Carbon Augmented EOQ Model for Deteriorating Items, Integrating Emission Costs and Sustainability into Inventory Optimization

Carbon Augmented EOQ Model for Deteriorating Items, Integrating Emission Costs and Sustainability into Inventory Optimization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Carbon Augmented EOQ Model for Deteriorating Items, Integrating Emission Costs and Sustainability into Inventory Optimization Suganthi Poomalai, Chandan Kumar, Amit Kumar Mandal, Amit Jhalani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633782/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper develops a sustainable Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model for deteriorating items by explicitly integrating higher-order deterioration effects and carbon taxation. Unlike traditional models that approximate spoilage linearly, the proposed approach solves the exact nonlinear inventory differential equations to obtain closed-form solutions for inventory level and total cost. Carbon emission costs arising from production, storage, transportation, and disposal are incorporated through a carbon price (λ), transforming traditional cost components into carbon-adjusted equivalents. The resulting cost function remains strictly convex with respect to the replenishment cycle, and optimality conditions are obtained analytically and via the Newton–Raphson algorithm. Numerical results identify an optimal cycle of T * = 8 days with a total cost of | 980.17 per day. Incorporating carbon pricing increases total cost by about 28% but reduces optimal cycle time, promoting smaller lot sizes and lower emissions. Sensitivity analyses exhibit that higher carbon prices and deterioration rates result in frequent replenishment 1 and lower inventory levels. The model delivers an effective framework for balancing cost efficiency and environmental accountability under carbon-regulated supply chains. EOQ model deterioration carbon tax sustainable inventory optimization non-linear spoilage climate policy integration Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8633782","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":580368618,"identity":"cff27333-81d2-40f7-b2eb-6147b2fd7b78","order_by":0,"name":"Suganthi Poomalai","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABGElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCAzxAIhnM5AcRCQWEdCQgaZFsAAkYENYCIpnBbAMwG48W+RnpFz8X/rgjY95+4LHBzx13EjefX5344YEBgzy/2AGsWgxu5BRLz0h4xiNzJiE5sffMs8RtN95ulgA6zHDm7ATsWiRyEqR5Eg7zSDAkJB/gbTsM1HJ2A0hLgsFt7FrkZ+Qk/wZr4X+QfPAvUMvmGWc3/8CnheFG+jGILRIJyckgWzbw927Da4vBmTds1jxpIC0Pko1l2w4bz7jBu80iwUACp1/k29Mf3+axOWwvwZ+TLPm27bBsf//ZzTd/VNjI80vjcBgDDywKeKAqJMC0BA7lIMD+AMY4AKH5D+BRPQpGwSgYBSMRAADtNmbN0dqvmQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"RMK Engineering College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suganthi","middleName":"","lastName":"Poomalai","suffix":""},{"id":580368619,"identity":"892cd5eb-f45b-42d5-bec1-8a39ac125aff","order_by":1,"name":"Chandan Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management \u0026 Gramothan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chandan","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":580368620,"identity":"3c1c2c87-2bcf-4b6a-b935-7d382ef4b95d","order_by":2,"name":"Amit Kumar Mandal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Poornima College of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Mandal","suffix":""},{"id":580368621,"identity":"ba7b0bb4-4901-4931-8261-53ea30d8b211","order_by":3,"name":"Amit Jhalani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management \u0026 Gramothan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"","lastName":"Jhalani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-18 22:53:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633782/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633782/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102934567,"identity":"87a3e9da-5ee2-4f9f-a7ea-526154729b76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-18 15:54:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":528739,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snarticle.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633782/v1_covered_3fd998dc-bccf-4a70-af4b-7c754b3b9204.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Carbon Augmented EOQ Model for Deteriorating Items, Integrating Emission Costs and Sustainability into Inventory Optimization","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"EOQ model, deterioration, carbon tax, sustainable inventory, optimization, non-linear spoilage, climate policy integration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633782/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633782/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This paper develops a sustainable Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model for deteriorating items by explicitly integrating higher-order deterioration effects and carbon taxation. 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