each band and study the effect of the addition of different rare earths on glass samples according to the relation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] asindicated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(N4=\\frac{A4}{(A4+A3)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere A4 is the BO4 area and A3 is the BO3 area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, the existence of Bi in borate glass leads to the progression of BO4[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the increase in N4 can be interpreted as an increase in the atomic number, which increases the number of NBO\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity is a persuasive tool for studying the changes occurring in glass networks. Density variation as the molecular weight and the volume structure change, can be calculated according to the previous relation mentioned inthe experimental work. Consequently, the molar volume calculated according to[25,[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({V}_{m}=\\frac{M}{\\rho }\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the decrease in density, which is attributed to the increase in volume more than the molecular weight Mwt, is depicted by the N4 result; as the volume increases, the NBOs increase, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Also, the bismuth borate glass containing Sm has a little increase in the density trend represented as the structure having more BOs that can be confirmed from the values obtained from excess volume according to the relation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({V}_{e}={V}_{m}-\\sum _{i}{x}_{i}{V}_{m}\\left(i\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\sum _{i}{x}_{i}{V}_{m}\\left(i\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the total sum of the product of the ratio of each oxide \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({x}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003etimes its molar volume \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({V}_{m}\\left(i\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({V}_{e}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e values in the range 36.6, 38.1, 41.1, and 40.3, respectively, it can be observed that all the values are positive, indicating that all glasses formed are more open structures, and the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({V}_{e}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e values decrease in the bismuth borate glass containing Sm, which represents the glass, has a small number of NBOs and increases the number of BOs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo study the effect of the addition of rare earth on glass composition can be viewed from the average boron\u0026ndash;boron separation\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;dB\u0026ndash;B\u0026gt;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] from the relation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\u0026lang;{d}_{B-B}\u0026rang;={\\left(\\frac{{V}_{m}^{B}}{{N}_{A}}\\right)}^{1/3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({V}_{m}^{B}=\\frac{{V}_{m}}{2\\left(1-{X}_{B}\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({X}_{B}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the molar fraction of B\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eand \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({V}_{m}^{B}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the volume containing one mole of boron.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, it can be observed that the average distance between boron and boron increases with the substitution of rare earth and an abrupt decrease in the trend from the glass containing Sm\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, which results in an increase in BOs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo understand the electronic band gap of glasses, it is helpful to investigate the optical absorption in the UV area. One may see a sharp increase in absorbance towards shorter wavelengths in the optical absorption spectra of glasses. The basic absorption edge (UV off) is the name given to the sharp spike in the absorption coefficient [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the optical absorption margins in the current glasses are not clearly defined, demonstrating their glassy nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn essence, both crystalline and non-crystalline materials can undergo direct and indirect transitions at fundamental absorption edge. These transitions are represented by the wave vector, and the transition from the valance band to the conduction band in the same direction as the wave vector is called the direct transition. The change in the wave vector from the minimum of the conduction band to the maximum of the valance band and the interaction between the photon and the lattice vibration is called the indirect transition[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].The relationship between the absorption coefficients and extinction coefficients can be used to establish the experimental optical band gap [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(K=\\frac{ℎ\\upsilon }{4\\pi }\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental optical band gaps can be determined by extrapolating the linear section of the extinction coefficient to zero. The optical band gap is calculated and drawn against the atomic weight of the rare earth in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the increase in Eg with the increase in Mwt, which was explained as the comparison result of different RE having different ionic radii; thus, the increase in ionic radius gives a greater distance of electron transfer from the valence band to the conduction band.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be observed the optical band gap decreases at the sample doped with Ce as explained above the increase of BO4 number, which has a bond strength (808.7 Kcal/mol) larger than the Ce-O (795 Kcal/mol)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe optical fiber performance is affected by the refractive index, no is directly correlated with the optical band gap according to the relation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] that is calculated and tabulated in the table.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{{n}_{0}^{2}-1}{{n}_{0}^{2}+2}=1-\\sqrt{\\frac{{E}_{g}}{20}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe produced glasses' higher refractive indices suggest that they are good candidates for optical fibers with higher NA values. If the optical fiber's core is made of a glassy substance, the numerical aperture a measure of the fiber's ability to gather light can be determined using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\sqrt{2{\\Delta }}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere Δ is the fractional change in refractive index.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eΔ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{n-{n}_{cladding}}{n}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e10\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor a typical value of Δ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] the NA values for the current glasses were calculated and are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. NA often falls between 0.13 and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50. The investigation glasses had good NA aperture values. Since they can capture more light from the source, they are ideal for use as the core material of an optical fiber.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1 the values of refractive index (n) and fiber's ability (NA) for different glass samples\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 La\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58 Ce\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 Nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62Sm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. 63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical properties:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, we discuss the first rare earth element (La) that can be considered a transition metal. It has [Xe]5d1 6s2 configuration that does not have any F orbital. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the optical spectra, which showed no significant peak in the UV region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA glass sample doped with Ce as the second rare-earth element is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. It has an electron in the d orbital and an electron in the F orbital, according to the [Xe] 4F1 5d1 6s2 configuration. This can be present as Ce4+ (4F0) or Ce3+(4f1) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e the presence of two oxidation states in a glass sample depends on many factors such as the glass composition, furnace atmosphere, and the melting temperature[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the optical spectrum, it can be observed that the peak is present in the UV and visible ranges as the charge transfer (O2\u0026rarr;Ce\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] at 380 nm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The band at approximately 427 nm was assumed to belong to Ce\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e ions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe addition of 50 mol% Bi\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e to the glass composition can mask the band in the higher energy state present in the visible region or it may combine the bands. The results obtained from Sk. Mahamuda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] and Y.Y. Zhang [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]indicate increasing of Bi\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e concentration decreases the excited band's concentration and, in the concentration, 50mol% Bi\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e the visible bands disappear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing the number of excited states makes oscillating strength measurements and Judd-Ofelt parameter calculation difficult [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e depicts the optical absorption spectra of glasses doped with Nd\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe transition from the ground state \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e to excited state \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e+\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eS\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e+\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e7/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e+\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e7/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e7/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e+\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eK\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e at 868, 802, 742, 680, 582, 524 and 512 respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe calculated oscillating strengths are tabulated in Table\u0026nbsp;2according to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({f}_{exp}=4.32\\times {10}^{-9}{\\int }_{\\upsilon 1}^{\\upsilon 2}\\epsilon \\left(\\upsilon \\right)d\\upsilon\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhereas ε(ν) is the molar extinction coefficient corresponding to the energy(ν cm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e) and dν is the half-band width of the absorption band.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy utilizing the following relation and the least-squares fit procedure, the calculated oscillator strengths (fcal) for the observed electric dipole transitions inside the 4f4 configuration were determined and combined in the table.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({f}_{cal}=\\left[\\frac{8mcv{\\pi }^{2}}{3ℎ(2J+1)}\\right]\\left[\\frac{{({n}^{2}+1)}^{2}}{9n}\\right]\\sum _{\\lambda =\\text{2,4},6}{\\varOmega }_{\\lambda }{\\left({\\psi }_{\\lambda J}‖{U}^{\\lambda }‖{\\psi {\\prime }}_{J{\\prime }}\\right)}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality fits the results obtain from f\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eexp\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and f\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ecalc\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e according to the relation of root mean square relation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\delta }}_{\\varvec{r}\\varvec{m}\\varvec{s}}={\\left[\\frac{\\sum {({f}_{exp}-{f}_{cal})}^{2}}{N-3}\\right]}^{1/2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e 13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere N is the number of transition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\delta }}_{\\varvec{r}\\varvec{m}\\varvec{s}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e values suggest that the measured \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({f}_{\\varvec{e}\\varvec{x}\\varvec{p}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and the theoretical \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({f}_{\\varvec{c}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{l}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eoscillator strengths fit each other well.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ωt parameters were determined using the least-squares fitting method, according to \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({f}_{\\varvec{c}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{l}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high-intensity peak observed around 582 nm represents the hypersensisitive transition following the selection rules \u003cb\u003eΔ\u003c/b\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;0, \u003cb\u003eΔ\u003c/b\u003eL\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;2 and \u003cb\u003eΔ\u003c/b\u003eJ\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026ge;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;2 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepending on the experimental oscillator strength calculation, the refractive index, and Eg value were used the calculate Judd ofelt parameters. The importance of this parameter in discussing the structure around RE ions. as Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is used to explain the convelancy of ligand ions around the RE and symmetry properties, while Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e are used to explain long-range effects such as rigidity and viscosity. Especially, the Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eused as an indication of the interaction electron-phonon interaction, a higher value of Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eindicates the strong coupling between 4Fand 5d orbitals that magnify the bandwidth emission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data indicates that Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e. Using the ratio Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e/Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (spectroscopic quality factor (X)) yields the type of laser emission. The emission of the laser obtained from the \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eI\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e11/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e or \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eI\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e transitions depends mainly on the value centered around 1. If the value of X is less than 1, then laser emission from the \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eI\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e11/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e transition at 1.06 \u0026micro;m with high intensity is obtained. Conversely, a value larger than unity indicates a strong emission obtained from the \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eI\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e transition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA value of samples under study larger than unity indicates laser emission obtained from the \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eI\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e transition. F\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eexp\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, f\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ecal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, δ\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003erms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, Judd-Ofelt parameters (Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), spectroscopic quality factor (Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e/Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), 1/Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and energy for each transition in the glass sample and aqua ion calculated and tabulated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2 Fexp, fcal, δrms, Judd-Ofelt parameters (Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6), spectroscopic quality factor (Ω4/Ω6), 1/Ω6, and energy in each transition in glass samples containing 1 mol% Nd2O3 and aqua ions.\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eλ nm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u003csub\u003eexp\u003c/sub\u003e *E-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u003csub\u003ecal\u003c/sub\u003e*E-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eυin aqua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eυ in glass sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11520.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e802\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12468.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13477.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14705.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17182.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19083.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19531.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eδ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003erms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.09E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΩ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e/ Ω\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΩ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384E-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΩ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20E-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1/ Ω\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14E20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΩ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.01E-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, exploiting the reciprocal of Ω6 determines the iconicity around the RE. The obtained value in the range of the prepared glass of different former indicates a lower value as the iconicity decreases to increase the covalency around the RE by modifying the crystal field potential [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absorption transition of Sm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e doped with bismuth borate glass, shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, can be classified into two groups. The low-energy region in the NIR region satisfies an intense band at 936 nm, 1072 nm, 1222 nm, 1368 nm, 1478 nm, 1529 nm, and 1586 nm, corresponding to the transition due to the multiplication of the 4F5 configuration in Sm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e] and the ground state \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eto different excited states \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e11/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e9/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e7/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eH\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e15/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eF\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]owing to the electric dipole interaction and a few magnetic dipole interactions with the allowed spin[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe other group in the high-energy region in the UV-VIS region has a low-intensity band at 559 nm, corresponding to \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003eG\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5/2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, which was ascribed to the forbidden spin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamine how Sm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e interacts with the Judd-Ofelt parameters and the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estrength of surrounding oscillators. Root mean square deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rms) value from the prior equation, coupled with the estimated and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eexperimental oscillator strengths of absorption bands. The low value of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003erms denotes an equitable fit between measured and experimental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eoscillator strengths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e] indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe JuddOfelt parameter has Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Ω\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, which is assigned to the covalency of Sm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e ions around their neighbors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3 the fexp, fcal, δrms, Judd-Ofelt parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6), spectroscopic quality factor fo sample containing 1 mol% Sm2O3.\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eλ nm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u003csub\u003eexp\u003c/sub\u003e *E-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u003csub\u003ecal\u003c/sub\u003e*E-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1524\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eδ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003erms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΩ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4E-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΩ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.28E-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΩ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8E-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe JO parameters AESA used to measure the ratio of emission intensity (Aem) to excited-stat eabsorption intensity are given by:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAem/AESA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.21Ω6/ (0.11Ω2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.063Ω4) 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Aem/AESA ratio greater than one indicates the possibility of amplification. The ratio calculated for the glass samples containing Nd was higher than 1, which indicates the possibility of amplification, and vice versa for samples containing Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe covalent or ionic nature of the binding between oxygen and rare earth ions is determined by the bonding parameter (δ). If the δ value is positive, the relationship is covalent, and vice versa. The bonding parameter was calculated using the nephelauxetic ratio \u0026szlig;. The formula was used for the computation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026szlig; = \u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e/\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the host, the transitional wave number of rare-earth ions is \u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, whereas an aqua ion's is \u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e. Since \u0026szlig;' is the average, the value of \u0026szlig; and calculated using:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026szlig;' =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{1}{x}\\sum \\text{\u0026szlig;}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(x\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of energy level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of δ wa calculated using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ =(1-\u0026szlig;')/\u0026szlig;'\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe values for neodymium and samarium in the present samples were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.01428 and 0.006501, respectively. The value of Nd is negative, indicating that the Nd\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e link is an ionic bond. As Nd ions in the samples were replaced by Sm ions, a covalent connection was created.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results were consistent with the Judd-Ofelt parameters. From comparing the results obtained in this work with previous works [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR53\" citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e], we find that the change in results depends almost on the ratio between boron oxide and bismuth oxide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe vibrational and optical properties of La\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Ce\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Nd\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and Sm\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e-doped bismuth borate glasses were examined using FTIR, and absorption, spectra. Using FTIR spectra, the vibrations of theBO3, BO4, BiO3, and BiO6 units were determined. For samples containing Nd, the asymmetric ratio of the current glasses displayed the highest value, indicating the possibility of using a laser material. Glass samples may be used as the fiber's core material because of the investigations mentioned above.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor statement A. Ratep and I. Kashif: Investigation, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - review \u0026amp; editing,\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA. A. Ali, Optical properties of Sm3+-doped CaF2 bismuth borate glasses, J. 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El-KheshKhany, Effect of rare earth (Pr2O3, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3 and Er2O3) on the acoustic properties of glass belonging to bismuth-borate system, Solid State Commun., 139(3)(2006)108\u0026ndash;113, https://doi: 10.1016/ j. ssc.2006.05.022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bismuth borate glass, density, optical band gap, FTIR, Judd-Oflet theory","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3945423/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3945423/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The physical, structural, and optical features of Bi2O3-B2O3-A2O3 (A = La, Ce, Nd, Sm)-based glasses were examined by measuring the density, optical band gap, volume access, spacing between boron atoms, and infrared (FTIR) and optical analyses. To obtain the optical band gap (Eopt), we applied the extinction coefficient approach. Our work demonstrates how the optical band gap forms and how atomic numbers correlate with all the physical attributes. The fiber ability of the research glasses was good. The glass samples studied are ideal for use as the fiber core material, and The Nd3+ connection is an ionic bond, whereas the Sm3+ link is a covalent bond, according to the bonding parameter. The optimal ions for effective luminescence were determined using spectroscopic techniques.","manuscriptTitle":"Physical and optical properties of bismuth borate glass doped with different rare earth ions A 2 O 3 (A= La, Ce, Nd, Sm)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-14 16:08:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3945423/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4b9a1d15-7ad4-4fcd-ad50-b3903f6db922","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-14T16:08:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-14 16:08:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3945423","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3945423","identity":"rs-3945423","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}