Coarsening Behavior of Bulk Nanobubbles in Water

Coarsening Behavior of Bulk Nanobubbles in Water | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Coarsening Behavior of Bulk Nanobubbles in Water Jeong Il Lee, Han Sol Huh, Joong Yull Park, Jung-Geun Han, Jong-Min Kim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-620470/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In recent years, extremely small gas bubbles called bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have drawn great attention due to their impressive effects and their wide applicability in a variety of technological fields, including biomedical engineering, water treatment, and nanomaterials. However, unsolved questions remain regarding the stability and behavior of BNBs. In the present work, BNBs were generated in water using a gas-liquid mixing method. To investigate the coarsening behavior of BNBs in water over time, particle analysis was performed using a nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) method. Over time, the BNB diameter continuously increased (from 88.50 nm to 201.00 nm), and its cubic radius increased linearly (r 3 ~ t). While the concentration of BNBs decreased (from 3.47 ×10 8 particles/mL to 0.61 ×10 8 particles/mL), the total volume of BNBs remained the same. Moreover, the size distribution broadened over time, and the concentration of larger BNBs gradually increased over time. These results indicate that relatively small BNBs disappear and larger BNBs grow through mass transfer between BNBs instead of dissolution of the gas and coalescence. In other words, BNBs underwent Oswald ripening; that is, gas molecules detached from smaller BNBs, diffused into the continuous phase, and then were absorbed into larger BNBs. Mechanical Engineering Nanofluidic Nanobubble Carbon dioxide gas Particle coarsening Nanoparticle tracking analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 12 Aug, 2021 Reviews received at journal 11 Aug, 2021 Reviews received at journal 11 Jul, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jun, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jun, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Jun, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 17 Jun, 2021 Editor invited by journal 17 Jun, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Jun, 2021 First submitted to journal 14 Jun, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-620470","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":33417300,"identity":"7b7adbe3-9838-446c-b5e8-5f7187003b41","order_by":0,"name":"Jeong Il Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung-Ang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jeong","middleName":"Il","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":33417301,"identity":"bf1b6dfd-ad63-4b8c-95a1-92ffd90b7ba7","order_by":1,"name":"Han Sol Huh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung-Ang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Han","middleName":"Sol","lastName":"Huh","suffix":""},{"id":33417302,"identity":"7f8b6cf0-452d-426e-899d-7526b0d7cf3e","order_by":2,"name":"Joong Yull Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung-Ang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joong","middleName":"Yull","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":33417303,"identity":"0bde0dc1-662f-4036-a2ab-e0708d61c6a6","order_by":3,"name":"Jung-Geun Han","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAu0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYeIFkB4x4gWssZUrQwMAC1MLaRooW5f+3Bz4Xz7OQNDjA//MBw5h4RDpvxLll65rZkww0H2IwlGG4UE6PljIE077YDjBsOMJgxMHxIIEqL8W/eOQfsNxxg/0aklv4eM2nehgOJGw7wAG25QZQtPGbWPMeSk2ce5imWSDhDhBbD/jPGt3lq7Gz7jrdv/PDhGDFaZsAUMQMxERoYGOT5DxCjbBSMglEwCkY0AAD4Vzrx8FkVGQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Chung-Ang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jung-Geun","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":33417305,"identity":"a45e0ddb-b9dd-4998-bf6e-efbbcdca3f41","order_by":4,"name":"Jong-Min Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung-Ang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jong-Min","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-06-14 07:14:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-620470/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-620470/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":10547563,"identity":"4cd0c955-ea66-4376-a975-f3a15bdcc395","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-18 21:17:20","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":826306,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Fabricated BNBs in water. (a) images of BNBs. Black background and white dots represent the water and BNBs, respectively. (b) size distribution of BNBs just after their generation in water.","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1/03e1d7405c5f7ee7143eaae3.jpg"},{"id":10547560,"identity":"05b6f036-91d9-4593-bc79-86a76b70934f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-18 21:17:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":601274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"ATR-FTIR spectra of gaseous CO2 in surface nanobubbles and BNBs. The spectrum shows two groups of distinctive fine peaks that were attributed to CO2 gas molecules. The spectrum of BNB water demonstrates the formation of gaseous CO2 bubbles.","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1/6112b00febad2303024de3df.jpg"},{"id":10547562,"identity":"1019b8a9-1af8-45dd-ac43-fd70acd84cc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-18 21:17:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":900619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Images of BNBs in water: (a) just after fabrication, (b) 2 d, (c) 4 d and (d) 6 d.","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1/962cf95c82d660ddc4f59a4a.jpg"},{"id":10547580,"identity":"c549f8c3-b137-41c8-afae-2a2640c86f98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-18 21:20:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":778935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Diameter and concentration of BNBs in water. (a) mean and mode diameters. The mean diameter of BNBs was initially about 89 nm and gradually increased to more than two times (about 200 nm). (b) concentration and total volume of BNBs. The concentration of BNBs was initially about 3.47 ± 0.39 ×108 NBs/mL and gradually decreased by 15% (0.61 ± 0.03 × 108 NBs/mL). However, there was almost no change in total volume of NBs after 6 d.","description":"","filename":"Fig4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1/07864b96b2f487f520bbd272.jpg"},{"id":10547550,"identity":"079ab736-3bb8-4a5e-9823-7ac2292182b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-18 21:17:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":943926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Size distribution of BNBs in water: time evolution of size distribution: (a) just after fabrication and 1 d, (b) 2 d, (c) 4 d and (d) 6 d. The size distribution of BNBs was initially ranged from about 10 to 250 nm and the number of smaller particles decreases, while larger particles grow in size with time (ranged from about 10 to 530 nm after 6 d).","description":"","filename":"Fig5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1/af32332502977ba38a3884f7.jpg"},{"id":10547579,"identity":"bbc71a58-0a44-445d-bd8f-ad7d1164ae46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-18 21:20:16","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":367058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Growth rate of BNBs. The measured cubic radius of NBs linearly increased with time, which is a same trend predicted by the LSW theory for Ostwald ripening.","description":"","filename":"Fig6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1/be90da71c8f373b181379d7a.jpg"},{"id":13648053,"identity":"6f700862-7e5c-40b0-895e-05ba57f2ac07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 09:31:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":836655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":10547581,"identity":"5717b468-4af8-40dc-bce4-497711860094","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-18 21:20:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":833022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-620470/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eCoarsening Behavior of Bulk Nanobubbles in Water\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-620470/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nanofluidic, Nanobubble, Carbon dioxide gas, Particle coarsening, Nanoparticle tracking analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-620470/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-620470/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, extremely small gas bubbles called bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have drawn great attention due to their impressive effects and their wide applicability in a variety of technological fields, including biomedical engineering, water treatment, and nanomaterials. However, unsolved questions remain regarding the stability and behavior of BNBs. In the present work, BNBs were generated in water using a gas-liquid mixing method. To investigate the coarsening behavior of BNBs in water over time, particle analysis was performed using a nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) method. Over time, the BNB diameter continuously increased (from 88.50 nm to 201.00 nm), and its cubic radius increased linearly (r\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e ~ t). While the concentration of BNBs decreased (from 3.47 ×10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e particles/mL to 0.61 ×10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e particles/mL), the total volume of BNBs remained the same. Moreover, the size distribution broadened over time, and the concentration of larger BNBs gradually increased over time. These results indicate that relatively small BNBs disappear and larger BNBs grow through mass transfer between BNBs instead of dissolution of the gas and coalescence. In other words, BNBs underwent Oswald ripening; that is, gas molecules detached from smaller BNBs, diffused into the continuous phase, and then were absorbed into larger BNBs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Coarsening Behavior of Bulk Nanobubbles in Water","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-06-18 21:17:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-620470/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-08-12T09:47:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-08-11T21:46:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-07-11T05:18:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"e8cd0065-2e59-48fc-938c-ed48f499e663","date":"2021-06-18T18:11:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"c32e9b49-bce0-46f9-948e-dbdeb188dbae","date":"2021-06-18T16:03:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-06-18T16:01:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-06-17T12:02:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-06-17T07:23:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-06-16T06:20:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-06-14T07:05:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1fedaa1b-94d4-47df-9ed4-e8e531c212d7","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 18th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":5126001,"name":"Mechanical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-09-08T05:14:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-06-18 21:17:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-620470","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-620470","identity":"rs-620470","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}