Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022)

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These studies assess the impact and reach of scholarly works by examining citation patterns, authorship trends, and publication metrics. Methods This study examines Saudi Arabia’s research paper output indexed in the Scopus database, utilizing bibliographic data from the SciVal database. SciVal provides comprehensive cross-searching capabilities across various citation indices and databases, offering multidisciplinary information from high-impact journals. The data aggregation from SciVal includes filtering options such as years, subject areas, publication sources, citation counts, and productivity metrics for researchers, institutions, and countries. Results This research focuses on Saudi Arabia’s research productivity and the performance of its top universities from 2013–2022. Additionally, information on average per capita GDP and total GDP for the past nine years was sourced from World Bank data. The analysis encompasses all nations that published research productivity articles annually within the specified period. The present study revealed that the research output from Saudi Arabia increased 320%, with an average annual growth rate of 16%. Conclusion The present study provides insights into the research productivity of Saudi Arabia and its leading universities, contributing to a broader understanding of global scientific output and its economic context. This study provides an idea to other nations to balance their research output vis-a-vis their economic growth. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] Bharti Chogtu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-9928 1 , Ritheesh V https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4719-3899 2 , Ashwath Naik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2443-4092 2 , Santhosh Venkata https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-5947 3 Bharti Chogtu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-9928 1 , Ritheesh V https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4719-3899 2 , Ashwath Naik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2443-4092 2 , Santhosh Venkata https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-5947 3 PUBLISHED 10 Jan 2025 Author details Author details 1 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India 2 Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India 3 Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India Bharti Chogtu Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Ritheesh V Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Ashwath Naik Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Santhosh Venkata Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Manipal Academy of Higher Education gateway. Abstract Background Bibliometric studies that employ quantitative methods are pivotal for evaluating and analysing the dissemination of scientific knowledge across various disciplines. These studies assess the impact and reach of scholarly works by examining citation patterns, authorship trends, and publication metrics. Methods This study examines Saudi Arabia’s research paper output indexed in the Scopus database, utilizing bibliographic data from the SciVal database. SciVal provides comprehensive cross-searching capabilities across various citation indices and databases, offering multidisciplinary information from high-impact journals. The data aggregation from SciVal includes filtering options such as years, subject areas, publication sources, citation counts, and productivity metrics for researchers, institutions, and countries. Results This research focuses on Saudi Arabia’s research productivity and the performance of its top universities from 2013–2022. Additionally, information on average per capita GDP and total GDP for the past nine years was sourced from World Bank data. The analysis encompasses all nations that published research productivity articles annually within the specified period. The present study revealed that the research output from Saudi Arabia increased 320%, with an average annual growth rate of 16%. Conclusion The present study provides insights into the research productivity of Saudi Arabia and its leading universities, contributing to a broader understanding of global scientific output and its economic context. This study provides an idea to other nations to balance their research output vis-a-vis their economic growth. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Saudi Arabia, Citations, Bibliometrics, Publications, Geography Corresponding Author(s) Santhosh Venkata ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Santhosh Venkata Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Chogtu B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Chogtu B, V R, Naik A and Venkata S. Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.1 ) First published: 10 Jan 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.1 ) Latest published: 28 Jan 2026, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.3 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. 1. Introduction Scientific research is a cornerstone of national development, reflecting a country’s intellectual progress and its contribution to global knowledge. In recent years, bibliometric studies have emerged as indispensable tools for understanding the dynamics of research productivity and its broader implications. These studies enable the evaluation of scientific output by examining key parameters such as citation impact, authorship trends, publication metrics, and institutional productivity. This article delves into the original research paper output of Saudi Arabia, as indexed in the Scopus database, over a decade (2013–2022), offering a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Saudi Arabia, the largest country in the Arabian Peninsula, spans approximately 2.15 million square kilometers and is characterized by a harsh, dry desert climate with significant temperature extremes. The population is approximately 36.5 million, predominantly Arab, with a significant proportion of expatriates. 1 Academically, Saudi Arabia has made significant strides, particularly under Vision 2030, which aims to diversify the economy and enhance human capital through educational reforms and research initiatives. 2 , 3 The country has seen an increase in scientific productivity and international collaboration. 4 – 6 Papers 7 , 8 highlight the challenges faced by the training needs assessment system in Saudi Arabian public universities, revealing issues such as inadequate HR processes, favouritism, and resource misuse. Saudi universities have adopted strategies for achieving sustainable development goals by adapting the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 framework. 9 Several bibliometric studies have been reported in the past indicating the impact of research at the individual, institution, country, etc., levels. A study reported in Ref. 10 investigated the relationship between higher education expenditures and economic development in Saudi Arabia over forty years (1978–2017) and reported no significant correlation despite substantial investment in higher education as part of the sustainable development process. Artificial intelligence awareness in higher education at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University is low, highlighting the need for increased awareness of its educational applications. 11 Emirates policies in transnational higher education transform academic institutions globally, impacting students, teachers, and administrators amid shifting globalization dynamics. 12 Integrating digital information and tutor quality enhances technology acceptance in education, with user traits and information flow influencing adoption. 13 Information communication technology use in Saudi universities is driven by computer self-efficacy, anxiety, and enjoyment, which impact students’ satisfaction and continued use for digital learning. 14 King Saud University council members contribute to institutional strategy through role-based responsibilities, technology use, multilevel engagement, and collaborative governance. 15 Students’ trajectory movements in and beyond academic spaces influence sustainable academic performance, impacting educational outcomes and development goals. 16 Strategic group analysis reveals UAE higher education institutions’ market segmentation, aiding competitive positioning and target market selection. 17 Task technology fit and information system success models reveal that system quality, information quality, and user experience drive students’ adoption of e-learning in higher education. 18 The technology acceptance model confirms that perceived ease of use and usefulness influence students’ intention to use a learning management system, guiding policy and strategy in Saudi universities. 19 Saudi institutions support Vision 2030 by prioritizing modern curricula, industry-aligned learning, skilled graduates, research innovation, and global collaboration to bridge education-market gaps. 20 Students’ satisfaction with IAU service quality is influenced by Gulf culture, professionalism, and institutional factors, guiding policymakers in enhancing educational service quality. 21 The HF-HEQ-BI framework uses BI dashboards to monitor QA in KSA HEIs, integrating NCAAA standards, KPIs, and social media sentiment analysis for timely decision-making. 22 Students at King Khalid University rate service quality lower than expected, with assurance scoring highest and empathy lowest, showing gender-based differences in tangible evaluations. 23 Organizational, individual, and technology factors drive creativity in Saudi HEIs, fostering research and teaching innovation for a knowledge-based economy. 24 Research infrastructure, knowledge generation, and organizational support drive the research culture in Saudi higher education institutions, enhancing faculty performance but not mitigating unproductive behaviours. 25 , 26 Qualitative researchers in the KSA face challenges related to organizational, social, cultural, and methodological factors, highlighting the need for institutional support and policy reform. 27 High-performance HR practices such as training, recognition, and internal mobility increase faculty career success and research performance, whereas decision-making participation hinders research output. 28 Saudi T&I research grew significantly from 1990–2019, with a surge in publications after 2010, driven by pedagogy-focused studies and expanding university translation departments. 29 A 44-item scale with 5 dimensions was validated to measure perceived IT service quality in higher education, which was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. 30 OER adoption in higher education is influenced by relative advantage, observability, complexity, and compatibility, with calls for initiatives to address trialability and compatibility challenges. 31 The KSA ranks 41st globally in OA publications, with significant growth in the past decade, led by King Saud University, and the most cited works are from King Abdulaziz University. 32 Medical students at Majmaah University relied on online resources during the COVID-19 pandemic, with males and high-GPA students shifting more, highlighting the need for proactive academic support. 33 Global university OA adoption is tracked for 963 institutions, highlighting methodological challenges and the need for better OS policy indicators. 34 COVID-19 research highlights China’s leadership and growing global collaboration, with 91.4% of 2020 publications providing open access, reflecting urgent efforts to share knowledge. 35 LIS research in the Arab region has grown significantly, with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia leading, with a focus on academic libraries, bibliometrics, and social media, whereas areas such as AI and digital libraries need more attention. 36 In conclusion, Saudi Arabia’s research landscape is witnessing a paradigm shift driven by strategic investments, targeted research domains, comprehensive funding mechanisms, and the integration of advanced technologies. The findings serve as benchmarks for policymakers, researchers, and academic institutions to identify opportunities for enhancing research impact and aligning scientific endeavors with national development goals. Additionally, to contextualize these findings, the study incorporates economic indicators such as average per capita gross domestic product (GDP) (current US$) and total gross domestic product (GDP) (current US$) for Saudi Arabia during the same period, derived from World Bank sources. In addition, we hope to provide national benchmarking data that can be helpful to researchers for the purposes of planning and monitoring institutional development for the purposes of performance review. The objective of the present study is to provide an updated and systematic examination of the development and current state of research productivity in Saudi Arabia. 1.1 Details of the data In this study, bibliometric analysis to evaluate published papers using the SciVal tool via the Scopus database, focusing on articles published over a nine-year period. The research team searched the SciVal database ( http://www.scival.com ), limiting the search to keywords and publications from 2013 to 2022. Only original articles from this period were included, while editorials, conference papers, reviews, and other types of publications were excluded. Publications in all languages were considered, with no additional filters applied. Preliminary analyses were conducted using SciVal tools to gather information about authors, affiliations, and journals. The retrieved data were downloaded from SciVal, and the metadata of the final collection were exported to a CSV file. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics). Continuous variables were described using means ± standard deviations, and categorical variables were presented as percentages. Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables, while an independent sample t-test was used to analyze mean differences between two groups. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess correlations between variables, with values ranging from -1 to +1. The rho score interpretation was as follows: 0.75 a robust correlation. A p-value of 0.05 was adopted as the significance threshold. Methods This article analyses Saudi Arabia’s original research paper output indexed in the Scopus database. The bibliographic data were retrieved from the SciVal database, a Web-based database that provides simultaneous cross-searching of a range of citation indices and databases, with multidisciplinary information from high-impact journals. It aggregates bibliographic data from the SciVal citation indices and offers various data filtering options, such as years, subject areas, sources of publication, citation counts, productivity of researchers, institutions, countries, etc. In this study, we investigate Saudi Arabia’s research productivity as well as the productivity of these nations’ top universities from 2013–2022, as provided in the SciVal database, and information regarding their average per capita GDP and total GDP were gathered from World Bank sources for the previous nine years. The analysis included all the nations that published research productivity articles annually between 2013 and 2022. Bibliometric studies have become an essential tool for evaluating and analysing the proliferation of scientific knowledge within various disciplines. By employing quantitative methods, these studies assess the impact and reach of scholarly works through the examination of citation patterns, authorship trends, and publication metrics. 1.2 Publications To identify the total Saudi Arabia’s research output, a country field tag, Saudi Arabia, was used in the SciVal database as a search option. Publications published from 2013–2022 were considered for the analysis in the proposed work. With this method, a total of 296599 papers were retrieved. The retrieved documents were then refined by using the “publication type” section to identify Saudi Arabia’s research output in journal articles. Only journal articles were included in this study, and other documents, such as conference papers, letters, reviews, editorials, and meeting abstracts, were excluded. For this study, we included 238366 articles, and the publication years of the included articles are presented as both numbers and percentages. The number of publications increased significantly by 320% over a period of ten years, from 11,695 in 2013 to 49,136 in 2022 ( Table 1 ). Publications increased consistently between 2013 and 2022, with a significant acceleration in the last few years. The change in pattern suggests that academic activity and research output increased significantly throughout this time. A productivity index was calculated to compare the individual growth trend according to its baseline in 2013, defined as (Current Year Total – 2013 total)/2013 Total. 37 Table 1. Yearwise growth of publications. Year Publications (%) Growth rate Average growth rate (%) 2013 11695 (4.9%) 0 0 2014 14232 (6.0%) 2537 21.7 2015 15921 (6.7%) 1689 11.9 2016 16979 (7.1%) 1058 6.6 2017 17232 (7.2%) 253 1.5 2018 18774 (7.9%) 1542 8.9 2019 22497 (9.4%) 3723 19.8 2020 31436 (13.2%) 8939 39.7 2021 40464 (17.0%) 9028 28.7 2022 49136 (20.6%) 8672 21.4 Total 238366 37441 Average = 16.0 # Average growth rate (%) was calculated to compare the individual growth trend according to its baseline in 2013, defined as (number of publications in the present year – number of publications in the base year)/number of publications in the base year. Table 1 reflects the yearly distribution of articles published in the journal within the specified period (2013–2022) and shows the percentage of the number of articles published each year. The figure also revealed that a total of 238,366 research papers were published during this period, with an average growth rate of 16.0% papers per year. There is an increase in the number of publications found each year, and it continued in all the later years of study. The highest growth rate was recorded in 2020, with a growth rate of 39.7%, followed by 2021, with a growth rate of 28.27%. The growth rate is calculated via the following formula. It is evident from the figure shown above that the number of articles published each year in this journal tends to be used to measure the growth of the literature. Figure 1 depicts the yearly total number of publications and the average impact score of the FWVI and FWCI received per paper per year. Importantly, there has been a substantial and consistent increase in the number of publications over the years, and the FWCI shows a general upwards trend, indicating improved citation impact over time; however, despite the increasing number of publications, the relative viewership impact has diminished over the years. The continuous increase in the number of publications is accompanied by a steady rise in the FWCI, with a significant positive correlation (R 2 = 0.66, P = 0.039) across the years. This finding indicates that the increase in volume has not diluted citation quality; rather, it has improved it. In contrast to the FWCI, the FWVI is not positively correlated (R 2 = -0.83, P = 0.003) with an increase in the number of publications. Compared with those of the FWCI and FWVI, both metrics initially improved, but after 2015, their paths diverged. The FWCI continued to rise, indicating increasing citation impact, whereas the FWVI declined. Figure 1. Publication trends with the FWVI and FWCI over time. Figure 2 Saudi Arabia’s scholarly output and field-weighted citation impact, 2018–2023: There is clearly substantial variation across research productivity and impact. While leading in the volume of scholarly outputs at 67,174 publications, the field-weighted citation impact was almost lower at 1.78 than that of other disciplines. Medicine followed with 51,967 and a citation impact of 1.33. In the fields of computer science and materials science, large outputs are found, with 51,438 and 47,395 publications, respectively, with higher citation impacts of 1.62 and 1.81, respectively, and thus more substantial influence per publication. Chemistry, Physics, Astronomy, and Mathematics also have well-balanced contributions, with outputs of 42,520–34,421 and citation impacts of approximately 1.67–1.76. Although lower outputs can be found in biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology, with 32,927, their impact of 1.56 is remarkable. Another example includes Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science, with outputs of 27,130 and 23,993, respectively, which amount to robust citation impacts of 1.66 and 1.80. These data demonstrate the diverse research landscape in Saudi Arabia, which manifests high productivity and considerable implications across many fields of science. Figure 2. Scholarly output and field-weighted citation impact across disciplines in Saudi Arabia. As shown in Figure 3 , the top 10 research topics in Saudi Arabian publications for the period from 2018–2023 range from a wide array of focus areas, thereby underpinning the breadth of research initiatives the country has undertaken. For heat transfer, the Nusselt number is the most prolific cluster, with nearly 7,000 publications, underlining a strong orientation toward thermodynamics and related engineering applications. The next ones are “Photocatalysis” and “COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2,” with over 5,000 publications each, reflecting global and regional priorities in renewable energy solutions and pandemic-related research. Other key clusters are “Algorithms, Computer Science,” “Plasmons, Metamaterials,” and “Secondary Batteries,” each contributing 3,000–5,000 publications on improvements in computational techniques, nanotechnology, and energy storage technologies. Intense research has also been conducted in “Tooth; Bone and Bones,” “Wireless Sensor Networks,” “Graphene; Carbon Nanotubes,” and “Fractional; Fractional Calculus,” all with large outputs, which thus focus on biomedical engineering and communication technologies, as well as advanced materials science. This broad list of productive research areas highlights the comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach Saudi Arabia has toward scientific inquiry. Figure 3. Top 10 research topic clusters in Saudi Arabian publications. Figure 4 represents a comprehensive view of authorship trends in academic publications over a decade, from 2013–2022. The number of authors per publication is based on the figure provided, and we can observe trends and changes in authorship over the years. A Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to compare the median number of authorships per publication across the years, resulting in a p value of 0.001. The data highlight that the median number of authors per article increased from four (IQR: 1–2263) in 2013 to six (IQR: 1–2302) in 2016. This highlights that the median number of authors per publication has shown a clear upwards trend and that the number of authors per paper has significantly increased over the 10-year period (P <0.001). The data from 2013–2022 show a clear pattern of decreasing isolated events (singles and doubles) and a corresponding increase in larger clusters (three occurrences and four or more occurrences). In 2013, publications with four or more authors constituted 50.9% of the total, and this proportion grew to 75.5% by 2022. In 2013, single-author publications made up 11.9% of the total, but by 2022, this figure had dropped to just 6.8%. This decline reflects a growing trend towards collaborative research. Figure 4. Yearly trend in the number of authors per publication. The radar chart in Figure 5 reveals Saudi Arabia’s excellent performance on some of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, 2018–2023, against the world average. Saudi Arabia is exemplary in SDG 7, Affordable and Clean Energy, and SDG 9, Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, above the world average. This redundantly underlines that this nation is rightly committed to developing clean energy agendas and infrastructural development. Moreover, Saudi Arabia performs well with respect to SDG 16 in terms of peace, justice, and strong institutions and with respect to SDG 8 in terms of decent work and economic growth, hence truly succeeding in building a society that works both stably and moderately and is economically dynamic. This means that the country does show its commitment to sustainable development and what it has been able to do thus far in taking concrete initiatives toward pursuing some of the critical global challenges that affect humankind. Figure 5. Comparison of the performance of Saudi Arabia in terms of UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). 2. Analysis The data on publications from national and international collaborations paint a vivid picture of the evolving landscape of scientific research. A higher count of publications suggests international collaboration and greater visibility, knowledge exchange, and potential for broader societal impact. International collaborations clearly dominate in terms of sheer volume, reflecting the global nature of modern scientific inquiry and the increasing emphasis on cross-border collaboration, as shown in Figure 6a . The data provided the maximum number of international collaborations for each year from 2013–2022, as shown in Figure 6b . The maximum number of international collaborations varied each year, ranging from 42 in 2013 to 130 in 2020. There are fluctuations in the maximum number of international collaborations across the years, with some years experiencing significant increases or decreases compared with the previous year, with 2020 standing out as the year with the highest maximum international collaborations, reaching 130. Figure 6. Global collaboration in scientific publications: Yearly trends in international partnerships. Figure 7 shows that both national and international collaborative papers consistently and significantly increased over the observed period. This indicates a growing trend towards collaborative research, both within the country and internationally. The number of papers resulting from international collaboration increased more than fourfold from 2013 to 2022. There was a noticeable acceleration in growth from 2018 onwards, and the highest growth occurred between 2019 and 2020, where the number of papers surged by 6,520, reaching 23,483 in 2020, indicating a significant 38.4% increase. The number of national collaborative papers increased steadily from 3,255 in 2013 to 9,944 in 2022. The average annual growth rate for national collaborations stands at approximately 16.9%, reflecting a steady but slightly slower expansion than that of international collaborations. While both types of collaboration have increased significantly, international collaboration has seen a more substantial numerical increase than national collaboration has, but national collaboration has shown consistent proportional growth, indicating a sustained effort within institute collaborative research. In conclusion, a positive correlation of r = 0.988, p value = 0.001 between national and international publications in Saudi Arabia indicates a very strong relationship, suggesting that efforts to promote research effectively contribute to both national and international scholarly outputs. Figure 7. Trends in national and international research collaborations. From Table 2 , a Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to compare the mean FWVI and FWCI scores between country-by-country collaborative and national collaborative publications, resulting in a p value of 0.001. This indicates a statistically significant difference between the mean FWVI and FWCI scores in publications between country-by-country collaborative and national collaborative publications. The data highlight the potential impact of collaboration in publications on citation metrics, with multiple collaboration papers (1.41 ± 3.47) showing a higher mean FWVI in publications but also greater variability than national collaboration papers (0.98 ± 1.34), similar to FWCI citations. Overall, the data suggest that international collaborations have a stronger impact in terms of both views and citations than do national collaborations. Table 2. Differences in impact scores between international and national collaboration research outputs. National collaborations International collaborations Result Mean ± SD Mean ± SD P value * FWVI 0.98 ± 1.34 1.41 ± 3.47 <0.001 FWCI 0.84 ± 1.48 1.73 ± 6.68 <0.001 * Mann–Whitney U test. Both national and international open access collaboration have shown a consistent upwards trend over the observed period, as shown in Figure 8 . The percentage of open access publications from national collaborations started at 3.6% in 2013 and increased steadily each year, reaching 22.4% by 2022. This growth is notable, showing a more than sixfold increase over the decade. Significant annual increases are observed, particularly from 2018 onwards, where the percentage jumped from 7.4% to 10.5% in 2019, marking a substantial 3.1% increase in a single year. The highest growth rate was observed between 2019 and 2020, with a 5.6% increase. International collaboration in open access started slightly lower than national collaboration at 3.1% in 2013 but experienced a more dramatic rise, reaching 26.3% by 2022. This represents an eightfold increase. The data reveal a steady increase each year, with notable jumps between 2019 and 2020 (from 8.8% to 13.7%) and a significant increase from 2021 to 2022 (from 20.0% to 26.3%). These jumps suggest potential influences on increasing global research networks. In conclusion, a positive correlation of r = 0.979, p value = 0.001 between national and international open access publications in Saudi Arabia indicates a very strong relationship, suggesting that efforts to promote research in open access publications effectively contribute to both national and international scholarly outputs. Figure 8. Growth of OA publications with and without international collaboration. In assessing the patterns of collaboration in scientific research by Saudi Arabia, researchers with others in the rest of the world were included. The top 10 foreign organizations collaborating with Saudi Arabia organizations in research contributed 183536 papers. Egypt leads with a substantial 17.0% of the total 183,536 collaborative documents, highlighting strong research collaboration. India (5.8%, 10560 papers) and the United States (5.0%, 9115 papers) follow closely, demonstrating their role in producing impactful research with Saudi Arabia, followed distantly by Pakistan (5.0%, 9112 papers), China (2.9%, 5279 papers), Tunisia (2.0%, 3702 papers), the United Kingdom (2.0%, 3603), Malaysia (1.7%, 3030 papers), Canada (1.6%, 2854 papers), and Australia (1.0%, 1767 papers) from 2013–2022, as shown in Table 3 . Comparative analysis of scholarly publications and their citation impact for Saudi Arabia and its collaborating countries, 2018–2023. Malaysia achieves the highest average FWVI at 1.61, suggesting that its collaborative publications with Saudi Arabia receive significantly more attention than the world average does, and Australia receives notable attention for their research, as indicated by their high FWVI score of 1.46, indicating that their collaborative work is well recognized and viewed. Similarly, China has the highest FWCI at 2.53, indicating that its collaborative research with Saudi Arabia is exceptionally impactful. However, at least from the data presented, what was surprising was that too many such publications were not matched by a proportionate high citation impact or other such measures. Some collaborating countries show a reduced count of publications offset with an impact score, hence a focus on creating impactful research. It also exemplifies how enhancing the quality and impact of research is as important as increasing scholarly output to achieve greater recognition and influence in the eyes of the global academic community. Table 3. Top ten countries that collaborated in publications with Saudi Arabia, 2013–2022. COUNTRY Documents (n=183536) (%) Average FWVI Average FWCI Egypt 31250 (17.0%) 0.97 1.08 India 10560 (5.8%) 0.96 1.26 United States 9115 (5.0%) 1.34 1.44 Pakistan 9112 (5.0%) 0.87 1.45 China 5279 (2.9%) 1.29 2.53 Tunisia 3702 (2.0%) 0.92 0.86 United Kingdom 3603 (2.0%) 1.27 1.23 Malaysia 3030 (1.7%) 1.61 1.17 Canada 2854 (1.6%) 1.11 1.05 Australia 1767 (1.0%) 1.46 1.33 Table 4. Research productivity ranking of Saudi Arabia’s top five universities. Sl. No. Name of University The ranking Total publications International collaboration paper Open access publication FWVI (Mean & SD) FWCI (Mean & SD) 1 King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals 201-250 13165 8117 (61.7%) 4231 (32.1%) 1.24 ± 1.16 1.48 ± 2.24 2 King Abdulaziz University 251-300 44849 37282 (83.1%) 21097 (47.0%) 1.27 ± 2.13 1.90 ± 9.84 3 King Saud University 401-500 49288 37055 (75.2%) 25479 (51.7%) 1.23 ± 3.67 1.46 ± 4.52 4 Prince Sultan University (PSU) 401-500 3440 2874 (83.6%) 2210 (64.2%) 1.42 ± 1.41 2.09 ± 3.28 5 Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University 401-500 3827 2835 (74.1%) 1897 (49.6%) 1.05 ± 1.51 1.21 ± 2.60 Saudi Arabia has made significant strides in higher education and research, reflected in the performance of its top universities in the Times Higher Education (THE) rankings. This report provides a detailed analysis of the performance of the leading Saudi Arabian universities on the basis of various metrics. The University King Saud University is ranked 401–500. It has the highest number of total publications among the universities listed, with 49,288 publications. Prince Sultan University (PSU), which is also in the 401–500 range, excels in international collaboration (83.6%) and open access publications (64.2%), indicating a strong global research presence. Furthermore, PSU’s field-weighted view impact (FWVI) of 1.42 and field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) of 2.09 are the highest among the listed universities, reflecting its research’s substantial influence and visibility. In summary, while King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals is top ranked, Prince Sultan University stands out for its high research impact and global collaboration. King Saud University leads in research output, demonstrating significant productivity. Each institution has unique strengths, contributing to a diverse and dynamic research landscape in the region. This reflects high-level results on the number of publications published, their citation impact and how well research institutions internationally collaborate in science. This underscores the country’s strong emphasis on research quality and quantity over the years, with the year-to-year rise in publishing volume accompanying the increasing citation impact. Second, the table highlights Saudi Arabia’s success in working in partnership with universities and research institutions worldwide to build a broader and more international research base. The total number of publications included in this study was 238366. The mean per capita GDP for Saudi Arbia countries is 797.3±130.8 US$ (per billion dollars). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the GDP per capita and total number of research documents among Saudi Arabia countries during the period 2013–2022. However, we did not find a strong positive correlation between per capita GDP and research outcomes (r = 0.600, p value = 0.067). Moreover, from the table, we can observe that there are strong positive (low correlation values) relationships between the number of publications as well as the citation impact and international collaboration. These results infer that enhanced collaborative efforts and greater publication productivity are correlated with better citation impact, thus verifying the overall strategy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards collaboration and abundant research publishing culture to ensure an improvement in quality as well as in conducting research with global outreach. It is a trajectory that aligns with Saudi Arabia’s ambition to improve its academic and scientific rank on the global map. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia’s evolving research landscape from 2013–2022, highlighting the nation’s strategic investments in higher education and research infrastructure. Over this period, the research output experienced an unprecedented 320% increase, with an average annual growth rate of 16%, underscoring Saudi Arabia’s commitment to enhancing its global research presence. This sustained growth trajectory reflects the nation’s focused efforts to establish itself as a significant contributor to the international research community. The thematic trajectory of Saudi Arabia’s research reveals a shift toward diverse, interdisciplinary, and high-impact domains. Notably, academic institutions such as King Saud University and Prince Sultan University have played instrumental roles in this transformation. These universities have demonstrated exemplary performance, particularly in fostering robust international collaborations and producing high-impact research outputs. The study highlights a significant fourfold increase in international collaborations, particularly with countries such as Egypt, India, and the United States. These partnerships have facilitated cross-border knowledge exchange and coauthorship of impactful research, aligning with Saudi Arabia’s strategic goal of fostering global academic alliances. One of the most salient insights from this study is the correlation between multiauthored, collaborative publications and heightened citation and viewership impacts. This finding underscores the value of collective research efforts, as interdisciplinary and cross-institutional collaboration significantly enhances research visibility and influence. Moreover, the study identifies the expansion of open-access publishing as a critical driver of this visibility. Open-access publications have democratized access to scholarly work, facilitating broader dissemination and increasing the readership of Saudi Arabia’s research output. The study’s examination of the relationship between economic indicators and research performance offers a nuanced perspective. While Saudi Arabia’s GDP per capita remains lower than that of Western economies such as the United States and several European nations, the analysis reveals no direct association between GDP per capita and research outcomes. This finding indicates that targeted investments in research capacity-building and institutional infrastructure, rather than macroeconomic indicators, are the primary drivers of research success in Saudi Arabia. The study’s findings challenge conventional assumptions that economic wealth alone determines research productivity, thereby highlighting the role of strategic planning and investment. Despite its comprehensive scope, this study has certain limitations. Addressing these limitations could provide a more nuanced understanding of the underlying factors influencing research productivity and impact. For example, incorporating additional forms of scholarly outputs such as patents, books, and case studies, as well as considering input factors such as research funding, faculty capacity, and institutional support, would offer a more holistic view of Saudi Arabia’s research ecosystem and better inform policy development and strategic planning. It focuses primarily on journal publications indexed in Scopus, excluding other significant scholarly outputs such as patents, books, and case studies. Additionally, input factors such as research funding, faculty capacity, and institutional support—critical elements for evaluating research ecosystems—were not considered in this analysis. Future studies should incorporate these variables to provide a more holistic assessment of Saudi Arabia’s research ecosystem and the factors driving its growth. In summary, this study underscores Saudi Arabia’s dynamic evolution in research productivity and impact from 2013–2022. The 320% increase in research output, alongside an annual growth rate of 16%, exemplifies the nation’s deliberate and strategic efforts to cultivate a globally competitive research environment. The study’s analysis captures thematic shifts in research focus, increased collaborative activities, and notable changes in scientific impact. Key academic institutions, notably King Saud University and Prince Sultan University, have exhibited outstanding performance in fostering international collaboration and producing high-impact research. The fourfold increase in international collaborations—particularly with Egypt, India, and the United States—further highlights Saudi Arabia’s commitment to building strategic global partnerships. The rise in open-access publishing has been another significant development, expanding the global reach of Saudi Arabian research and ensuring greater accessibility to scholarly outputs. Compared with global trends in open-access publishing, Saudi Arabia’s growth aligns with the broader movement toward open-access dissemination, which aims to democratize knowledge and increase the visibility of academic research. This alignment positions Saudi Arabia as an active participant in a global shift towards greater accessibility and transparency in scholarly communication. The findings challenge traditional notions that higher GDP per capita necessarily correlates with better research outcomes, instead emphasizing that strategic investment in research infrastructure, collaboration, and open-access dissemination are key determinants of success. While the study’s limitations—notably its focus on Scopus-indexed journal articles and its exclusion of other scholarly outputs—should be addressed in future research, its findings offer valuable insights into Saudi Arabia’s evolving research ecosystem. The results emphasize the growing impact of collaboration, the critical role of academic institutions, and the increasing significance of open-access dissemination. The transformation of Saudi Arabia’s research landscape is characterized by substantial growth in productivity, collaboration, and impact, reflecting the nation’s ambition to become a globally influential research hub. Future research should examine alternative scholarly outputs, key input variables, and the role of interdisciplinary collaboration to provide a more comprehensive view of Saudi Arabia’s research capacity and its contributions to the global academic community. Ethics and consent Ethical approval and consent were not required. 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Siddique N, Ur Rehman S, Ahmad S, et al. : Library and information science research in the Arab World: a bibliometric analysis 1951–2021. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. 2023 Jan 10; 72 (1/2): 138–159. Publisher Full Text 37. MagazineChogtu B, Ritheesh VR, et al. : Saudi Bibliometric data.2024, December 24. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 10 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India 2 Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India 3 Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India Bharti Chogtu Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Ritheesh V Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Ashwath Naik Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Santhosh Venkata Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (3) version 3 Revised Published: 28 Jan 2026, 14:61 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 May 2025, 14:61 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.2 version 1 Published: 10 Jan 2025, 14:61 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.1 Copyright © 2025 Chogtu B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Chogtu B, V R, Naik A and Venkata S. Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160450.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 10 Jan 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mirah M. Reviewer Report For: Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176354.r371040 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-61/v1#referee-response-371040 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 25 Apr 2025 Mahir Mirah , Taibah University, Medina, Al Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176354.r371040 1. Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” 2. ... Continue reading READ ALL 1. Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” 2. The document uses multiple abbreviations that should be explained when they appear for the first time but currently remain undefined. The set of examples includes UAE as well as HF-HEQ-BI and QA in KSA HEIs and NCAAA standards and KPIs. 3. Multiple weaknesses appear within the methodology part. The article lacks details about the procedures for selecting studies from a Saudi Arabia within Scopus and how data validity was established and how many researchers performed the search to guarantee reliability and reproducibility. The process documents lack information about how researchers handled the screening of articles. 4. in figure 4 and figure 2 there are incomplete data for example plasmons;.... 5. The discussion fails to provide sufficient detail regarding the significant results within the research. The manuscript could improve by executing an expanded comparative research method that links its results with other research from the literature base. 6. The conclusion extends beyond normal boundaries in length. This section should present a succinct overview which contains only the major findings and their essential implications from the study. 7. The article written or uses artificial intelligence (AI) in the writing process. The manuscript fails to address whether the articles were created by artificial intelligence (AI). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: I have earned both my PhD in Dental Materials along with my Master’s degree in Endodontics from the University of Manchester located in UK. My research interests include: The scientific field of dental sciences utilizes systematic reviews and narrative reviews as part of its research methods. Bibliometric analyses, original studies, and clinical cases. I conduct studies in dental materials through my work with composites and adhesives and restorative technology. The field of endodontics includes the use of instrumentation functions and obturation methods and regenerative treatment procedures. General dentistry research methods and evidence-based dental practice form broader aspects of my study. I possess the ability to perform competent manuscript assessment within the fields of dental materials as well as endodontics and general dentistry-related research. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mirah M. Reviewer Report For: Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176354.r371040 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-61/v1#referee-response-371040 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 24 Jun 2025 Santhosh Venkata , Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India 24 Jun 2025 Author Response Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper ... Continue reading Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” Response: As suggested, we have updated 2. The document uses multiple abbreviations that should be explained when they appear for the first time but currently remain undefined. The set of examples includes UAE as well as HF-HEQ-BI and QA in KSA HEIs and NCAAA standards and KPIs. Response: Suggestions are incorporated 3. Multiple weaknesses appear within the methodology part. The article lacks details about the procedures for selecting studies from a Saudi Arabia within Scopus and how data validity was established and how many researchers performed the search to guarantee reliability and reproducibility. The process documents lack information about how researchers handled the screening of articles. Response: As per the suggestion, methodology has been updated. 4. in figure 4 and figure 2 there are incomplete data for example plasmons;.... Response: The chart type has been changed to address the discrepancy. 5. The discussion fails to provide sufficient detail regarding the significant results within the research. The manuscript could improve by executing an expanded comparative research method that links its results with other research from the literature base. Response: The discussion part has been updated, and now it talks more about the observations from the research. 6. The conclusion extends beyond normal boundaries in length. This section should present a succinct overview which contains only the major findings and their essential implications from the study. Response: The conclusion has been condensed for greater impact and clarity. 7. The article written or uses artificial intelligence (AI) in the writing process. The manuscript fails to address whether the articles were created by artificial intelligence (AI). Response: AI tools are not used for writing /editing the present submitted manuscript. Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” Response: As suggested, we have updated 2. The document uses multiple abbreviations that should be explained when they appear for the first time but currently remain undefined. The set of examples includes UAE as well as HF-HEQ-BI and QA in KSA HEIs and NCAAA standards and KPIs. Response: Suggestions are incorporated 3. Multiple weaknesses appear within the methodology part. The article lacks details about the procedures for selecting studies from a Saudi Arabia within Scopus and how data validity was established and how many researchers performed the search to guarantee reliability and reproducibility. The process documents lack information about how researchers handled the screening of articles. Response: As per the suggestion, methodology has been updated. 4. in figure 4 and figure 2 there are incomplete data for example plasmons;.... Response: The chart type has been changed to address the discrepancy. 5. The discussion fails to provide sufficient detail regarding the significant results within the research. The manuscript could improve by executing an expanded comparative research method that links its results with other research from the literature base. Response: The discussion part has been updated, and now it talks more about the observations from the research. 6. The conclusion extends beyond normal boundaries in length. This section should present a succinct overview which contains only the major findings and their essential implications from the study. Response: The conclusion has been condensed for greater impact and clarity. 7. The article written or uses artificial intelligence (AI) in the writing process. The manuscript fails to address whether the articles were created by artificial intelligence (AI). Response: AI tools are not used for writing /editing the present submitted manuscript. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 24 Jun 2025 Santhosh Venkata , Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India 24 Jun 2025 Author Response Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper ... Continue reading Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” Response: As suggested, we have updated 2. The document uses multiple abbreviations that should be explained when they appear for the first time but currently remain undefined. The set of examples includes UAE as well as HF-HEQ-BI and QA in KSA HEIs and NCAAA standards and KPIs. Response: Suggestions are incorporated 3. Multiple weaknesses appear within the methodology part. The article lacks details about the procedures for selecting studies from a Saudi Arabia within Scopus and how data validity was established and how many researchers performed the search to guarantee reliability and reproducibility. The process documents lack information about how researchers handled the screening of articles. Response: As per the suggestion, methodology has been updated. 4. in figure 4 and figure 2 there are incomplete data for example plasmons;.... Response: The chart type has been changed to address the discrepancy. 5. The discussion fails to provide sufficient detail regarding the significant results within the research. The manuscript could improve by executing an expanded comparative research method that links its results with other research from the literature base. Response: The discussion part has been updated, and now it talks more about the observations from the research. 6. The conclusion extends beyond normal boundaries in length. This section should present a succinct overview which contains only the major findings and their essential implications from the study. Response: The conclusion has been condensed for greater impact and clarity. 7. The article written or uses artificial intelligence (AI) in the writing process. The manuscript fails to address whether the articles were created by artificial intelligence (AI). Response: AI tools are not used for writing /editing the present submitted manuscript. Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” Response: As suggested, we have updated 2. The document uses multiple abbreviations that should be explained when they appear for the first time but currently remain undefined. The set of examples includes UAE as well as HF-HEQ-BI and QA in KSA HEIs and NCAAA standards and KPIs. Response: Suggestions are incorporated 3. Multiple weaknesses appear within the methodology part. The article lacks details about the procedures for selecting studies from a Saudi Arabia within Scopus and how data validity was established and how many researchers performed the search to guarantee reliability and reproducibility. The process documents lack information about how researchers handled the screening of articles. Response: As per the suggestion, methodology has been updated. 4. in figure 4 and figure 2 there are incomplete data for example plasmons;.... Response: The chart type has been changed to address the discrepancy. 5. The discussion fails to provide sufficient detail regarding the significant results within the research. The manuscript could improve by executing an expanded comparative research method that links its results with other research from the literature base. Response: The discussion part has been updated, and now it talks more about the observations from the research. 6. The conclusion extends beyond normal boundaries in length. This section should present a succinct overview which contains only the major findings and their essential implications from the study. Response: The conclusion has been condensed for greater impact and clarity. 7. The article written or uses artificial intelligence (AI) in the writing process. The manuscript fails to address whether the articles were created by artificial intelligence (AI). Response: AI tools are not used for writing /editing the present submitted manuscript. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 3 VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 10 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 3 (revision) 28 Jan 26 read read Version 2 (revision) 29 May 25 read Version 1 10 Jan 25 read Mahir Mirah , Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia Yogendra Singh , Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India Gyanajeet Yumnam , Manipur University, Imphal, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Yumnam G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 19 Feb 2026 | for Version 3 Gyanajeet Yumnam , Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Yumnam G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript provides a comprehensive bibliometric assessment of Saudi Arabia’s research output between 2013 and 2022. The study is clearly structured and demonstrates substantial improvement in clarity, methodological transparency, and analytical consistency. The objectives are well defined, and the use of the Scopus database via SciVal is appropriate for conducting a national-level bibliometric evaluation. The methodology is adequately described, including the inclusion criteria, the study period, and the statistical procedures. The statistical analyses are correctly applied, and the interpretation of correlation coefficients appropriately distinguishes between the magnitude of association and statistical significance. The presentation of growth trends, collaboration patterns, and citation impact metrics is coherent and supported by well-organized tables and figures. Importantly, the availability of underlying data in an open repository strengthens reproducibility and transparency. The discussion contextualizes the findings within broader research policy developments without overstating conclusions. Overall, the study is technically sound, the results support the conclusions, and the manuscript meets acceptable scientific standards for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Mycanxpertise includes bibliometric analysis, research evaluation, scientometrics, and quantitative assessment of scholarly publications. I have experience in analyzing citation impact indicators (such as FWCI and collaboration metrics), publication growth trends, and research performance benchmarking at institutional and national levels. I am able to assess the methodological design, statistical analysis, interpretation of bibliometric indicators, and issues related to reproducibility and research transparency presented in this article. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Yumnam G. Peer Review Report For: Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.195173.r454810) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-61/v3#referee-response-454810 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Singh Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 03 Feb 2026 | for Version 3 Yogendra Singh , Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Singh Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I have read the complete article and found that all points raised by me have been taken care of. The article can be indexed without any further revision. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Singh Y. Peer Review Report For: Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.195173.r453459) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-61/v3#referee-response-453459 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Singh Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 05 Jan 2026 | for Version 2 Yogendra Singh , Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Singh Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions General Assessment and Summary The manuscript provides a valuable and timely examination of Saudi Arabia's dramatic research growth and its alignment with national strategic goals (Vision 2030). The findings confirm a substantial increase in scholarly output and international collaboration, alongside a rising citation impact (FWCI). However, the manuscript suffers from disjointed flow, redundancy, and a lack of critical methodological detail. Specifically, the introduction is overly long and includes excessive literature that is only tangentially related to Saudi Arabia's research productivity. The Methods section needs to be clearer about the data collection process and the justification for certain statistical choices. 1. Introduction Structure and Focus The Introduction is very large and confusing. It starts strongly by establishing the study's goal, but then descends into a lengthy, unstructured literature review. 2. Methodological Clarity and Justification The Methods section (and Section 1.1) is mixed with the Introduction and needs to be consolidated and clarified. Data Collection : Clarify the exact search string used in SciVal/Scopus. Simply stating "country field tag, Saudi Arabia" is insufficient for reproducibility. Was the affiliation tag, address tag, or country tag used? Timeframe Discrepancy: The text states the study covers "over a decade (2013–2022)" and "nine-year period." This needs to be consistent. Also, Figures 2 and 3 cover 2018–2023, a period outside the stated 2013–2022 window. This discrepancy must be explained and justified, or the study period must be consistently 2013–2022/2023. Statistical Justification : The study uses the Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann–Whitney U test (non-parametric tests) but describes continuous variables with means and standard deviations (parametric description). 3. Interpretation of Results and Correlation Analysis Correlation with GDP : The text states: "we did not find a strong positive correlation between per capita GDP and research outcomes (r = 0.600, p value= 0.067)." However, r=0.600 is conventionally considered a moderate-to-strong positive correlation (as per the authors' own interpretation scale, 0.50–0.74 is strong). The issue is the p-value (0.067), which is just above the $0.05 significance threshold. Specific Minor Comments Redundancy : The analysis of the increase in publications (Section 1.2) is highly repetitive. The text states the number of publications increased "significantly by 320% over a period of ten years," then restates the growth rate of 16.0%, and then repeats the highest growth years. Consolidate these details. Terminology : Define abbreviations upon first use in the abstract or main text (e.g., FWCI, FWVI, OER, LIS, NCAAA, KPIs) even if they are common in the field. Figures 6a and 6b : Figure 6 is described as two parts ("Figure 6a" and "Figure 6b") but only one is visible/described in detail ("maximum number of international collaborations for each year"). Ensure both parts are presented or described clearly. Table 3 Collaboration Counts : The percentages in Table 3 should be re-checked. Egypt's 17.0% (31,254 papers) of 183,536 is correct. However, India and Pakistan are both listed as 5.0% when one is 10,560 and the other is 9,112. Ensure the percentages accurately reflect the reported document counts for clarity. All the tables and figure should mention the source of data Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My area of research are bibliometric analysis of biomedical research. I have published sewveral studies in this area I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 28 Jan 2026 Santhosh Venkata, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India General Assessment and Summary The manuscript provides a valuable and timely examination of Saudi Arabia's dramatic research growth and its alignment with national strategic goals (Vision 2030). The findings confirm a substantial increase in scholarly output and international collaboration, alongside a rising citation impact (FWCI). However, the manuscript suffers from disjointed flow, redundancy, and a lack of critical methodological detail. Specifically, the introduction is overly long and includes excessive literature that is only tangentially related to Saudi Arabia's research productivity. Response: We sincerely thank the reviewer for the positive overall assessment of the manuscript’s relevance, timeliness, and key findings. In response to the concerns raised, we have substantially revised both the Introduction and the Methodology sections. The Methods section needs to be clearer about the data collection process and the justification for certain statistical choices. 1. Introduction Structure and Focus The Introduction is very large and confusing. It starts strongly by establishing the study's goal, but then descends into a lengthy, unstructured literature review. Response: We thank the reviewer for this constructive comment. In response, the Introduction has been substantially restructured and rewritten to improve clarity, coherence, and focus. 2. Methodological Clarity and Justification The Methods section (and Section 1.1) is mixed with the Introduction and needs to be consolidated and clarified. Data Collection : Clarify the exact search string used in SciVal/Scopus. Simply stating "country field tag, Saudi Arabia" is insufficient for reproducibility. Was the affiliation tag, address tag, or country tag used? Response: We thank the reviewer for this important comment. In response, the Methods section has been consolidated and clearly separated from the Introduction, and Section 1.1 has been revised to avoid overlap between methodological description and background content. Timeframe Discrepancy: The text states the study covers "over a decade (2013–2022)" and "nine-year period." This needs to be consistent. Also, Figures 2 and 3 cover 2018–2023, a period outside the stated 2013–2022 window. This discrepancy must be explained and justified, or the study period must be consistently 2013–2022/2023. Response: We thank the reviewer for identifying this inconsistency. In response, we have carefully reviewed and corrected all references to the study timeframe throughout the manuscript to ensure consistency. Statistical Justification : The study uses the Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann–Whitney U test (non-parametric tests) but describes continuous variables with means and standard deviations (parametric description). Response: We thank the reviewer for this important statistical observation. In response, we have revised the manuscript to ensure consistency between descriptive statistics and the statistical tests applied. For analyses involving the Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann–Whitney U test, which are non-parametric methods, continuous variables are now described using median values (and corresponding dispersion measures) in the relevant sections and tables. In addition, mean values were retained only for independent descriptive comparisons, where they are presented purely for summarisation and interpretability purposes and are not used for inferential testing. 3. Interpretation of Results and Correlation Analysis Correlation with GDP : The text states: "we did not find a strong positive correlation between per capita GDP and research outcomes (r = 0.600, p value= 0.067)." However, r=0.600 is conventionally considered a moderate-to-strong positive correlation (as per the authors' own interpretation scale, 0.50–0.74 is strong). The issue is the p-value (0.067), which is just above the $0.05 significance threshold. Response: Thank you for this important observation. We agree with the reviewer that a Pearson correlation coefficient of r = 0.600 indicates a moderate-to-strong positive association based on our stated interpretation scale. To address this issue, we have revised the manuscript to clearly distinguish between the strength of the correlation and its statistical significance. Specific Minor Comments Redundancy : The analysis of the increase in publications (Section 1.2) is highly repetitive. The text states the number of publications increased "significantly by 320% over a period of ten years," then restates the growth rate of 16.0%, and then repeats the highest growth years. Consolidate these details. Response: We thank the reviewer for this helpful suggestion. In response, Section 1.2 has been revised to remove redundancy by consolidating all growth-related information into a single, concise narrative. Terminology : Define abbreviations upon first use in the abstract or main text (e.g., FWCI, FWVI, OER, LIS, NCAAA, KPIs) even if they are common in the field. Response: Thank you for this valuable suggestion. All abbreviations have now been defined at their first occurrence in the abstract and/or main text Figures 6a and 6b : Figure 6 is described as two parts ("Figure 6a" and "Figure 6b") but only one is visible/described in detail ("maximum number of international collaborations for each year"). Ensure both parts are presented or described clearly. Response: We thank the reviewer for highlighting this issue. In response, both components of Figure 6 are now clearly presented and explicitly described in the manuscript. The figure caption and the corresponding Results text have been revised to clearly distinguish between Figure 6a and Figure 6b, ensuring that both sub-figures are visible, interpreted, and discussed in sufficient detail. Table 3 Collaboration Counts : The percentages in Table 3 should be re-checked. Egypt's 17.0% (31,254 papers) of 183,536 is correct. However, India and Pakistan are both listed as 5.0% when one is 10,560 and the other is 9,112. Ensure the percentages accurately reflect the reported document counts for clarity. Response: We thank the reviewer for carefully examining the values presented in Table 3. Upon rechecking the calculations, we confirm that the percentages are derived from the total number of collaborative publications (n = 183,536). For clarity: India: 10,560 / 183,536 = 5.8% Pakistan: 9,112 / 183,536 = 5.0% All the tables and figure should mention the source of data Response: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. In response, we have clearly specified the data source in the Methods section, where the origin of all data used in the study is described in detail. As all tables and figures are derived from the same single data source, repeating the source information in each table and figure was avoided to prevent redundancy. Is the work clearly and accurately presented, and does it cite the current literature? Partly Response: Most of the cited studies are between 2020-2024 and focus on the advancement of research productivity of Saudi Arabia Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Response: This is a bibliometric study and is based on the data from large citation and abstract database SCOPUS. The design of this study is similar to previous bibliometric studies Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Response: The authors have provided adequate details, and such studies can be replicated If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Response: The explanation of statistical analysis has been provided Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Response: The data is derived from Scopus database and this ensures reproducibility Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Response: The conclusion stated has been justified with the help of data compiled and analysed. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Singh Y. Peer Review Report For: Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181883.r434135) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-61/v2#referee-response-434135 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Mirah M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 25 Apr 2025 | for Version 1 Mahir Mirah , Taibah University, Medina, Al Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Mirah M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions 1. Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” 2. The document uses multiple abbreviations that should be explained when they appear for the first time but currently remain undefined. The set of examples includes UAE as well as HF-HEQ-BI and QA in KSA HEIs and NCAAA standards and KPIs. 3. Multiple weaknesses appear within the methodology part. The article lacks details about the procedures for selecting studies from a Saudi Arabia within Scopus and how data validity was established and how many researchers performed the search to guarantee reliability and reproducibility. The process documents lack information about how researchers handled the screening of articles. 4. in figure 4 and figure 2 there are incomplete data for example plasmons;.... 5. The discussion fails to provide sufficient detail regarding the significant results within the research. The manuscript could improve by executing an expanded comparative research method that links its results with other research from the literature base. 6. The conclusion extends beyond normal boundaries in length. This section should present a succinct overview which contains only the major findings and their essential implications from the study. 7. The article written or uses artificial intelligence (AI) in the writing process. The manuscript fails to address whether the articles were created by artificial intelligence (AI). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise I have earned both my PhD in Dental Materials along with my Master’s degree in Endodontics from the University of Manchester located in UK. My research interests include: The scientific field of dental sciences utilizes systematic reviews and narrative reviews as part of its research methods. Bibliometric analyses, original studies, and clinical cases. I conduct studies in dental materials through my work with composites and adhesives and restorative technology. The field of endodontics includes the use of instrumentation functions and obturation methods and regenerative treatment procedures. General dentistry research methods and evidence-based dental practice form broader aspects of my study. I possess the ability to perform competent manuscript assessment within the fields of dental materials as well as endodontics and general dentistry-related research. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 24 Jun 2025 Santhosh Venkata, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India Various citation issues exist in the document. The manuscript contains various unclear expressions such as “Papers 7, 8” and “A study reported in Ref. 10” which need proper citation replacements like “an article by David et al.” Response: As suggested, we have updated 2. The document uses multiple abbreviations that should be explained when they appear for the first time but currently remain undefined. The set of examples includes UAE as well as HF-HEQ-BI and QA in KSA HEIs and NCAAA standards and KPIs. Response: Suggestions are incorporated 3. Multiple weaknesses appear within the methodology part. The article lacks details about the procedures for selecting studies from a Saudi Arabia within Scopus and how data validity was established and how many researchers performed the search to guarantee reliability and reproducibility. The process documents lack information about how researchers handled the screening of articles. Response: As per the suggestion, methodology has been updated. 4. in figure 4 and figure 2 there are incomplete data for example plasmons;.... Response: The chart type has been changed to address the discrepancy. 5. The discussion fails to provide sufficient detail regarding the significant results within the research. The manuscript could improve by executing an expanded comparative research method that links its results with other research from the literature base. Response: The discussion part has been updated, and now it talks more about the observations from the research. 6. The conclusion extends beyond normal boundaries in length. This section should present a succinct overview which contains only the major findings and their essential implications from the study. Response: The conclusion has been condensed for greater impact and clarity. 7. The article written or uses artificial intelligence (AI) in the writing process. The manuscript fails to address whether the articles were created by artificial intelligence (AI). Response: AI tools are not used for writing /editing the present submitted manuscript. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Mirah M. Peer Review Report For: Comprehensive analysis of Saudi Arabia's research output: a bibliometric study (2013--2022) [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :61 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176354.r371040) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-61/v1#referee-response-371040 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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