Physical Activity, Psychopathologies, and Self-Injurious Behaviors in Youths: Which Type and How Much Is Sufficient?

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Huagen Wang, Shicun Xu, YIsheng Aku, Zhanbing Ren, Runsen Chen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127644/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background To investigate the protective effects of various exercise types against psychopathologies, including depression, anxiety, and non-suicidal selfinjury (NSSI), and to understand the dose-response relationship between exercise frequency and duration on these outcomes. Methods The study evaluated mental health outcomes using various scales and diagnoses. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between exercise types and psychopathologies, as well as self-injurious behaviors. Additionally, generalized additive models (GAM) were employed to explore the dose-response relationship between physical activity frequency and duration, and mental health outcomes, while controlling for sociodemographic factors. Results Team ball exercise provided the most protection, followed by single anaerobic exercise, double swing exercise, single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and single low-intensity aerobic exercise. Nonlinear associations were found between exercise frequency, duration, and mental health outcomes. Exercising three to four times a week for 90-120 minutes led to a lower probability of developing mental health disorders, while excessive exercise worsened outcomes. Conclusion Participation in different types of exercise has varied effects on psychopathologies, as well as self-injurious behaviors, with team ball sports having the most positive impact. Optimal exercise intensity varies between exercise types; individuals should choose exercises that suit their mental health needs. Physical activity Psychopathologies Self-injury suicidal ideation suicide attempts Depression. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Regular physical activity (PA) has been linked to a range of positive health outcomes, including decreased overall mortality 1 and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease 2 . Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests that PA may hold therapeutic potential for managing mental health disorders. For instance, one study of 1.2 million US adults found a significant and meaningful association between physical exercise and self-reported mental health burden 3 . Prospective studies focusing on specific mental health outcomes have suggested that habitual PA may protect against several mental health conditions 4 . For example, a meta-analysis of 49 prospective studies across almost 267,000 individuals demonstrated that higher levels of PA are associated with reduced odds of depression across different age groups, including youths, adults, and the elderly 5 . Additionally, another meta-analysis showed that customary and increasing levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity are inversely linked to incident depression and subclinical depressive symptoms in adults (Dishman et al., 2021). PA has also been prospectively associated with lower odds of developing elevated anxiety symptoms 7 . Additionally, one meta-analysis found that high self-reported PA (versus low PA) was linked with reduced odds of developing psychosis/schizophrenia. However, these findings are less robust when accounting for covariates 8 . Another recent study revealed that precisely timed administration of aerobic exercise may be a promising adjunctive therapeutic approach for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 9 . Finally, one meta-analysis reported consistent evidence that exercise reduced depression in children, adults, and older adults and found exercise to be more effective than control conditions in reducing anxiety symptoms and as an adjunctive treatment for reducing positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia 10 . Exercise also contribution to the lower adjusted odds of sadness, suicidal ideation (SI), or suicide attempts (SA) 11 . Proposed neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms suggest that exercise improves neurobiological systems, increases neuroplasticity, and enhances processes related to cognitive control and emotion regulation (Smith & Merwin, 2021). Poor emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic risk factor that has been implicated in many psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, substance use, personality, eating disorders 12 , and suicidal thoughts and behaviors 13 – 15 . A recent meta-analysis focusing on the dose-response relationship between physical activity and incident depression found an inverse curvilinear association 16 . Further, studies have investigated the types of PA that may be most strongly associated with reduced odds of mental health conditions. For example, a recent study found that only outdoor walking/running, cycling, and team sports were associated with lower odds of depression than inactivity 17 . Although experimental evidence supports the links between PA and certain mental health indicators, epidemiological research has focused primarily on one form of exercise’s dose-response effect 16 , neglecting varied implications of different exercise types on general mental health burden 3 and specific mental health outcomes 17 . However, research on the relationship between PA and diverse mental health outcomes, including depression, PTSD, SI, and SA, still lacks systematic diagnoses, relying instead on self-reported mental health burden or well-being. Furthermore, research is lacking to systematically reveal how different types of exercise types, at different exercise doses, affect the risk of different psychopathologies (e.g., depression, anxiety, PTSD) as well as self-injury behaviors. Certain physical activities may be more effective than others in reducing certain mental health indicators due to differential physiological, social, and psychological implications. Still, the extent of this association remains unclear. We thus examined 23 forms of physical exercise across five categories, adjusted for potential sociodemographic confounders, and explored the dose-response effect of physical activity frequency and duration on mental health outcomes in college students. We put forward the hypothesis that the safeguarding impact of diverse forms of PA on mental health is heterogeneous and that there could be variations in the degree of exercise strenuousness. Methods 1.1 Data source and participants This study is part of a large-scale, cross-sectional study conducted in 2021 (October 26th to November 18th ) with all the university and college students in the ***,*** University granted ethical approval of this study. The researcher created a Quick Response code (i.e., QR code) and distributed it to all universities (n = 63) and colleges in ***. All the participants completed the informed consent online before completing the questionnaire. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the survey at anytime. All participants received information regarding accessing mental health support if they experienced any emotional distress during or after the study. Participants deemed to be at high risk for suicide were provided with information on suicide prevention hotlines as well as advised to seek professional help. Help-seeking information from local hospitals’ mental health departments was also available. To compensate participants for their involvement, cash rewards were offered. Please refer to Appendix 2 for the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). All participants were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research. The study included participants who met the following inclusion criteria: 1) were 15 years old or older; 2) were able to understand the contents of the questionnaire; 3) answered at least three out of the four attention check questions correctly; 4) had height and weight values that were not considered abnormal; 5) did not exhibit logical contradictions or omit answers, nor selected options that were unrelated to the current study objectives (such as addictive behaviors); 7) did not show a clear pattern in their option selections (such as almost always choosing the first option). The study initially involved 96,218 participants. However, individuals who had missing data were excluded from the analysis. This resulted in a primary assessment sample size of 85,509 participants (Table 1 ), of whom 41.5% were male. Furthermore, we excluded 6,498 participants who engaged in types of exercise other than those in our list from the final logistic regression analysis. Consequently, our cohort for the regression analysis comprised 79,011 participants, as presented in Tables 2 & 3 . Table 1 Participant characteristics stratified by total exercise types. Single anaerobic (N = 16376) Low intensity aerobics (N = 14560) Medium intensity aerobics (N = 13059) Double swing (N = 20000) Team ball (N = 15016) Others (N = 6498) Overall (N = 85509) Age ≤ 18 4584 (28.0%) 4002 (27.5%) 3554 (27.2%) 5514 (27.6%) 4053 (27.0%) 1747 (26.9%) 23454 (27.4%) 19–21 9917 (60.6%) 9118 (62.6%) 8187 (62.7%) 12386 (61.9%) 9126 (60.8%) 4039 (62.2%) 52773 (61.7%) 22–24 1578 (9.6%) 1236 (8.5%) 1118 (8.6%) 1791 (9.0%) 1529 (10.2%) 586 (9.0%) 7838 (9.2%) > 24 297 (1.8%) 204 (1.4%) 200 (1.5%) 309 (1.5%) 308 (2.1%) 126 (1.9%) 1444 (1.7%) Gender Male 8778 (53.6%) 2621 (18.0%) 4312 (33.0%) 7428 (37.1%) 10440 (69.5%) 1937 (29.8%) 35516 (41.5%) Female 7598 (46.4%) 11939 (82.0%) 8747 (67.0%) 12572 (62.9%) 4576 (30.5%) 4561 (70.2%) 49993 (58.5%) BMI Mean (SD) 22.7 (5.22) 22.7 (5.21) 22.7 (5.22) 22.7 (5.26) 22.6 (5.26) 22.7 (5.19) 22.7 (5.23) Gender Identification Cisgender 14749 (90.1%) 13336 (91.6%) 11847 (90.7%) 18131 (90.7%) 13325 (88.7%) 5674 (87.3%) 77062 (90.1%) Transgender 232 (1.4%) 204 (1.4%) 217 (1.7%) 292 (1.5%) 219 (1.5%) 109 (1.7%) 1273 (1.5%) Nonbinary/ genderqueer 222 (1.4%) 353 (2.4%) 317 (2.4%) 374 (1.9%) 185 (1.2%) 144 (2.2%) 1595 (1.9%) Uncertainty 271 (1.7%) 188 (1.3%) 174 (1.3%) 291 (1.5%) 245 (1.6%) 133 (2.0%) 1302 (1.5%) Questioning 902 (5.5%) 479 (3.3%) 504 (3.9%) 912 (4.6%) 1042 (6.9%) 438 (6.7%) 4277 (5.0%) Ethnicity Others 1544 (9.4%) 1479 (10.2%) 1347 (10.3%) 1948 (9.7%) 1833 (12.2%) 834 (12.8%) 8985 (10.5%) Han 14832 (90.6%) 13081 (89.8%) 11712 (89.7%) 18052 (90.3%) 13183 (87.8%) 5664 (87.2%) 76524 (89.5%) Only Child No 8719 (53.2%) 7708 (52.9%) 6655 (51.0%) 10907 (54.5%) 7354 (49.0%) 3609 (55.5%) 44952 (52.6%) Yes 7657 (46.8%) 6852 (47.1%) 6404 (49.0%) 9093 (45.5%) 7662 (51.0%) 2889 (44.5%) 40557 (47.4%) Father’s education level No education 200 (1.2%) 119 (0.8%) 108 (0.8%) 194 (1.0%) 163 (1.1%) 94 (1.4%) 878 (1.0%) Primary school 3116 (19.0%) 2540 (17.4%) 1905 (14.6%) 3715 (18.6%) 2589 (17.2%) 1390 (21.4%) 15255 (17.8%) Junior high school 6368 (38.9%) 5312 (36.5%) 4481 (34.3%) 7727 (38.6%) 5671 (37.8%) 2426 (37.3%) 31985 (37.4%) High school/Technical school 3720 (22.7%) 3376 (23.2%) 3142 (24.1%) 4447 (22.2%) 3409 (22.7%) 1279 (19.7%) 19373 (22.7%) Associate degree 1172 (7.2%) 1279 (8.8%) 1360 (10.4%) 1611 (8.1%) 1258 (8.4%) 463 (7.1%) 7143 (8.4%) Bachelor's degree 997 (6.1%) 1185 (8.1%) 1377 (10.5%) 1371 (6.9%) 1116 (7.4%) 387 (6.0%) 6433 (7.5%) Master's / PhD / Postdoctoral 133 (0.8%) 132 (0.9%) 182 (1.4%) 167 (0.8%) 159 (1.1%) 40 (0.6%) 813 (1.0%) Not sure 341 (2.1%) 303 (2.1%) 226 (1.7%) 379 (1.9%) 350 (2.3%) 214 (3.3%) 1813 (2.1%) Others 329 (2.0%) 314 (2.2%) 278 (2.1%) 389 (1.9%) 301 (2.0%) 205 (3.2%) 1816 (2.1%) Mother’s education level No education 433 (2.6%) 301 (2.1%) 263 (2.0%) 480 (2.4%) 401 (2.7%) 240 (3.7%) 2118 (2.5%) Primary school 3756 (22.9%) 3027 (20.8%) 2373 (18.2%) 4444 (22.2%) 3026 (20.2%) 1576 (24.3%) 18202 (21.3%) Junior high school 6047 (36.9%) 5154 (35.4%) 4294 (32.9%) 7435 (37.2%) 5433 (36.2%) 2299 (35.4%) 30662 (35.9%) High school/Technical school 3545 (21.6%) 3351 (23.0%) 3096 (23.7%) 4228 (21.1%) 3357 (22.4%) 1273 (19.6%) 18850 (22.0%) Associate degree 1083 (6.6%) 1177 (8.1%) 1315 (10.1%) 1497 (7.5%) 1181 (7.9%) 443 (6.8%) 6696 (7.8%) Bachelor's degree 867 (5.3%) 982 (6.7%) 1221 (9.3%) 1214 (6.1%) 1004 (6.7%) 334 (5.1%) 5622 (6.6%) Master's / PhD / Postdoctoral 95 (0.6%) 92 (0.6%) 130 (1.0%) 110 (0.6%) 111 (0.7%) 29 (0.4%) 567 (0.7%) Not sure 353 (2.2%) 310 (2.1%) 229 (1.8%) 392 (2.0%) 346 (2.3%) 219 (3.4%) 1849 (2.2%) Others 197 (1.2%) 166 (1.1%) 138 (1.1%) 200 (1.0%) 157 (1.0%) 85 (1.3%) 943 (1.1%) Household Income <6,000 5248 (32.0%) 4243 (29.1%) 3352 (25.7%) 5942 (29.7%) 4350 (29.0%) 2228 (34.3%) 25363 (29.7%) 6,000–14,000 5333 (32.6%) 4777 (32.8%) 4138 (31.7%) 6777 (33.9%) 4669 (31.1%) 2062 (31.7%) 27756 (32.5%) 14,000–23,000 2582 (15.8%) 2541 (17.5%) 2290 (17.5%) 3356 (16.8%) 2536 (16.9%) 993 (15.3%) 14298 (16.7%) 23,000–36,000 1455 (8.9%) 1473 (10.1%) 1475 (11.3%) 1946 (9.7%) 1505 (10.0%) 519 (8.0%) 8373 (9.8%) 36,000–70,000 1020 (6.2%) 983 (6.8%) 1055 (8.1%) 1232 (6.2%) 1098 (7.3%) 396 (6.1%) 5784 (6.8%) >70,000 738 (4.5%) 543 (3.7%) 749 (5.7%) 747 (3.7%) 858 (5.7%) 300 (4.6%) 3935 (4.6%) Drinking Never 6348 (38.8%) 7395 (50.8%) 5577 (42.7%) 8476 (42.4%) 3985 (26.5%) 2773 (42.7%) 34554 (40.4%) ≤ 1 Time/Month 7591 (46.4%) 5877 (40.4%) 5742 (44.0%) 9165 (45.8%) 7622 (50.8%) 2771 (42.6%) 38768 (45.3%) 2–4 Times/Month 1912 (11.7%) 1027 (7.1%) 1347 (10.3%) 1906 (9.5%) 2734 (18.2%) 699 (10.8%) 9625 (11.3%) 2–3 Times/Week 322 (2.0%) 176 (1.2%) 279 (2.1%) 291 (1.5%) 444 (3.0%) 155 (2.4%) 1667 (1.9%) ≥ 4 Times/Week 203 (1.2%) 85 (0.6%) 114 (0.9%) 162 (0.8%) 231 (1.5%) 100 (1.5%) 895 (1.0%) Smoking No 13814 (84.4%) 13777 (94.6%) 11712 (89.7%) 18104 (90.5%) 11226 (74.8%) 5582 (85.9%) 74215 (86.8%) Yes 2562 (15.6%) 783 (5.4%) 1347 (10.3%) 1896 (9.5%) 3790 (25.2%) 916 (14.1%) 11294 (13.2%) Note: “others” in Father’s (Mother’s) education level means that father’s (mother's) role missing, such as mother passing away, etc. Family category, nuclear family (parents and children), Extended family (three generations or more). Table 2 Logistic Regression Results of Exercise Types on Various Mental Health Outcomes. NSSI SI SA Depression Anxiety PTSD Predictors Odds Ratios CI (95%) p.adjusted (fdr) Odds Ratios CI (95%) p.adjusted (fdr) Odds Ratios CI (95%) p.adjusted (fdr) Odds Ratios CI (95%) p.adjusted (fdr) Odds Ratios CI (95%) p.adjusted (fdr) Odds Ratios CI (95%) p.adjusted (fdr) Reference : team ball double swing 1.05 0.96–1.15 0.491 1.24 1.18–1.32 < 0.001 1.08 0.92–1.28 0.428 1.17 1.08–1.26 < 0.001 1.12 1.01–1.25 0.067 1.11 1.05–1.18 0.002 low intensity aerobics 1.40 1.27–1.55 < 0.001 1.62 1.52–1.72 < 0.001 1.47 1.23–1.75 < 0.001 1.63 1.50–1.78 < 0.001 1.64 1.47–1.84 < 0.001 1.29 1.20–1.38 < 0.001 medium intensity aerobics 1.25 1.14–1.38 < 0.001 1.45 1.37–1.54 < 0.001 1.35 1.13–1.61 0.002 1.31 1.20–1.42 < 0.001 1.38 1.24–1.54 < 0.001 1.19 1.12–1.28 < 0.001 single anaerobics 1.14 1.04–1.25 0.016 1.15 1.09–1.22 < 0.001 1.18 0.99–1.41 0.104 1.17 1.08–1.27 < 0.001 1.24 1.11–1.38 < 0.001 1.12 1.05–1.19 0.002 Reference : Double swing low intensity aerobics 1.34 1.23–1.45 < 0.001 1.30 1.24–1.37 < 0.001 1.35 1.16–1.57 < 0.001 1.40 1.30–1.50 < 0.001 1.46 1.33–1.61 < 0.001 1.16 1.09–1.23 < 0.001 medium intensity aerobics 1.19 1.10–1.30 < 0.001 1.17 1.11–1.23 < 0.001 1.24 1.08–1.44 0.009 1.12 1.04–1.20 0.004 1.23 1.12–1.35 < 0.001 1.07 1.01–1.14 0.028 single anaerobics 1.09 1.01–1.18 0.078 0.93 0.88–0.97 0.005 1.09 0.94–1.26 0.366 1.00 0.93–1.07 0.966 1.10 1.01–1.20 0.078 1.00 0.95–1.06 0.938 team ball 0.95 0.87–1.05 0.491 0.80 0.76–0.85 < 0.001 0.92 0.78–1.09 0.428 0.86 0.79–0.93 < 0.001 0.89 0.80–0.99 0.071 0.90 0.85–0.96 0.002 Reference : low intensity aerobics double swing 0.75 0.69–0.81 < 0.001 0.77 0.73–0.81 < 0.001 0.74 0.64–0.86 < 0.001 0.72 0.66–0.77 < 0.001 0.68 0.62–0.75 < 0.001 0.86 0.81–0.92 < 0.001 medium intensity aerobics 0.89 0.82–0.98 0.032 0.90 0.85–0.95 < 0.001 0.92 0.79–1.08 0.385 0.80 0.74–0.87 < 0.001 0.84 0.76–0.93 0.002 0.93 0.87–0.99 0.040 single anaerobics 0.81 0.75–0.89 < 0.001 0.71 0.67–0.75 < 0.001 0.81 0.69–0.94 0.017 0.72 0.66–0.77 < 0.001 0.75 0.68–0.83 < 0.001 0.87 0.81–0.92 < 0.001 team ball 0.71 0.65–0.79 < 0.001 0.62 0.58–0.66 < 0.001 0.68 0.57–0.82 < 0.001 0.61 0.56–0.67 < 0.001 0.61 0.54–0.68 < 0.001 0.78 0.72–0.83 < 0.001 Reference : medium intensity aerobics double swing 0.84 0.77–0.91 < 0.001 0.86 0.81–0.90 < 0.001 0.80 0.70–0.93 0.009 0.89 0.83–0.96 0.004 0.81 0.74–0.89 < 0.001 0.93 0.88–0.99 0.030 low intensity aerobics 1.12 1.02–1.22 0.034 1.12 1.05–1.18 < 0.001 1.09 0.93–1.27 0.385 1.25 1.15–1.35 < 0.001 1.19 1.08–1.31 0.002 1.08 1.01–1.15 0.042 single anaerobics 0.91 0.84–0.99 0.073 0.79 0.75–0.84 < 0.001 0.88 0.75–1.02 0.157 0.89 0.83–0.97 0.007 0.89 0.81–0.98 0.048 0.93 0.88–0.99 0.049 team ball 0.80 0.73–0.88 < 0.001 0.69 0.65–0.73 < 0.001 0.74 0.62–0.88 0.002 0.77 0.70–0.83 < 0.001 0.72 0.65–0.81 < 0.001 0.84 0.78–0.90 < 0.001 Reference : single anaerobic double swing 0.92 0.85–0.99 0.074 1.08 1.03–1.13 0.005 0.92 0.79–1.06 0.354 1.00 0.93–1.07 0.966 0.91 0.83–0.99 0.078 1.00 0.94–1.05 0.938 low intensity aerobics 1.23 1.12–1.34 < 0.001 1.41 1.33–1.49 < 0.001 1.24 1.06–1.45 0.019 1.40 1.29–1.51 < 0.001 1.33 1.21–1.47 < 0.001 1.15 1.08–1.23 < 0.001 medium intensity aerobics 1.10 1.01–1.20 0.074 1.26 1.20–1.33 < 0.001 1.14 0.98–1.33 0.157 1.12 1.04–1.21 0.007 1.12 1.02–1.23 0.051 1.07 1.01–1.14 0.051 team ball 0.88 0.80–0.96 0.017 0.87 0.82–0.92 < 0.001 0.85 0.71–1.01 0.108 0.86 0.79–0.93 < 0.001 0.81 0.73–0.90 < 0.001 0.90 0.84–0.96 0.002 Note: Propensity scores for the five exercise types were included as weights, and several covariates were included in the model. These covariates included age, sex assigned at birth, gender identity, ethnicity, whether the participant was an only child, education level, smoking and drinking habits, family category, household income, education level of the participant's mother and father, and BMI. Detailed information on these analyses can be found in Tables 3 –7 of the Supplementary Information. Table 3 Smooth terms influencing exercise level as determined by logistic generalized additive modeling(N = 79011) a . NSSI SI SA Depression Anxiety PTSD Predictors edf Chi.sq p edf Chi.sq p edf Chi.sq p edf Chi.sq p edf Chi.sq p edf Chi.sq p Frequency Double swing 2.234 28.323 0.000 2.546 116.537 0.000 2.042 7.128 0.035 2.637 167.854 0.000 2.391 77.099 0.000 2.255 72.580 0.000 Low intensity aerobics 1.344 2.238 0.357 2.149 32.612 0.000 1.006 2.843 0.094 2.677 100.255 0.000 2.300 36.410 0.000 2.479 70.270 0.000 Medium intensity aerobics 1.307 0.135 0.869 2.891 43.829 0.000 2.088 6.584 0.089 2.889 64.073 0.000 2.741 46.932 0.000 2.237 23.217 0.000 Single anaerobics 1.799 6.451 0.047 2.845 78.546 0.000 1.819 3.582 0.167 2.481 102.584 0.000 2.030 45.793 0.000 2.581 38.942 0.000 Team ball 2.179 60.156 0.000 2.591 201.798 0.000 1.005 14.715 0.000 2.742 206.662 0.000 2.822 132.343 0.000 2.539 104.158 0.000 Duration Double swing 1.007 6.062 0.014 2.857 30.839 0.000 2.446 10.103 0.036 2.551 98.519 0.000 2.391 68.594 0.000 2.088 58.819 0.000 Low intensity aerobics 1.094 12.784 0.001 1.075 101.014 0.000 2.064 8.515 0.034 2.249 127.396 0.000 2.499 61.490 0.000 2.106 40.851 0.000 Medium intensity aerobics 2.273 27.838 0.000 1.888 131.534 0.000 1.829 11.460 0.005 2.421 76.130 0.000 2.222 30.915 0.000 1.002 29.716 0.000 Single anaerobics 1.805 29.626 0.000 2.579 134.860 0.000 2.739 10.912 0.022 2.675 107.003 0.000 2.694 52.310 0.000 1.881 55.072 0.000 Team ball 2.040 64.317 0.000 2.311 159.759 0.000 1.817 19.026 0.000 2.498 187.458 0.000 2.342 100.043 0.000 2.452 89.539 0.000 Note: a The smooth terms included in the generalized additive model are summarized by their estimated degrees of freedom (edf). Significant values are in italic and bold . These covariates included age, sex assigned at birth, gender identity, ethnicity, whether the participant was an only child, education level, smoking and drinking habits, family category, household income, education level of the participant's mother and father, and BMI. Detailed information on these analyses can be found in Tables 8–9 of the Supplementary Information. 1.2 Measures 1.2.1. Sociodemographic characteristics. The study collected information on the sociodemographic characteristics of participants, which included age, sex assigned at birth, gender identity, ethnicity, whether they were the only child in the family, education level, smoking and drinking habits, family category, household income, as well as the education level of their fathers and mothers. Additionally, BMI was calculated using self-reported height and weight. These sociodemographic characteristics were considered covariates in the regression analysis. 1.2.2 Procedures. The study evaluated physical activities through self-reported items. Participants were asked, “What type of physical activity or exercise did you spend most of your time doing?” A total of 23 forms of exercise were represented in the sample. These exercises were categorized manually into 5 exercise categories to ensure a diverse representation of exercises and meaningful cell sizes (see Appendix S Table 1 ). Participants chose from single anaerobic exercises, single low-intensity aerobic exercises, single moderate-intensity aerobic exercises, two-player swing-type exercises, group ball exercises, or other non-listed exercises. They indicated the frequency of their exercise, which was the number of times they did the exercise per week, and the duration, which was the number of minutes or hours they usually spent exercising. For frequency, four response options were available: 0–1 time per week, 2–3 times per week, 4–5 times per week, or 6–7 times per week. For the duration, six response options were available: 0-0.5 hours, 0.5-1 hour, 1-1.5 hours, 1.5-2 hours, 2-2.5 hours, or 2.5-3 hours. The duration was recoded into six categories of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes to analyze potential dose-dependent relationships with mental health. 1.2.3 Equity, diversity, and inclusion statement The group of authors comprises of researchers from various stages of their careers, including junior, mid-career and senior researchers, belonging to diverse disciplines, and has achieved a balance in terms of gender. However, all members of the author group hail from a single country. The study population of this research includes subjects who identify as cisgender, transgender, nonbinary/genderqueer, or have doubts about their gender identity. Additionally, the participants of our study belong to various income levels and family types, including foster families, stay-at-home families, and so on. 1.3 Outcome Variable 1.3.1 Non-suicidal self-injury. The adapted Clinician-Rated Severity of Non-suicidal Self-Injury (CRS-NSSI; APA, 2013) was employed to measure NSSI, which is a single-item assessment tool indicating the presence and severity of NSSI; and it showed good reliability 18 as indicated by Weighted Cohen's κ score of 0.91. To assess the participants’ history of NSSI, a two-part question was posed. The first question sought to determine if the participants had intentionally inflicted harm on themselves without suicidal intent. If they responded affirmatively, they were prompted to give a rating of the frequency of their NSSI behavior over the past year, ranging from zero to twelve days or more (1 = 0 Days, 2 = 1–4 Days, 3 = 5–7 Days, 4 = 8–11 Days, 5 = 12 Days and more). Subsequently, based on the participant’s responses, their NSSI behaviors were categorized dichotomously as either present or absent throughout their lifetime. 1.3.2 Suicidality. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt were measured through the Chinese version of the 4-item Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). The SBQ-R is a self-report scale designed to assess suicidal risk, with good reliability and validity (internal consistency ranged between 0.79–0.86, the area under the curve at a cutoff point calculated by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve = 0.78; 19 . The suicide attempts were dichotomously measured as having or not having previous suicide attempts through participants’ responses to the first item of SBQ-R. The suicidal ideation was also dichotomously measured as having or not having any suicidal ideation through participants’ responses to the first item of SBQ-R. The first item of the SBQ-R covers participants’ lifetime SI and/or SA by asking whether they have ever thought about or attempted to kill themselves. Participants indicated their responses through choices including 1) “Never”, 2) “It was just a brief passing thought”, 3a) “I have had a plan at least once to kill myself but did not try to do it”, 3b) “I have had a plan at least once to kill myself and really wanted to die”, 4a) “I have attempted to kill myself, but did not want to die”, 4b) “I have attempted to kill myself, and really hoped to die”. Aligning with the instructions provided by Osman et al. 20 , Participants choosing 4 were characterized as having SA, while participants choosing 2, 3, and 4 were characterized as having SI. 1.3.4 Depressive symptoms. The severity of depressive symptoms was measured using the Chinese version of the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the cut-off scores as 10 21,22 . 1.3.5 Anxiety symptoms. We measured anxiety symptoms using the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the cut-off score is 10 23 . 1.3.6 Post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD symptoms were measured using the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ). The TSQ was an effective predictor of future PTSD, with a sensitivity of 0.85 and specificity of 0.89, and the cut-off score is 6 24 . 1.4 Statistical Analysis We employed logistic regression analysis to investigate the relationship between 5 exercise types and mental health outcomes while controlling for individual-level covariates, including sociodemographic characteristics. The large sample size enabled precise comparisons among different exercise types. We used a multinomial propensity weighting approach to account for the self-selection bias into different exercise types. This technique entailed using generalized boosted regression trees to estimate poststratification propensity scores, which indicated an individual’s likelihood of being assigned to a certain exercise type based on the full covariate set. To minimize the influence of extreme values, we winsorized the propensity scores at a 99% level. We included them as weights in the logistic regression analyses investigating the connection between exercise type and mental health outcomes. Odds ratios were calculated for each of the 5 exercise types, using the other types as references, to determine their relative importance on distinct mental health outcome indicators (see Fig. 1 ). Moreover, we explored the effects of exercise duration and frequency on various mental health outcomes using a generalized additive model (GAM). We used penalized cubic regression splines for exercise duration and frequency while controlling for the full covariate set utilizing parametric regressors to accomplish this. To visualize the non-linear correlation between these variables and mental health, we plotted the fitted smoothed duration and frequency coefficients along with their respective 95% confidence intervals. We also examined how the impact of exercise duration and frequency differs across distinct exercise types, plotting the relationship between mental health and exercise duration and frequency independently for each exercise type based on smoothed conditional means (see Fig. 2 ). Finally, we conducted sensitivity analyses on a subset of participants who were the only child in their family (N = 37,668, accounting for 47.67% of the entire sample). This was done to provide a more reliable and rigorous interpretation of the findings. These were based on the STROBE cross sectional reporting guidelines 25 . Results 85,509 out of 96,218 (88.9%) participants completed the primary assessment. The baseline characteristics of participants engaged in various exercise types are summarized in Table 1 . Among these, 79,011(92.4%) participants reported being involved in physical activity such as single anaerobic (16,376 [19.2%]), low-intensity aerobics (14,560 [17.0%]), medium-intensity aerobics (13,059 [15.3%]), two-player swing-type exercises (double swing) (20,000[23.4%]) or team ball games (15,016 [17.6%]). An additional 6,498 participants (7.6%) reported pursuing physical activities not specified in our list. Table S2 outlines exercise frequency, duration, and various mental health outcomes concerning different exercise types. For participants engaged in double swing exercises, the majority (10,346 [51.7%]) exercised 0–1 times a week for 0.5-1 hour (7,561 [37.8%]). Most low-intensity aerobic exercise participants (6,266 [43%]) exercised 0–1 times a week for 0.5-1 hour (5,953 [40.9%]). The majority of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise participants (5,153 [39.5%]) exercised 2–3 times a week, for 0.5-1 hour each time (5,396 [41.3%]). Most single anaerobic exercise participants (6,314 [38.6%]) exercised 2–3 times a week for 0.5-1 hour each time (6,559 [40.1%]). Regarding group ball games, most participants (6,321 [42.1%]) exercised 2–3 times a week, spending 1-1.5 hours on each session (4,417 [29.4%]). Finally, most participants who reported engaging in physical activities other than those mentioned exercised 0–1 times a week (3,151 [48.5%]), with an exercise duration of 0-0.5 hours per session (2,889 [44.5%]). To ensure that the results remained interpretable, we removed the 6,498 participants who chose “other” types of exercise from the final logistic regression. Therefore, our cohort for the regression analysis consisted of 79,011 participants ( see Table 2 & 3 ). Mental health outcomes varied as a function of exercise type when controlling for all sociodemographic variables (Table 2 , appendix Tables 3–7 ). Relative to team ball sports, other types of sports significantly predicted negative mental health outcomes (Fig. 2 A, all Odds Ratios > 1). Other types of exercise (except team ball games) more significantly predicted negative mental health outcomes in comparison to single-player anaerobic exercise (Fig. 2 B, Odds Ratios > 1). Other types of sports (except team ball sports and single-player anaerobic sports) more significantly predicted negative mental health outcomes compared to two-player swing sports (Fig. 2 C, Odds Ratios > 1). All other types of exercise (except low-intensity aerobic exercise) were significant protective factors for negative mental health outcomes when compared to moderate-intensity single-player aerobic exercise (Fig. 2 D, Odds Ratios < 1). All other types of exercise were protective factors for negative mental health outcomes compared to low-intensity single-player aerobic exercise (Fig. 2 E, Odds Ratios single anaerobic sports > double swing sports > single moderate-intensity aerobic sports > single low-intensity aerobic sports. We found significant nonlinear associations between exercise frequency and mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-injury, controlling for sociodemographic variables. However, the frequency of low-intensity and medium-intensity aerobics were not significantly associated with suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury as seen in Table 3 and Appendix Table 8 . As presented in Fig. 2 , individual's increases in team ball exercise were beneficially and monotonically associated with odds reductions in all mental health outcomes. Moreover, we observed U-shaped relationships between exercise frequency, anxiety, and depression for double swing, low, and medium-intensity aerobics exercises. Specifically, individuals with exercise frequency between three and four times a week had a lower probability of anxiety and depression than those who exercised fewer than three or more than four times, as illustrated in Fig. 2 D & E , appendix S Figs. 1 & 2 . Additionally, for double swing, medium-intensity aerobics, and single anaerobic exercise frequency, we found a U-shaped relationship with suicidal ideation. Individuals performing these exercises three to four times per week had a lower probability of suicidal ideation than those exercising fewer than three or more than four times, as seen in Fig. 2 C and Appendix S Fig. 5 . Similarly, we observed significant nonlinear relationships between all mental health outcomes and exercise duration while adjusting for sociodemographic variables, as presented in Table 3 and Appendix Table 9 . Figure 3 depicts that exercise for 150 minutes per session of team ball was associated with the lowest probability of all mental health outcomes. Additionally, exercise durations ranging from 90 to 120 minutes of single anaerobic, low-intensity aerobics, medium-intensity aerobics, and double swing exercises were associated with the lowest probability of anxiety and depression, with the peak at around 120 minutes, as shown in Fig. 3 D & 3 E and appendix S Fig. 7& 8 . Furthermore, the exercise duration of 180 minutes or more was associated with the lowest probability of NSSI and SI for most exercise types, as presented in Fig. 3 A & 3 B and Appendix S Figs. 9 & 12 . For double swing, single anaerobic, and medium-intensity aerobics, exercising for 180 minutes or more was associated with a decrease in the probability of PTSD, while low-intensity aerobics for 120 minutes was associated with the lowest probability of PTSD, as seen in Fig. 3 F, and Appendix S Fig. 10 . Finally, exercising for 60 to 90 minutes for single anaerobic, low-intensity aerobics, and double swing was associated with the lowest probability of SA, whereas exercising for 120 minutes of medium-intensity aerobics was linked with the lowest probability of SA, as depicted in Fig. 3 C and Appendix S Fig. 11 . According to our sensitivity analysis, we limited the analytical sample to only children in their families (N = 37,668). We discovered similar results to the entire sample, which showed that after accounting for sociodemographic variables, mental health outcomes fluctuated based on exercise type. Team ball exercise offered the most protection, trailed by single anaerobic exercise, double swing exercise, single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and single low-intensity aerobic exercise (refer to Appendix S Fig. 13, and S Table 10 ). We also noticed significant nonlinear associations between exercise frequency and duration with mental health outcomes ( refer to Appendix S Figs. 14 & 15, and S Table 11 ). Discussion This study demonstrates a significant correlation between exercise and mental health, even after controlling for various sociodemographic factors. Specifically, engaging in the team, individual anaerobic, and doubles swing sports yielded fewer mental health issues and symptoms than the single moderate and low-intensity aerobic sports. These findings align with previous randomized controlled trials that suggested exercise positively impacts mental health outcomes for depression 26 , 27 , anxiety 28 , and post-traumatic stress disorder 29 , 30 . Our study further indicates that physical exercise has a protective effect on suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury. Previous cross-sectional research found that exercising four or more days per week in bullied adolescents was associated with a 23% reduction in suicidal ideation and attempts 11 . In another study, physical exercise was negatively associated in a dose-response manner with all measures of mental health problems and suicidality, including self-harm and suicide attempts 31 . Nonetheless, the strength of the association between exercise and suicidal behavior remains uncertain. For example, a recent cross-sectional study found that compared to university students who reported exercising at least five hours per week, those who exercised less were more likely to report having suicidal ideation. The same trend was observed for exercise and suicide plans. Surprisingly, no significant association was observed between exercise and suicide attempts 32 . Future randomized controlled trials should aim to validate these results rigorously. 3.1 Relative importance of different exercise types for mental health. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that diverse forms of physical exercise have a varied impact on aspects of mental health. Smith et al. (2021) have suggested a comprehensive framework incorporating neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms to illuminate how exercise can stimulate neurobiological systems, enhance neuroplasticity, and improve cognitive control and motional regulation processes 33 . The discrepancies in the outcomes of exercise subtypes on neuroplasticity may reflect the varied effects of physical activity subtypes such as aerobic, resistance, flexibility, neuromotor (comprising balance, agility, and coordination), mind-body approaches (such as tai chi, qi gong, and yoga), and mixed training 34 . Likewise, exercise has been associated with functional alterations in major brain network pathways connected to psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD(Chow et al., 2021). These areas are crucial factors for psychological and pharmacological therapies, particularly with the emergence of newer cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) 35 . Emotion regulation impairments are considered transdiagnostic risk factors linked to several psychological conditions, including anxiety, mood, eating, personality, and substance use disorders 12 , as well as suicidal thoughts and behaviors 13 – 15 . Physical exercise could also foster individuals’ ability to deal with negative affect or high arousal situations, thus enhancing their capability to manage interoceptive sensations rather than avoiding or escaping them. Conversely, hypervigilance, reactive or impulsive internal cue responses, and poor interoceptive awareness (alexithymia) are all associated with different psychiatric disorders, including PTSD, borderline personality disorder, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. For instance, anxious individuals exhibit stronger interoceptive sensitivity of the body, while self-injuring, suicidal, and depressed individuals have weaker interoceptive sensitivity 36 , 37 , and the effects of different exercises on interception may vary. Regular physical exercise has been shown to increase the salience of rewards by facilitating involvement in purposeful activities or improved physical fitness, which can trigger positive affect and capture one’s attention 38 . The research found that compared to their sedentary counterparts, individuals participating in physical activity display differential activation in the ventral striatum, an essential dopamine hub, following acute exercise training 39 . The absence of reinforcement or adaptive reward could lead to increased negative effects (such as depression) 40 – 42 , or the emergence of maladaptive behavioral patterns to boost positive feelings (e.g., substance abuse, NSSI, attempted suicide) 43 – 45 . It is suspected that the effects of different types of exercise on reward may vary, which necessitates further research to explore. 3.2 Dose effects of different exercise types on mental health. Our results suggest that the argument of “more is better” does not always hold true beyond certain volumes. Recent research indicated exercise intensity scaled with neuroplasticity in healthy young adults 46 . We found that extreme ranges of over five times per week or longer than 150 minutes per session for most types of exercise result in worse mental health. This corresponds to the U-shaped curves seen for frequency and duration in depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation for most types of exercise. The U-shaped curves between physical exercise and mental health burden 3 and mental well-being, such as psychosomatic complaints(Khan et al., 2021), have been observed in previous research. Khan et al. (2021) found that physical activity decreases psychosomatic complaints that plateau five days per week 47 . Moreover, Chekroud et al. (2018) revealed that 2 to 6 hours per week of exercise was optimal for less mental health burden 3 . Therefore, these results require careful interpretation, and the notion that more physical activity leads to better health outcomes should be considered in the context of exercise types and outcome variables. 3.3 Limitations. The limitations of the present study need to be acknowledged. Firstly, a potential limitation of this study is its cross-sectional design, which precludes establishing causality for the association between exercise and mental health. Our approach only compared the relationship between the primary exercise types and mental health. Although this approach somewhat controls the combined effect of other exercise types, this is also one of the study’s limitations because many individuals simultaneously participate in multiple exercise types. Thus, the cumulative effects of each type and their respective exercise frequency and duration patternsay have varying consequences for dimensions of psychological well-being 1 . Secondly, the absence of a “no active” category restricts the study’s implications, as the results only demonstrate relative significance across exercise categories. While several RCTs have demonstrated a causal relationship between physical activity (PA) and mental health 48 , this study did not directly compare differences between PA categories and “no active”. Furthermore, it is important to note that the measurement of physical activity in previous studies was solely based on self-reports. Future studies should utilize passive mobile or wearable sensor data to accurately investigate the actual frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise. Additionally, most previous studies have relied on static one-time reports or follow-up studies with large time spans to examine the relationship between physical activity and mental health. However, the positive effects of physical activity on mental health may also be immediate. Thus it is worthwhile to investigate the dynamic relationship between these two variables using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) techniques in future research 49 . EMA will allow for the real-time collection of participants’ states, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying this behavior and guiding the development of exercise interventions for mental health. Conclusions Our study suggests that participating in various sports can enhance psychological well-being. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4127644","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":285578038,"identity":"0c515036-1344-4d39-9c33-e3bf37c63e34","order_by":0,"name":"Huagen Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huagen","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":285578039,"identity":"e4482c65-4e7e-4ae5-b059-286b60717d00","order_by":1,"name":"Shicun Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jilin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shicun","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":285578040,"identity":"73173279-5b35-4122-be93-db7ab430c52b","order_by":2,"name":"YIsheng Aku","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"YIsheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Aku","suffix":""},{"id":285578041,"identity":"925b8d6d-80cb-4fa4-a594-60e5f6f8b0a9","order_by":3,"name":"Zhanbing Ren","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenzhen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhanbing","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""},{"id":285578042,"identity":"e738442d-90e6-41bb-a893-c15d24fdeb05","order_by":4,"name":"Runsen Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBCDBAYG5gMMDAZgBARsRGlhS2wgVQuPYQOIRVCL+Yzcwx8+7rDL45fu+f7wR8Edu+0SyQ8YPpQdZuCf3YBVi8yNvDTJmWeSiyXnnN3YzGPwLHnnjDQDxhnnDjNI3DmAVYuERI4ZM2/bgcQNN3I3NjMYHE42uJFgABQ5zGAgkYBLi/Hnv0At+2/kPGz8AdaS/oH5L34tBtKMIFskchgbeAwO2xncyDFgZsSnheeNmWRvW3LijBtphrOBWhIMzrwpONhzLp1H4gYOLew5xh9+ttkl9s9IfvDxx5/D9gbH0zc++FFmLcc/A7sWDACMTwaGA0DMQ5x6ILAnWuUoGAWjYBSMGAAAH9FktvyaZS4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tsinghua University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Runsen","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-19 06:06:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127644/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127644/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54037866,"identity":"d28c10a7-f39c-4443-a7a4-8c973c99ee4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 17:13:19","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4127644/v1/35a988aea8603aed83a49469.png"},{"id":54037868,"identity":"ceb7e9c6-df64-4330-a52f-58edbabbeb2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 17:13:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77950,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4127644/v1/fd65c8cb7d2999e6f8885bca.png"},{"id":54039332,"identity":"07e316f0-ce82-4dc3-81d6-ad97240f6d91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 17:21:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4127644/v1/972e7efc7f4e56a1fff80834.png"},{"id":54844896,"identity":"14918503-9e1d-457b-9a5a-6d9e32c4d7cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 14:44:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":969044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4127644/v1/d85f2eb3-78b2-4448-ba0c-a7ae5ccea58c.pdf"},{"id":54037869,"identity":"619e84a6-ce69-49c8-a10a-3b5454426dd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 17:13:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":3157043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFile.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4127644/v1/f4dac38480b3cea35cc5a230.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Physical Activity, Psychopathologies, and Self-Injurious Behaviors in Youths: Which Type and How Much Is Sufficient?","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRegular physical activity (PA) has been linked to a range of positive health outcomes, including decreased overall mortality \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests that PA may hold therapeutic potential for managing mental health disorders. For instance, one study of 1.2\u0026nbsp;million US adults found a significant and meaningful association between physical exercise and self-reported mental health burden \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProspective studies focusing on specific mental health outcomes have suggested that habitual PA may protect against several mental health conditions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, a meta-analysis of 49 prospective studies across almost 267,000 individuals demonstrated that higher levels of PA are associated with reduced odds of depression across different age groups, including youths, adults, and the elderly \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, another meta-analysis showed that customary and increasing levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity are inversely linked to incident depression and subclinical depressive symptoms in adults (Dishman et al., 2021). PA has also been prospectively associated with lower odds of developing elevated anxiety symptoms \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, one meta-analysis found that high self-reported PA (versus low PA) was linked with reduced odds of developing psychosis/schizophrenia. However, these findings are less robust when accounting for covariates \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Another recent study revealed that precisely timed administration of aerobic exercise may be a promising adjunctive therapeutic approach for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Finally, one meta-analysis reported consistent evidence that exercise reduced depression in children, adults, and older adults and found exercise to be more effective than control conditions in reducing anxiety symptoms and as an adjunctive treatment for reducing positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Exercise also contribution to the lower adjusted odds of sadness, suicidal ideation (SI), or suicide attempts (SA)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Proposed neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms suggest that exercise improves neurobiological systems, increases neuroplasticity, and enhances processes related to cognitive control and emotion regulation (Smith \u0026amp; Merwin, 2021). Poor emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic risk factor that has been implicated in many psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, substance use, personality, eating disorders \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA recent meta-analysis focusing on the dose-response relationship between physical activity and incident depression found an inverse curvilinear association \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Further, studies have investigated the types of PA that may be most strongly associated with reduced odds of mental health conditions. For example, a recent study found that only outdoor walking/running, cycling, and team sports were associated with lower odds of depression than inactivity \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough experimental evidence supports the links between PA and certain mental health indicators, epidemiological research has focused primarily on one form of exercise\u0026rsquo;s dose-response effect \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, neglecting varied implications of different exercise types on general mental health burden \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and specific mental health outcomes \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, research on the relationship between PA and diverse mental health outcomes, including depression, PTSD, SI, and SA, still lacks systematic diagnoses, relying instead on self-reported mental health burden or well-being. Furthermore, research is lacking to systematically reveal how different types of exercise types, at different exercise doses, affect the risk of different psychopathologies (e.g., depression, anxiety, PTSD) as well as self-injury behaviors. Certain physical activities may be more effective than others in reducing certain mental health indicators due to differential physiological, social, and psychological implications. Still, the extent of this association remains unclear. We thus examined 23 forms of physical exercise across five categories, adjusted for potential sociodemographic confounders, and explored the dose-response effect of physical activity frequency and duration on mental health outcomes in college students. We put forward the hypothesis that the safeguarding impact of diverse forms of PA on mental health is heterogeneous and that there could be variations in the degree of exercise strenuousness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Data source and participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is part of a large-scale, cross-sectional study conducted in 2021 (October 26th to November 18th ) with all the university and college students in the ***,*** University granted ethical approval of this study. The researcher created a Quick Response code (i.e., QR code) and distributed it to all universities (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63) and colleges in ***. All the participants completed the informed consent online before completing the questionnaire. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the survey at anytime. All participants received information regarding accessing mental health support if they experienced any emotional distress during or after the study. Participants deemed to be at high risk for suicide were provided with information on suicide prevention hotlines as well as advised to seek professional help. Help-seeking information from local hospitals\u0026rsquo; mental health departments was also available. To compensate participants for their involvement, cash rewards were offered. Please refer to \u003cstrong\u003eAppendix 2\u003c/strong\u003e for the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). All participants were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study included participants who met the following inclusion criteria: 1) were 15 years old or older; 2) were able to understand the contents of the questionnaire; 3) answered at least three out of the four attention check questions correctly; 4) had height and weight values that were not considered abnormal; 5) did not exhibit logical contradictions or omit answers, nor selected options that were unrelated to the current study objectives (such as addictive behaviors); 7) did not show a clear pattern in their option selections (such as almost always choosing the first option). The study initially involved 96,218 participants. However, individuals who had missing data were excluded from the analysis. This resulted in a primary assessment sample size of 85,509 participants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), of whom 41.5% were male. Furthermore, we excluded 6,498 participants who engaged in types of exercise other than those in our list from the final logistic regression analysis. Consequently, our cohort for the regression analysis comprised 79,011 participants, as presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant characteristics stratified by total exercise types.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingle anaerobic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16376)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLow intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14560)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedium intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13059)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDouble swing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20000)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTeam ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15016)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6498)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85509)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4584 (28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4002 (27.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3554 (27.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5514 (27.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4053 (27.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1747 (26.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23454 (27.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9917 (60.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9118 (62.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8187 (62.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12386 (61.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9126 (60.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4039 (62.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52773 (61.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1578 (9.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1236 (8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1118 (8.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1791 (9.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1529 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e586 (9.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7838 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e297 (1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e204 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e309 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e308 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1444 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8778 (53.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2621 (18.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4312 (33.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7428 (37.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10440 (69.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1937 (29.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35516 (41.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7598 (46.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11939 (82.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8747 (67.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12572 (62.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4576 (30.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4561 (70.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49993 (58.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBMI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.7 (5.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.7 (5.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.7 (5.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.7 (5.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.6 (5.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.7 (5.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.7 (5.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender Identification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCisgender\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14749 (90.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13336 (91.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11847 (90.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18131 (90.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13325 (88.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5674 (87.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77062 (90.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTransgender\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e232 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e204 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e217 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e292 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e219 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1273 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonbinary/ genderqueer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e222 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e353 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e317 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e374 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e185 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e144 (2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1595 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUncertainty\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e271 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188 (1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e174 (1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e291 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e245 (1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1302 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestioning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e902 (5.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e479 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e504 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e912 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1042 (6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e438 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4277 (5.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1544 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1479 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1347 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1948 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1833 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e834 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8985 (10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14832 (90.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13081 (89.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11712 (89.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18052 (90.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13183 (87.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5664 (87.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76524 (89.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnly Child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8719 (53.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7708 (52.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6655 (51.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10907 (54.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7354 (49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3609 (55.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44952 (52.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7657 (46.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6852 (47.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6404 (49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9093 (45.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7662 (51.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2889 (44.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40557 (47.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s education level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e119 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e108 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e194 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e163 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e878 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3116 (19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2540 (17.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1905 (14.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3715 (18.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2589 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1390 (21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15255 (17.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJunior high school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6368 (38.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5312 (36.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4481 (34.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7727 (38.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5671 (37.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2426 (37.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31985 (37.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh school/Technical school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3720 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3376 (23.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3142 (24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4447 (22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3409 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1279 (19.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19373 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssociate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1172 (7.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1279 (8.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1360 (10.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1611 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1258 (8.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e463 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7143 (8.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e997 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1185 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1377 (10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1371 (6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1116 (7.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e387 (6.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6433 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaster's / PhD / Postdoctoral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e182 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e167 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e159 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e813 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot sure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e341 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e303 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e226 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e379 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e350 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e214 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1813 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e329 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e314 (2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e278 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e389 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e301 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e205 (3.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1816 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s education level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e433 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e301 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e263 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e480 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e401 (2.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e240 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2118 (2.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3756 (22.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3027 (20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2373 (18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4444 (22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3026 (20.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1576 (24.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18202 (21.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJunior high school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6047 (36.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5154 (35.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4294 (32.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7435 (37.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5433 (36.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2299 (35.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30662 (35.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh school/Technical school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3545 (21.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3351 (23.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3096 (23.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4228 (21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3357 (22.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1273 (19.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18850 (22.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssociate degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1083 (6.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1177 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1315 (10.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1497 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1181 (7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e443 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6696 (7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e867 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e982 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1221 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1214 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1004 (6.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e334 (5.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5622 (6.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaster's / PhD / Postdoctoral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e130 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e110 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e567 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot sure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e353 (2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e310 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229 (1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e392 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e346 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e219 (3.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1849 (2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e197 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e166 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e138 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e157 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85 (1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e943 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold Income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;6,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5248 (32.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4243 (29.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3352 (25.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5942 (29.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4350 (29.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2228 (34.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25363 (29.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6,000\u0026ndash;14,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5333 (32.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4777 (32.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4138 (31.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6777 (33.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4669 (31.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2062 (31.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27756 (32.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14,000\u0026ndash;23,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2582 (15.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2541 (17.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2290 (17.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3356 (16.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2536 (16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e993 (15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14298 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23,000\u0026ndash;36,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1455 (8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1473 (10.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1475 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1946 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1505 (10.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e519 (8.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8373 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36,000\u0026ndash;70,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1020 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e983 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1055 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1232 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1098 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e396 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5784 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;70,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e738 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e543 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e749 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e747 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e858 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e300 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3935 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrinking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6348 (38.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7395 (50.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5577 (42.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8476 (42.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3985 (26.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2773 (42.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34554 (40.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1 Time/Month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7591 (46.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5877 (40.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5742 (44.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9165 (45.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7622 (50.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2771 (42.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38768 (45.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 Times/Month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1912 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1027 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1347 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1906 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2734 (18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e699 (10.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9625 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 Times/Week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e322 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e279 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e291 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e444 (3.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e155 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1667 (1.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 Times/Week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e203 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e114 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e162 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e231 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e895 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13814 (84.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13777 (94.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11712 (89.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18104 (90.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11226 (74.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5582 (85.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74215 (86.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2562 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e783 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1347 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1896 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3790 (25.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e916 (14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11294 (13.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: \u0026ldquo;others\u0026rdquo; in Father\u0026rsquo;s (Mother\u0026rsquo;s) education level means that father\u0026rsquo;s (mother's) role missing, such as mother passing away, etc. Family category, nuclear family (parents and children), Extended family (three generations or more).\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLogistic Regression Results of Exercise Types on Various Mental Health Outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNSSI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePredictors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOdds Ratios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCI (95%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.adjusted (fdr)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOdds Ratios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCI (95%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.adjusted (fdr)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOdds Ratios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCI (95%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.adjusted (fdr)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOdds Ratios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCI (95%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.adjusted (fdr)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOdds Ratios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCI (95%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.adjusted (fdr)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOdds Ratios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCI (95%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep.adjusted (fdr)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReference\u003c/em\u003e: team ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edouble swing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026ndash;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026ndash;1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026ndash;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026ndash;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elow intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026ndash;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026ndash;1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026ndash;1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026ndash;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026ndash;1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026ndash;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emedium intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026ndash;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026ndash;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026ndash;1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026ndash;1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24\u0026ndash;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026ndash;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esingle anaerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026ndash;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.016\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026ndash;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026ndash;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026ndash;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026ndash;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eDouble swing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elow intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026ndash;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24\u0026ndash;1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026ndash;1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026ndash;1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026ndash;1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026ndash;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emedium intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.10\u0026ndash;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026ndash;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026ndash;1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026ndash;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026ndash;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esingle anaerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026ndash;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026ndash;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026ndash;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026ndash;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eteam ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026ndash;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026ndash;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026ndash;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026ndash;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026ndash;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003elow intensity aerobics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edouble swing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026ndash;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026ndash;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026ndash;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026ndash;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026ndash;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026ndash;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emedium intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026ndash;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026ndash;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026ndash;1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026ndash;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026ndash;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.040\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esingle anaerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026ndash;0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026ndash;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026ndash;0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.017\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026ndash;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026ndash;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026ndash;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eteam ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026ndash;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026ndash;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026ndash;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026ndash;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026ndash;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026ndash;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003emedium intensity aerobics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edouble swing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026ndash;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026ndash;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026ndash;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026ndash;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026ndash;0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.030\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elow intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026ndash;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.034\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026ndash;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026ndash;1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026ndash;1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.042\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esingle anaerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026ndash;0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026ndash;1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026ndash;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026ndash;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.048\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.049\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eteam ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026ndash;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026ndash;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026ndash;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u0026ndash;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026ndash;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026ndash;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003esingle anaerobic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edouble swing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026ndash;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026ndash;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026ndash;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026ndash;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elow intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026ndash;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026ndash;1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026ndash;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026ndash;1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026ndash;1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026ndash;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emedium intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20\u0026ndash;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026ndash;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026ndash;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026ndash;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eteam ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026ndash;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.017\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026ndash;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026ndash;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026ndash;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026ndash;0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026ndash;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"23\"\u003eNote: Propensity scores for the five exercise types were included as weights, and several covariates were included in the model. These covariates included age, sex assigned at birth, gender identity, ethnicity, whether the participant was an only child, education level, smoking and drinking habits, family category, household income, education level of the participant's mother and father, and BMI. Detailed information on these analyses can be found in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;7 of the Supplementary Information.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSmooth terms influencing exercise level as determined by logistic generalized additive modeling(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79011) \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNSSI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePredictors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eedf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChi.sq\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eedf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChi.sq\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eedf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChi.sq\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eedf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChi.sq\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eedf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChi.sq\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eedf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChi.sq\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDouble swing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.234\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.323\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.546\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e116.537\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.042\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.128\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.035\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.637\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e167.854\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.391\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.099\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.255\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.580\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLow intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.344\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.238\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.149\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.612\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.843\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.677\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.255\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.300\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.410\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.479\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.270\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedium intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.307\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.891\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.829\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.088\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.584\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.889\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.073\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.741\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.932\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.237\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.217\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingle anaerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.799\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.451\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.845\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.546\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.819\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.582\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.481\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e102.584\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.030\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.793\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.581\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.942\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTeam ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.179\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.156\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.591\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e201.798\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.005\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.715\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.742\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e206.662\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.822\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132.343\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.539\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104.158\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDouble swing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.062\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.857\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.839\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.446\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.103\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.036\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.551\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98.519\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.391\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.594\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.088\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.819\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLow intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.094\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.784\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.075\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e101.014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.064\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.515\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.034\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.249\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127.396\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.499\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.490\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.106\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.851\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedium intensity aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.273\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.838\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.888\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e131.534\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.829\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.460\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.421\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.130\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.222\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.915\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.002\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.716\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingle anaerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.805\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.626\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.579\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e134.860\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.739\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.912\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.675\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e107.003\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.694\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.310\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.881\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.072\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTeam ball\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.040\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.317\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.311\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e159.759\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.817\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.026\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.498\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e187.458\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.342\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.043\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.452\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.539\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"19\"\u003eNote: \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e The smooth terms included in the generalized additive model are summarized by their estimated degrees of freedom (edf).\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"19\"\u003eSignificant values are in \u003cem\u003eitalic\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003ebold\u003c/strong\u003e. These covariates included age, sex assigned at birth, gender identity, ethnicity, whether the participant was an only child, education level, smoking and drinking habits, family category, household income, education level of the participant's mother and father, and BMI. Detailed information on these analyses can be found in Tables\u0026nbsp;8\u0026ndash;9 of the Supplementary Information.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.2 Measures\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.1. Sociodemographic characteristics.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study collected information on the sociodemographic characteristics of participants, which included age, sex assigned at birth, gender identity, ethnicity, whether they were the only child in the family, education level, smoking and drinking habits, family category, household income, as well as the education level of their fathers and mothers. Additionally, BMI was calculated using self-reported height and weight. These sociodemographic characteristics were considered covariates in the regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.2 Procedures.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study evaluated physical activities through self-reported items. Participants were asked, \u0026ldquo;What type of physical activity or exercise did you spend most of your time doing?\u0026rdquo; A total of 23 forms of exercise were represented in the sample. These exercises were categorized manually into 5 exercise categories to ensure a diverse representation of exercises and meaningful cell sizes (see \u003cstrong\u003eAppendix S\u003c/strong\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Participants chose from single anaerobic exercises, single low-intensity aerobic exercises, single moderate-intensity aerobic exercises, two-player swing-type exercises, group ball exercises, or other non-listed exercises. They indicated the frequency of their exercise, which was the number of times they did the exercise per week, and the duration, which was the number of minutes or hours they usually spent exercising. For frequency, four response options were available: 0\u0026ndash;1 time per week, 2\u0026ndash;3 times per week, 4\u0026ndash;5 times per week, or 6\u0026ndash;7 times per week. For the duration, six response options were available: 0-0.5 hours, 0.5-1 hour, 1-1.5 hours, 1.5-2 hours, 2-2.5 hours, or 2.5-3 hours. The duration was recoded into six categories of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes to analyze potential dose-dependent relationships with mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.2.3 Equity, diversity, and inclusion statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe group of authors comprises of researchers from various stages of their careers, including junior, mid-career and senior researchers, belonging to diverse disciplines, and has achieved a balance in terms of gender. However, all members of the author group hail from a single country. The study population of this research includes subjects who identify as cisgender, transgender, nonbinary/genderqueer, or have doubts about their gender identity. Additionally, the participants of our study belong to various income levels and family types, including foster families, stay-at-home families, and so on.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.3 Outcome Variable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.1 Non-suicidal self-injury.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe adapted Clinician-Rated Severity of Non-suicidal Self-Injury (CRS-NSSI; APA, 2013) was employed to measure NSSI, which is a single-item assessment tool indicating the presence and severity of NSSI; and it showed good reliability \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e as indicated by Weighted Cohen's \u0026kappa; score of 0.91. To assess the participants\u0026rsquo; history of NSSI, a two-part question was posed. The first question sought to determine if the participants had intentionally inflicted harm on themselves without suicidal intent. If they responded affirmatively, they were prompted to give a rating of the frequency of their NSSI behavior over the past year, ranging from zero to twelve days or more (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 Days, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026ndash;4 Days, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5\u0026ndash;7 Days, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u0026ndash;11 Days, 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12 Days and more). Subsequently, based on the participant\u0026rsquo;s responses, their NSSI behaviors were categorized dichotomously as either present or absent throughout their lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.2 Suicidality.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuicidal ideation and suicide attempt were measured through the Chinese version of the 4-item Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). The SBQ-R is a self-report scale designed to assess suicidal risk, with good reliability and validity (internal consistency ranged between 0.79\u0026ndash;0.86, the area under the curve at a cutoff point calculated by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.78; \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The suicide attempts were dichotomously measured as having or not having previous suicide attempts through participants\u0026rsquo; responses to the first item of SBQ-R. The suicidal ideation was also dichotomously measured as having or not having any suicidal ideation through participants\u0026rsquo; responses to the first item of SBQ-R. The first item of the SBQ-R covers participants\u0026rsquo; lifetime SI and/or SA by asking whether they have ever thought about or attempted to kill themselves. Participants indicated their responses through choices including 1) \u0026ldquo;Never\u0026rdquo;, 2) \u0026ldquo;It was just a brief passing thought\u0026rdquo;, 3a) \u0026ldquo;I have had a plan at least once to kill myself but did not try to do it\u0026rdquo;, 3b) \u0026ldquo;I have had a plan at least once to kill myself and really wanted to die\u0026rdquo;, 4a) \u0026ldquo;I have attempted to kill myself, but did not want to die\u0026rdquo;, 4b) \u0026ldquo;I have attempted to kill myself, and really hoped to die\u0026rdquo;. Aligning with the instructions provided by Osman et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Participants choosing 4 were characterized as having SA, while participants choosing 2, 3, and 4 were characterized as having SI.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.4 Depressive symptoms.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe severity of depressive symptoms was measured using the Chinese version of the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the cut-off scores as 10\u003csup\u003e21,22\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.5 Anxiety symptoms.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe measured anxiety symptoms using the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and the cut-off score is 10\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.6 Post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePTSD symptoms were measured using the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ). The TSQ was an effective predictor of future PTSD, with a sensitivity of 0.85 and specificity of 0.89, and the cut-off score is 6\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.4 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe employed logistic regression analysis to investigate the relationship between 5 exercise types and mental health outcomes while controlling for individual-level covariates, including sociodemographic characteristics. The large sample size enabled precise comparisons among different exercise types. We used a multinomial propensity weighting approach to account for the self-selection bias into different exercise types. This technique entailed using generalized boosted regression trees to estimate poststratification propensity scores, which indicated an individual\u0026rsquo;s likelihood of being assigned to a certain exercise type based on the full covariate set. To minimize the influence of extreme values, we winsorized the propensity scores at a 99% level. We included them as weights in the logistic regression analyses investigating the connection between exercise type and mental health outcomes. Odds ratios were calculated for each of the 5 exercise types, using the other types as references, to determine their relative importance on distinct mental health outcome indicators (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, we explored the effects of exercise duration and frequency on various mental health outcomes using a generalized additive model (GAM). We used penalized cubic regression splines for exercise duration and frequency while controlling for the full covariate set utilizing parametric regressors to accomplish this. To visualize the non-linear correlation between these variables and mental health, we plotted the fitted smoothed duration and frequency coefficients along with their respective 95% confidence intervals. We also examined how the impact of exercise duration and frequency differs across distinct exercise types, plotting the relationship between mental health and exercise duration and frequency independently for each exercise type based on smoothed conditional means (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, we conducted sensitivity analyses on a subset of participants who were the only child in their family (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37,668, accounting for 47.67% of the entire sample). This was done to provide a more reliable and rigorous interpretation of the findings. These were based on the STROBE cross sectional reporting guidelines\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e85,509 out of 96,218 (88.9%) participants completed the primary assessment. The baseline characteristics of participants engaged in various exercise types are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Among these, 79,011(92.4%) participants reported being involved in physical activity such as single anaerobic (16,376 [19.2%]), low-intensity aerobics (14,560 [17.0%]), medium-intensity aerobics (13,059 [15.3%]), two-player swing-type exercises (double swing) (20,000[23.4%]) or team ball games (15,016 [17.6%]). An additional 6,498 participants (7.6%) reported pursuing physical activities not specified in our list. Table S2 outlines exercise frequency, duration, and various mental health outcomes concerning different exercise types. For participants engaged in double swing exercises, the majority (10,346 [51.7%]) exercised 0\u0026ndash;1 times a week for 0.5-1 hour (7,561 [37.8%]). Most low-intensity aerobic exercise participants (6,266 [43%]) exercised 0\u0026ndash;1 times a week for 0.5-1 hour (5,953 [40.9%]). The majority of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise participants (5,153 [39.5%]) exercised 2\u0026ndash;3 times a week, for 0.5-1 hour each time (5,396 [41.3%]). Most single anaerobic exercise participants (6,314 [38.6%]) exercised 2\u0026ndash;3 times a week for 0.5-1 hour each time (6,559 [40.1%]). Regarding group ball games, most participants (6,321 [42.1%]) exercised 2\u0026ndash;3 times a week, spending 1-1.5 hours on each session (4,417 [29.4%]). Finally, most participants who reported engaging in physical activities other than those mentioned exercised 0\u0026ndash;1 times a week (3,151 [48.5%]), with an exercise duration of 0-0.5 hours per session (2,889 [44.5%]). To ensure that the results remained interpretable, we removed the 6,498 participants who chose \u0026ldquo;other\u0026rdquo; types of exercise from the final logistic regression. Therefore, our cohort for the regression analysis consisted of 79,011 participants (\u003cb\u003esee\u003c/b\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMental health outcomes varied as a function of exercise type when controlling for all sociodemographic variables (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cb\u003eappendix Tables\u0026nbsp;3\u0026ndash;7\u003c/b\u003e). Relative to team ball sports, other types of sports significantly predicted negative mental health outcomes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA, all Odds Ratios\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1). Other types of exercise (except team ball games) more significantly predicted negative mental health outcomes in comparison to single-player anaerobic exercise (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB, Odds Ratios\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1). Other types of sports (except team ball sports and single-player anaerobic sports) more significantly predicted negative mental health outcomes compared to two-player swing sports (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC, Odds Ratios\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1). All other types of exercise (except low-intensity aerobic exercise) were significant protective factors for negative mental health outcomes when compared to moderate-intensity single-player aerobic exercise (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eD, Odds Ratios\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1). All other types of exercise were protective factors for negative mental health outcomes compared to low-intensity single-player aerobic exercise (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eE, Odds Ratios\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1). Hence, based on the protective importance for mental health, team ball sports\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;single anaerobic sports\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;double swing sports\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;single moderate-intensity aerobic sports\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;single low-intensity aerobic sports.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found significant nonlinear associations between exercise frequency and mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-injury, controlling for sociodemographic variables. However, the frequency of low-intensity and medium-intensity aerobics were not significantly associated with suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury as seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eand Appendix Table\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/b\u003e. As presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, individual's increases in team ball exercise were beneficially and monotonically associated with odds reductions in all mental health outcomes. Moreover, we observed U-shaped relationships between exercise frequency, anxiety, and depression for double swing, low, and medium-intensity aerobics exercises. Specifically, individuals with exercise frequency between three and four times a week had a lower probability of anxiety and depression than those who exercised fewer than three or more than four times, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eD \u003cb\u003e\u0026amp; E\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eappendix S\u003c/b\u003e Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Additionally, for double swing, medium-intensity aerobics, and single anaerobic exercise frequency, we found a U-shaped relationship with suicidal ideation. Individuals performing these exercises three to four times per week had a lower probability of suicidal ideation than those exercising fewer than three or more than four times, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC \u003cb\u003eand Appendix S Fig.\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, we observed significant nonlinear relationships between all mental health outcomes and exercise duration while adjusting for sociodemographic variables, as presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eand Appendix Table\u0026nbsp;9\u003c/b\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e depicts that exercise for 150 minutes per session of team ball was associated with the lowest probability of all mental health outcomes. Additionally, exercise durations ranging from 90 to 120 minutes of single anaerobic, low-intensity aerobics, medium-intensity aerobics, and double swing exercises were associated with the lowest probability of anxiety and depression, with the peak at around 120 minutes, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eE \u003cb\u003eand appendix S Fig.\u0026nbsp;7\u0026amp; 8\u003c/b\u003e. Furthermore, the exercise duration of 180 minutes or more was associated with the lowest probability of NSSI and SI for most exercise types, as presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB \u003cb\u003eand Appendix S Figs.\u0026nbsp;9 \u0026amp; 12\u003c/b\u003e. For double swing, single anaerobic, and medium-intensity aerobics, exercising for 180 minutes or more was associated with a decrease in the probability of PTSD, while low-intensity aerobics for 120 minutes was associated with the lowest probability of PTSD, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eF, \u003cb\u003eand Appendix S Fig.\u0026nbsp;10\u003c/b\u003e. Finally, exercising for 60 to 90 minutes for single anaerobic, low-intensity aerobics, and double swing was associated with the lowest probability of SA, whereas exercising for 120 minutes of medium-intensity aerobics was linked with the lowest probability of SA, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC \u003cb\u003eand Appendix S Fig.\u0026nbsp;11\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to our sensitivity analysis, we limited the analytical sample to only children in their families (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37,668). We discovered similar results to the entire sample, which showed that after accounting for sociodemographic variables, mental health outcomes fluctuated based on exercise type. Team ball exercise offered the most protection, trailed by single anaerobic exercise, double swing exercise, single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and single low-intensity aerobic exercise (refer to \u003cb\u003eAppendix S Fig.\u0026nbsp;13, and S Table\u0026nbsp;10\u003c/b\u003e). We also noticed significant nonlinear associations between exercise frequency and duration with mental health outcomes (\u003cb\u003erefer to Appendix S Figs.\u0026nbsp;14 \u0026amp; 15, and S Table\u0026nbsp;11\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates a significant correlation between exercise and mental health, even after controlling for various sociodemographic factors. Specifically, engaging in the team, individual anaerobic, and doubles swing sports yielded fewer mental health issues and symptoms than the single moderate and low-intensity aerobic sports. These findings align with previous randomized controlled trials that suggested exercise positively impacts mental health outcomes for depression \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, anxiety \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and post-traumatic stress disorder \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Our study further indicates that physical exercise has a protective effect on suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and non-suicidal self-injury. Previous cross-sectional research found that exercising four or more days per week in bullied adolescents was associated with a 23% reduction in suicidal ideation and attempts \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In another study, physical exercise was negatively associated in a dose-response manner with all measures of mental health problems and suicidality, including self-harm and suicide attempts \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Nonetheless, the strength of the association between exercise and suicidal behavior remains uncertain. For example, a recent cross-sectional study found that compared to university students who reported exercising at least five hours per week, those who exercised less were more likely to report having suicidal ideation. The same trend was observed for exercise and suicide plans. Surprisingly, no significant association was observed between exercise and suicide attempts \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Future randomized controlled trials should aim to validate these results rigorously.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Relative importance of different exercise types for mental health.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, our results demonstrated that diverse forms of physical exercise have a varied impact on aspects of mental health. Smith et al. (2021) have suggested a comprehensive framework incorporating neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms to illuminate how exercise can stimulate neurobiological systems, enhance neuroplasticity, and improve cognitive control and motional regulation processes \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The discrepancies in the outcomes of exercise subtypes on neuroplasticity may reflect the varied effects of physical activity subtypes such as aerobic, resistance, flexibility, neuromotor (comprising balance, agility, and coordination), mind-body approaches (such as tai chi, qi gong, and yoga), and mixed training \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Likewise, exercise has been associated with functional alterations in major brain network pathways connected to psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD(Chow et al., 2021). These areas are crucial factors for psychological and pharmacological therapies, particularly with the emergence of newer cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Emotion regulation impairments are considered transdiagnostic risk factors linked to several psychological conditions, including anxiety, mood, eating, personality, and substance use disorders \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, as well as suicidal thoughts and behaviors \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Physical exercise could also foster individuals\u0026rsquo; ability to deal with negative affect or high arousal situations, thus enhancing their capability to manage interoceptive sensations rather than avoiding or escaping them. Conversely, hypervigilance, reactive or impulsive internal cue responses, and poor interoceptive awareness (alexithymia) are all associated with different psychiatric disorders, including PTSD, borderline personality disorder, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. For instance, anxious individuals exhibit stronger interoceptive sensitivity of the body, while self-injuring, suicidal, and depressed individuals have weaker interoceptive sensitivity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and the effects of different exercises on interception may vary. Regular physical exercise has been shown to increase the salience of rewards by facilitating involvement in purposeful activities or improved physical fitness, which can trigger positive affect and capture one\u0026rsquo;s attention \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The research found that compared to their sedentary counterparts, individuals participating in physical activity display differential activation in the ventral striatum, an essential dopamine hub, following acute exercise training \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The absence of reinforcement or adaptive reward could lead to increased negative effects (such as depression) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, or the emergence of maladaptive behavioral patterns to boost positive feelings (e.g., substance abuse, NSSI, attempted suicide) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It is suspected that the effects of different types of exercise on reward may vary, which necessitates further research to explore.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Dose effects of different exercise types on mental health.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results suggest that the argument of \u0026ldquo;more is better\u0026rdquo; does not always hold true beyond certain volumes. Recent research indicated exercise intensity scaled with neuroplasticity in healthy young adults\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. We found that extreme ranges of over five times per week or longer than 150 minutes per session for most types of exercise result in worse mental health. This corresponds to the U-shaped curves seen for frequency and duration in depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation for most types of exercise. The U-shaped curves between physical exercise and mental health burden\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and mental well-being, such as psychosomatic complaints(Khan et al., 2021), have been observed in previous research. Khan et al. (2021) found that physical activity decreases psychosomatic complaints that plateau five days per week \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, Chekroud et al. (2018) revealed that 2 to 6 hours per week of exercise was optimal for less mental health burden \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, these results require careful interpretation, and the notion that more physical activity leads to better health outcomes should be considered in the context of exercise types and outcome variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Limitations.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe limitations of the present study need to be acknowledged. Firstly, a potential limitation of this study is its cross-sectional design, which precludes establishing causality for the association between exercise and mental health. Our approach only compared the relationship between the primary exercise types and mental health. Although this approach somewhat controls the combined effect of other exercise types, this is also one of the study\u0026rsquo;s limitations because many individuals simultaneously participate in multiple exercise types. Thus, the cumulative effects of each type and their respective exercise frequency and duration patternsay have varying consequences for dimensions of psychological well-being\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Secondly, the absence of a \u0026ldquo;no active\u0026rdquo; category restricts the study\u0026rsquo;s implications, as the results only demonstrate relative significance across exercise categories. While several RCTs have demonstrated a causal relationship between physical activity (PA) and mental health\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, this study did not directly compare differences between PA categories and \u0026ldquo;no active\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, it is important to note that the measurement of physical activity in previous studies was solely based on self-reports. Future studies should utilize passive mobile or wearable sensor data to accurately investigate the actual frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise. Additionally, most previous studies have relied on static one-time reports or follow-up studies with large time spans to examine the relationship between physical activity and mental health. However, the positive effects of physical activity on mental health may also be immediate. Thus it is worthwhile to investigate the dynamic relationship between these two variables using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) techniques in future research\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. EMA will allow for the real-time collection of participants\u0026rsquo; states, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying this behavior and guiding the development of exercise interventions for mental health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study suggests that participating in various sports can enhance psychological well-being. Team ball sports appear to have a stronger positive impact on mental health compared to single anaerobic sports, followed by doubles swing sports, single moderate-intensity aerobic sports, and lastly, single low-intensity aerobic sports. Moreover, exercise intensity appears to be a critical factor, as the optimal exercise intensity varies across exercise types.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eW. wrote the main manuscript text and other prepared figures and tables. 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Annu Rev Clin Psychol 4:1\u0026ndash;32. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1146/ANNUREV.CLINPSY.3.022806.091415\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1146/ANNUREV.CLINPSY.3.022806.091415\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Physical activity, Psychopathologies, Self-injury, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, Depression.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127644/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127644/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Background To investigate the protective effects of various exercise types against psychopathologies, including depression, anxiety, and non-suicidal selfinjury (NSSI), and to understand the dose-response relationship between exercise frequency and duration on these outcomes.\nMethods The study evaluated mental health outcomes using various scales and diagnoses. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between exercise types and psychopathologies, as well as self-injurious behaviors. Additionally, generalized additive models (GAM) were employed to explore the dose-response relationship between physical activity frequency and duration, and mental health outcomes, while controlling for sociodemographic factors.\nResults Team ball exercise provided the most protection, followed by single anaerobic exercise, double swing exercise, single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, and single low-intensity aerobic exercise. Nonlinear associations were found between exercise frequency, duration, and mental health outcomes. Exercising three to four times a week for 90-120 minutes led to a lower probability of developing mental health disorders, while excessive exercise worsened outcomes.\nConclusion Participation in different types of exercise has varied effects on psychopathologies, as well as self-injurious behaviors, with team ball sports having the most positive impact. Optimal exercise intensity varies between exercise types; individuals should choose exercises that suit their mental health needs.","manuscriptTitle":"Physical Activity, Psychopathologies, and Self-Injurious Behaviors in Youths: Which Type and How Much Is Sufficient?","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-03 17:13:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4127644/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"112192d7-a10c-4f0e-9c17-738020a5e07e","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-17T14:35:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-03 17:13:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4127644","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4127644","identity":"rs-4127644","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}