Assessment of the impact of using Ammonia-Hydrogen fuel blend in a diffusion combustor: A numerical approach

Assessment of the impact of using Ammonia-Hydrogen fuel blend in a diffusion combustor: A numerical approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of the impact of using Ammonia-Hydrogen fuel blend in a diffusion combustor: A numerical approach andrew Fikry, Ismail Elsemary, Ahmed Attia, Khairy Elnagar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960312/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using an Ammonia-Hydrogen fuel blend in a diffusion furnace (Harwell furnace) with varying swirl numbers through numerical simulations. The commercial CFD software Ansys Fluent 2023 R1 was employed, utilizing the Okafor mechanism and the Eddy Dissipation Model (EDM) for species transport. Radiation heat flux and turbulent flow characteristics were modeled using the Discrete Ordinates (DO) method and the standard k-ϵ model. The study examined volumetric ratios of Ammonia-Hydrogen ranging from 0% to 100% and swirl numbers from 0 to 1. Key findings demonstrate that increasing the hydrogen content in the blend elevates peak flame temperatures, while higher ammonia concentrations result in broader, cooler flames due to the slower combustion kinetics of ammonia. Swirl numbers significantly influence flame stability and temperature distribution, with higher swirl numbers (S.N ≥ 0.6) promoting better mixing, uniform temperature profiles, and reduced pollutant emissions, particularly N_2 O and NO_2. The optimal operating conditions were identified as a swirl number of 0.6 with an Ammonia-Hydrogen blend ratio of 30–50%, achieving a balance between high combustion efficiency and low emissions. These results demonstrate the potential of Ammonia-Hydrogen blends in diffusion combustors for cleaner energy applications. CFD Diffusion flame Swirl NO Ammonia Hydrogen NOx Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files NH340.xlsx NH320.xlsx NH30.xlsx NH310.xlsx NH330.xlsx NH350.xlsx NH360.xlsx NH370.xlsx NH380.xlsx NH390.xlsx NH3100.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7960312","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549388921,"identity":"af8bdc79-7b00-4390-a461-08f62f5fe9cb","order_by":0,"name":"andrew 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approach\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CFD, Diffusion flame, Swirl NO, Ammonia, Hydrogen, NOx ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960312/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960312/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study is to investigate the effect of using an Ammonia-Hydrogen fuel blend in a diffusion furnace (Harwell furnace) with varying swirl numbers through numerical simulations. The commercial CFD software Ansys Fluent 2023 R1 was employed, utilizing the Okafor mechanism and the Eddy Dissipation Model (EDM) for species transport. Radiation heat flux and turbulent flow characteristics were modeled using the Discrete Ordinates (DO) method and the standard k-ϵ model. The study examined volumetric ratios of Ammonia-Hydrogen ranging from 0% to 100% and swirl numbers from 0 to 1. Key findings demonstrate that increasing the hydrogen content in the blend elevates peak flame temperatures, while higher ammonia concentrations result in broader, cooler flames due to the slower combustion kinetics of ammonia. Swirl numbers significantly influence flame stability and temperature distribution, with higher swirl numbers (S.N ≥ 0.6) promoting better mixing, uniform temperature profiles, and reduced pollutant emissions, particularly N_2 O and NO_2. The optimal operating conditions were identified as a swirl number of 0.6 with an Ammonia-Hydrogen blend ratio of 30–50%, achieving a balance between high combustion efficiency and low emissions. These results demonstrate the potential of Ammonia-Hydrogen blends in diffusion combustors for cleaner energy applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of the impact of using Ammonia-Hydrogen fuel blend in a diffusion combustor: A numerical approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-25 17:47:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7960312/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8d40e3bc-b919-482c-861a-811fdb4c6c9b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T10:25:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-25 17:47:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7960312","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7960312","identity":"rs-7960312","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}