Abundance of Microplastics in Mangrove Sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

Abundance of Microplastics in Mangrove Sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Abundance of Microplastics in Mangrove Sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia Intan Kusumastuti Nugraheni, Neviaty Putri Zamani, Muhammad Reza Cordova This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4403456/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mangroves can become traps for plastic waste, so plastic waste has a long residence time and then fragments into microplastics and settles in mangrove sediments. The health level of mangroves will impact other ecosystems, such as seagrass and coral reefs. This research aims to identify microplastics in the mangrove sediments of Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, based on their shape, colour, size and chemical composition, and compare the microplastics distribution at different sampling times. The samples obtained were mangrove sediments from Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, in September 2021, representing the transition season, and January 2022, representing the western season. The stages of this research include measuring mangrove cover and health levels, microplastic extraction and microplastic identification. Microplastic extraction was done by adding ZnCl 2 , followed by 30% H 2 O 2 and FeSO 4 7H 2 O. Quality control was performed to minimize contamination in the field and laboratory. Visual identification using a microscope produces microplastics with dominant forms, namely fragments and fibres, with the dominant colours being black, red, transparent and blue and the size being dominated by the 0.05) shows that the abundance of microplastics in the west and transition seasons is insignificant. Spearman correlation test results show p-value = 0.6036 (<95%) and rho = 0.2182179; microplastic abundance has a significant relationship with the Mangrove Health Index (MHI). Mangrove sediment Microplastic Pari Island Mangrove Health Index Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Microplastics can act as carriers of dangerous pollutants, such as heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PAHs (Cormier et al. 2021 ) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (Wang et al. 2018). Marine animals quickly ingest microplastics, which can cause malnutrition and mechanical damage to the digestive system and, in large quantities, can have a toxic effect on organisms and can be transferred through the food chain, threatening human health (Barboza et al. 2018 ; Wright and Kelly 2017 ) . Tropical aquatic ecosystems consist of mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. These have unique functions, namely stabilizing currents and holding sediment ( sediment trapper ) so that sediment will be deposited at the bottom of the waters (Lestari et al. 2021 ). Mangroves have an essential role as estuary buffers and are considered to prevent inorganic and organic contaminants originating from land (Li et al. 2018 ). Mangroves can reduce wind and waves, protect coastlines and improve environmental conditions (Zhou et al. 2020 ). Research conducted by Martin et al. ( 2019 ) shows that mangroves can trap plastic waste in the sea because mangroves have a complex root system that filters and blocks water flow. Plastic contamination in mangrove ecosystems can reduce the health level of mangroves and result in mangrove death (Van Bijsterveldt et al. 2021 ). A decline in mangrove health can impact other ecosystems, such as seagrass and coral reefs. When the mangrove ecosystem is damaged, anthropogenic pressure on the coral reef will increase (Dharmawan and Pramuji 2014). The existence of microplastics in mangroves cannot be separated from the influence of plastic use activities by humans on land. The high use of plastic will affect the production of waste produced. The Pari Island is an area that borders directly on the waters of Jakarta Bay. High anthropogenic activity in the coastal area of Jakarta Bay can have a polluting impact on the waters of the Pari Island, making Pari Island vulnerable to pollution (Simbolon and Purbonegoro 2021 ). The source of microplastic pollution on small islands can come from anthropogenic activities on land and inputs from the sea, such as ship transportation (Zhou et al. 2020 ). The health condition of the mangrove community on Pari Island is included in the outstanding category with an average canopy cover percentage of 78.7 ± 2.7% (± se) (Dharmawan and Pramuji 2014; Dharmawan and Pramuji 2017). The mangrove most commonly found on Pari Island is Rhizophora stylosa (Dharmawan 2020). Pari Island is part of the outer part of the marine conservation area in the Kepulauan Seribu National Park. The threat of plastic and microplastic waste in this area will, directly and indirectly, impact the coastal ecosystem of Pari Island. This is why it is crucial to conduct microplastic studies in the marine coastal ecosystem area on Pari Island, in this case, the mangrove area. This research aims to identify microplastics found in mangrove sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay; find out the relationship between the abundance of microplastics and the condition of mangroves and determine the chemical composition of microplastics found in mangrove sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay. Materials and Methods Study area The Pari Island cluster has a land area of 50.62 ha or around 53.52% of the land area of Pari Island Village, which is 96.57 ha. Pari Island is located at latitude 5 o 50'00' South Latitude and 5 o 52'30' South Latitude and longitude 106 o 34'30' East Longitude and 106 o 38'28' South Latitude, located to the south of the inner channel of the Sunda Shelf, which is the flow of ship traffic to the Sunda Strait from Jakarta. To the north, the channel borders Payung Island and Tidung Island. Pari Island is approximately 35 km from Jakarta. Pari Island is 0–1 meters above sea level with a 100% flat land surface, a maximum daily temperature of 30℃ and a minimum average of 23℃ with minor annual variations (Nurita et al. 2021 ). Field sampling Sediment samples were collected from two points (Fig. 1 ) in the mangrove forest on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay. Collecting 1 kg of sediment with a depth of ± 10cm with the help of a transect measuring 1.5 x 1.5m 2 refers to research (Cordova, Ulumuddin, et al. 2021a ). Plastic objects and anthropogenic waste > 2.5 cm in the transect were counted and recorded per type, including those between the roots (Martin et al. 2019 ). Sample treatment Microplastic extraction refers to several modified methods. The sediment was dried using an oven for 48 hours at 40℃. The dried sediment was sieved using a 5 mm mesh sieve (Cordova et al. 2019 ), and plastic waste measuring more than 5 mm was separated (Duan et al. 2021 ). Dry sediment of as much as 50 grams has been sieved, and the density separation stage is then carried out using a concentrated salt solution (ZnCl 2 ) (ρ = 1.5 g cm -3 ) refers to the method (Cordova, Ihya, et al. 2021). The mixture was stirred at a speed of 600 rpm (Dutta et al. 2022 ) and then allowed to settle for 24 hours (Ferreira et al. 2020 and Wang et al. 2021 ). Super Nathan formed filtered using Whatman filter paper with a pore size of 0.45 µm using a vacuum technique. The next stage is to remove organic material by adding hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) 30% and FeSO 4 7H 2 O (Ferreira et al. 2020 ) and left at a temperature of 4 0 ± 2℃ using a water bath (Cordova et al. 2021a ) for 24 hours (Bäuerlein et al. 2022 ). After removing organic material, the next stage is filtering the sample using filter paper with a pore size of 0.45 µm using a vacuum technique. Microplastic samples were dried using an oven for 24 hours at 40℃ and stored in closed petri dishes before visual analysis (Cordova, Ulumuddin, et al. 2021a ; Suteja et al. 2021 ). Microplastic identification Identification of microplastics refers to previous research conducted by (Cordova, Ulumuddin, et al. 2021a ). Visual identification is based on shape (Fibre, granule/pellet, fragments, foam, and film), size, and colour using an XSZ 107 binocular microscope equipped with an H1600 camera. Visual identification using 40x magnification (Ferreira et al. 2020 ). Polymer identification using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy Agilent Cary 630 FTIR aims to identify polymers from visual identification results so that they can confirm and strengthen visual identification results. The polymer reading results that can be used are polymers with values above 60% (Phuong et al. 2018 ) Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Quality control needs to be carried out as a step to avoid external contamination in the field and in the laboratory, according to Lusher et al. ( 2017 ), Cordova et al. ( 2021 ), and Duan et al. ( 2021 ). Use non-plastic equipment during research, 100% cotton clothing and laboratory coats, sample preservation by drying, storage of samples in closed containers, and use of DDW to rinse all equipment before and after use. Each liquid reagent is filtered before use; for example, a solution of ZnCl 2 , H 2 O 2 30% and FeSO 4 . Limit air contamination and carry out blank tests to evaluate potential contamination from the laboratory. If microplastics are not detected in the blank, the possibility of microplastic contamination in laboratory air or distilled water can be ignored. Data analysis The MonMang v2.0 application determines the density and health level of mangroves. Process water parameter data, microplastic size classes, microplastic colour classes and microplastic abundance using MS Excel 2019 and PAST 4. Statistical tests using the R -based software packages include the Spearman correlation test to determine the relationship between microplastic abundance and mangrove characteristics. Results and Discussion Microplastic Forms Microplastics have various forms which are influenced by the type of plastic, the form of primary plastic, the degradation process of macroplastics into microplastics, the age and time they stay in the environment, the form of microplastics in mangrove sediments on Pari Island was found in 4 forms, namely Fibre, Fragment, Film and Pellet (Fig. 2 ). The forms of microplastic found at Station 1 September were Fibres (19.12%), Fragments (20.72%), and Film (3.45%); Station September 2 found Fibres (6.86%), Fragment (16.22%) and Film (3.45%); Station 1 January found four forms of microplastics, namely Fibres (10.95%), Fragments (9.91%), Film (13.79%) and Pellets (17.65%); Station 2 January found microplastics in the form of Fibres (13.73%), Fragments (11.11%), Film (17.24%) and Pellets (15.69%). Fibre and fragment-type microplastics are the most common microplastics found in this study. This could be because the fibre type comes from macro waste such as rope and synthetic fabric, which degrades into microplastics. In contrast, the fragment type can come from macroplastics, which are fragmented into microplastics (Priyambada et al., 2023 ). Matsuguma et al. ( 2017 ) stated that fragment-type microplastics on the surface could fall to the bottom due to differences in density; this could also be the possibility of fragment-type microplastics found in mangrove sediments. Microplastic Size The size of microplastics is divided into four size groups, namely 2000 \(\mu\) m (Fig. 3 ). Smaller microplastics pose a greater risk than larger microplastic particles because they are more difficult to remove from the environment (Mercy et al. 2023 ). Research conducted by Xiong et al. ( 2019 ) on Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) in an aquarium measuring 25 x 14 x 6 cm 3 and a volume of 2L showed that microplastics measuring < 2mm can be quickly eaten by Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). The size of microplastics can be influenced by several factors, namely: (i) decomposition of polymers by microorganisms, (ii) the number of macro plastics present at that location, (iii) chemical reactions and mechanical stress on plastics which can cause macro plastics to become microplastics over time, (iv) environmental factors such as photodegradation can increase the amount of microplastics in the environment and can influence the size of microplastics (Rahmani et al. 2023 ), (v) anthropogenic activities (Alam et al. 2023 ). Floating macroplastics can sink into the water column, with progressive degradation, microplastics will continue to produce smaller sized particles in large quantities and can sink over time and can be eaten by biota that live in sediments such as sea cucumbers (Mazlan et al. 2023 ). Microplastic Color There were 10 (ten) colours of microplastics found in this study (Fig. 4 ). Black, white, red, transparent and blue are the dominant microplastic colors found at Station 1 and Station 2 in September and January, respectively, 25.9%; 13.6%; 14.5%; 14.8% and 16.4%. Other colours found were orange (7.8%), green (4.2%), yellow (1.7%), grey (0.6%) and silver (0.6%). Black is the most abundant colour, with 93 articles in this study, followed by blue, transparent, red, white, orange, green, yellow, grey and silver. Black and white microplastics are related to the production and consumption of white and black plastics in everyday life in packaging consumer goods, food, and trash bags (Rahmani et al. 2023 ). Transparent microplastics relate to plastic fragments, plastic packaging, single-use plastics and food packaging; Red, green, blue, yellow, orange, purple, and other coloured microplastic particles are possible from packaging, toys, household items, bags, single-use plastic straps and food containers (Ayyamperumal et al. 2022 ). Microplastic Abundance The abundance of microplastics in September was 950 ± 410.13 particles/kg and the abundance in January was 886.67 ± 324.88 particles/kg. The abundance of microplastics in this study (Table 1 ) was more significant than microplastics in mangrove sediments in the Pearl River Estuary (851 ± 177 particles/kg) (Zhou et al. 2020 ) and smaller than the abundance of microplastics in mangrove sediments in Shenzhen Bay in Mainland China, Futian Mangrove (1920 ± 509 particles/kg) and Deep Bay in Hong Kong, Mai Po Mangrove (1110 ± 195 particles/kg) (Duan et al. 2021 ). Table 1 Comparison of microplastic abundance in other studies No Sampling Location Sampling area Microplastic abundance (Particles/kg) Reference 1 Pari Island Mangrove sediment 950 ± 410.13 886.67 ± 324.88 This research (Nugraheni et al. 2024) 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Futian, Shenzhen; Qi'ao Island, Zhuhai; Nansha, Guangzhou) Mangrove sediment 1646 ± 549 440 ± 45 1081 ± 604 (Yu et al. 2022 ) 3 Shenzhen Bay in Mainland China and Deep Bay in Hong Kong Futian mangroves Mai Po mangroves 1920 ± 509 1110 ± 195 (Duan et al. 2021 ) 4 Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve Inside the mangrove area Outside mangrove area 28.09 ± 10.28 19.80 ± 4.90 35.01 ± 8.13 (Cordova, Ihya, et al. 2021) 5 Pearl River Estuary Mangrove sediment 851 ± 177 (Zuo et al. 2020 ) 6 Kupang and Rote, East Nusa Tenggara Mangrove sediment 203; 265; 207; 174 particles/100 grams (Zandhi et al. 2019 ) Differences in microplastic abundance could be related to using different extraction methods or currents at the collection location. The current speed on Pari Island in September 2021 is 0.52 m/s and in January 2022 it is 0.61 m/s. Sea level rise, changes in ocean currents and extreme weather such as hurricanes and storms can carry microplastics over longer distances, spreading contamination to areas previously unaffected by microplastics (Haque and Fan 2023 ). The abundance of microplastics cannot be separated from the anthropogenic activities of residents and tourists. Correlation of Microplastic Abundance with Mangrove Ecosystems Mangroves at the research location have a sandy mud substrate with a Mangrove Health Index (MHI) at station 1, which is 44.241337%, classified as moderate , and at station 2, which is 28.896244%, classified as poor. The results of the Spearman correlation test showed p-value = 0.6036 (< 95%) and rho = 0.2182179, meaning that the abundance of microplastics has a significant relationship with the Mangrove Health Index (MHI) with a one-way relationship and a weak correlation between variables. MHI is related to the per cent mangrove cover, the number of mangrove stands in the location, and the number of trees, saplings and seedlings. The correlation relationship shows a positive value, meaning that the more mangrove stands, the more microplastics will increase. This is in line with the statement of Martin et al. ( 2019 ) that the complex root system of mangroves can trap plastic waste in the sea. However, on the other hand, the increasing abundance of microplastics and plastic waste in mangroves will affect mangrove health. Chemical Composition of Microplastic Particles The FTIR Agilent Cary 630 used in this research aims to identify polymer types from microplastics obtained from the results of shape identification through a microscope. There were 12 polymers found in this research (Table 2 ). Table 2 Microplastic Polymers No Polymer Type Amount % 1 Ethylene propylene 20 31.25 2 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 18 28.13 3 Polyurethane 6 9.38 4 Polyethylene 6 9.38 5 Gasket-SBR 4 6.25 6 Ethyl-acrylate 3 4.69 7 Poly (butylene terephthalate) 1 1.56 8 Fiberglass 1 1.56 9 Nylon 1 1.56 10 Chlorobutyl 1 1.56 11 Glycerol - pure synthetic 1 1.56 12 Neoprene Branham 1 1.56 Total 64 100 Ethylene propylene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyethylene and Polyurethane are the four polymers most commonly found in this research. Ethylene propylene is used in car components and refrigerators (Magagula et al. 2020 ). Ethylene propylene can be found in hoses and machine bearings on oil and gas drilling equipment and can be recycled into rubber flooring, adhesives, and asphalt mixtures. PVC is commonly used in everyday products such as food packaging and medical devices (Apchain et al. 2022 ). Polyethylene is a polymer used in the packaging industry, such as plastic shopping bags, plastic bottles, and toiletry bottles (Romani et al. 2020 and Yao et al. 2022 ). Polyurethane is a polymer made by combining two liquid chemicals, isocyanate and polyol , with additional materials and catalysts, usually used in manufacturing facilities and the food and beverage industry (Alsuhaibani et al., 2023 ). Research conducted by (Ferreira et al. 2020 ) on the urban coast of Fiji, a small Pacific island, showed that Polyethylene was the dominant polymer, as well as research conducted by (Ida et al. 2022 ) showed that in the Jakarta Estuary, it was dominated by Polyethylene polymers. Conclusion The identification of microplastics that has been carried out has obtained four forms of microplastics: Fiber, fragment, granule/pellet, and film. Fibre and fragment forms, dominate it and the dominant size is < 200 \(\mu\) m and the colours found in this study are black, blue, transparent and red. Chemical composition tests were carried out to determine the polymers contained in microplastics, which were dominated by the polymers Ethylene propylene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyurethane, and Polyethylene. The Kruskall-Wallis statistical test showed that the abundance of microplastics in the west and transition seasons was insignificant. Spearman's correlation shows a weak and one-way correlation between the Mangrove Health Index (MHI) and the abundance of microplastics, which has a significant relationship. Declarations Author contribution Intan Kusumastuti Nugraheni did the draft, writing design, analysis, and identification as well as data processing. Neviaty P Zamani made adjustments to the writing structure and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Muhammad Reza Cordova, obtained funding, drafted the script, and provided material support. All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilites of Authors” as presented in the Instructions for Authors. Funding Declaration This work was supported by microSEAP UKRI Natural Environment Research Council 532 (NERC) with the title "Microbial transformation of plastics in SE Asian seas: a hazard and a solution (MicroSEAP)" based on Grant Ref number: NE/V009516/1. Data Availability Statement The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials. Raw data that support the findng of this study are available from Muhammad Reza Cordova (Coordinator, microSEAP Indonesia). 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Van Bijsterveldt CEJ, Van Wesenbeeck BK, Ramadhani S, Raven OV, Van Gool FE, Pribadi R, Bouma TJ. 2021. Does plastic waste kill mangroves? A field experiment to assess the impact of macro plastics on mangrove growth, stress response and survival. Sci. Total Environ. 756:143826.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143826. Wang D, Su L, Ruan HD, Chen J, Lu J, Lee CH, Jiang SY. 2021. Quantitative and qualitative determination of microplastics in oyster, seawater and sediment from the coastal areas in Zhuhai, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 164(August 2020):112000.doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112000. Wang Fen, Wong CS, Chen D, Lu X, Wang Fei, Zeng EY. 2018. Interaction of toxic chemicals with microplastics: A critical review. Water Res. 139:208–219.doi:10.1016/J.WATRES.2018.04.003. Wright SL, Kelly FJ. 2017. Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue? Environ. Sci. Technol. 51(12):6634–6647.doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00423. Xiong X, Tu Y, Chen X, Jiang X, Shi H, Wu C, Elser JJ. 2019. Ingestion and egestion of polyethylene microplastics by goldfish (Carassius auratus): influence of color and morphological features. Heliyon . 5(12):e03063.doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03063. Yao Z, Seong HJ, Jang YS. 2022. Environmental toxicity and decomposition of polyethylene. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 242(August):113933.doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113933. Yu L, Li R, Zhang Z, Wu H, Chai M, Zhu X, Guo W. 2022. Distribution, characteristics, and human exposure to microplastics in mangroves within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 175(October 2021):113395.doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113395. Zandhi R, Yuliadi LPS, Ismail MR, Yuniarti MS. 2019. Conditions for Sediment Coating Microplastic in Mangrove Ecosystems in Kupang and Rote , East Nusa Tenggara , Indonesia. 27(October):50–58. Zhou Q, Zhang H, Waniek JJ, Luo Y. 2020. The Distribution and Characteristics of Microplastics in Coastal Beaches and Mangrove Wetlands. Di dalam: He D, Luo Y, editor. Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments . [internet] Vol. 95. Cham. Cham: Springer International Publishing. (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry). hlm. 77–92. [diunduh 2024 Jan 24]. Tersedia pada: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/698_2020_459 Zuo L, Sun Y, Li H, Hu Y, Lin L, Peng J, Xu X. 2020. Microplastics in mangrove sediments of the Pearl River Estuary , South China : Correlation with halogenated fl ame retardants ’ levels China. Sci. Total Environ. 725:138344.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138344. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4403456","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":313340883,"identity":"b8c4ee2a-3dd8-4774-a4a7-95c682e7a1f1","order_by":0,"name":"Intan Kusumastuti Nugraheni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Intan","middleName":"Kusumastuti","lastName":"Nugraheni","suffix":""},{"id":313340884,"identity":"9e74adf2-3ed8-4de7-8a4a-db5231e7dfa7","order_by":1,"name":"Neviaty Putri Zamani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIie2RvQrCMBCADwRdCl0ziL5CRFBEH+ZEaJcqguAoQsGp4ir4FL5BSgYXcQ5YUJdODnVTcPCM4marm2A+CLlAPu4PwGD4UQSd0iPkgPrGfJaCUP1OoR/QHr9CTYpSLwQVcTlLd7aYygT6UQ8Kcg/74XulEax5GKDszqONw4DHA7AcKm/zXuHKQWGRMlZejZ6SKvQA2pMUZRdjeEXplpVXTbRiHzMUlROSsiBXHmdaYVlZ1h0hi45bWd57Qeolz2IuUntZhf7p2GqWS1uaWHKNerbdORzOKRN74gMw674UoTciMgWA0UP57LPBYDD8Gzf1nVpOVIvjAwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University IPB Campus Baranangsiang","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neviaty","middleName":"Putri","lastName":"Zamani","suffix":""},{"id":313340885,"identity":"55a69d5e-cb90-4ddc-a8fb-dce90ee2aa09","order_by":2,"name":"Muhammad Reza Cordova","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research, and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, BRIN Jakarta Ancol Area","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Reza","lastName":"Cordova","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-11 04:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4403456/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4403456/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58312671,"identity":"e672d1ac-7ddc-46c5-8d88-70c1d5aacbee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 19:56:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSampling location\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4403456/v1/37569304c50136cd84dcbeb2.jpg"},{"id":58312674,"identity":"868e27a8-0102-4788-92cd-14ebb484af9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 19:56:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eForms of microplastics (a) fibre, (b) fragments, (c) films and (d) pellets as a result of microscope observation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4403456/v1/cc2d3e62e847c71b44624449.jpg"},{"id":58312672,"identity":"d7d59f81-94a3-43fb-8d57-031cd81e86f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 19:56:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSize of Microplastics on (a)Station 1 September, (b)Station 2 September, (c)Station 1 January, (d)Station 2 January\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4403456/v1/59590c81c9c6056a990e2395.jpg"},{"id":58312742,"identity":"5821d704-6593-4fa6-922e-cb41c7c70880","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 20:04:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eColour of microplastics\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4403456/v1/225c555f3292d3189d35d134.jpg"},{"id":62751023,"identity":"1ed8ab51-2de6-4a58-8dae-0354a5a586e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 05:33:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":745813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4403456/v1/b17f3d6f-661a-4bc5-a214-c9a4769ebb78.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Abundance of Microplastics in Mangrove Sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMicroplastics can act as carriers of dangerous pollutants, such as heavy metals, \u003cem\u003epolychlorinated biphenyls\u003c/em\u003e (PCBs), PAHs (Cormier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003edichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane\u003c/em\u003e (DDT) (Wang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2018). Marine animals quickly ingest microplastics, which can cause malnutrition and mechanical damage to the digestive system and, in large quantities, can have a toxic effect on organisms and can be transferred through the food chain, threatening human health (Barboza et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e ; Wright and Kelly \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical aquatic ecosystems consist of mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems. These have unique functions, namely stabilizing currents and holding sediment (\u003cem\u003esediment trapper\u003c/em\u003e) so that sediment will be deposited at the bottom of the waters (Lestari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Mangroves have an essential role as estuary buffers and are considered to prevent inorganic and organic contaminants originating from land (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Mangroves can reduce wind and waves, protect coastlines and improve environmental conditions (Zhou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Research conducted by Martin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) shows that mangroves can trap plastic waste in the sea because mangroves have a complex root system that filters and blocks water flow. Plastic contamination in mangrove ecosystems can reduce the health level of mangroves and result in mangrove death (Van Bijsterveldt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). A decline in mangrove health can impact other ecosystems, such as seagrass and coral reefs. When the mangrove ecosystem is damaged, anthropogenic pressure on the coral reef will increase (Dharmawan and Pramuji 2014). The existence of microplastics in mangroves cannot be separated from the influence of plastic use activities by humans on land. The high use of plastic will affect the production of waste produced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pari Island is an area that borders directly on the waters of Jakarta Bay. High anthropogenic activity in the coastal area of Jakarta Bay can have a polluting impact on the waters of the Pari Island, making Pari Island vulnerable to pollution (Simbolon and Purbonegoro \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The source of microplastic pollution on small islands can come from anthropogenic activities on land and inputs from the sea, such as ship transportation (Zhou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health condition of the mangrove community on Pari Island is included in the outstanding category with an average canopy cover percentage of 78.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7% (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;se) (Dharmawan and Pramuji 2014; Dharmawan and Pramuji 2017). The mangrove most commonly found on Pari Island is \u003cem\u003eRhizophora stylosa\u003c/em\u003e (Dharmawan 2020). Pari Island is part of the outer part of the marine conservation area in the Kepulauan Seribu National Park. The threat of plastic and microplastic waste in this area will, directly and indirectly, impact the coastal ecosystem of Pari Island. This is why it is crucial to conduct microplastic studies in the marine coastal ecosystem area on Pari Island, in this case, the mangrove area. This research aims to identify microplastics found in mangrove sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay; find out the relationship between the abundance of microplastics and the condition of mangroves and determine the chemical composition of microplastics found in mangrove sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pari Island cluster has a land area of 50.62 ha or around 53.52% of the land area of Pari Island Village, which is 96.57 ha. Pari Island is located at latitude 5\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e50'00' South Latitude and 5\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e52'30' South Latitude and longitude 106\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e34'30' East Longitude and 106\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e38'28' South Latitude, located to the south of the inner channel of the Sunda Shelf, which is the flow of ship traffic to the Sunda Strait from Jakarta. To the north, the channel borders Payung Island and Tidung Island. Pari Island is approximately 35 km from Jakarta. Pari Island is 0\u0026ndash;1 meters above sea level with a 100% flat land surface, a maximum daily temperature of 30℃ and a minimum average of 23℃ with minor annual variations (Nurita et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eField sampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSediment samples were collected from two points (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) in the mangrove forest on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay. Collecting 1 kg of sediment with a depth of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10cm with the help of a transect measuring 1.5 x 1.5m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e refers to research (Cordova, Ulumuddin, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e). Plastic objects and anthropogenic waste\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2.5 cm in the transect were counted and recorded per type, including those between the roots (Martin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroplastic extraction refers to several modified methods. The sediment was dried using an oven for 48 hours at 40℃. The dried sediment was sieved using a 5 mm mesh sieve (Cordova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and plastic waste measuring more than 5 mm was separated (Duan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry sediment of as much as 50 grams has been sieved, and the density separation stage is then carried out using a concentrated salt solution (ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ) (ρ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5 g cm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e ) refers to the method (Cordova, Ihya, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2021). The mixture was stirred at a speed of 600 rpm (Dutta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and then allowed to settle for 24 hours (Ferreira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e and Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Super Nathan formed filtered using Whatman filter paper with a pore size of 0.45 \u0026micro;m using a vacuum technique. The next stage is to remove organic material by adding hydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) 30% and FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 7H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (Ferreira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and left at a temperature of 4 0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2℃ using \u003cem\u003ea water bath\u003c/em\u003e (Cordova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e) for 24 hours (B\u0026auml;uerlein et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). After removing organic material, the next stage is filtering the sample using filter paper with a pore size of 0.45 \u0026micro;m using a vacuum technique. Microplastic samples were dried using an oven for 24 hours at 40℃ and stored in closed petri dishes before visual analysis (Cordova, Ulumuddin, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e; Suteja et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMicroplastic identification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification of microplastics refers to previous research conducted by (Cordova, Ulumuddin, et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e). Visual identification is based on shape (Fibre, granule/pellet, fragments, foam, and film), size, and colour using an XSZ 107 binocular microscope equipped with an H1600 camera. Visual identification using 40x magnification (Ferreira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Polymer identification using ATR-FTIR \u003cem\u003espectroscopy\u003c/em\u003e Agilent Cary 630 FTIR aims to identify polymers from visual identification results so that they can confirm and strengthen visual identification results. The polymer reading results that can be used are polymers with values above 60% (Phuong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality control needs to be carried out as a step to avoid external contamination in the field and in the laboratory, according to Lusher et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Cordova et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and Duan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Use non-plastic equipment during research, 100% cotton clothing and laboratory coats, sample preservation by drying, storage of samples in closed containers, and use of DDW to rinse all equipment before and after use. Each liquid reagent is filtered before use; for example, a solution of ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e 30% and FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Limit air contamination and carry out blank tests to evaluate potential contamination from the laboratory. If microplastics are not detected in the blank, the possibility of microplastic contamination in laboratory air or distilled water can be ignored.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MonMang v2.0 application determines the density and health level of mangroves. Process water parameter data, microplastic size classes, microplastic colour classes and microplastic abundance using MS Excel 2019 and PAST 4. Statistical tests using the R\u003cem\u003e-based software packages\u003c/em\u003e include the Spearman correlation test to determine the relationship between microplastic abundance and mangrove characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMicroplastic Forms\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicroplastics have various forms which are influenced by the type of plastic, the form of primary plastic, the degradation process of macroplastics into microplastics, the age and time they stay in the environment, the form of microplastics in mangrove sediments on Pari Island was found in 4 forms, namely Fibre, Fragment, Film and Pellet (Fig. 2 ).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe forms of microplastic found at Station 1 September were Fibres (19.12%), Fragments (20.72%), and Film (3.45%); Station September 2 found Fibres (6.86%), Fragment (16.22%) and Film (3.45%); Station 1 January found four forms of microplastics, namely Fibres (10.95%), Fragments (9.91%), Film (13.79%) and Pellets (17.65%); Station 2 January found microplastics in the form of Fibres (13.73%), Fragments (11.11%), Film (17.24%) and Pellets (15.69%).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFibre and fragment-type microplastics are the most common microplastics found in this study. This could be because the fibre type comes from macro waste such as rope and synthetic fabric, which degrades into microplastics. In contrast, the fragment type can come from macroplastics, which are fragmented into microplastics (Priyambada et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Matsuguma et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) stated that fragment-type microplastics on the surface could fall to the bottom due to differences in density; this could also be the possibility of fragment-type microplastics found in mangrove sediments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMicroplastic Size\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe size of microplastics is divided into four size groups, namely\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;200 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003em, 200\u0026ndash;500 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003em, 500\u0026ndash;1000 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003em, and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2000 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003em (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Smaller microplastics pose a greater risk than larger microplastic particles because they are more difficult to remove from the environment (Mercy et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResearch conducted by Xiong et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) on Goldfish (\u003cem\u003eCarassius auratus\u003c/em\u003e) in an aquarium measuring 25 x 14 x 6 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and a volume of 2L showed that microplastics measuring\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2mm can be quickly eaten by Goldfish (\u003cem\u003eCarassius auratus\u003c/em\u003e). The size of microplastics can be influenced by several factors, namely: (i) decomposition of polymers by microorganisms, (ii) the number of macro plastics present at that location, (iii) chemical reactions and mechanical stress on plastics which can cause macro plastics to become microplastics over time, (iv) environmental factors such as photodegradation can increase the amount of microplastics in the environment and can influence the size of microplastics (Rahmani et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), (v) anthropogenic activities (Alam et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Floating macroplastics can sink into the water column, with progressive degradation, microplastics will continue to produce smaller sized particles in large quantities and can sink over time and can be eaten by biota that live in sediments such as sea cucumbers (Mazlan et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMicroplastic Color\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere were 10 (ten) colours of microplastics found in this study (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Black, white, red, transparent and blue are the dominant microplastic colors found at Station 1 and Station 2 in September and January, respectively, 25.9%; 13.6%; 14.5%; 14.8% and 16.4%. Other colours found were orange (7.8%), green (4.2%), yellow (1.7%), grey (0.6%) and silver (0.6%). Black is the most abundant colour, with 93 articles in this study, followed by blue, transparent, red, white, orange, green, yellow, grey and silver.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack and white microplastics are related to the production and consumption of white and black plastics in everyday life in packaging consumer goods, food, and trash bags (Rahmani et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Transparent microplastics relate to plastic fragments, plastic packaging, single-use plastics and food packaging; Red, green, blue, yellow, orange, purple, and other coloured microplastic particles are possible from packaging, toys, household items, bags, single-use plastic straps and food containers (Ayyamperumal et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMicroplastic Abundance\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe abundance of microplastics in September was 950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;410.13 particles/kg and the abundance in January was 886.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;324.88 particles/kg. The abundance of microplastics in this study (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) was more significant than microplastics in mangrove sediments in the Pearl River Estuary (851\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177 particles/kg) (Zhou et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and smaller than the abundance of microplastics in mangrove sediments in Shenzhen Bay in Mainland China, Futian Mangrove (1920\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;509 particles/kg) and Deep Bay in Hong Kong, Mai Po Mangrove (1110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;195 particles/kg) (Duan et al.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of microplastic abundance in other studies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampling Location\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampling area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicroplastic abundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Particles/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePari Island\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMangrove sediment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;410.13 886.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;324.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis research\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Nugraheni \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Futian, Shenzhen; Qi\u0026apos;ao Island, Zhuhai; Nansha, Guangzhou)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMangrove sediment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1646\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e440\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1081\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Yu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShenzhen Bay in Mainland China and Deep Bay in Hong Kong\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFutian mangroves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMai Po mangroves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1920\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Duan et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuara Angke Wildlife Reserve\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuara Angke Wildlife Reserve\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInside the mangrove area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutside mangrove area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Cordova, Ihya, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e 2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearl River Estuary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMangrove sediment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e851\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Zuo et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKupang and Rote, East Nusa Tenggara\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMangrove sediment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203; 265; 207; 174 particles/100 grams\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Zandhi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferences in microplastic abundance could be related to using different extraction methods or currents at the collection location. The current speed on Pari Island in September 2021 is 0.52 m/s and in January 2022 it is 0.61 m/s. Sea level rise, changes in ocean currents and extreme weather such as hurricanes and storms can carry microplastics over longer distances, spreading contamination to areas previously unaffected by microplastics (Haque and Fan \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The abundance of microplastics cannot be separated from the anthropogenic activities of residents and tourists.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation of Microplastic Abundance with Mangrove Ecosystems\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMangroves at the research location have a sandy mud substrate with a \u003cem\u003eMangrove Health Index\u003c/em\u003e (MHI) at station 1, which is 44.241337%, classified as \u003cem\u003emoderate\u003c/em\u003e, and at station 2, which is 28.896244%, classified as \u003cem\u003epoor.\u003c/em\u003e The results of the Spearman correlation test showed p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6036 (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;95%) and rho\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2182179, meaning that the abundance of microplastics has a significant relationship with the \u003cem\u003eMangrove Health Index\u003c/em\u003e (MHI) with a one-way relationship and a weak correlation between variables. MHI is related to the per cent mangrove cover, the number of mangrove stands in the location, and the number of trees, saplings and seedlings. The correlation relationship shows a positive value, meaning that the more mangrove stands, the more microplastics will increase. This is in line with the statement of Martin et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) that the complex root system of mangroves can trap plastic waste in the sea. However, on the other hand, the increasing abundance of microplastics and plastic waste in mangroves will affect mangrove health.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical Composition of Microplastic Particles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR Agilent Cary 630 used in this research aims to identify polymer types from microplastics obtained from the results of shape identification through a microscope. There were 12 polymers found in this research (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicroplastic Polymers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymer Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthylene propylene\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolyvinyl chloride (PVC)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolyurethane\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolyethylene\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGasket-SBR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthyl-acrylate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoly (butylene terephthalate)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFiberglass\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNylon\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChlorobutyl\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlycerol - pure synthetic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeoprene Branham\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthylene propylene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyethylene\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePolyurethane\u003c/em\u003e are the four polymers most commonly found in this research. \u003cem\u003eEthylene propylene\u003c/em\u003e is used in car components and refrigerators (Magagula et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eEthylene propylene\u003c/em\u003e can be found in hoses and machine bearings on oil and gas drilling equipment and can be recycled into rubber flooring, adhesives, and asphalt mixtures. PVC is commonly used in everyday products such as food packaging and medical devices (Apchain et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003ePolyethylene\u003c/em\u003e is a polymer used in the packaging industry, such as plastic shopping bags, plastic bottles, and toiletry bottles (Romani et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e and Yao et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003ePolyurethane\u003c/em\u003e is a polymer made by combining two liquid chemicals, \u003cem\u003eisocyanate\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003epolyol\u003c/em\u003e, with additional materials and catalysts, usually used in manufacturing facilities and the food and beverage industry (Alsuhaibani et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Research conducted by (Ferreira et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) on the urban coast of Fiji, a small Pacific island, showed that \u003cem\u003ePolyethylene\u003c/em\u003e was the dominant polymer, as well as research conducted by (Ida et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) showed that in the Jakarta Estuary, it was dominated by \u003cem\u003ePolyethylene polymers.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe identification of microplastics that has been carried out has obtained four forms of microplastics: Fiber, fragment, granule/pellet, and film. Fibre and fragment forms, dominate it and the dominant size is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;200 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003em and the colours found in this study are black, blue, transparent and red. Chemical composition tests were carried out to determine the polymers contained in microplastics, which were dominated by the polymers \u003cem\u003eEthylene propylene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyurethane, and Polyethylene.\u003c/em\u003e The Kruskall-Wallis statistical test showed that the abundance of microplastics in the west and transition seasons was insignificant. Spearman's correlation shows a weak and one-way correlation between \u003cem\u003ethe Mangrove Health Index\u003c/em\u003e (MHI) and the abundance of microplastics, which has a significant relationship.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntan Kusumastuti Nugraheni did the draft, writing design, analysis, and identification as well as data processing. Neviaty P Zamani made adjustments to the writing structure and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Muhammad Reza Cordova, obtained funding, drafted the script, and provided material support. All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilites of Authors” as presented in the Instructions for Authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by microSEAP UKRI Natural Environment Research Council 532 (NERC) with the title \"Microbial transformation of plastics in SE Asian seas: a hazard and a solution (MicroSEAP)\" based on Grant Ref number: NE/V009516/1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials. Raw data that support the findng of this study are available from Muhammad Reza Cordova (Coordinator, microSEAP Indonesia).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlam MJ, Shammi M, Tareq SM. 2023. Distribution of microplastics in shoreline water and sediment of the Ganges River Basin to Meghna Estuary in Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eEcotoxicol. Environ. Saf.\u003c/em\u003e 266:115537.doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115537.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlsuhaibani AM, Refat MS, Qaisrani SA, Jamil F, Abbas Z, Zehra A, Baluch K, Kim JG, Mubeen M. 2023. Green buildings model: Impact of rigid polyurethane foam on indoor environment and sustainable development in energy sector. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e. 9(3):e14451.doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14451.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApchain E, Royaux A, Fichet O, Cantin S. 2022. 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Microplastics in mangrove sediments of the Pearl River Estuary , South China : Correlation with halogenated fl ame retardants \u0026rsquo; levels China. \u003cem\u003eSci. Total Environ.\u003c/em\u003e 725:138344.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138344.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mangrove sediment, Microplastic, Pari Island, Mangrove Health Index","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4403456/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4403456/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMangroves can become traps for plastic waste, so plastic waste has a long residence time and then fragments into microplastics and settles in mangrove sediments. The health level of mangroves will impact other ecosystems, such as seagrass and coral reefs. This research aims to identify microplastics in the mangrove sediments of Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, based on their shape, colour, size and chemical composition, and compare the microplastics distribution at different sampling times. The samples obtained were mangrove sediments from Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, in September 2021, representing the transition season, and January 2022, representing the western season. The stages of this research include measuring mangrove cover and health levels, microplastic extraction and microplastic identification. Microplastic extraction was done by adding ZnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, followed by 30% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003eand FeSO\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003e7H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO. Quality control was performed to minimize contamination in the field and laboratory. Visual identification using a microscope produces microplastics with dominant forms, namely fragments and fibres, with the dominant colours being black, red, transparent and blue and the size being dominated by the \u0026lt;200 μm size group. \u003cem\u003eEthylene propylene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyurethane, and Polyethylene \u003c/em\u003eare the four most abundant polymers in this study. The Kruskall-Wallis U test with a result of 0.4386 (\u0026gt; 0.05) shows that the abundance of microplastics in the west and transition seasons is insignificant. Spearman correlation test results show p-value = 0.6036 (\u0026lt;95%) and rho = 0.2182179; microplastic abundance has a significant relationship with the \u003cem\u003eMangrove Health Index \u003c/em\u003e(MHI).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Abundance of Microplastics in Mangrove Sediments on Pari Island, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-13 19:56:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4403456/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dc077ca3-da4f-4771-a715-764fc53a290f","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-19T05:09:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-13 19:56:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4403456","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4403456","identity":"rs-4403456","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}