Association Between Refractive Errors and Positive Scoliosis Screening Results: A Cross-Sectional Study of 101,404 School-Aged Children

Association Between Refractive Errors and Positive Scoliosis Screening Results: A Cross-Sectional Study of 101,404 School-Aged Children | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Association Between Refractive Errors and Positive Scoliosis Screening Results: A Cross-Sectional Study of 101,404 School-Aged Children Gan Lyu, Yuli Chen, Shuhao Zhang, Shuqing Jin, Shu Yang, Shuai Sun, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7666808/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose : This study aimed to assess the prevalence of positive scoliosis screening and its associated factors in a large cohort of school-aged children, with a focus on the role of different types and severities of refractive error as potential risk factors, and to analyze the modifying effect of corrective lenses. Methods : This cross-sectional study included 101,404 primary and secondary school students. Truncal asymmetry screening utilized the forward bend test and a scoliometer to measure the Angle of Trunk Rotation (ATR). A persistent ATR ≥ 5° was defined as a positive screening result. Refractive errors were diagnosed based on spherical equivalent (SE). Logistic regression and stratified analyses assessed associations between refractive errors and positive screening results. Results: The overall prevalence of a positive screening result was 2.89%. After adjusting for covariates, positive screenings were independently associated with mild-to-moderate myopia, high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and mild-to-moderate anisometropia (all P<.005).The stratified analysis revealed a dichotomy: in the subgroup of participants not wearing corrective lenses, myopia was a significant risk factor. However, this association was nullified in the subgroup wearing corrective lenses, whereas the associations with high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and anisometropia persisted regardless of lens use. Conclusion: Refractive error are significant factors associated with positive scoliosis screening. The association between myopia and truncal asymmetry can be corrected by wearing glasses, whereas the associations for other refractive errors may stem from common underlying etiological pathways. These findings support the integration of vision and spinal health screenings. Scoliosis Refractive Errors Myopia Hyperopia Anisometropia Children Screening Figures Figure 1 Introduction The early detection of spinal deformities in school-aged children, particularly idiopathic scoliosis, is widely recognized as crucial for initiating timely management to slow or prevent progression[ 1 ]. While established risk factors for idiopathic scoliosis include female sex and family history, the potential contribution of other systemic factors remains an area of active investigation. Early screening and intervention are crucial for slowing or preventing disease progression, as trained professionals can effectively identify early signs and facilitate timely management[ 2 , 3 ]. Refractive error is a common ocular condition with significant epidemiological and socioeconomic implications. It impairs visual function and can lead to blindness, significantly reducing quality of life[ 4 ]. Refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors[ 5 ]. Myopia, the most prevalent type in China, is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide and is projected to affect approximately 2.5 billion people globally in the next decade[ 6 ]. The relationship between refractive errors and truncal asymmetry remains controversial. Previous studies have yielded conflicting results. For instance, one study identified myopia as a risk factor for positive scoliosis screening with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.49, although the visual data were self-reported[ 7 ]. Egorova et al. found that children with high myopia (n = 44) were more likely to exhibit skeletal deformities, including scoliosis(p < 0.05)[ 8 ]. Ulusoy et al. used enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) to assess choroidal thickness (CT) in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). They found that AIS patients had lower CT values, which were negatively correlated with Cobb angles[ 9 ]. Zhou et al. noted a higher prevalence of positive scoliosis screening in patients with anisometropia (7.2%) compared to those with normal vision (2.9%)[ 10 ]. Genetic studies suggest a potential shared pathogenesis, with mutations in genes like XYLT1, XYLT2, and B4GALT7 being associated with both conditions[ 11 ]. However, a recent screening study by Cai et al. found no association between refractive error and positive screening results.[ 12 ]. Previous research exploring links between scoliosis and various ocular conditions—including generalized vision loss and specific syndromes with ophthalmic manifestations—suggests a complex interplay between the visual and musculoskeletal systems[ 13 ]. For instance, Pan et al. found that patients with strabismus had a higher prevalence of thoracic convexity, at 14.94%[ 14 ]. Given the inconsistent findings in the existing literature, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of positive scoliosis screening and assess its association with various types and severities of refractive errors in a large, school-aged population. Methods Study Population and Procedures This large-scale cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2023, enrolling 101,404 students in Zhejiang Province. Information on participants' sex and age was obtained from the Zhejiang Provincial Student Database. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was collected from the parents or legal guardians of all participants prior to screening. To ensure procedural standardization, all screening personnel completed a mandatory 8-hour training program based on national standards (GB/T 16133 − 2014). This program covered both theoretical instruction and the practical application of the Adam's forward bend test and scoliometer use. Competency was verified through a practical examination requiring less than a 1-degree variation from a gold-standard measurement on 10 consecutive test cases. Ocular Examination Visual screening was conducted using the standardized protocol established in Zhejiang Province[ 6 ]. All participants underwent visual acuity tests and non-cycloplegic autorefraction, administered by certified optometrists. Data on the use of corrective lenses (spectacles) was also collected via a standardized questionnaire. The spherical equivalent (SE), the primary indicator of refractive status, was calculated using the formula: SE = Sphere + 0.5×Cylinder. SE was calculated for each eye individually. This study classified refractive errors according to widely used clinical criteria, utilizing the spherical equivalent (SE) and cylinder values of one or both eyes.The severity is based on the more affected eye. Myopia: SE ≤ − 0.50 D. Classified by severity as mild (− 3.00 D < SE ≤ − 0.50 D), moderate (− 6.00 D < SE ≤ − 3.00 D), or high (SE ≤ − 6.00 D). Hyperopia: SE ≥ + 0.50 D. Classified by severity as mild (+ 0.50 D ≤ SE < + 2.00 D), moderate (+ 2.00 D ≤ SE < + 5.00 D), or high (SE ≥ + 5.00 D). Astigmatism: ∣Cylinder∣≥1.00 D. Classified by severity as mild (1.00 D≤∣Cylinder∣<2.00 D), moderate (2.00 D≤∣Cylinder∣<3.00 D), or high (∣Cylinder∣≥3.00 D). Anisometropia: Interocular SE difference ≥ 1.00 D. Classified by severity as mild (1.00 D ≤ difference < 2.00 D), moderate (2.00 D ≤ difference < 3.00 D), or high (difference ≥ 3.00 D). Scoliosis Screening and Quality Control The screening protocol followed the National Standard of the People's Republic of China (GB/T 16133 − 2014) and is detailed in Supplementary Material .The screening protocol involved a visual inspection and the Adam's forward bend test to detect truncal asymmetry. If asymmetry was found, the Angle of Trunk Rotation (ATR) was measured with a scoliometer at the thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar segments. An ATR reading of ≥ 5° is known to capture approximately 87% of significant scoliosis cases[ 2 , 15 ].To rule out postural issues, participants with abnormal findings underwent spinal mobility tests followed by a repeat ATR measurement. To ensure data accuracy, each student was independently assessed by two screeners (with a third arbitrating discrepancies), and a quality control team performed random on-site re-measurements on 3–5% of the cohort.(6)Screening Outcome Classification: Normal inspection, negative forward-bend test, and ATR < 5∘ were classified as negative. Initial ATR ≥ 5∘ that normalized post-mobility tests indicated incorrect posture. A persistent ATR ≥ 5∘ was classified as a positive screening outcome for the purpose of this study. The severity of the truncal asymmetry was graded based on the ATR measurement: Grade I (5∘≤ATR < 7∘), Grade II (7∘≤ATR < 10∘), and Grade III (ATR ≥ 10∘). Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0, with significance set at P < 0.05. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and chi-square tests were used for baseline data analysis. Logistic and ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between positive screening results and refractive error. A stratified analysis was also performed to investigate the potential modifying effect of corrective lenses. Results Overall Prevalence A total of 101,404 participants were included, comprising 54,185 males (53.43%) and 47,219 females (46.57%). The mean age was 10.84 ± 2.92 years. As shown in Table 1, the overall positive rate of scoliosis screening was 2.89% (n=2,934). The prevalence of myopia was 64.99%, hyperopia 23.13%, astigmatism 42.11%, and anisometropia 21.76%. Age n(%) Male/Female Prevalence of incorrect posture Prevalence of positive kyphosis screening Prevalence of positive scoliosis screening Prevalence of myopia Prevalence of hyperopia Prevalence of astigmatism Prevalence of anisometropia 6 6761 (6.67%) 3486/3275 681 (10.07%) 5 (0.07%) 126 (1.86%) 1309 (19.36%) 3821 (56.52%) 2211 (32.70%) 657 (9.72%) 7 10975 (10.82%) 5877/5098 1018 (9.28%) 10 (0.09%) 116 (1.06%) 2944 (26.82%) 5234 (47.69%) 3507 (31.95%) 1066 (9.71%) 8 8862 (8.74%) 4760/4102 1022 (11.53%) 17 (0.19%) 140 (1.58%) 3595 (40.57%) 3099 (34.97%) 2822 (31.84%) 1130 (12.75%) 9 10164 (10.02%) 5470/4694 1170 (11.51%) 13 (0.13%) 180 (1.77%) 5499 (54.10%) 2861 (28.15%) 3485 (34.29%) 1532 (15.07%) 10 9705 (9.57%) 5166/4539 1251 (12.89%) 24 (0.25%) 230 (2.37%) 6277 (64.68%) 2131 (21.96%) 3751 (38.65%) 1794 (18.49%) 11 11286 (11.13%) 6036/5250 1401 (12.41%) 36 (0.32%) 246 (2.18%) 8254 (73.13%) 2110 (18.70%) 4833 (42.82%) 2613 (23.15%) 12 10038 (9.90%) 5390/4648 1290 (12.85%) 55 (0.55%) 338 (3.37%) 8057 (80.26%) 1485 (14.79%) 4749 (47.31%) 2628 (26.18%) 13 9855 (9.72%) 5371/4484 1565 (15.88%) 56 (0.57%) 238 (2.42%) 8451 (85.75%) 1018 (10.33%) 5050 (51.24%) 2944 (29.87%) 14 10538 (10.39%) 5685/4853 1634 (15.51%) 69 (0.65%) 458 (4.35%) 9412 (89.31%) 845 (8.02%) 5537 (52.54%) 3395 (32.22%) 15 9487 (9.36%) 4959/4528 1279 (13.48%) 70 (0.74%) 598 (6.30%) 8657 (91.25%) 629 (6.63%) 4920 (51.86%) 3121 (32.90%) 16-20 3733(3.68%) 1985/1748 432 (11.57%) 31(0.83%) 264(7.07%) 3452 (92.47%) 224 (6.00%) 1836 (49.18%) 1186 (31.77%) Total 101404(100.00%) 54185/47219 12743 (12.57%) 386(0.38%) 2934(2.89%) 65907 (64.99%) 23457 (23.13%) 42701 (42.11%) 22066 (21.76%) Table 1 Prevalence of positive scoliosis screening and refractive error stratified by age Association Between Positive Scoliosis Screening and Refractive Errors Table 2 presents the distribution of basic demographic characteristics and ocular parameters. The prevalence of positive scoliosis screening was higher in the mild (3.56%), moderate (4.85%), and high myopia groups (5.34%) compared to the non-myopic group (1.97%) (P < 0.001). Participants using corrective lenses also had a higher prevalence of positive screening (3.90%) compared to those not using them (3.22%) (P < 0.001). Similar to the trend observed with myopia, participants with astigmatism and anisometropia had a significantly higher prevalence of positive scoliosis screening than those in the normal group (P < 0.001). Additionally, positive scoliosis screening was associated with age, BMI, and sex (all P < 0.001), with females exhibiting a higher prevalence than males. Characteristic With positive scoliosis screening (n = 2934) Contorl (n = 85429) p value Age(years) 12.30 ±2.86 10.73 ±2.91 0.000 BMI(kg/m 2 ) 18.52 ±3.45 18.33±4.59 0.003 Sex,n 0.000 Male 1362 46101 Female 1572 39328 Use of Corrective Lenses ,n 0.000 No 2406 72427 Yes 528 13002 Myopia, n 0.000 SE>-0.50 D in both eyes 624 31028 -3.00D<SE<=-0.50 D in one or two eyes 1256 34071 -6.00D<SE<=-3.00 D in one or two eyes 874 17140 SE<=-6.00D in one or two eyes 180 3190 Hyperopia, n 0.000 SE<0.50 D in both eyes 2480 64926 0.50D<=SE<2.00D in one or two eyes 320 15462 0.50D<=SE5.00D in one or two eyes 72 2031 Astigmatism, n 0.000 |Cylinder|<1.00D in both eyes 2214 67472 1.00D<=|Cylinder|<2.00 D in one or two eyes 558 13990 1.00D<=|Cylinder|=3.00D in one or two eyes 64 1280 Anisometropia, n 0.000 SE difference<1.00D 2078 67278 1.00D<=SE difference<2.00D 586 12533 2.00D<=SE difference=3.0D 98 2120 Table 2 Characteristics of the study participants aged 6−20 years old based on whether with positive scoliosis screening (ATR>5˚) or without positive scoliosis screening (ATR<5˚) Distribution of Asymmetry Location and Direction in Positive Screenings Among the 2,934 participants who tested positive, the thoracolumbar segment was the most commonly affected region (52.83%), followed by the lumbar (23.86%) and thoracic (21.13%) segments. Double curves were infrequent (2.18%). Regarding curve direction, the proportions of left-sided and right-sided curves were nearly equal, at 49.73% and 48.09%, respectively (Table 3). As illustrated in the bidirectional bar chart (Fig.1), the thoracolumbar segment was the most frequently involved, and left-sided lumbar curves were more prevalent than right-sided ones (16.12% vs. 7.74%). Positive scoliosis screening type Thoracic curve Thoracolumbar curve Lumbar curve Double curve Direction of curvature Right Direction,n(%) 338(12.10%) 877(29.89%) 227(7.74%) Left direction,n(%) 265(9.03%) 673(22.94%) 473(16.12%) Total,n(%) 596(21.13%) 1154(52.83%) 590(23.86%) 64(2.18%) Right Direction :Left direction 1459(49.73%):1411(48.09%) Table 3 The location and direction of curvature in positive scoliosis screening participants Association Between Severity of Truncal Asymmetry and Refractive Errors Table 4 details the distribution of truncal asymmetry severity and related factors. The severity of asymmetry was significantly associated with age, sex, and BMI (P < 0.05). Significant differences were also observed across different asymmetry severity levels in terms of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia (all P < 0.001). ATR<5° 5°<=ATR<7° 7°<=ATR<10° 10°<=ATR p value Total 98470 2274 530 130 Age(years) 10.80±2.91 12.21±2.87 12.48±2.85 13.03±2.53 0.000 BMI(kg/m 2 ) 18.34±4.55 18.59±3.51 18.16±3.14 18.82±3.40 0.028 Sex,n 0.000 Male 52823 1052 242 68 Female 45647 1222 288 62 Use of Corrective Lenses ,n 0.016 No 82709 1871 434 101 Yes 15761 403 96 29 Myopia, n 0.000 SE>-0.50 D in both eyes 34873 488 114 22 -3.00D<SE<=-0.50 D in one or two eyes 39680 984 222 50 -6.00D<SE<=-3.00 D in one or two eyes 20149 672 154 48 SE<=-6.00D in one or two eyes 3768 130 40 10 Hyperopia, n 0.000 SE<0.50 D in both eyes 75467 1920 444 116 0.50D<=SE<2.00D in one or two eyes 17515 256 52 12 0.50D<=SE5.00D in one or two eyes 2143 48 22 2 Astigmatism, n 0.001 |Cylinder|<1.00D in both eyes 77612 1714 404 96 1.00D<=|Cylinder|<2.00 D in one or two eyes 16201 434 100 24 1.00D<=|Cylinder|=3.00D in one or two eyes 1491 50 12 2 Anisometropia, n 0.000 SE difference<1.00D 77260 1576 412 90 1.00D<=SE difference<2.00D 14699 488 66) 32 2.00D<=SE difference=3.0D 2422 80 14 4 Table 4 Distribution of participant characteristics across different angle of trunk rotation (ATR) ranges Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Positive Scoliosis Screening A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted for the entire cohort (Table 5). The results indicated that older age (OR = 1.240, P < 0.001), female sex (OR = 1.302, P < 0.001), and lower BMI (OR = 0.935, P < 0.001) were significant predictors. Regarding refractive errors, mild myopia (OR = 1.198, P = 0.007), moderate myopia (OR = 1.260, P = 0.003), high hyperopia (OR = 1.944, P < 0.001), high astigmatism (OR = 1.590, P < 0.001), and both mild (OR = 1.319, P < 0.001) and moderate anisometropia (OR = 1.393, P = 0.046) were all significantly associated with an increased likelihood of a positive screening. Characteristic Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis Crude OR 95% CI p value Adjusted OR 95% CI p value Age 1.212 1.195-1.228 0.000 1.240 1.219-1.262 0.000 BMI 1.008 1.001-1.015 0.022 0.935 0.924-0.946 0.000 Sex Male Reference Reference Female 1.353 1.257-1.457 0.000 1.302 1.208-1.402 0.000 Use of Corrective Lenses No Reference Reference Yes 1.222 1.111-1.346 0.000 1.114 1.011-1.228 0.029 Myopia SE>-0.50 D in both eyes Reference Reference -3.00D<SE<=-0.50 D in one or two eyes 1.833 1.663-2.020 0.000 1.198 1.051-1.366 0.007 -6.00D<SE<=-3.00 D in one or two eyes 2.536 2.284-2.815 0.000 1.260 1.084-1.464 0.003 SE<=-6.00D in one or two eyes 2.806 2.368-3.325 0.000 1.203 0.974-1.486 0.087 Hyperopia, SE<0.50 D in both eyes Reference Reference 0.50D<=SE<2.00D in one or two eyes 0.542 0.482-0.610 0.000 0.979 0.845-1.136 0.782 2.00D<=SE5.00D in one or two eyes 0.928 0.731-1.178 0.540 1.944 1.492-2.533 0.000 Astigmatism |Cylinder|<1.00D in both eyes Reference Reference 1.00D<=|Cylinder|<2.00 D in one or two eyes 1.216 1.106-1.336 0.000 1.040 0.942-1.149 0.437 2.00D<=|Cylinder|=3.00D in one or two eyes 1.524 1.181-1.966 0.001 1.590 1.225-2.064 0.000 Anisometropia SE difference<1.00D Reference Reference 1.00D<=SE difference<2.00D 1.514 1.378-1.662 0.000 1.319 1.086-1.319 0.000 2.00D<=SE difference=3.0D 1.497 1.217-1.841 0.000 1.126 0.906-1.399 0.285 Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with positive scoliosis screening Furthermore, an ordinal logistic regression was performed to examine factors related to the severity of truncal asymmetry (Table 6). Age, sex, and BMI were also found to be significant predictors of higher severity grades. In this analysis, various degrees of hyperopia, and astigmatism were significantly associated with asymmetry severity. Characteristic Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis Crude OR 95% CI p value Adjusted OR 95% CI p value Age 1.212 1.195-1.228 0.000 1.243 1.222-1.265 0.000 BMI 1.008 1.001-1.014 0.023 0.934 0.923-0.945 0.000 Sex Male 0.768 0.713-0.828 0.000 0.768 0.713-0.828 Female Reference 1.257-1.457 0.000 Reference 1.208-1.402 0.000 Use of Corrective Lenses No 0.911 0.730-1.136 0.406 Yes Reference Myopia SE>-0.50 D in both eyes 0.355 0.300-0.421 0.000 0.828 0.670-1.023 0.023 -3.00D<SE<=-0.50 D in one or two eyes 0.651 0.555-0.764 0.000 0.993 0.837-1.178 0.164 -6.00D<SE<=-3.00 D in one or two eyes 0.901 0.765-1.063 0.217 1.046 0.883-1.238 0.214 SE<=-6.00D in one or two eyes Reference Reference Hyperopia, SE<0.50 D in both eyes 1.074 0.846-1.362 0.558 0.513 0.394-0.669 0.000 0.50D<=SE<2.00D in one or two eyes 0.581 0.449-0.754 0.000 0.504 0.388-0.655 0.000 2.00D<=SE5.00D in one or two eyes Reference Reference Astigmatism |Cylinder|<1.00D in both eyes 0.657 0.509-0.847 0.001 0.628 0.484-0.815 0.000 1.00D<=|Cylinder|<2.00 D in one or two eyes 0.798 0.612-1.040 0.095 0.653 0.499-0.855 0.002 2.00D<=|Cylinder|=3.00D in one or two eyes Reference Reference Anisometropia SE difference<1.00D 0.670 0.544-0.824 0.000 0.894 0.719-1.111 0.310 1.00D<=SE difference<2.00D 1.011 0.812-1.258 0.923 1.062 0.848-1.331 0.598 2.00D<=SE difference=3.0D Reference Reference Table 6 Ordinal logistic regression analysis of factors associated with truncal asymmetry severity (ATR Grade) Stratified Analysis by Corrective Lens Use To investigate whether corrective lenses modify the association, a stratified analysis was performed (Table 7). In the subgroup of participants not wearing corrective lenses, both mild (OR=1.228, p=0.005) and moderate (OR=1.305, p=0.002) myopia were significant risk factors for a positive screening. Critically, in the subgroup wearing corrective lenses, the association between all grades of myopia and a positive screening result was no longer statistically significant (all p > 0.05).In stark contrast, the associations for other refractive errors persisted or were strengthened in lens-wearers. High hyperopia (OR=2.438, p=0.005), high astigmatism (OR=1.870, p=0.031), and mild anisometropia (OR=1.438, p=0.001) remained significant risk factors for a positive screening result even among those wearing corrective lenses. Characteristic No Corrective Lenses With Corrective Lenses Adjusted OR 95% CI p value Adjusted OR 95% CI p value Age 1.265 1.218-1.315 0.000 1.204 1.223-1.345 0.000 BMI 1.014 1.000-1.027 0.000 0.900 0.918-0.977 0.000 Sex Male Reference Reference Female 1.319 1.214-1.432 0.000 1.229 1.550-2.348 0.022 Myopia SE>-0.50 D in both eyes Reference Reference -3.00D<SE<=-0.50 D in one or two eyes 1.228 1.063-1.418 0.005 1.063 0.775-1.458 0.705 -6.00D<SE<=-3.00 D in one or two eyes 1.305 1.106-1.539 0.002 1.057 0.737-1.517 0.763 SE<=-6.00D in one or two eyes 1.261 0.998-1.592 0.052 0.980 0.595-1.615 0.938 Hyperopia, SE<0.50 D in both eyes Reference Reference 0.50D<=SE<2.00D in one or two eyes 1.014 0.862-1.194 0.865 0.828 0.581-1.179 0.295 2.00D<=SE5.00D in one or two eyes 1.887 1.407-2.531 0.000 2.438 1.314-4.52 0.005 Astigmatism |Cylinder|<1.00D in both eyes Reference Reference 1.00D<=|Cylinder|<2.00 D in one or two eyes 1.078 0.967-1.202 0.178 0.880 0.691-1.12 0.299 2.00D<=|Cylinder|=3.00D in one or two eyes 1.519 1.132-2.038 0.005 1.870 1.059-3.302 0.031 Anisometropia SE difference<1.00D Reference Reference 1.00D<=SE difference<2.00D 1.148 1.030-1.280 0.012 1.438 1.154-1.793 0.001 2.00D<=SE difference=3.0D 1.092 0.859-1.389 0.473 1.299 0.78-2.165 0.315 Table 7 Stratified multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with a positive scoliosis screening (ATR ≥ 5°), by use of corrective lenses Association Between Kyphosis and Refractive Errors Significant differences were observed between the kyphosis group (n=386) and the normal group in terms of age, sex, and BMI (all P < 0.005). There were also significant differences in the distribution of various levels of myopia, hyperopia, and anisometropia (P < 0.001) (Supplementary Table 1). Logistic regression identified age, female sex, lower BMI, and moderate-to-high anisometropia as significant predictors of kyphosis (Supplementary Table 2). Discussion This is a study to systematically conduct a large-scale analysis of the association between positive scoliosis screening results and refractive errors in over 100,000 individuals in China. The global prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis ranges from 0.47% to 5.2%[ 16 ], and recent positive scoliosis screenings in China report rates between 2.37% and 6.15%[ 7 , 12 , 17 , 18 ]. Our finding of a 2.9% prevalence of positive screening in Zhejiang Province is within this range. Our analysis confirms that female sex, older age, and lower BMI are significant risk factors for both the presence and severity of positive scoliosis screening, aligning with previous studies[ 19 ]. Additionally, we observed that asymmetry most commonly affected the thoracolumbar segment (52.83%), with a nearly equal distribution of left- and right-sided curves. This pattern aligns with findings reported in studies from China (46.4%) and South Korea (53.6%)[ 20 , 21 ]. A central finding of our study is that positive screening results are significantly associated with all investigated types of refractive errors, not just myopia. While the link with myopia has been previously reported¹⁶, the independent associations we identified with high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and anisometropia are a crucial contribution, as these connections have been less documented. A novel insight comes from our stratified analysis, which revealed a differential effect of corrective lenses. The association between myopia and truncal asymmetry is abrogated in individuals wearing corrective lenses. This finding strongly suggests that the link is mediated by compensatory postural adaptations to counteract blurred vision. Once the refractive error is corrected, this postural impetus is removed, and the association is consequently resolved. This observation aligns with the biomechanical principle that habitual poor posture can increase asymmetrical loading on the spine, thereby initiating or promoting spinal asymmetry[ 22 , 23 ]. In contrast, the association between high hyperopia, high astigmatism, or anisometropia and truncal asymmetry persists and is even potentiated in children wearing corrective lenses, suggesting a common underlying etiology beyond postural factors.A potential mechanism involves a shared neurophysiological deficit. The maintenance of spinal alignment is critically dependent on the proprioceptive system, and visual deficits that compromise binocular vision and image clarity—such as anisometropia and high astigmatism—may impair the requisite integration of visual and proprioceptive signals for stable posture[ 24 ]. Consequently, refractive errors could represent the ocular phenotype of a systemic sensory integration dysfunction, with truncal asymmetry being the corresponding musculoskeletal phenotype. Future investigations are warranted to further elucidate this association by comparing the prevalence of radiographically confirmed scoliosis in children with refractory visual conditions relative to that in a matched control cohort. Furthermore, our study examined associations with sagittal spinal alignment. We found that older age, female sex, and lower BMI were also significant predictors for a positive kyphosis screening. Notably, moderate anisometropia was independently associated with a higher likelihood of kyphosis. Limitations This study has several limitations. First, the primary outcome was a positive screening for truncal asymmetry (ATR measurement), not a radiographic diagnosis of scoliosis; this is an imperfect proxy with a known false-positive rate. Second, while a formal inter-rater reliability coefficient was not calculated, a robust quality control protocol (including double-assessments and random re-testing) was implemented to ensure data consistency. Third, the broad age range (6–20 years) was not stratified to account for different potential etiologies. Fourth, the use of non-cycloplegic refraction may have overestimated myopia prevalence. Finally, the cross-sectional design establishes association but precludes causal inference. Conclusion In this large sample of Chinese school-aged children, we identified a significant association between various refractive errors and an increased likelihood of a positive scoliosis screening result. Our novel finding is the differential modifying effect of corrective lenses: the association with myopia appears to be posturally mediated and is nullified by spectacle wear, whereas the associations with high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and anisometropia persist, suggesting shared underlying etiological pathways. These findings underscore the complex relationship between visual and spinal health and suggest that integrated screening programs may be beneficial. Further longitudinal research with radiographic confirmation is required to elucidate these distinct causal mechanisms. Declarations Funding: This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372461, 82172494) and Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Foundation (ZY2023015) Conflict of interest :The authors declare that they have no financial or other conflict of interests. Ethics approval:The study protocol was reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Approval No. 2024-K-355-01). This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Data availability :No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Written informed consent:Written informed consent was obtained from all guardians of children participating in the study. Author Contribution G.L., Y.L.C., and S.H.Z. conceptualized and designed the study, acquired and analyzed the data, and wrote the original manuscript draft; these three authors contributed equally to this work. S.Q.J., S.Y., and S.S. assisted with data collection and interpretation. C.Y.Y. contributed ophthalmologic expertise and performed a critical review of the manuscript. X.Y.W. and C.A.H. supervised the project and provided the final revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Altaf F, Gibson A, Dannawi Z, Noordeen H (2013) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BMJ 346:f2508. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2508 Hengwei F, Zifang H, Qifei W, et al (2016) Prevalence of Idiopathic Scoliosis in Chinese Schoolchildren: A Large, Population-Based Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41:259–264. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001197 US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al (2018) Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 319:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19342 Kandel H, Khadka J, Goggin M, Pesudovs K (2017) Impact of refractive error on quality of life: a qualitative study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 45:677–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.12954 Guggenheim JA, Clark R, Zayats T, et al (2022) Assessing the contribution of genetic nurture to refractive error. Eur J Hum Genet 30:1226–1232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-022-01126-6 Zhang C, Li L, Jan C, et al (2022) Association of School Education With Eyesight Among Children and Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 5:e229545. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9545 Cai Z, Wu R, Zheng S, et al (2021) Morphology and epidemiological study of idiopathic scoliosis among primary school students in Chaozhou, China. Environ Health Prev Med 26:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-00989-3 Egorova TS, Smirnova TS, Romashin OV, Egorova IV (2016) Deformations of the vertebral column in the visually impaired schoolchildren presenting with complicated high myopia and the possibilities for its correction. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 93:20–25. https://doi.org/10.17116/kurort2016220-25 Ulusoy DM, Akkaya S, Batın S (2020) Evaluation of choroidal changes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Clin Exp Optom 103:320–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12932 Zhou Y, Zhang XF, Chen XJ, et al (2023) Prevalence of anisometropia and influencing factors among school-age children in Nantong, China: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 11:1190285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190285 Zhu JB, Sun CH, Wang XY, et al. (2021) Research progress on the correlation between eye diseases and the etiology of adolescent scoliosis(in Chinese). Chin J Orthop;41(5):322-329 https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121113-20200909-00551 Cai J, Zhou Y, Chen X, et al (2024) Is refractive error a factor affecting scoliosis? PLoS One 19:e0303324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303324 Pan Y, Zhang H, Ye X, et al (2023) Study on the relationship between scoliosis and vision problems: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 102:e35178. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035178 Pan X-X, Huang C-A, Lin J-L, et al (2020) Prevalence of the thoracic scoliosis in children and adolescents candidates for strabismus surgery: results from a 1935-patient cross-sectional study in China. Eur Spine J 29:786–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06341-7 Coelho DM, Bonagamba GH, Oliveira AS (2013) Scoliometer measurements of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Braz J Phys Ther 17:179–184. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012005000081 Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R (2013) Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Child Orthop 7:3–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-012-0457-4 Mei Y, Lin Y-F, Gong Z, et al (2025) Prevalence of incorrect posture among school adolescents after the COVID-19 pandemic: a large population-based scoliosis screening in China. J Orthop Surg Res 20:156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-025-05479-8 Zhou J, Wang Y, Xie J, et al (2023) Scoliosis school screening of 139,922 multi-ethnic children in Dali, southwestern China: A large epidemiological study. iScience 26:108305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108305 Yan B, Lu X, Qiu Q, et al (2020) Predicting Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis among Chinese Children and Adolescents. Biomed Res Int 2020:1784360. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1784360 Liu L, Wang X, Du S, et al (2024) Prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China: a cross-sectional study. Eur Spine J 33:673–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-023-08030-7 Suh S-W, Modi HN, Yang J-H, Hong J-Y (2011) Idiopathic scoliosis in Korean schoolchildren: a prospective screening study of over 1 million children. Eur Spine J 20:1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1695-8 Cheung JPY (2020) The importance of sagittal balance in adult scoliosis surgery. Ann Transl Med 8:35. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.10.19 Chen X, Ye Y, Zhu Z, et al (2024) Association between incorrect postures and curve magnitude of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in china. J Orthop Surg Res 19:300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-04767-z Blecher R, Krief S, Galili T, et al (2017) The Proprioceptive System Masterminds Spinal Alignment: Insight into the Mechanism of Scoliosis. Dev Cell 42:388-399.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.022 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplement.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7666808","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":526714882,"identity":"b47b6b4f-7df8-4169-b076-572ec0b16b08","order_by":0,"name":"Gan Lyu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gan","middleName":"","lastName":"Lyu","suffix":""},{"id":526714883,"identity":"35f5240a-61c3-42a1-8850-641a81a1570d","order_by":1,"name":"Yuli Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuli","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":526714884,"identity":"7c62025f-4c87-4048-9cd3-5a702d99f906","order_by":2,"name":"Shuhao Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuhao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":526714885,"identity":"1fb23224-3b18-4d36-b206-eaac977da2df","order_by":3,"name":"Shuqing Jin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Jin","suffix":""},{"id":526714886,"identity":"0bebe275-8c01-493d-8f02-fc62bd27bd36","order_by":4,"name":"Shu Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shu","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":526714887,"identity":"74420941-9059-4179-b822-eb3e48e7860d","order_by":5,"name":"Shuai Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuai","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":526714889,"identity":"16f65a23-ec9e-4eed-a010-11d5419e40ff","order_by":6,"name":"Chaoying Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eye \u0026 ENT Hospital, Fudan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chaoying","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":526714891,"identity":"2274e9b1-f950-46ba-b551-8b2c7188b30d","order_by":7,"name":"Chongan Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chongan","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":526714893,"identity":"35e7a7a8-9a0f-4954-a3b6-567a883dc297","order_by":8,"name":"Xiangyang Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZhReBYSSIEHLGWK0oADGNiK0GBxnfvbwa5tdnnxEMpAx73C0wQHmg7d5GOzycGmRbGYzN5ZtSy42vJEGZGw7nLvhAFuyNQ9DcjEuLfzMDGbSkm3MiRtnJwAZ224DtfCYSfMwHEhswKGFjZn9G1BLPVBLOpAxB6SF/xteLfzMPGaSH9sOJ86XzgEyGsC2sOHVItnMUybNcO544gb5N0DGsf+5Mw+zGVvOMUjGqcXg/PFtkj/KqhPn94AYNWm5fcebH954U2GHUwsIMPOyAfUeADJ4wFywUXjUAwHjjz8MDPINIAZ+haNgFIyCUTBCAQBgpFhfKktT/AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Second Affiliated Hospital \u0026 Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiangyang","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-21 08:08:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7666808/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7666808/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93335315,"identity":"020ba0f2-29bd-4cda-bf34-b11309266cad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":165757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2025.9.18Manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/2d9c354072c49069b2e947cf.docx"},{"id":93335313,"identity":"9a92edb3-84b7-4bfa-9502-f4179c063bae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10071,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"80ae1911826a424c91756648f581c365.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/4b0e7205fa64c40cd4935498.json"},{"id":93335316,"identity":"e040e844-bcc3-4734-b7c3-74c1f4cd7c88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplement.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/3c2f3117a4b4947e0d1c0b93.docx"},{"id":93335321,"identity":"8b118441-d4e9-44b4-be70-1a2286c443e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":150812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"80ae1911826a424c91756648f581c3651enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/1b0b2c07ffdc9ca08ffa3ff8.xml"},{"id":93335319,"identity":"1c9f6dd8-de2f-44de-b0c8-de3cf47df605","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1725486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/62c7b67fd04aea4957011ba9.jpeg"},{"id":93335317,"identity":"bf596b7e-0ff1-4180-a0f5-221d7f82bb40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/891161f2f8504417511e3f76.png"},{"id":93335320,"identity":"d0d7fdb4-afab-4098-812e-3a26ff2613bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"xml","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":153526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"80ae1911826a424c91756648f581c3651structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/b89cb7bcb06b7126a6e84c2a.xml"},{"id":93335318,"identity":"0330ef0a-767a-413e-ada7-fff1488d94be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"html","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/8068da39f85db91d579b564c.html"},{"id":93336554,"identity":"e1a6ca14-8693-40ec-9c7a-2c92b2a432cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 14:06:29","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe location and direction of truncal asymmetry in positive scoliosis screening participants\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/de9029fb945cbe4308998c92.png"},{"id":95225884,"identity":"c17b91ce-4bdd-42a6-be6c-ed0da843182b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:25:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1260354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/8965d3bc-ed70-45c6-b7b0-ebbbb8c71e04.pdf"},{"id":93335312,"identity":"455d499f-8673-4412-ae92-a1379706e355","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 13:58:29","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":34729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplement.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7666808/v1/1db6e8dee5b929be43485ec8.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association Between Refractive Errors and Positive Scoliosis Screening Results: A Cross-Sectional Study of 101,404 School-Aged Children","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe early detection of spinal deformities in school-aged children, particularly idiopathic scoliosis, is widely recognized as crucial for initiating timely management to slow or prevent progression[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. While established risk factors for idiopathic scoliosis include female sex and family history, the potential contribution of other systemic factors remains an area of active investigation. Early screening and intervention are crucial for slowing or preventing disease progression, as trained professionals can effectively identify early signs and facilitate timely management[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRefractive error is a common ocular condition with significant epidemiological and socioeconomic implications. It impairs visual function and can lead to blindness, significantly reducing quality of life[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Myopia, the most prevalent type in China, is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide and is projected to affect approximately 2.5\u0026nbsp;billion people globally in the next decade[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between refractive errors and truncal asymmetry remains controversial. Previous studies have yielded conflicting results. For instance, one study identified myopia as a risk factor for positive scoliosis screening with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.49, although the visual data were self-reported[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Egorova et al. found that children with high myopia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44) were more likely to exhibit skeletal deformities, including scoliosis(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Ulusoy et al. used enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) to assess choroidal thickness (CT) in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). They found that AIS patients had lower CT values, which were negatively correlated with Cobb angles[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Zhou et al. noted a higher prevalence of positive scoliosis screening in patients with anisometropia (7.2%) compared to those with normal vision (2.9%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Genetic studies suggest a potential shared pathogenesis, with mutations in genes like XYLT1, XYLT2, and B4GALT7 being associated with both conditions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. However, a recent screening study by Cai et al. found no association between refractive error and positive screening results.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous research exploring links between scoliosis and various ocular conditions\u0026mdash;including generalized vision loss and specific syndromes with ophthalmic manifestations\u0026mdash;suggests a complex interplay between the visual and musculoskeletal systems[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, Pan et al. found that patients with strabismus had a higher prevalence of thoracic convexity, at 14.94%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the inconsistent findings in the existing literature, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of positive scoliosis screening and assess its association with various types and severities of refractive errors in a large, school-aged population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Population and Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis large-scale cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2023, enrolling 101,404 students in Zhejiang Province. Information on participants' sex and age was obtained from the Zhejiang Provincial Student Database. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was collected from the parents or legal guardians of all participants prior to screening. To ensure procedural standardization, all screening personnel completed a mandatory 8-hour training program based on national standards (GB/T 16133\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014). This program covered both theoretical instruction and the practical application of the Adam's forward bend test and scoliometer use. Competency was verified through a practical examination requiring less than a 1-degree variation from a gold-standard measurement on 10 consecutive test cases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOcular Examination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisual screening was conducted using the standardized protocol established in Zhejiang Province[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. All participants underwent visual acuity tests and non-cycloplegic autorefraction, administered by certified optometrists. Data on the use of corrective lenses (spectacles) was also collected via a standardized questionnaire. The spherical equivalent (SE), the primary indicator of refractive status, was calculated using the formula: SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sphere\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.5\u0026times;Cylinder. SE was calculated for each eye individually. This study classified refractive errors according to widely used clinical criteria, utilizing the spherical equivalent (SE) and cylinder values of one or both eyes.The severity is based on the more affected eye.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyopia: SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.50 D. Classified by severity as mild (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.00 D\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.50 D), moderate (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.00 D\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.00 D), or high (SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.00 D).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperopia: SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.50 D. Classified by severity as mild (+\u0026thinsp;0.50 D\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.00 D), moderate (+\u0026thinsp;2.00 D\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.00 D), or high (SE\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5.00 D).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAstigmatism: ∣Cylinder∣\u0026ge;1.00 D. Classified by severity as mild (1.00 D\u0026le;∣Cylinder∣\u0026lt;2.00 D), moderate (2.00 D\u0026le;∣Cylinder∣\u0026lt;3.00 D), or high (∣Cylinder∣\u0026ge;3.00 D).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnisometropia: Interocular SE difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.00 D. Classified by severity as mild (1.00 D\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.00 D), moderate (2.00 D\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3.00 D), or high (difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3.00 D).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eScoliosis Screening and Quality Control\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe screening protocol followed the National Standard of the People's Republic of China (GB/T 16133\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014) and is detailed in Supplementary Material .The screening protocol involved a visual inspection and the Adam's forward bend test to detect truncal asymmetry. If asymmetry was found, the Angle of Trunk Rotation (ATR) was measured with a scoliometer at the thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar segments. An ATR reading of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5\u0026deg; is known to capture approximately 87% of significant scoliosis cases[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].To rule out postural issues, participants with abnormal findings underwent spinal mobility tests followed by a repeat ATR measurement. To ensure data accuracy, each student was independently assessed by two screeners (with a third arbitrating discrepancies), and a quality control team performed random on-site re-measurements on 3\u0026ndash;5% of the cohort.(6)Screening Outcome Classification: Normal inspection, negative forward-bend test, and ATR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5∘ were classified as negative. Initial ATR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5∘ that normalized post-mobility tests indicated incorrect posture. A persistent ATR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5∘ was classified as a positive screening outcome for the purpose of this study. The severity of the truncal asymmetry was graded based on the ATR measurement: Grade I (5∘\u0026le;ATR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7∘), Grade II (7∘\u0026le;ATR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10∘), and Grade III (ATR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10∘).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0, with significance set at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and chi-square tests were used for baseline data analysis. Logistic and ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between positive screening results and refractive error. A stratified analysis was also performed to investigate the potential modifying effect of corrective lenses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch3\u003eOverall Prevalence\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 101,404 participants were included, comprising 54,185 males (53.43%) and 47,219 females (46.57%). The mean age was 10.84 \u0026plusmn; 2.92 years. As shown in Table 1, the overall positive rate of scoliosis screening was 2.89% (n=2,934). The prevalence of myopia was 64.99%, hyperopia 23.13%, astigmatism 42.11%, and anisometropia 21.76%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale/Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of incorrect posture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of positive \u0026nbsp;kyphosis screening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of positive scoliosis screening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of myopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of hyperopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of astigmatism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of anisometropia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6761 (6.67%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3486/3275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e681 (10.07%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.07%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (1.86%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1309 (19.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3821 (56.52%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2211 (32.70%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9.72%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10975 (10.82%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5877/5098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1018 (9.28%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.09%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (1.06%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2944 (26.82%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5234 (47.69%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3507 (31.95%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1066 (9.71%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8862 (8.74%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4760/4102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1022 (11.53%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (0.19%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (1.58%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3595 (40.57%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3099 (34.97%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2822 (31.84%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1130 (12.75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10164 (10.02%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5470/4694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1170 (11.51%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (0.13%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (1.77%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5499 (54.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2861 (28.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3485 (34.29%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1532 (15.07%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9705 (9.57%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5166/4539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1251 (12.89%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (0.25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230 (2.37%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6277 (64.68%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2131 (21.96%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3751 (38.65%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1794 (18.49%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11286 (11.13%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6036/5250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1401 (12.41%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (0.32%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246 (2.18%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8254 (73.13%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2110 (18.70%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4833 (42.82%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2613 (23.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10038 (9.90%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5390/4648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1290 (12.85%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (0.55%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338 (3.37%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8057 (80.26%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1485 (14.79%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4749 (47.31%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2628 (26.18%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9855 (9.72%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5371/4484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1565 (15.88%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (0.57%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238 (2.42%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8451 (85.75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1018 (10.33%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5050 (51.24%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2944 (29.87%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10538 (10.39%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5685/4853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1634 (15.51%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (0.65%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e458 (4.35%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9412 (89.31%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e845 (8.02%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5537 (52.54%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3395 (32.22%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9487 (9.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4959/4528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1279 (13.48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (0.74%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e598 (6.30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8657 (91.25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e629 (6.63%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4920 (51.86%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3121 (32.90%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3733(3.68%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1985/1748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(11.57%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(0.83%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264(7.07%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(92.47%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(49.18%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(31.77%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101404(100.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54185/47219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12743 (12.57%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386(0.38%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2934(2.89%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(64.99%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23457 (23.13%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42701 (42.11%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22066 (21.76%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 \u003cem\u003ePrevalence of positive scoliosis screening and refractive error stratified by age\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAssociation Between Positive Scoliosis Screening and Refractive Errors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 presents the distribution of basic demographic characteristics and ocular parameters. The prevalence of positive scoliosis screening was higher in the mild (3.56%), moderate (4.85%), and high myopia groups (5.34%) compared to the non-myopic group (1.97%) (P \u0026lt; 0.001). Participants using corrective lenses also had a higher prevalence of positive screening (3.90%) compared to those not using them (3.22%) (P \u0026lt; 0.001). Similar to the trend observed with myopia, participants with astigmatism and anisometropia had a significantly higher prevalence of positive scoliosis screening than those in the normal group (P \u0026lt; 0.001). Additionally, positive scoliosis screening was associated with age, BMI, and sex (all P \u0026lt; 0.001), with females exhibiting a higher prevalence than males.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith positive scoliosis screening \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (n = 2934)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContorl (n = 85429)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.30 \u0026plusmn;2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.73 \u0026plusmn;2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI(kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.52 \u0026plusmn;3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.33\u0026plusmn;4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex,n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Corrective Lenses\u0026nbsp;,n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyopia, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;-0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-0.50 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;=-6.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperopia, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;2.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAstigmatism, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026lt;1.00D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;2.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026gt;=3.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnisometropia, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026lt;1.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;2.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;3.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026gt;=3.0D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the study participants aged 6\u0026minus;20 years old based on whether with positive scoliosis screening (ATR\u0026gt;5˚) or without positive scoliosis screening (ATR\u0026lt;5˚)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDistribution of Asymmetry Location and Direction in Positive Screenings\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 2,934 participants who tested positive, the thoracolumbar segment was the most commonly affected region (52.83%), followed by the lumbar (23.86%) and thoracic (21.13%) segments. Double curves were infrequent (2.18%). Regarding curve direction, the proportions of left-sided and right-sided curves were nearly equal, at 49.73% and 48.09%, respectively (Table 3). As illustrated in the bidirectional bar chart (Fig.1), the thoracolumbar segment was the most frequently involved, and left-sided lumbar curves were more prevalent than right-sided ones (16.12% vs. 7.74%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive scoliosis screening \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThoracic curve\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThoracolumbar curve\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLumbar curve\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDouble curve\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirection of curvature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Right Direction,n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338(12.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e877(29.89%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227(7.74%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft direction,n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265(9.03%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e673(22.94%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e473(16.12%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal,n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e596(21.13%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1154(52.83%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e590(23.86%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(2.18%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight Direction :Left direction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1459(49.73%):1411(48.09%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 \u003cem\u003eThe location and direction of curvature in positive scoliosis screening participants\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAssociation Between Severity of Truncal Asymmetry and Refractive Errors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 details the distribution of truncal asymmetry severity and related factors. The severity of asymmetry was significantly associated with age, sex, and BMI (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Significant differences were also observed across different asymmetry severity levels in terms of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia (all P \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATR\u0026lt;5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026deg;\u0026lt;=ATR\u0026lt;7\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026deg;\u0026lt;=ATR\u0026lt;10\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026deg;\u0026lt;=ATR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.80\u0026plusmn;2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.21\u0026plusmn;2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.48\u0026plusmn;2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.03\u0026plusmn;2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI(kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.34\u0026plusmn;4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.59\u0026plusmn;3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.16\u0026plusmn;3.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.82\u0026plusmn;3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex,n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Corrective Lenses\u0026nbsp;,n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyopia, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;-0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-0.50 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;=-6.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperopia, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;2.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAstigmatism, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026lt;1.00D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;2.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026gt;=3.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnisometropia, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026lt;1.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;2.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;3.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026gt;=3.0D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 \u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eDistribution of participant characteristics across different angle of trunk rotation (ATR) ranges\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLogistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Positive Scoliosis Screening\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted for the entire cohort (Table 5). The results indicated that older age (OR = 1.240, P \u0026lt; 0.001), female sex (OR = 1.302, P \u0026lt; 0.001), and lower BMI (OR = 0.935, P \u0026lt; 0.001) were significant predictors. Regarding refractive errors, mild myopia (OR = 1.198, P = 0.007), moderate myopia (OR = 1.260, P = 0.003), high hyperopia (OR = 1.944, P \u0026lt; 0.001), high astigmatism (OR = 1.590, P \u0026lt; 0.001), and both mild (OR = 1.319, P \u0026lt; 0.001) and moderate anisometropia (OR = 1.393, P = 0.046) were all significantly associated with an increased likelihood of a positive screening.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.195-1.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.219-1.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001-1.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.924-0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.257-1.457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.208-1.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Corrective Lenses\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.111-1.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.011-1.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;-0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-0.50 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.663-2.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.051-1.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.284-2.815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.084-1.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;=-6.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.368-3.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.974-1.486\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperopia,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;2.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.482-0.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.845-1.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.418-0.696\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.602-1.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.731-1.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.492-2.533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAstigmatism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026lt;1.00D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;2.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.106-1.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.942-1.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.905-1.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.839-1.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026gt;=3.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.181-1.966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.225-2.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnisometropia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026lt;1.00D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;2.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.378-1.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.086-1.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;3.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.358-1.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.003-1.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026gt;=3.0D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.217-1.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.906-1.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 \u003cem\u003eLogistic regression analysis of factors associated with positive scoliosis screening\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, an ordinal logistic regression was performed to examine factors related to the severity of truncal asymmetry (Table 6). Age, sex, and BMI were also found to be significant predictors of higher severity grades. In this analysis, various degrees of hyperopia, and astigmatism were significantly associated with asymmetry severity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.195-1.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.243\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.222-1.265\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001-1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.934\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.923-0.945\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.713-0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.713-0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.257-1.457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.208-1.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Corrective Lenses\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730-1.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;-0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.355\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300-0.421\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.670-1.023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-0.50 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.651\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.555-0.764\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.837-1.178\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.765-1.063\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.046\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883-1.238\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;=-6.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperopia,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.074\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.846-1.362\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.513\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394-0.669\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;2.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.449-0.754\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.504\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.388-0.655\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.579\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.410-0.816\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.408\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288-0.577\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAstigmatism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026lt;1.00D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.509-0.847\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.628\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.484-0.815\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;2.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.612-1.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.499-0.855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.529-1.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473-0.905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026gt;=3.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnisometropia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026lt;1.00D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.670\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544-0.824\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.894\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719-1.111\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;2.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.011\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.812-1.258\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.062\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.848-1.331\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;3.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.066\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.827-1.375\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.052\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.813-1.361\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026gt;=3.0D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 \u003cem\u003eOrdinal logistic regression analysis of factors associated with truncal asymmetry severity (ATR Grade)\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStratified Analysis by Corrective Lens Use\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate whether corrective lenses modify the association, a stratified analysis was performed (Table 7). In the subgroup of participants\u0026nbsp;not wearing\u0026nbsp;corrective lenses, both mild (OR=1.228, p=0.005) and moderate (OR=1.305, p=0.002) myopia were significant risk factors for a positive screening. Critically, in the subgroup\u0026nbsp;wearing\u0026nbsp;corrective lenses, the association between all grades of myopia and a positive screening result was no longer statistically significant (all p \u0026gt; 0.05).In stark contrast, the associations for other refractive errors persisted or were strengthened in lens-wearers. High hyperopia (OR=2.438, p=0.005), high astigmatism (OR=1.870, p=0.031), and mild anisometropia (OR=1.438, p=0.001) remained significant risk factors for a positive screening result even among those wearing corrective lenses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Corrective Lenses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith Corrective Lenses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.218-1.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.223-1.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000-1.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918-0.977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.214-1.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.550-2.348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;-0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-0.50 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.063-1.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.775-1.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.00D\u0026lt;SE\u0026lt;=-3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.106-1.539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737-1.517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;=-6.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998-1.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.595-1.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperopia,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026lt;0.50 D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;2.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.862-1.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581-1.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE\u0026lt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.616-1.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.658\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.319-1.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u0026gt;5.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.407-2.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.314-4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAstigmatism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026lt;1.00D in both eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;2.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.967-1.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.691-1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=|Cylinder|\u0026lt;3.00 D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.754-1.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.898-2.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e|Cylinder|\u0026gt;=3.00D in one or two eyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.132-2.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.059-3.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnisometropia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026lt;1.00D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;2.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.030-1.280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.154-1.793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00D\u0026lt;=SE difference\u0026lt;3.00D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000-1.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.744-1.673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE difference\u0026gt;=3.0D\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.859-1.389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78-2.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7 \u003cem\u003eStratified multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with a positive scoliosis screening (ATR \u0026ge; 5\u0026deg;), by use of corrective lenses\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAssociation Between Kyphosis and Refractive Errors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificant differences were observed between the kyphosis group (n=386) and the normal group in terms of age, sex, and BMI (all P \u0026lt; 0.005). There were also significant differences in the distribution of various levels of myopia, hyperopia, and anisometropia (P \u0026lt; 0.001) (Supplementary Table 1). Logistic regression identified age, female sex, lower BMI, and moderate-to-high anisometropia as significant predictors of kyphosis (Supplementary Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a study to systematically conduct a large-scale analysis of the association between positive scoliosis screening results and refractive errors in over 100,000 individuals in China. The global prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis ranges from 0.47% to 5.2%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], and recent positive scoliosis screenings in China report rates between 2.37% and 6.15%[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Our finding of a 2.9% prevalence of positive screening in Zhejiang Province is within this range.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur analysis confirms that female sex, older age, and lower BMI are significant risk factors for both the presence and severity of positive scoliosis screening, aligning with previous studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, we observed that asymmetry most commonly affected the thoracolumbar segment (52.83%), with a nearly equal distribution of left- and right-sided curves. This pattern aligns with findings reported in studies from China (46.4%) and South Korea (53.6%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA central finding of our study is that positive screening results are significantly associated with all investigated types of refractive errors, not just myopia. While the link with myopia has been previously reported\u0026sup1;⁶, the independent associations we identified with high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and anisometropia are a crucial contribution, as these connections have been less documented.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA novel insight comes from our stratified analysis, which revealed a differential effect of corrective lenses. The association between myopia and truncal asymmetry is abrogated in individuals wearing corrective lenses. This finding strongly suggests that the link is mediated by compensatory postural adaptations to counteract blurred vision. Once the refractive error is corrected, this postural impetus is removed, and the association is consequently resolved. This observation aligns with the biomechanical principle that habitual poor posture can increase asymmetrical loading on the spine, thereby initiating or promoting spinal asymmetry[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the association between high hyperopia, high astigmatism, or anisometropia and truncal asymmetry persists and is even potentiated in children wearing corrective lenses, suggesting a common underlying etiology beyond postural factors.A potential mechanism involves a shared neurophysiological deficit. The maintenance of spinal alignment is critically dependent on the proprioceptive system, and visual deficits that compromise binocular vision and image clarity\u0026mdash;such as anisometropia and high astigmatism\u0026mdash;may impair the requisite integration of visual and proprioceptive signals for stable posture[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Consequently, refractive errors could represent the ocular phenotype of a systemic sensory integration dysfunction, with truncal asymmetry being the corresponding musculoskeletal phenotype. Future investigations are warranted to further elucidate this association by comparing the prevalence of radiographically confirmed scoliosis in children with refractory visual conditions relative to that in a matched control cohort.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, our study examined associations with sagittal spinal alignment. We found that older age, female sex, and lower BMI were also significant predictors for a positive kyphosis screening. Notably, moderate anisometropia was independently associated with a higher likelihood of kyphosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, the primary outcome was a positive screening for truncal asymmetry (ATR measurement), not a radiographic diagnosis of scoliosis; this is an imperfect proxy with a known false-positive rate. Second, while a formal inter-rater reliability coefficient was not calculated, a robust quality control protocol (including double-assessments and random re-testing) was implemented to ensure data consistency. Third, the broad age range (6\u0026ndash;20 years) was not stratified to account for different potential etiologies. Fourth, the use of non-cycloplegic refraction may have overestimated myopia prevalence. Finally, the cross-sectional design establishes association but precludes causal inference.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this large sample of Chinese school-aged children, we identified a significant association between various refractive errors and an increased likelihood of a positive scoliosis screening result. Our novel finding is the differential modifying effect of corrective lenses: the association with myopia appears to be posturally mediated and is nullified by spectacle wear, whereas the associations with high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and anisometropia persist, suggesting shared underlying etiological pathways. These findings underscore the complex relationship between visual and spinal health and suggest that integrated screening programs may be beneficial. Further longitudinal research with radiographic confirmation is required to elucidate these distinct causal mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372461, 82172494) and Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Foundation (ZY2023015)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConflict of interest :The authors declare that they have no financial or other conflict of interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Ethics approval:The study protocol was reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Approval No. 2024-K-355-01). This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData availability :No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Written informed consent:Written informed consent was obtained from all guardians of children participating in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eG.L., Y.L.C., and S.H.Z. conceptualized and designed the study, acquired and analyzed the data, and wrote the original manuscript draft; these three authors contributed equally to this work. S.Q.J., S.Y., and S.S. assisted with data collection and interpretation. C.Y.Y. contributed ophthalmologic expertise and performed a critical review of the manuscript. X.Y.W. and C.A.H. supervised the project and provided the final revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAltaf F, Gibson A, Dannawi Z, Noordeen H (2013) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BMJ 346:f2508. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2508\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHengwei F, Zifang H, Qifei W, et al (2016) Prevalence of Idiopathic Scoliosis in Chinese Schoolchildren: A Large, Population-Based Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41:259\u0026ndash;264. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001197\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUS Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al (2018) Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 319:165\u0026ndash;172. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19342\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKandel H, Khadka J, Goggin M, Pesudovs K (2017) Impact of refractive error on quality of life: a qualitative study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 45:677\u0026ndash;688. https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.12954\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuggenheim JA, Clark R, Zayats T, et al (2022) Assessing the contribution of genetic nurture to refractive error. Eur J Hum Genet 30:1226\u0026ndash;1232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-022-01126-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang C, Li L, Jan C, et al (2022) Association of School Education With Eyesight Among Children and Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 5:e229545. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9545\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCai Z, Wu R, Zheng S, et al (2021) Morphology and epidemiological study of idiopathic scoliosis among primary school students in Chaozhou, China. Environ Health Prev Med 26:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-00989-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEgorova TS, Smirnova TS, Romashin OV, Egorova IV (2016) Deformations of the vertebral column in the visually impaired schoolchildren presenting with complicated high myopia and the possibilities for its correction. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult 93:20\u0026ndash;25. https://doi.org/10.17116/kurort2016220-25\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUlusoy DM, Akkaya S, Batın S (2020) Evaluation of choroidal changes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Clin Exp Optom 103:320\u0026ndash;323. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12932\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou Y, Zhang XF, Chen XJ, et al (2023) Prevalence of anisometropia and influencing factors among school-age children in Nantong, China: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 11:1190285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190285\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu JB, Sun CH, Wang XY, et al. (2021) Research progress on the correlation between eye diseases and the etiology of adolescent scoliosis(in Chinese). Chin J Orthop;41(5):322-329 https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121113-20200909-00551\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCai J, Zhou Y, Chen X, et al (2024) Is refractive error a factor affecting scoliosis? PLoS One 19:e0303324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303324\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePan Y, Zhang H, Ye X, et al (2023) Study on the relationship between scoliosis and vision problems: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 102:e35178. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035178\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePan X-X, Huang C-A, Lin J-L, et al (2020) Prevalence of the thoracic scoliosis in children and adolescents candidates for strabismus surgery: results from a 1935-patient cross-sectional study in China. Eur Spine J 29:786\u0026ndash;793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06341-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoelho DM, Bonagamba GH, Oliveira AS (2013) Scoliometer measurements of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Braz J Phys Ther 17:179\u0026ndash;184. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012005000081\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKonieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R (2013) Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Child Orthop 7:3\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-012-0457-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMei Y, Lin Y-F, Gong Z, et al (2025) Prevalence of incorrect posture among school adolescents after the COVID-19 pandemic: a large population-based scoliosis screening in China. J Orthop Surg Res 20:156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-025-05479-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou J, Wang Y, Xie J, et al (2023) Scoliosis school screening of 139,922 multi-ethnic children in Dali, southwestern China: A large epidemiological study. iScience 26:108305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108305\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYan B, Lu X, Qiu Q, et al (2020) Predicting Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis among Chinese Children and Adolescents. Biomed Res Int 2020:1784360. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1784360\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu L, Wang X, Du S, et al (2024) Prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China: a cross-sectional study. Eur Spine J 33:673\u0026ndash;679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-023-08030-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuh S-W, Modi HN, Yang J-H, Hong J-Y (2011) Idiopathic scoliosis in Korean schoolchildren: a prospective screening study of over 1 million children. Eur Spine J 20:1087\u0026ndash;1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1695-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheung JPY (2020) The importance of sagittal balance in adult scoliosis surgery. Ann Transl Med 8:35. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.10.19\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen X, Ye Y, Zhu Z, et al (2024) Association between incorrect postures and curve magnitude of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in china. J Orthop Surg Res 19:300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-04767-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlecher R, Krief S, Galili T, et al (2017) The Proprioceptive System Masterminds Spinal Alignment: Insight into the Mechanism of Scoliosis. Dev Cell 42:388-399.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Scoliosis, Refractive Errors, Myopia, Hyperopia, Anisometropia, Children Screening","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7666808/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7666808/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose\u003c/strong\u003e: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of positive scoliosis screening and its associated factors in a large cohort of school-aged children, with a focus on the role of different types and severities of refractive error as potential risk factors, and to analyze the modifying effect of corrective lenses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: This cross-sectional study included 101,404 primary and secondary school students. Truncal asymmetry screening utilized the forward bend test and a scoliometer to measure the Angle of Trunk Rotation (ATR). A persistent ATR ≥ 5° was defined as a positive screening result. Refractive errors were diagnosed based on spherical equivalent (SE). Logistic regression and stratified analyses assessed associations between refractive errors and positive screening results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: The overall prevalence of a positive screening result was 2.89%. After adjusting for covariates, positive screenings were independently associated with mild-to-moderate myopia, high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and mild-to-moderate anisometropia (all P\u0026lt;.005).The stratified analysis revealed a dichotomy: in the subgroup of participants not wearing corrective lenses, myopia was a significant risk factor. However, this association was nullified in the subgroup wearing corrective lenses, whereas the associations with high hyperopia, high astigmatism, and anisometropia persisted regardless of lens use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eRefractive error are significant factors associated with positive scoliosis screening. The association between myopia and truncal asymmetry can be corrected by wearing glasses, whereas the associations for other refractive errors may stem from common underlying etiological pathways. These findings support the integration of vision and spinal health screenings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association Between Refractive Errors and Positive Scoliosis Screening Results: A Cross-Sectional Study of 101,404 School-Aged Children","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-12 13:58:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7666808/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"831c0279-e58d-4408-aa0d-6738cd2a0c8f","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-04T21:23:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-12 13:58:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7666808","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7666808","identity":"rs-7666808","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}