Increase in Intimate Partner Violence among women and men during the COVID19 pandemic likely due to the lockdown in Uganda: a household survey

Increase in Intimate Partner Violence among women and men during the COVID19 pandemic likely due to the lockdown in Uganda: a household survey | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Increase in Intimate Partner Violence among women and men during the COVID19 pandemic likely due to the lockdown in Uganda: a household survey Freddy Eric Kitutu, Ronald Olum, Sharon Kitibwakye Nakamanya, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5514997/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: During the novel COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide limited people’s movements in what became known as lockdowns to contain the spread of infection. Uganda experienced one of Africa’s strictest, longest, and most widespread lockdowns. In this paper, we examine how the novel COVID-19 pandemic and government response to address it impacted intimate partner violence (IPV) among men and women in two diverse districts in central Uganda. Methodology: A household survey was conducted in Luwero and Mukono districts among 1680 respondents from 84 villages from October 25 th , 2021, to December 3 rd , 2021. Data were collected using standardized structured questionnaires adapted from UN guidelines for producing statistics on violence in women. Outcome variables were lifetime and current (measured as incidents in the past 12 months) prevalence of IPV and whether it increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, assessed by several items under emotional, socio-economic, physical and sexual violence and analyzed as individual items or derived composite variables. Results: The lifetime prevalence of IPV was 55.4%, higher among women compared to men (57.9% vs 47.4%, p<0.001). The current prevalence of IPV was 31.0% (497/1603), higher among women than men but the difference did not reach statistical significance (32.2% vs 27.3%, p= 0.071). Of these, 73.0% (363/497) reported that the COVID-19 lockdown worsened their IPV experiences, which was higher among women than men (74.7% vs 67.0%,) p=0.113) but not statistically significant. At multivariable analysis, an increase in IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown was significantly lower in participants with at least a diploma education who were in subsistence farming and self-employed. While emotional violence was the most prevalent across both genders, socioeconomic violence increased most during the lockdown. Only 41.9% of those who experienced violence sought help, and the majority sought help from non-formal mechanisms like family members. Conclusion: While IPV was more likely to be experienced by women than men, in almost all cases, those of both genders who had experienced IPV reported that it had gotten worse during the lockdowns. Pandemic preparedness and government responses during future pandemics must consider how lockdowns can create unintended negative consequences, including exacerbating IPV. Intimate partner violence gender emotional violence socioeconomic violence physical violence sexual violence Central Uganda COVID19 pandemic response lockdown Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has one of the highest rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the world, a situation linked to structural factors (women’s unemployment, food, and social insecurity) as well as a generalized tolerance [ 1 ]. Despite policy progress, services continue to fail to provide for these women. Although a recent multi-country study showed that as many as 43% of all women have experienced intimate partner violence in SSA [ 2 ], the majority of women in the region do not seek help when they have experienced IPV [ 3 ]. IPV against women can have devastating consequences. Globally, 38% of all murders of women are committed by intimate partners [ 4 ]. IPV against men is not as prevalent (globally, it is 24.2% in women [ 5 ], 18% in men [ 6 ]) and has been studied less than IPV against women. In SSA, large-scale quantitative data on men’s experience of IPV is lacking, but a recent study from Kenya indicated that the prevalence of IPV among men is high, 76.1% [ 7 ]. Qualitative research, also from Kenya, suggests that among men, alongside a lack of services, social stigma and traditional gender norms often hinder male survivors from reporting or seeking support, as men may feel pressured to appear strong or fear being disbelieved [ 8 ]. For both men and women, lack of awareness and tailored resources leads to underreporting and lower help-seeking, leaving many survivors without adequate support [ 9 ]. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its accompanying lockdowns and movement restrictions, created environments that amplified the risk of IPV worldwide [ 10 ]. At the beginning of the pandemic, concerns were raised about the impact that lockdowns might have on vulnerable populations[ 11 ]. Studies from multiple countries indicate a significant rise in IPV cases during the pandemic because of increased isolation, economic stress, and restricted access to support services [ 12 – 14 ]. Lockdowns, while aimed at curbing virus transmission, unintentionally confined individuals to environments where tensions could escalate—especially in households with pre-existing IPV risk factors [ 15 ]. Limited access to social networks and reduced service availability compounded these risks, isolating victims and limiting opportunities for escape or support [ 16 ]. The pandemic highlighted the urgent need for resilient IPV support systems to withstand public health crises and the importance of considering how the response would directly or inadvertently affect the incidence of IPV. Uganda experienced some of the strictest and longest lockdowns in the region [ 17 , 18 ]. Prior to the pandemic, research showed that it also had some of the highest rates of IPV among both women and men in SSA. More than half of married women in Uganda report experiencing IPV, [ 19 ] including psychological (40%), physical violence (41%), and sexual violence (23%) [ 19 ]. Among ever-married Ugandan men, rates of IPV are also high. Almost half (43%) of men have experienced IPV, most especially psychological abuse (36%). They have lower rates of physical (20%) and sexual (8%) violence [ 20 ] in comparison to women. The lockdowns in Uganda had the potential to create a dual health emergency, and studies from Uganda, although limited by method (conducted on the telephone) and with relatively small samples, provide a consistent picture that between 30.6% and 58.1% of women experienced at least one type of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 21 – 23 ]. No systematic studies have, however, looked at the experience of IPV among both men and women during COVID-19 lockdowns. This study analyzes IPV among both women and men in two districts, using data from a large household survey conducted shortly after the second COVID-19 lockdown. While most previous research has focused solely on violence against women, this study examines IPV across genders. To our knowledge, no prior studies have assessed IPV among both women and men during the pandemic. This paper also documents the prevalence and change in all four types of IPV during the lockdowns in Luwero and Mukono districts in Central Uganda, addressing a gap in existing research, which has largely emphasized only physical and sexual violence. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study area and design This household survey on intimate partner violence was conducted in villages within the catchment areas of medicine outlets identified in a related study in Luwero and Mukono districts, Central Uganda [ 24 ]. Luwero, about 75 km north of Kampala, is predominantly rural, with agriculture as its main economic activity. It has a population of 614,230 in 162,438 households, with a population density of roughly 100 people per square kilometer. In contrast, Mukono, 25 km east of Kampala, is more urbanized and economically diverse, encompassing agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. It has 932,672 residents in 264,913 households, with a density of about 280 people per square kilometer [ 25 ]. Both districts are noted for their socio-political resilience and are subdivided into urban municipalities, town councils, and rural sub-counties. Villages or local councils, each typically comprising 50 to 200 households, are the smallest administrative units and were the primary sampling units in the current survey. Sample size and sampling The household sample size was estimated using the Bennett method for cluster-sample surveys [ 26 ], with each village (the smallest administrative unit) serving as a cluster. As part of a larger study [ 24 ], all villages within the catchment areas of drug shops, private clinics, and pharmacies, collectively referred to as the medicine retail sector (MRS), in Luwero and Mukono districts were mapped to form the sampling frame. Catchment areas were defined by a 5-kilometer radius from each medicine outlet, considering the road network and physical barriers affecting access. Assuming 50% of households had at least one care-seeking episode from the MRS during the COVID-19 pandemic (maximizing sample size) and estimating 20 households per cluster (based on feasibility of surveying this number in a day), we applied a design effect of 4.2 due to high inter-cluster homogeneity (0.2), reflecting multistage sampling and varying levels of intimate partner violence. Using a two-sided test at a 5% significance level, we calculated a sample size of 1,680 households across 84 clusters. Multistage sampling was used. First, villages were randomly selected from the sampling frame. Then, three enumerators in each village systematically enrolled eligible households, guided by field context, until 20 households were surveyed per cluster. Study variables and data sources An instrument composed of a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. It was developed by adapting socio-economic status questions from the Simplified Asset Indices to Measure Wealth and Equity in Health Programs tool [ 27 ] and the IPV questionnaire items from the UN guidelines for producing statistics on violence against women [ 28 ]. The adaptation involved including items that assessed intimate partner violence, relevant to the context and assessed intimate partner violence in men too. It was first prepared in English and translated into Luganda, the predominant language spoken in the study area, and then back-translated into English to ensure it retained the intended meaning. The data collection tool is provided as a supplementary file to this manuscript [Supplementary file 1]. The instrument contained questions on the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, spouses and their households as independent variables. Outcome variables: Lifetime experience of IPV, defined as having ever experienced any form of violence, was derived as a composite variable by considering any self-reported experience of the violent incidents measured under any of the forms of violence, i.e., emotional, socio-economic, physical, or sexual violence. Current experience of IPV, defined as experiencing any form of violence in the 12 months preceding the survey, was derived as a composite variable by considering any self-reported experience of the violent incidents measured under the four forms of violence. Whether IPV increased during the COVID-19 pandemic was derived as any self-reported worsening of the violent incidents measured under the four forms of violence. Similarly, lifetime and current experience of each of emotional violence, socio-economic violence, physical violence, and sexual violence, respectively, and whether each form of violence increased during the COVID-19 pandemic were derived by considering only items measured under each form of violence. Care-seeking among IPV victims - sought care after the incidence of intimate partner violence in the past 12 months, from where, whether the help was given or reason for not seeking care. Table 1 Table 1 The incidents of violence measured under each form of intimate partner violence (see Supplementary file 1). Form of IPV Items measured Emotional violence 1. Whether the respondent was insulted or made to feel bad about oneself , 2. Whether the respondent was belittled or humiliated in front of other people , 3. Whether things were done to scare or intimidate them on purpose , 4. Whether the respondent encountered a threat to hurt someone the respondent cared about , Socio-economic violence 1. Whether the respondent was denied access to social services such as education, health services or remunerated employment because of their gender , 2. Whether the respondent was denied property rights because of your gender , 3. Whether the respondent was prohibited from getting a job, going to work, trading or earning money , 4. Whether the respondent had their earnings taken against their will , Physical violence 1. Whether the respondent was slapped or had something thrown at them that could hurt them , 2. Whether the respondent was pushed or shoved , 3. Whether the respondent was hit with a fist or something else that would hurt them , 4. Whether the respondent was kicked, dragged or beaten you up , 5. Whether the respondent was choked or burnt on purpose , 6. Whether the respondent was threatened, or a gun, knife or other weapon was used against them. Sexual violence 1. Whether the respondent was physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to , 2. Whether the respondent had sexual intercourse when they did not want to because they were afraid of what their partner might do , 3. Whether the respondent was forced to do something sexual that they found degrading or humiliating Data collection Data were collected from October 25th, 2021, to December 3rd, 2021, by experienced interviewers following intensive training on the protocol, data collection tools and study procedures. Figure 1 sets out the timeline for the research and the periods of more and less stringent lockdowns in Uganda. One adult per eligible household who had slept in the house for at least 4 weeks preceding the survey was interviewed. An eligible household was one within the catchment area of the study medicine outlets and had at least one under-five household member. Whenever more than one willing adult was found, priority was given to the one deemed more informed on the health-related issues of the household. In case of unavailability of eligible respondents, a second visit was made. If this failed, the household next to it was included in the survey instead. Data was collected using electronic tools based on the KoboToolbox platform (Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story St, Cambridge, MA 02138) installed on secure tablets and transmitted to a secure server under the direct supervision of the principal investigators. Data management and analysis Quantitative data were cleaned, checked, coded, and transferred to Stata version 15.0 (StataCorp LLC., College Station, TX, USA). The household, represented by one eligible adult respondent, was the unit of analysis. Outcome variables were derived before analysis. Composite outcome variables were created to estimate lifetime and current IPV prevalence, and any worsening during the COVID-19 lockdown, categorized by emotional, socio-economic, physical, or sexual violence, and disaggregated by sex. Age was summarized as median with interquartile range; categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages in a table. Chi-square tests assessed differences in proportions between males and females. Results are presented in tables with proportions and p-values. To identify factors associated with increased IPV during lockdown, we used multivariable modified Poisson regression due to the outcome prevalence exceeding 10% [ 29 – 31 ]. Logistic regression can overestimate relative risk in such cases, and log-binomial models often face convergence issues [ 29 – 31 ]. Modified Poisson regression, using robust error variance (sandwich estimator), effectively addresses these limitations [ 32 , 33 ]. Backward elimination was used for variable selection. Multicollinearity was assessed, and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Wald statistics tested variable importance. We assessed interaction between education and occupation but found none. Due to the limited availability of robust goodness-of-fit tests [ 34 ], the model with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was chosen [ 35 ]. Model fit was also evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test [ 36 ], yielding a chi-square of 3.96 (p = 0.861) and 74.3% classification accuracy, indicating good fit. RESULTS Socio-demographic characteristics Of the total 1680 respondents, the majority had or had ever had an intimate partner (95.4%), and were female (76.4%), with a lower median age of 37 years (IQR 28, 49) than males of 45 years (IQR 35, 53), were married or cohabiting (69.8%), and subsistence farmers (41%). Nearly half 762/1680 (45.4%) of the respondents and half of the spouses (51.1%, 612.1173) were educated beyond the primary level. ( Table 2 ) Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents in the household survey (N = 1680) Characteristic Male (N = 397) Female (N = 1283) Frequency (%) Frequency (%) Median age (IQR) 45 (35–53) 37 (28–49) Role of respondent in a household Wife or mother 0 (0) 1283 (100) Guardian 1 (0.3) 0 (0) Husband or father 388 (97.7) 0 (0) Child 8 (2.0) 0 (0) Highest level of education None 20 (5.0) 128 (10.0) Primary 188 (47.4) 582 (45.4) Secondary 141 (35.5) 482 (37.6) Certificate 12 (3.0) 50 (3.9) Diploma 23 (5.8) 29 (2.3) Degree 13 (3.3) 12 (0.9) Respondent’s occupation None 21 (5.3) 291 (22.7) Subsistence farmer 188 (47.4) 500 (39.0) Self-employed 130 (32.8) 414 (32.3) Civil servant 15 (3.8) 17 (1.3) Others 43 (10.8) 61 (4.8) Respondent’s marital status Never married 8 (2.0) 50 (3.9) Married 168 (42.3) 257 (20.0) Cohabiting 198 (49.9) 550 (42.9) Separated or divorced 18 (4.5) 236 (18.4) Widowed 5 (1.3) 190 (14.8) Age of respondent’s spouse (n = 1173) n = 366 n = 807 Below 25 years 41 (11.2) 25 (3.1) 25 to 34 years 127 (34.7) 199 (24.7) 35 to 44 years 102 (27.9) 238 (29.5) 45 years and older 65 (17.8) 271 (33.6) Do not know 31 (8.5) 74 (9.2) Highest level of education of spouse (n = 1173) None 7 (1.9) 20 (2.5) Primary 151 (41.3) 235 (29.1) Secondary 157 (42.9) 334 (41.4) Certificate 14 (3.8) 21 (2.6) Diploma 8 (2.2) 36 (4.5) Degree 7 (1.9) 35 (4.3) Do not know 22 (6.0) 126 (15.6) Occupation of spouse None 57 (15.6) 27 (3.6) Subsistence farmer 175 (47.8) 223 (27.6) Self-employed 107 (29.2) 390 (48.3) Civil servant 10 (2.7) 47 (5.8) Others 17 (4.6) 118 (14.6) Do not know 0 (0) 2 (0.3) Head of household Self 382 (96.2) 556 (43.3) Spouse 7 (1.8) 663 (51.7) Another male adult 3 (0.8) 19 (1.5) Another female adult 5 (1.3) 44 (3.4) Other 0 (0) 1 (0.1) Age of the household head if not spouse or self (n = 72) n = 8 n = 64 27–43 years 2 (25.0) 16 (25.0) 44–60 years 4 (50.0) 21 (32.8) 61–79 years 1 (12.5) 15 (23.4) Do not know 1 (12.5) 12 (18.8) Highest level of education of household heads other than spouse/self (n = 72) n = 8 n = 64 None 0 (0) 9 (14.1) Primary 4 (50.0) 18 (28.1) Secondary 2 (25.0) 16 (25.0) Certificate 0 (0) 1 (1.6) Diploma 1 (12.5) 0 (0) Degree 0 (0) 2 (3.1) Do not know 1 (12.5) 18 (28.1) Occupation of household heads other than spouse (n = 72) n = 8 n = 64 None 0 (0) 12 (18.8) Subsistence farmer 4 (50.0) 21 (32.8) Self-employed 1 (12.5) 20 (31.3) Civil servant 1 (12.5) 4 (6.3) Others 2 (25.0) 3 (4.7) Do not know 0 (0) 3 (6.3) Respondents with or who ever had an intimate partner Yes 388 (97.7) 1215 (94.7) No 9 (2.3) 68 (5.3) Insert Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents in the household survey (N = 1680) Prevalence of overall lifetime and overall current IPV and factors associated with its worsening during the COVID-19 lockdown in Mukono and Luwero districts The overall lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence is 55.4%, higher among women compared to men (57.9% vs 47.4%, p < 0.001). The overall current prevalence of IPV (measures as IPV in the past 12 months) is 31% (497/1603), higher among women than men but it did not reach statistical significance (32.2% vs 27.3%, p = 0.071). Of these, 73.0% (363/497) reported that the COVID-19 lockdown worsened their IPV experiences, which was higher among women than men (74.7% vs 67.0%,) p = 0.113) but did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 2 ). At multivariable analysis, an increase in any form of IPV was significantly lower in participants with at least a advanced education having an adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of 0.58, (95% CI: 0.37, 0.91, p = 0.019) compared to none; being in subsistence farming with aPR, 0.84, (95% CI: 0.74, 0.96, p = 0.008) and self-employed with aPR of 0.86, (95% CI: 0.75, 0.98, p = 0.029) compared to unemployed. On the contrary, being separated, divorced, or widowed were more likely to report an increase in any form of violence during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to never married had aPR of 1.51, (95% CI: 1.004–2.26, p = 0.048). Sex was not significantly associated with reporting an increase in any form of violence during the COVID-19 lockdown with aPR of 1.04, (95% CI: 0.87, 1.24, p = 0.643) ( Table 3 ) . Prevalence of the different forms of IPV Emotional violence The most common form of intimate partner violence experienced was emotional violence (39.9%), significantly higher among women than men (41.7% vs 34.5%, p = 0.013). Over the past 12 months, 21.2% (339/1603) had experienced emotional violence, with no statistically significant difference between men and women (19.3% vs 21.7%, p = 0.314). Of these, 66.7% (226/339) reported that emotional violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (62.7% vs 67.8%, p = 0.405) (Table 4 , Fig. 2 ). This was grouped into different actions, with insults (35.1%) being the most common among men and women during their lifetime, followed by humiliation (18.0%), being made to feel scared (16.0%), or being threatened (5.1%). This trend was the same for emotional violence in the previous 12 months. Notably, more than two-thirds of all participants who reported experiencing each of the four different actions of emotional abuse in the last 12 months noted that it had worsened during the COVID-19 lockdown (insults, 65.1%, humiliated or belittled, 73.8%, scared or intimidated, 73.3% and threatened to hurt by someone they cared about, 67.5%). Remarkably, the percentage of men and women who had experienced emotional violence was similar in each case within ten percentage points, except for threats, which were much higher among women than men (75.9% vs 45.5%, p = 0.067). There were no statistically significant differences in the experiences of the forms of emotional violence between men and women. Table 3 Multivariable analysis of factors associated with an increase in any form of IPV in the last 12 months Variable name Increase in any form of IPV in the last 12 months Unadjusted PRR (95%CI) Adjusted PRR (95%CI) P value Yes (%) (n = 363 ) No(%) (n = 134) Gender Male 71 (19.6) 35 (26.1) 1 1 Female 292 (80.4) 99 (73.9) 1.11 (0.95–1.32) 1.04 (0.87–1.24) 0.643 District Luweero 177 (48.8) 61 (45.5) 1 1 Mukono 186 (51.2) 73 (54.5) 0.97 (0.85–1.09) 0.95 (0.85–1.07) 0.427 Age 18 to 24 years 50 (13.8) 17 (12.7) 1 1 25 to 34 years 137 (37.7) 53 (39.6) 0.97 (0.84–1.11) 0.98 (0.86–1.13) 0.808 35 to 44 years 99 (27.3) 40 (29.9) 0.95 (0.82–1.12) 0.98 (0.83–1.16) 0.830 45 years and above 77 (21.2) 24 (17.9) 1.02 (0.86–1.21) 1.05 (0.86–1.27) 0.649 Educational level None 25 (6.9) 8 (6.0) 1 1 Primary 158 (43.5) 55 (41.0) 0.98 (0.80–1.20) 0.98 (0.80–1.20) 0.649 Secondary 155 (42.7) 52 (38.8) 0.99 (0.82–1.20) 1.00 (0.82–1.22) 0.976 Certificate 15 (4.1) 6 (4.5) 0.94 (0.71–1.25) 0.97 (0.71 − 1.30) 0.817 Advanced 10 (2.8) 13 (9.7) 0.57 (0.37–0.89)* 0.58 (0.37–0.91)* 0.019 Marital status Never married 11 (3.0) 9 (6.7) 1 1 Married 79 (21.8) 28 (20.9) 1.34 (0.89–2.03) 1.35 (0.90–2.03) 0.150 Cohabiting 206 (56.8) 86 (64.2) 1.28 (0.85–1.93) 1.26 (0.84–1.88) 0.260 Separated /divorced/ widowed 67 (18.5) 11 (8.2) 1.56 (1.04–2.34)* 1.51 (1.004–2.26)* 0.048 Occupation of the respondent None 102 (28.1) 22 (16.4) 1 1 Subsistence farmer 111 (30.6) 48 (35.8) 0.85 (0.75–0.96)** 0.84 (0.74–0.96)** 0.008 Self-employed 119 (32.8) 51 (38.1) 0.85 (0.75–0.97)* 0.86 (0.75–0.98)* 0.029 Others 31 (8.5) 13 (9.7) 0.82 (0.71–1.04) 1.00 (0.81–1.22) 0.977 Infection of any household member with COVID-19 No 330 (90.9) 124 (92.5) 1 1 Yes 33 (9.1) 10 (7.5) 1.06 (0.91–1.23) 1.11 (0.95–1.29) 0.198 Chronic illness of any family member No 274 (75.5) 106 (79.1) 1 1 Yes 89 (24.5) 28 (20.9) 1.05 (0.94–1.19) 1.07 (0.94–1.21) 0.319 No of people in the household 2 to 4 people 125 (34.4) 49 (36.6) 1 1 5 to 7 people 176 (48.5) 56 (41.8) 1.06 (0.94–1.19) 1.03 (0.91–1.17) 0.620 8 and above 62 (17.1) 29 (21.6) 0.95 (0.80–1.13) 0.94 (0.79–1.14) 0.546 Receipt of COVID-19 vaccine No 170 (46.8) 67 (50.0) 1 1 Yes 193 (53.2) 67 (50.0) 1.03 (0.92–1.16) 1.05 (0.93–1.17) 0.433 Table 4 Emotional violence among participants in the household survey (n = 1603) Emotional violence item Frequencies (%) P value Total (n = 1603) Male (n = 388) Female (n = 1283) Was insulted or made feel bad about him/herself No 1041 (64.9) 281 (72.4) 760 (62.6) < 0.001 Yes 562 (35.1) 107 (27.6) 455 (37.5) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 562) No 261 (46.4) 45 (42.1) 216 (47.5) 0.312 Yes 301 (53.6) 62 (57.9) 239 (52.5) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 301) No 105 (34.9) 22 (35.5) 83 (34.7) 0.911 Yes 196 (65.1) 40 (64.5) 156 (65.3) Was belittled or humiliated in front of other people No 1315 (82.0) 319 (82.2) 996 (82.0) 0.914 Yes 288 (18.0) 69 (17.8) 219 (18.0) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 288) No 139 (48.3) 35 (50.7) 104 (47.5) 0.639 Yes 149 (51.7) 34 (49.3) 115 (52.5) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 149) No 39 (26.2) 10 (29.4) 29 (25.2) 0.625 Yes 110 (73.8) 24 (70.6) 86 (74.8) Was scared or intimidated on purpose No 1347 (84.0) 338 (87.1) 1009 (83.1) 0.057 Yes 256 (16.0) 50 (12.9) 206 (17.0) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 256) No 136 (53.1) 27 (54.0) 109 (52.9) 0.890 Yes 120 (46.9) 23 (46.0) 97 (47.1) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 120) No 32 (26.7) 8 (34.8) 24 (24.7) 0.328 Yes 88 (73.3) 15 (65.2) 73 (75.3) Was threatened to hurt someone they cared about No 1521 (94.9) 369 (95.1) 1152 (94.8) 0.822 Yes 82 (5.1) 19 (4.9) 63 (5.2) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 82) No 42 (51.2) 8 (42.1) 34 (54.0) 0.365 Yes 40 (48.8) 11 (57.9) 29 (46.0) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 40) No 13 (32.5) 6 (54.6) 7 (24.1) 0.067 Yes 27 (67.5) 5 (45.5) 22 (75.9) Socio-economic violence The overall lifetime prevalence of socioeconomic violence was 31.4%, higher in women than men (33.3% vs 25.8%, p = 0.006). Over the past 12 months, 15.9% (255/1603) had experienced socioeconomic violence, with a statistically significant difference between men and women (11.6% vs 17.3%, p = 0.008). Of these, 81.6% (208/255) reported that socioeconomic violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (75.6% vs 82.9%, p = 0.252). This study found that 241/1603 (15.0%) were denied access to support services such as education and health assistance/ services like contraceptives, followed by their partner taking their earnings against their will (12.5%), prohibiting employment (12.3%), and denial of property rights (10.4%). Denial of access to support services was significantly higher among women than men (16.5% vs 10.3%, p = 0.003). Significantly, 50.8% of women reported that this happened in the last 12 months (during the COVID-19) pandemic, as opposed to 32.5% of men (p = 0.035). While more women reported that this worsened during the COVID-19 lockdown, this was not statistically different from men (92.2% vs 84.6%, p = 0.363). Similarly, more women than men (12.2% vs 4.9%, p < 0.001) were denied property rights because of their gender. Over half experienced this during the last 12 months, and 100% of men and 90.2% of women reported that this worsened during COVID-19, but these were not statistically significant. Additionally, more women than men (14.9% vs 4.1%, p < 0.001) were prohibited from employment by their current or former partner, with more than half experiencing this in the past 12 months and worsened during COVID-19, although this was not statistically significant. Finally, about 12.5% (200/1603) reported partner taking their earnings against their will. This was experienced more among the men, who reported that it worsened during the COVID-19 lockdown but was not statistically significant (Table 5 , Fig. 2 ). Table 5 Socio-economic violence among participants in the household survey (n = 1603) Socio-economic violence item Frequencies (%) P value Total Male Female Was denied access to support services such as education, health services (e.g. contraceptives) or remunerated employment because of their gender (n = 1603) No 1362 (85.0) 348 (89.7) 1014 (83.5) 0.003 Yes 241 (15.0) 40 (10.3) 216 (16.5) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 241) No 126 (52.3) 27 (67.5) 99 (49.3) 0.035 Yes 115 (47.7) 13 (32.5) 102 (50.8) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 115) No 10 (8.7) 2 (15.4) 8 (7.8) 0.363 Yes 105 (91.3) 11 (84.6) 94 (92.2) Was denied property rights because of their gender No 1436 (89.6) 369 (95.1) 1067 (87.8) < 0.001 Yes 167 (10.4) 19 (4.9) 148 (12.2) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 167) No 75 (44.9) 9 (47.4) 66 (44.6) 0.819 Yes 92 (55.1) 10 (52.6) 82 (55.1) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 92) No 8 (8.7) 0 8 (9.8) 0.301 Yes 84 (91.3) 10 (100.0) 74 (90.2) Their current or former partner prohibited them from getting a job , going to work, trading, or earning money No 1406 (87.7) 372 (95.9) 1034 (85.1) < 0.001 Yes 197 (12.3) 16 (4.1) 181 (14.9) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 197) No 97 (49.2) 7 (43.8) 90 (49.7) 0.647 Yes 100 (50.8) 9 (56.3) 91 (50.3) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 100) No 24 (24.0) 3 (33.3) 21 (23.1) 0.492 Yes 76 (76.0) 6 (66.7) 70 (76.9) Their current or former partner took their earnings against their will No 1403 (87.5) 334 (86.1) 1069 (88.0) 0.324 Yes 200 (12.5) 54 (13.9) 146 (12.0) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 200) No 108 (54.0) 27 (50.0) 81 (55.5) 0.490 Yes 92 (46.0) 27 (50.0) 65 (44.5) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 92) No 24 (26.1) 7 (25.9) 17 (26.2) 0.982 Yes 68 (73.9) 20 (74.1) 48 (73.9) Physical violence The overall lifetime prevalence of physical violence was 18.7%, with more women experiencing physical violence than men (22.3% vs 7.2%, p < 0.001). Over the past 12 months, 7.9% (126/1603) had experienced physical violence, with a statistically significant difference between men and women (3.6% vs 9.2%, p < 0.001). Of these, 63.5% (80/126) reported that physical violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (57.1% vs 64.3%, p = 0.601). Just over 15% of the respondents (245/1603) experienced being slapped or thrown at something that could hurt them, and it was significantly experienced more among women than men (18.6% vs 4.9%, p < 0.001). Of all participants (both men and women) who experienced it in the past 12 months, 57.3% reported worsening during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no significant difference between men and women. Nearly twice as many women than men (10.6% vs 4.1%, p < 0.001) reported experiencing a lifetime of being pushed or shoved. Close to half of men (56.3%) and women (42.6%) encountered this in the past year, with an increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, though these changes were not statistically significant (Table 6 ). Similarly, significantly more women than men reported being hit with a first or harmful item (9.1% vs 2.3%, p < 0.001). While 40.3% had experienced this in the past 12 months, and 62.5% reported an increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no statistically significant difference between men and women. Table 6 Physical violence among participants in the household survey (n = 1603) Physical violence item Frequencies (%) Total Male Female P value Was slapped or something was thrown at them that could hurt them No 1358 (84.7) 369 (95.1) 989 (81.4) < 0.001 Yes 245 (15.3) 19 (4.9) 226 (18.6) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 245) No 157 (64.1) 12 (63.2) 145 (64.2) 0.930 Yes 88 (35.9) 7 (36.8) 81 (35.8) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 88) No 37 (42.1) 4 (57.1) 33 (40.7) 0.399 Yes 51 (58.0) 3 (42.9) 48 (59.3) Was pushed or shoved No 1458 (91.0) 372 (95.9) 1086 (89.4) < 0.001 Yes 145 (9.1) 16 (4.1) 129 (10.6) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 145) No 81 (55.9) 7 (43.8) 74 (57.4) 0.301 Yes 64 (44.1) 9 (56.3) 55 (42.6) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 64) No 23 (35.9) 4 (44.4) 19 (34.6) 0.566 Yes 41 (64.1) 5 (55.6) 36 (65.5) Was hit with their fist or something else that would hurt them No 1484 (92.6) 379 (97.7) 1105 (91.0) < 0.001 Yes 119 (7.4) 9 (2.3) 110 (9.1) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 119) No 71 (59.7) 4 (44.4) 67 (60.9) 0.333 Yes 48 (40.3) 5 (55.6) 43 (39.1) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 48) No 18 (37.5) 1 (20.0) 17 (39.5) 0.393 Yes 30 (62.5) 4 (80.0) 26 (60.5) Was kicked, dragged or beaten up No 1494 (93.2) 382 (98.5) 1112 (91.5) < 0.001 Yes 109 (6.8) 6 (1.6) 103 (8.5) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 109) No 55 (50.5) 1 (16.7) 54 (52.4) 0.089 Yes 54 (49.5) 5 (83.3) 49 (47.6) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 54) No 14 (25.9) 2 (40.0) 12 (24.5) 0.451 Yes 40 (74.1) 3 (60.0) 37 (75.5) Was chocked or burnt No 1569 (97.9) 382 (98.5) 1187 (97.7) 0.367 Yes 34 (2.1) 6 (1.6) 28 (2.3) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 34) No 19 (55.9) 2 (33.3) 17 (60.7) 0.220 Yes 15 (44.1) 4 (66.7) 11 (39.3) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 15) No 0 0 0 NA Yes 15 (100) 4 (100) 11 (100) Threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife, or other weapon against them No 1541 (96.1) 377 (97.2) 1164 (95.8) 0.226 Yes 62 (3.9) 11 (2.8) 51 (4.2) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 62) No 34 (54.8) 4 (36.4) 30 (58.8) 0.175 Yes 28 (45.2) 7 (63.6) 21 (41.2) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 28) No 9 (32.1) 2 (28.6) 7 (33.3) 0.815 Yes 19 (67.9) 5 (71.4) 14 (66.7) More women than men had experienced kicking, dragging, or being beaten (8.5% vs 1.6%, p < 0.001). While not statistically significant, more men experienced this in the past 12 months (83.3% vs. 47.6%, p = 0.089), but more women reported an increase during COVID-19 (75.5% vs. 60.0%, p = 0.451). Being choked or burnt by intimate partners was rare among both women and men (2.3 vs 1.6%, p = 0.367), but all those who had experienced this in the last 12 months reported that it had gotten worse during lockdowns. This study also revealed that women experienced being threatened to use or use a knife, gun, or other weapons against them the most. However, more men, 71.4%, reported that it got worse during the COVID-19 lockdown (Table 6 ). Table 6 . Physical violence among participants in the household survey (n = 1603) here Sexual violence The overall lifetime prevalence of sexual violence was 18.4%, higher among women than men (21.0% vs 10.3%, p < 0.001). Over the past 12 months, 9.2% (147/1603) had experienced sexual violence, with a marginally significant difference between men and women (6.4% vs 10.0%, p = 0.033). Of these, 66.7% (98/147) reported that sexual violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (52.0% vs 69.7%, p = 0.088). The most experienced form of sexual violence was that of having sexual intercourse when respondents did not want to because they were afraid of what their partner might do (15.5%, 248/1603), based on self-report and the current study did not determine if it was consensual. This was slightly more than twice as common among women as men (17.8% vs. 8.3%, p < 0.001), but more men reported experiencing this over the last 12 months than women (65.6% vs. 49.5%), although it was not statistically significant (Table 7 ). Twice as many women experienced being physically forced to have sexual intercourse than men (14.2% vs 5.4%, p < 0.001). However, significantly more men reported that this happened during the past 12 months (66.7% vs 42.8%, p = 0.038), although more women reported that it had worsened during the lockdowns (79.7% vs 35.7%, p = 0.001). Finally, more than twice as many women (4.7%) as men (1.8%) were forced to do something sexual that they found degrading or humiliating (p = 0.011). Although the numbers were small, this worsened for men and women during the COVID-19 lockdowns with no statistically significant differences. Table 7 Sexual violence among participants in the household survey (n = 1603) Sexual violence item Frequencies (%) P value Total Male Female Was physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to No 1409 (87.9) 367 (94.6) 1042 (85.8) < 0.001 Yes 194 (12.1) 21 (5.4) 173 (14.2) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 194) No 106 (54.6) 7 (33.3) 99 (57.2) 0.038 Yes 88 (45.4) 14 (66.7) 74 (42.8) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 88) No 24 (27.2) 9 (64.3) 15 (20.3) 0.001 Yes 64 (72.7) 5 (35.7) 59 (79.7) Had sexual intercourse when they did not want to because they were afraid of what their partner might do No 1355 (84.5) 356 (91.8) 999 (82.2) < 0.001 Yes 248 (15.5) 32 (8.3) 216 (17.8) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 248) No 120 (48.4) 11 (34.4) 109 (50.5) 0.089 Yes 128 (51.6) 21 (65.6) 107 (49.5) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 128) No 43 (33.6) 9 (42.9) 34 (31.8) 0.326 Yes 85 (66.4) 12 (57.1) 73 (68.2) Was forced to do something sexual that they found degrading or humiliating No 1539 (96.0) 381 (98.2) 1158 (95.3) 0.011 Yes 64 (4.0) 7 (1.8) 57 (4.7) Happened in the last 12 months (n = 64) No 30 (46.9) 3 (42.9) 27 (47.4) 0.821 Yes 34 (53.1) 4 (57.1) 30 (53.6) Worsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n = 34) No 5 (14.7) 0 5 (16.7) 0.377 Yes 29 (85.3) 4 (100.0) 25 (83.3) Care-seeking among the victims of intimate partner violence Despite consistently high rates of IPV, this study revealed that only 41.9% of victims sought help in the past 12 months. Most of those who sought help went to their family members or friends (60% of men; 57.8% of women), followed by local leaders (27.5% of men; 40.5% of women), and only 17.5% of men and 19.3% of women sought help from the police. Both men (77.5%) and women (75.0%) reported to have received the help they sought, with no statistically significant differences. Of those who did not seek help, 40.8% considered violence to be normal or not serious. This response was higher among men (48.8%) than women (38.6%). More women (19.7%) than men (10.6%) were likely not to seek help because they were afraid of more violence. Interestingly, almost the same proportion of women (14.8%) and men (15.2%) reported feeling embarrassed, ashamed and afraid that they would be blamed if they reported violence (Table 8 ). Table 8 Care-seeking among victims of intimate partner violence Characteristic Total Males (%) Females (%) P value Sought help for any incidence of violence experienced in the past 12 months (n = 497) No 289 (58.2) 66 (62.3) 223 (57.0) 0.333 Yes 208 (41.9) 40 (37.7) 168 (43.0) Received help for any incidents of violence sought care for (n = 208 No 51 (24.5) 9 (22.5) 42 (25.0) 0.741 Yes 157 (75.5) 31 (77.5) 126 (75.0) Where was help sought from Male (n = 40) Female (n = 168) Family members or friends 24 (60.0) 92 (57.8) Local leaders 11 (27.5) 68 (40.5) Police 7 (17.5) 31 (19.3) Social services, legal advice center or court 3 (7.5) 3 (1.7) Settled their differences as individuals 2 (5.0) 2 (1.1) Health facility, public or private 1 (2.5) 3 (1.7) Religious leaders 1 (2.5) 3 (1.8) Landlord or neighbor 1 (2.5) 1 (0.6) Main reason for not getting help (n = 289) Violence is normalized or not considered serious (n = 118) 32 (48.8) 86 (38.6) 0.582 Felt embarrassed, ashamed or afraid or would not be believed or would be blamed (n = 47) 10 (15.2) 33 (14.8) Fear of threats, more violence, end of relationships or other dire consequences (n = 53) 7 (10.6) 44 (19.7) Knew other victims who were not helped (n = 18) 5 (7.6) 13 (5.8) Brings a bad name to the family (n = 8) 0 8 (3.6) Encountered challenges of high costs, lack of transport or health facilities were closed (n = 4) 1 (1.5) 3 (1.4) Did not know (n = 23) 6 (9.1) 16 (7.2) Other reasons (n = 27) 5 (7.6) 20 (9.0) DISCUSSION Uganda ranks among the top ten countries globally for both lifetime and current (past-year) prevalence of IPV [ 37 , 38 ]. This study examined whether IPV increased among men and women during Uganda’s COVID-19 lockdowns. Findings show 55.4% had ever experienced IPV, 31% in the past 12 months, and 73.0% reported an increase during the lockdown. Emotional violence was most common, followed by socio-economic, sexual, and physical violence. The lockdown particularly intensified socio-economic violence, then sexual, emotional, and physical forms. Women were more likely than men to experience IPV across all types and periods, though gender differences in the increase during lockdown did not reach statistical significance. Our findings reveal a notably higher lifetime prevalence of IPV, with 57.9% of women reporting ever experiencing IPV, exceeding the global WHO estimate (26%)[ 37 ], a recent meta-analysis (37.3%) [ 5 ], and WHO’s Sub-Saharan Africa estimate (33%). The current study estimate is more consistent with Uganda-specific figures: 45% in the same WHO report [ 37 ] and 54% in the latest 2022 Uganda Demographic Health Survey [ 39 ]. Our estimate also surpasses global and regional rates for Europe, North America, Latin America, and Asia. Similarly, 32.2% of women reported current prevalence (past-year) of IPV in the current study, higher than WHO’s estimate (13%) [ 37 ] and recent analyses (24.2%) [ 5 ], and all global regions except central SSA, which reported a similar rate of 32%. The higher lifetime prevalence in our study is likely due to the inclusion of all four IPV forms - emotional, socioeconomic, physical, and sexual - unlike WHO estimates, which emphasize physical and sexual violence. These discrepancies stem from conceptual inconsistencies and the lack of standardized measures [ 37 ]. As emphasized in Sustainable Development Goal Target 5.2, eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls requires measuring all types, including psychological violence. Our findings demonstrate the need for comprehensive IPV assessment to meet this goal. Among men, 47.4% reported experiencing lifetime IPV, consistent with the 44% reported in the 2016 UDHS [ 40 ], though higher than the 34% in the 2022 UDHS [ 39 ]. Higher lifetime IPV prevalence has been reported elsewhere, such as 76% in Kisumu, Kenya [ 7 ], while lower rates were observed in Rwanda (18.4%) [ 41 ] and South Africa (18.5%) [ 42 ]. The current IPV prevalence among men was 27.3%, slightly below the 2016 UDHS (30.5%) [ 20 ] and the 2022 UDHS (34%) [ 39 ]. These findings reinforce growing evidence that men also suffer IPV, challenging the conventional view of IPV as predominantly impacting women. Variations likely result from regional and cultural differences in IPV recognition, reporting, socio-economic stressors, and measurement tools across SSA. Notably, the high rates in Kenya were linked to being married and more educated [ 7 ], countering prior findings that suggest marriage and education are protective, particularly for women, and highlighting the need for further research among men [ 43 – 45 ]. In Rwanda, men with controlling partners or whose partners consumed alcohol were more likely to report IPV [ 41 ]; in South Africa, risk was higher among men facing food insecurity or involved in transactional sex [ 42 ]. Based on these findings, we recommend further investigation into IPV predictors among men. Emotional violence was the most reported IPV form for both men and women, across both lifetime and past 12 months, followed by socioeconomic, sexual, and physical IPV. This pattern mirrors the 2016 [ 20 , 40 ] and 2022 UDHS [ 39 ] and a global meta-analysis on violence against women [ 5 ], including SSA studies [ 1 ]. Emotional violence remains pervasive yet under-acknowledged, likely driven by entrenched societal and relationship dynamics, worsened by economic and social stressors. During COVID-19, socioeconomic violence saw the greatest increase, followed by sexual violence, challenging the usual focus on physical violence. Economic hardship during the pandemic, job loss and financial instability, may have fuelled economic control and household abuse. These findings raise concerns about whether current IPV frameworks fully reflect the range of abuse types. Physical violence may be underreported due to stigma or fear. Despite high lifetime, current IPV prevalence and worsening during the lockdown, only 41.9% of survivors sought help. Among those who did not, men often viewed violence as normal or not serious, while women cited fear of embarrassment or retaliation. This reflects broader societal tolerance of IPV, which contributes to its persistence [ 1 ]. The 2022 UDHS found that more women (32.6%) than men (29.8%) believed IPV was justified under certain circumstances, such as burning food or refusing sex [ 39 ]. This belief was particularly high in Teso (66.1%) and Elgon (75.0%) regions [ 39 ]. Cultural norms in Uganda also expose women to unequal treatment and increased vulnerability to sexual and gender-based violence [ 46 ]. Among those who sought help, most turned to family (55.8%) and local leaders (38%), while only 18.3% approached police. This aligns with findings that although over 40% of women experience IPV, only 7% report it to police [ 47 ]. Similarly, a study in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 lockdown found that despite rising GBV cases, formal reporting and service access declined [ 48 ]. Such trends may be linked to discriminatory cultural norms in Central Uganda, which discourage seeking help beyond family structures. Our study’s findings have key implications for IPV intervention policies, especially during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. The rise in socioeconomic and emotional violence reveals the need to broaden IPV remedial interventions beyond physical and sexual abuse, to include financial aid, economic empowerment, and improved access to resources for at-risk populations. Mental health support and gender-sensitive counselling must also be prioritized to address the emotional impact of IPV. Furthermore, interventions directed to breaking transmission chains of infectious diseases should consider community-based networks and accessible crisis hotlines to reduce the burden of emotional violence across genders. A gender-inclusive approach is vital: while women are disproportionately affected, men also experience high levels of IPV, especially emotionally abuse and are less likely to seek help. Interventions must be inclusive and non-discriminatory, ensuring all survivors have access to support. This study is among the first to document the rise in IPV among both men and women in Uganda during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely exacerbated by government measures contain the coronavirus spread. By including emotional and socioeconomic violence, it offers a comprehensive view of IPV. However, limitations exist. Because of the difficulty of measuring emotional and socio-economic violence, the estimates in the current study may be an underestimation. The smaller male sample may have reduced power to detect gender differences. The cross-sectional design limits causal inferences between pandemic stressors and IPV. Self-reported data may be affected by recall or social desirability bias. Longitudinal research is needed to assess how pandemic-related stress, including that from government interventions, influences IPV over time. Exploring the role of community and social support in buffering against various IPV forms would also deepen understanding of prevention strategies in crisis settings. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a high prevalence of IPV in Uganda, with 55.4% of participants reporting lifetime experience and 31% within the past 12 months. Although more common among women, a substantial proportion of men was also affected. Notably, 73.0% reported increased IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown. Emotional abuse was the most common form, while socioeconomic violence showed the greatest rise, highlighting the impact of economic stress on IPV dynamics. Just over half of survivors sought help, but few pursued formal redress, such as reporting to police. Movement restrictions during pandemics or disasters must also address unintended effects, such as increased IPV. Support services should be accessible to those at risk. Community-based platforms, like the medicine retail sector, can serve as hubs for information, support, and local services. Risk communication should challenge cultural norms that condone violence and reinforce referral systems. Policies must address all forms of abuse—physical, sexual, emotional, and socioeconomic—while promoting economic empowerment and mental health support for both women and men. Abbreviations aPR Adjusted Prevalence Ratio COVID19 Coronavirus disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus GBV Gender Based Violence IPV Intimate Partner Violence IQR Interquartile Range p P value SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SSA Sub Saharan Africa UN United Nations WHO World Health Organization Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate. The research was approved by the Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology (reference number HS1302ES), Makerere University School of Health Sciences REC (reference number MAKSHSREC-2020-71), and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee (reference number 22907). To prevent transmission and protect the research team and study respondents, COVID-19 public health measures, including using alcohol rub, wearing face masks, and social distancing, were observed. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all human research participants. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was funded by the UKRI Medical Research Council Global Effort on COVID-19 (GECO) award MR/V035592/1. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK, provided salary support to EH and SEC, and Makerere University provided FEK with salary support. Authors’ contributions FEK, SEC and EH designed and conceptualized the study. FEK and SKN did the data cleaning, data management and preliminary analysis of the data. FEK, RO, SKN, ON, SEC and EH contributed to the data analysis and report writing. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the findings. ON wrote the first draft of the paper. FEK, RO, SKN, ON, SEC and EH reviewed, revised, and contributed to writing to the paper. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript. FEK, RO, SKN, ON, SEC and EH read and met the ICMJE criteria for authorship. 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Anguzu R, Kabagenyi A, Cassidy LD, Kasasa S, Shour AR, Musoke BN, Mutyoba JN: Adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures and its association with intimate partner violence among women in informal settings of Kampala, Uganda . PLOS Glob Public Health 2022, 2 (4):e0000177. Mwine P, Migisha R, Kwesiga B, Cheptoris J, Kadobera D, Bulage L, Nsubuga EJ, Mudiope P, Ario AR: Sexual gender-based violence among adolescent girls and young women during COVID-19 pandemic, Mid-Eastern Uganda . Pan Afr Med J 2024, 47 :196. Eleanor Hutchinson, Sunday Mundua, Jessica Myers, Sian E Clarke, Chrispus Mayora, Freddie Ssengooba, Freddy Eric Kitutu: How does the medicines retail sector ensure continued access to medicines during public health emergencies? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda . Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice 2024(In Press). Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS): The National Population and Housing Census 2024 - Main Report. . In . Edited by Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). Kampala, Uganda.; 2024. Bennett S, Woods T, Liyanage WM, Smith DL: A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries . World Health Stat Q 1991, 44 (3):98-106. Chakraborty NM, Fry K, Behl R, Longfield K: Simplified Asset Indices to Measure Wealth and Equity in Health Programs: A Reliability and Validity Analysis Using Survey Data From 16 Countries . Glob Health Sci Pract 2016, 4 (1):141-154. United Nations: Guidelines for Producing Statistics on Violence against Women - Statistical Surveys . In . Edited by Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division. New York, USA: Department of Economic and Social Affairs,. Statistics Division,. 2014. Szklo MaN, F.J.,: Fourth edition Epidemiology: beyond the basics. : Jones & Bartlett Publishers.; 2019. Barros AJaH, V.N., : Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. . BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2003(3):1-13. ZOCCHETTI C, Consonni, D. and Bertazzi, P.A.,: Estimation of prevalence rate ratios from cross-sectional data. International journal of epidemiology, 1995, 24 (5):1064-1065. Royall RM: Model robust confidence intervals using maximum likelihood estimators. International Statistical Review/Revue Internationale de Statistique, ; 1986. Pinheiro-Guedes L, Martinho, C. and Martins, M.R.O., : Logistic Regression: Limitations in the Estimation of Measures of Association with Binary Health Outcomes. . Acta Médica Portuguesa, 2024, 37 (10):697-705. Hagiwara YaM, Y., : Goodness-of-fit tests for modified Poisson regression possibly producing fitted values exceeding one in binary outcome analysis. . Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 2024. Cavanaugh JEaN, A.A., : The Akaike information criterion: Background, derivation, properties, application, interpretation, and refinements. . Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 2019, 11 (3):p.e1460. Hosmer Jr DW, Lemeshow, S. and Sturdivant, R.X., : Applied logistic regression. : John Wiley & Sons.; 2013. World Health Organanization: Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women . In . Geneva, Switzerland; 2021. Sardinha L, Maheu-Giroux M, Stockl H, Meyer SR, Garcia-Moreno C: Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018 . Lancet 2022, 399 (10327):803-813. Uganda Bureau of Statistcs: Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2022 . In . Kampala, Uganda: UBOS; 2023. Gubi D, Wandera SO: Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among ever-married men in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey . BMC Public Health 2022, 22 (1):535. Maposa I, Twabi HS, Matsena-Zingoni Z, Batidzirai JM, Singini G, Mohammed M, Bere A, Kgarosi K, McHunu N, Nevhungoni P et al : Bayesian spatial modelling of intimate partner violence and associated factors among adult women and men: evidence from 2019/2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey . BMC Public Health 2023, 23 (1):2061. Naqvi N, Aheron S, Paredes-Vincent A, Cheyip M, Drummond J, Nicol E, Hlongwa M: Intimate partner violence among young women and men in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa . Population Medicine 2023, 5 (Supplement). Small E, Nikolova SP, Childress S, Logie C: The role of education and income as protective factors against intimate partner violence and HIV exposure among Kenyan women . Int J Qual Stud Educ 2024, 37 (1):230-245. Weitzman A: Does Increasing Women's Education Reduce Their Risk of Intimate Partner Violence? Evidence from an Education Policy Reform . Criminology 2018, 56 (3):574-607. Cid A, Leguisamo M: Marriage as a Protective Factor Against Intimate Partner Violence Suffered by Women. Exploring Mechanisms . Hisp Health Care Int 2023, 21 (1):38-49. Ocheme P, Shajoba-Ibukunle G, Namaganda Z: A Critical Overview of Gender-Based Violence in Uganda. American Journal of Humanitarian and Social Sciences . American Journal of Humanitarian and Social Sciences 2020, 8 (1). Palermo T, Bleck J, Peterman A: Tip of the iceberg: Reporting and gender- Based Violence in developing Countries . American Journal of Epidemiology 2014, 179 (5). Chowdhury AS, MC Hale T, Green L, Mishori R, Pan C, Freddrick I: Health professional's perspectives on the impact of COVID 19 on sexual and gender based violence (SGBV)and SGBV services in Rohingya refugee Community in Bangladesh . BMC Health Service Research 2022, 22 (743). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5514997","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436808383,"identity":"5877c709-4128-4543-947e-7eaeb4f4508e","order_by":0,"name":"Freddy Eric Kitutu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCWYwJQfEyQdAfBkitAD1HGAwBjLTEkB8HsJaGOBacgxAAoS1SLbzH5P+2GaQz8+e8/nVjRoLHgb2w0c34NMizczMJnGwzcByZs/bbdY5x4AO40lLu4FPixxEyx8Dgxu524xz2IBaJHjMiNFiYGB/I+eZcc4/IrTAHGZgIJHD/Di3jQgtks3MxhZnzgF1nHlmxpzbJ8HDRsgvEucPPrxRUWZgwN+e/Phzzrc6OX72w8fwakEGbBJgkljlIMD8gRTVo2AUjIJRMHIAAIOaP+U/lzgeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University School of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Freddy","middleName":"Eric","lastName":"Kitutu","suffix":""},{"id":436808385,"identity":"d43909d6-6674-49ab-a010-1832fe9e4375","order_by":1,"name":"Ronald Olum","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ronald","middleName":"","lastName":"Olum","suffix":""},{"id":436808386,"identity":"12f495f8-214f-48cc-b0c5-6b441edf37b2","order_by":2,"name":"Sharon Kitibwakye Nakamanya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University School of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sharon","middleName":"Kitibwakye","lastName":"Nakamanya","suffix":""},{"id":436808392,"identity":"b89461ca-660c-4f2a-93cf-d26d111e9919","order_by":3,"name":"Olivia Nakisita","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University School of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olivia","middleName":"","lastName":"Nakisita","suffix":""},{"id":436808393,"identity":"a022af39-4447-41eb-ad8b-1610dbf3b374","order_by":4,"name":"Sian E Clarke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"London School of Hygiene \u0026 Tropical Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sian","middleName":"E","lastName":"Clarke","suffix":""},{"id":436808398,"identity":"68cb2d58-0229-479c-9d21-ed2c43459b84","order_by":5,"name":"Eleanor Hutchinson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"London School of Hygiene \u0026 Tropical Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eleanor","middleName":"","lastName":"Hutchinson","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-24 16:38:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5514997/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5514997/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79802915,"identity":"32cb45b6-16bc-40f2-bdd1-4f0a8cb8398b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 04:32:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":205418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTimeline of the COVID-19 pandemic, related response events, and study activities in Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5514997/v1/0c63af9f5e59fc92c111d13c.png"},{"id":79803341,"identity":"09b98f68-1e1a-460b-b300-915066454a34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 04:40:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":495431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProportion of lifetime and current violence and whether it worsened during the COVID19 lockdown by category\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5514997/v1/5f7bbaea8653dc5a5cc084e5.png"},{"id":79803555,"identity":"f501a507-15c2-4359-a151-edb5791baf92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 04:48:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5100828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5514997/v1/72d226d1-ff0d-4785-8e8a-6348d88e1155.pdf"},{"id":79802912,"identity":"d68df2b4-03a3-4232-9ba7-af217ae11bd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 04:32:36","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":37414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfile1IPVsurveytool.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5514997/v1/b992ba977b4754fd4c2d1c34.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Increase in Intimate Partner Violence among women and men during the COVID19 pandemic likely due to the lockdown in Uganda: a household survey","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has one of the highest rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the world, a situation linked to structural factors (women\u0026rsquo;s unemployment, food, and social insecurity) as well as a generalized tolerance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite policy progress, services continue to fail to provide for these women. Although a recent multi-country study showed that as many as 43% of all women have experienced intimate partner violence in SSA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], the majority of women in the region do not seek help when they have experienced IPV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPV against women can have devastating consequences. Globally, 38% of all murders of women are committed by intimate partners [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. IPV against men is not as prevalent (globally, it is 24.2% in women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], 18% in men [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]) and has been studied less than IPV against women. In SSA, large-scale quantitative data on men\u0026rsquo;s experience of IPV is lacking, but a recent study from Kenya indicated that the prevalence of IPV among men is high, 76.1% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Qualitative research, also from Kenya, suggests that among men, alongside a lack of services, social stigma and traditional gender norms often hinder male survivors from reporting or seeking support, as men may feel pressured to appear strong or fear being disbelieved [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. For both men and women, lack of awareness and tailored resources leads to underreporting and lower help-seeking, leaving many survivors without adequate support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic, with its accompanying lockdowns and movement restrictions, created environments that amplified the risk of IPV worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. At the beginning of the pandemic, concerns were raised about the impact that lockdowns might have on vulnerable populations[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies from multiple countries indicate a significant rise in IPV cases during the pandemic because of increased isolation, economic stress, and restricted access to support services [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Lockdowns, while aimed at curbing virus transmission, unintentionally confined individuals to environments where tensions could escalate\u0026mdash;especially in households with pre-existing IPV risk factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Limited access to social networks and reduced service availability compounded these risks, isolating victims and limiting opportunities for escape or support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The pandemic highlighted the urgent need for resilient IPV support systems to withstand public health crises and the importance of considering how the response would directly or inadvertently affect the incidence of IPV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUganda experienced some of the strictest and longest lockdowns in the region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Prior to the pandemic, research showed that it also had some of the highest rates of IPV among both women and men in SSA. More than half of married women in Uganda report experiencing IPV, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] including psychological (40%), physical violence (41%), and sexual violence (23%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Among ever-married Ugandan men, rates of IPV are also high. Almost half (43%) of men have experienced IPV, most especially psychological abuse (36%). They have lower rates of physical (20%) and sexual (8%) violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] in comparison to women. The lockdowns in Uganda had the potential to create a dual health emergency, and studies from Uganda, although limited by method (conducted on the telephone) and with relatively small samples, provide a consistent picture that between 30.6% and 58.1% of women experienced at least one type of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. No systematic studies have, however, looked at the experience of IPV among both men and women during COVID-19 lockdowns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study analyzes IPV among both women and men in two districts, using data from a large household survey conducted shortly after the second COVID-19 lockdown. While most previous research has focused solely on violence against women, this study examines IPV across genders. To our knowledge, no prior studies have assessed IPV among both women and men during the pandemic. This paper also documents the prevalence and change in all four types of IPV during the lockdowns in Luwero and Mukono districts in Central Uganda, addressing a gap in existing research, which has largely emphasized only physical and sexual violence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis household survey on intimate partner violence was conducted in villages within the catchment areas of medicine outlets identified in a related study in Luwero and Mukono districts, Central Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Luwero, about 75 km north of Kampala, is predominantly rural, with agriculture as its main economic activity. It has a population of 614,230 in 162,438 households, with a population density of roughly 100 people per square kilometer. In contrast, Mukono, 25 km east of Kampala, is more urbanized and economically diverse, encompassing agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. It has 932,672 residents in 264,913 households, with a density of about 280 people per square kilometer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Both districts are noted for their socio-political resilience and are subdivided into urban municipalities, town councils, and rural sub-counties. Villages or local councils, each typically comprising 50 to 200 households, are the smallest administrative units and were the primary sampling units in the current survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size and sampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe household sample size was estimated using the Bennett method for cluster-sample surveys [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], with each village (the smallest administrative unit) serving as a cluster. As part of a larger study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], all villages within the catchment areas of drug shops, private clinics, and pharmacies, collectively referred to as the medicine retail sector (MRS), in Luwero and Mukono districts were mapped to form the sampling frame. Catchment areas were defined by a 5-kilometer radius from each medicine outlet, considering the road network and physical barriers affecting access.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssuming 50% of households had at least one care-seeking episode from the MRS during the COVID-19 pandemic (maximizing sample size) and estimating 20 households per cluster (based on feasibility of surveying this number in a day), we applied a design effect of 4.2 due to high inter-cluster homogeneity (0.2), reflecting multistage sampling and varying levels of intimate partner violence. Using a two-sided test at a 5% significance level, we calculated a sample size of 1,680 households across 84 clusters. Multistage sampling was used. First, villages were randomly selected from the sampling frame. Then, three enumerators in each village systematically enrolled eligible households, guided by field context, until 20 households were surveyed per cluster.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy variables and data sources\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn instrument composed of a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. It was developed by adapting socio-economic status questions from the \u003cem\u003eSimplified Asset Indices to Measure Wealth and Equity in Health Programs\u003c/em\u003e tool [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] and the IPV questionnaire items from the \u003cem\u003eUN guidelines for producing statistics on violence against women\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The adaptation involved including items that assessed intimate partner violence, relevant to the context and assessed intimate partner violence in men too. It was first prepared in English and translated into Luganda, the predominant language spoken in the study area, and then back-translated into English to ensure it retained the intended meaning. The data collection tool is provided as a supplementary file to this manuscript \u003cb\u003e[Supplementary file 1].\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe instrument contained questions on the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, spouses and their households as independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome variables:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLifetime experience of IPV, defined as having ever experienced any form of violence, was derived as a composite variable by considering any self-reported experience of the violent incidents measured under any of the forms of violence, i.e., emotional, socio-economic, physical, or sexual violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent experience of IPV, defined as experiencing any form of violence in the 12 months preceding the survey, was derived as a composite variable by considering any self-reported experience of the violent incidents measured under the four forms of violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhether IPV increased during the COVID-19 pandemic was derived as any self-reported worsening of the violent incidents measured under the four forms of violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, lifetime and current experience of each of emotional violence, socio-economic violence, physical violence, and sexual violence, respectively, and whether each form of violence increased during the COVID-19 pandemic were derived by considering only items measured under each form of violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare-seeking among IPV victims - sought care after the incidence of intimate partner violence in the past 12 months, from where, whether the help was given or reason for not seeking care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incidents of violence measured under each form of intimate partner violence (see Supplementary file 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForm of IPV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems measured\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was insulted or made to feel bad about oneself\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was belittled or humiliated in front of other people\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. \u003cem\u003eWhether things were done to scare or intimidate them on purpose\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent encountered a threat to hurt someone the respondent cared about\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-economic violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was denied access to social services such as education, health services or remunerated employment because of their gender\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was denied property rights because of your gender\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was prohibited from getting a job, going to work, trading or earning money\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent had their earnings taken against their will\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was slapped or had something thrown at them that could hurt them\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was pushed or shoved\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was hit with a fist or something else that would hurt them\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was kicked, dragged or beaten you up\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was choked or burnt on purpose\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was threatened, or a gun, knife or other weapon was used against them.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent had sexual intercourse when they did not want to because they were afraid of what their partner might do\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. \u003cem\u003eWhether the respondent was forced to do something sexual that they found degrading or humiliating\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected from October 25th, 2021, to December 3rd, 2021, by experienced interviewers following intensive training on the protocol, data collection tools and study procedures. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e sets out the timeline for the research and the periods of more and less stringent lockdowns in Uganda. One adult per eligible household who had slept in the house for at least 4 weeks preceding the survey was interviewed. An eligible household was one within the catchment area of the study medicine outlets and had at least one under-five household member. Whenever more than one willing adult was found, priority was given to the one deemed more informed on the health-related issues of the household. In case of unavailability of eligible respondents, a second visit was made. If this failed, the household next to it was included in the survey instead. Data was collected using electronic tools based on the KoboToolbox platform (Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story St, Cambridge, MA 02138) installed on secure tablets and transmitted to a secure server under the direct supervision of the principal investigators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData management and analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuantitative data were cleaned, checked, coded, and transferred to Stata version 15.0 (StataCorp LLC., College Station, TX, USA). The household, represented by one eligible adult respondent, was the unit of analysis. Outcome variables were derived before analysis. Composite outcome variables were created to estimate lifetime and current IPV prevalence, and any worsening during the COVID-19 lockdown, categorized by emotional, socio-economic, physical, or sexual violence, and disaggregated by sex. Age was summarized as median with interquartile range; categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages in a table. Chi-square tests assessed differences in proportions between males and females. Results are presented in tables with proportions and p-values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify factors associated with increased IPV during lockdown, we used multivariable modified Poisson regression due to the outcome prevalence exceeding 10% [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR30\" citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Logistic regression can overestimate relative risk in such cases, and log-binomial models often face convergence issues [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR30\" citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Modified Poisson regression, using robust error variance (sandwich estimator), effectively addresses these limitations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Backward elimination was used for variable selection. Multicollinearity was assessed, and variables with p-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered significant. Wald statistics tested variable importance. We assessed interaction between education and occupation but found none. Due to the limited availability of robust goodness-of-fit tests [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], the model with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was chosen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Model fit was also evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], yielding a chi-square of 3.96 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.861) and 74.3% classification accuracy, indicating good fit.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the total 1680 respondents, the majority had or had ever had an intimate partner (95.4%), and were female (76.4%), with a lower median age of 37 years (IQR 28, 49) than males of 45 years (IQR 35, 53), were married or cohabiting (69.8%), and subsistence farmers (41%). Nearly half 762/1680 (45.4%) of the respondents and half of the spouses (51.1%, 612.1173) were educated beyond the primary level. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of respondents in the household survey (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1680)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;397)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1283)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian age (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (35\u0026ndash;53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (28\u0026ndash;49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole of respondent in a household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife or mother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1283 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuardian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband or father\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e388 (97.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e582 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e482 (37.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondent\u0026rsquo;s occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsistence farmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 (39.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondent\u0026rsquo;s marital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168 (42.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohabiting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (49.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e550 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated or divorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge of respondent\u0026rsquo;s spouse (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1173)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 25 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 to 34 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 to 44 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (27.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238 (29.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 years and older\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education of spouse (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1173)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151 (41.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235 (29.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334 (41.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation of spouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsistence farmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175 (47.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223 (27.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (29.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e390 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead of household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382 (96.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e556 (43.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e663 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother male adult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother female adult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge of the household head if not spouse or self (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u0026ndash;43 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u0026ndash;60 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026ndash;79 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education of household heads other than spouse/self (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (14.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (28.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (28.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation of household heads other than spouse (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsistence farmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo not know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents with or who ever had an intimate partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e388 (97.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1215 (94.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInsert\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of respondents in the household survey (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1680)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePrevalence of overall lifetime and overall current IPV and factors associated with its worsening during the COVID-19 lockdown in Mukono and Luwero districts\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence is 55.4%, higher among women compared to men (57.9% vs 47.4%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The overall current prevalence of IPV (measures as IPV in the past 12 months) is 31% (497/1603), higher among women than men but it did not reach statistical significance (32.2% vs 27.3%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.071). Of these, 73.0% (363/497) reported that the COVID-19 lockdown worsened their IPV experiences, which was higher among women than men (74.7% vs 67.0%,) p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.113) but did not reach statistical significance (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). At multivariable analysis, an increase in any form of IPV was significantly lower in participants with at least a advanced education having an adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of 0.58, (95% CI: 0.37, 0.91, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019) compared to none; being in subsistence farming with aPR, 0.84, (95% CI: 0.74, 0.96, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008) and self-employed with aPR of 0.86, (95% CI: 0.75, 0.98, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029) compared to unemployed. On the contrary, being separated, divorced, or widowed were more likely to report an increase in any form of violence during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to never married had aPR of 1.51, (95% CI: 1.004\u0026ndash;2.26, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048). Sex was not significantly associated with reporting an increase in any form of violence during the COVID-19 lockdown with aPR of 1.04, (95% CI: 0.87, 1.24, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.643) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of the different forms of IPV\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEmotional violence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most common form of intimate partner violence experienced was emotional violence (39.9%), significantly higher among women than men (41.7% vs 34.5%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013). Over the past 12 months, 21.2% (339/1603) had experienced emotional violence, with no statistically significant difference between men and women (19.3% vs 21.7%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.314). Of these, 66.7% (226/339) reported that emotional violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (62.7% vs 67.8%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.405) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was grouped into different actions, with insults (35.1%) being the most common among men and women during their lifetime, followed by humiliation (18.0%), being made to feel scared (16.0%), or being threatened (5.1%). This trend was the same for emotional violence in the previous 12 months. Notably, more than two-thirds of all participants who reported experiencing each of the four different actions of emotional abuse in the last 12 months noted that it had worsened during the COVID-19 lockdown (insults, 65.1%, humiliated or belittled, 73.8%, scared or intimidated, 73.3% and threatened to hurt by someone they cared about, 67.5%). Remarkably, the percentage of men and women who had experienced emotional violence was similar in each case within ten percentage points, except for threats, which were much higher among women than men (75.9% vs 45.5%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.067). There were no statistically significant differences in the experiences of the forms of emotional violence between men and women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariable analysis of factors associated with an increase in any form of IPV in the last 12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease in any form of IPV in the last 12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnadjusted PRR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted PRR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes (%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;363 )\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo(%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;134)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (19.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292 (80.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (73.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.95\u0026ndash;1.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.87\u0026ndash;1.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLuweero\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukono\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.85\u0026ndash;1.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.85\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 to 24 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (13.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 to 34 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (39.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.84\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 to 44 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (29.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.82\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.83\u0026ndash;1.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 years and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (41.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.80\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.80\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155 (42.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52 (38.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.82\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.82\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94 (0.71\u0026ndash;1.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.71 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvanced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.37\u0026ndash;0.89)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.37\u0026ndash;0.91)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (21.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (20.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34 (0.89\u0026ndash;2.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35 (0.90\u0026ndash;2.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohabiting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86 (64.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28 (0.85\u0026ndash;1.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26 (0.84\u0026ndash;1.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated /divorced/ widowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56 (1.04\u0026ndash;2.34)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51 (1.004\u0026ndash;2.26)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.048\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation of the respondent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (28.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsistence farmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (35.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 (0.75\u0026ndash;0.96)**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84 (0.74\u0026ndash;0.96)**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (38.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 (0.75\u0026ndash;0.97)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.75\u0026ndash;0.98)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.029\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.71\u0026ndash;1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.81\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection of any household member with COVID-19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330 (90.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124 (92.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.91\u0026ndash;1.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.95\u0026ndash;1.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic illness of any family member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (79.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (20.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.94\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.94\u0026ndash;1.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of people in the household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 to 4 people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (36.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 to 7 people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (41.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.94\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.91\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (21.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.80\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94 (0.79\u0026ndash;1.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceipt of COVID-19 vaccine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional violence among participants in the household survey (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional violence item\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;388)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1283)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003einsulted\u003c/b\u003e or made feel bad about him/herself\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1041 (64.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281 (72.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e760 (62.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562 (35.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (27.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e455 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;562)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239 (52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;301)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (34.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196 (65.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (64.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156 (65.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003ebelittled or humiliated\u003c/b\u003e in front of other people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1315 (82.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319 (82.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e996 (82.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;288)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (50.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;149)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (26.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (29.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (73.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (70.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86 (74.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003escared or intimidated\u003c/b\u003e on purpose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1347 (84.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338 (87.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1009 (83.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;256)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (53.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (52.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (46.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (47.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (34.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (73.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (65.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (75.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003ethreatened to hurt someone\u003c/b\u003e they cared about\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1521 (94.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e369 (95.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1152 (94.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (57.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (46.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (32.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (67.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (75.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-economic violence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall lifetime prevalence of socioeconomic violence was 31.4%, higher in women than men (33.3% vs 25.8%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). Over the past 12 months, 15.9% (255/1603) had experienced socioeconomic violence, with a statistically significant difference between men and women (11.6% vs 17.3%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008). Of these, 81.6% (208/255) reported that socioeconomic violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (75.6% vs 82.9%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.252).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found that 241/1603 (15.0%) were denied access to support services such as education and health assistance/ services like contraceptives, followed by their partner taking their earnings against their will (12.5%), prohibiting employment (12.3%), and denial of property rights (10.4%). Denial of access to support services was significantly higher among women than men (16.5% vs 10.3%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). Significantly, 50.8% of women reported that this happened in the last 12 months (during the COVID-19) pandemic, as opposed to 32.5% of men (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035). While more women reported that this worsened during the COVID-19 lockdown, this was not statistically different from men (92.2% vs 84.6%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.363).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, more women than men (12.2% vs 4.9%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were denied property rights because of their gender. Over half experienced this during the last 12 months, and 100% of men and 90.2% of women reported that this worsened during COVID-19, but these were not statistically significant. Additionally, more women than men (14.9% vs 4.1%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were prohibited from employment by their current or former partner, with more than half experiencing this in the past 12 months and worsened during COVID-19, although this was not statistically significant. Finally, about 12.5% (200/1603) reported partner taking their earnings against their will. This was experienced more among the men, who reported that it worsened during the COVID-19 lockdown but was not statistically significant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-economic violence among participants in the household survey (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-economic violence item\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003edenied access to support services\u003c/b\u003e such as education, health services (e.g. contraceptives) or remunerated employment because of their gender (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1362 (85.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e348 (89.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1014 (83.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;241)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (67.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (47.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (32.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;115)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (91.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (84.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (92.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003edenied property rights\u003c/b\u003e because of their gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1436 (89.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e369 (95.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1067 (87.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;167)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (44.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (44.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (91.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (90.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheir current or former \u003cb\u003epartner prohibited them from getting a job\u003c/b\u003e, going to work, trading, or earning money\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1406 (87.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e372 (95.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1034 (85.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;197)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (49.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (43.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 (49.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (56.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (50.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (24.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (76.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (76.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheir current or former \u003cb\u003epartner took their earnings\u003c/b\u003e against their will\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1403 (87.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334 (86.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1069 (88.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (55.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (46.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (26.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (73.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (74.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (73.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhysical violence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall lifetime prevalence of physical violence was 18.7%, with more women experiencing physical violence than men (22.3% vs 7.2%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Over the past 12 months, 7.9% (126/1603) had experienced physical violence, with a statistically significant difference between men and women (3.6% vs 9.2%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Of these, 63.5% (80/126) reported that physical violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (57.1% vs 64.3%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.601).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJust over 15% of the respondents (245/1603) experienced being slapped or thrown at something that could hurt them, and it was significantly experienced more among women than men (18.6% vs 4.9%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Of all participants (both men and women) who experienced it in the past 12 months, 57.3% reported worsening during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no significant difference between men and women. Nearly twice as many women than men (10.6% vs 4.1%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) reported experiencing a lifetime of being pushed or shoved. Close to half of men (56.3%) and women (42.6%) encountered this in the past year, with an increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, though these changes were not statistically significant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, significantly more women than men reported being hit with a first or harmful item (9.1% vs 2.3%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). While 40.3% had experienced this in the past 12 months, and 62.5% reported an increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no statistically significant difference between men and women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical violence among participants in the household survey (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical violence item\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003eslapped or something was thrown\u003c/b\u003e at them that could hurt them\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1358 (84.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e369 (95.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e989 (81.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;245)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (64.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (63.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (64.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (35.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (40.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (58.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (59.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003epushed or shoved\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1458 (91.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e372 (95.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1086 (89.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;145)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (55.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (43.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (44.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (56.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (42.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (44.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (34.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (64.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (55.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (65.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas hit with their fist or something else that would hurt them\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1484 (92.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379 (97.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1105 (91.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;119)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (59.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (44.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (60.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (40.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (55.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (39.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (39.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (62.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (80.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (60.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWas kicked, dragged or beaten up\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1494 (93.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382 (98.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1112 (91.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;109)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (52.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (47.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (74.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWas chocked or burnt\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1569 (97.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382 (98.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1187 (97.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (55.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (60.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (44.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThreatened to use or actually used a gun, knife, or other weapon against them\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1541 (96.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e377 (97.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1164 (95.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (58.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (45.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (67.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore women than men had experienced kicking, dragging, or being beaten (8.5% vs 1.6%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). While not statistically significant, more men experienced this in the past 12 months (83.3% vs. 47.6%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.089), but more women reported an increase during COVID-19 (75.5% vs. 60.0%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.451). Being choked or burnt by intimate partners was rare among both women and men (2.3 vs 1.6%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.367), but all those who had experienced this in the last 12 months reported that it had gotten worse during lockdowns. This study also revealed that women experienced being threatened to use or use a knife, gun, or other weapons against them the most. However, more men, 71.4%, reported that it got worse during the COVID-19 lockdown (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cb\u003ePhysical violence among participants in the household survey (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1603) here\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSexual violence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall lifetime prevalence of sexual violence was 18.4%, higher among women than men (21.0% vs 10.3%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Over the past 12 months, 9.2% (147/1603) had experienced sexual violence, with a marginally significant difference between men and women (6.4% vs 10.0%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033). Of these, 66.7% (98/147) reported that sexual violence increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, with no statistical difference between men and women (52.0% vs 69.7%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.088).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most experienced form of sexual violence was that of having sexual intercourse when respondents did not want to because they were afraid of what their partner might do (15.5%, 248/1603), based on self-report and the current study did not determine if it was consensual. This was slightly more than twice as common among women as men (17.8% vs. 8.3%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), but more men reported experiencing this over the last 12 months than women (65.6% vs. 49.5%), although it was not statistically significant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice as many women experienced being physically forced to have sexual intercourse than men (14.2% vs 5.4%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). However, significantly more men reported that this happened during the past 12 months (66.7% vs 42.8%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), although more women reported that it had worsened during the lockdowns (79.7% vs 35.7%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, more than twice as many women (4.7%) as men (1.8%) were forced to do something sexual that they found degrading or humiliating (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011). Although the numbers were small, this worsened for men and women during the COVID-19 lockdowns with no statistically significant differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual violence among participants in the household survey (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1603)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual violence item\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003ephysically forced to have sexual intercourse\u003c/b\u003e when they did not want to\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1409 (87.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367 (94.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1042 (85.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;194)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (57.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (42.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (27.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (20.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (72.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (79.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHad \u003cb\u003esexual intercourse when they did not want\u003c/b\u003e to because they were afraid of what their partner might do\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1355 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356 (91.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999 (82.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;248)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (65.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;128)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (31.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (66.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (68.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas \u003cb\u003eforced to do something sexual\u003c/b\u003e that they found degrading or humiliating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1539 (96.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381 (98.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1158 (95.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappened in the last 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (53.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsened during COVID-19 lockdown (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (85.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (83.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCare-seeking among the victims of intimate partner violence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite consistently high rates of IPV, this study revealed that only 41.9% of victims sought help in the past 12 months. Most of those who sought help went to their family members or friends (60% of men; 57.8% of women), followed by local leaders (27.5% of men; 40.5% of women), and only 17.5% of men and 19.3% of women sought help from the police. Both men (77.5%) and women (75.0%) reported to have received the help they sought, with no statistically significant differences. Of those who did not seek help, 40.8% considered violence to be normal or not serious. This response was higher among men (48.8%) than women (38.6%). More women (19.7%) than men (10.6%) were likely not to seek help because they were afraid of more violence. Interestingly, almost the same proportion of women (14.8%) and men (15.2%) reported feeling embarrassed, ashamed and afraid that they would be blamed if they reported violence (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare-seeking among victims of intimate partner violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemales (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSought help for any incidence of violence experienced in the past 12 months (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;497)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289 (58.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (62.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223 (57.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168 (43.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceived help for any incidents of violence sought care for (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere was help sought from\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;168)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily members or friends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal leaders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (27.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (40.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial services, legal advice center or court\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSettled their differences as individuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth facility, public or private\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligious leaders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandlord or neighbor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain reason for not getting help (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;289)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence is normalized or not considered serious (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;118)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFelt embarrassed, ashamed or afraid or would not be believed or would be blamed (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFear of threats, more violence, end of relationships or other dire consequences (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (19.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnew other victims who were not helped (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrings a bad name to the family (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncountered challenges of high costs, lack of transport or health facilities were closed (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid not know (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther reasons (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eUganda ranks among the top ten countries globally for both lifetime and current (past-year) prevalence of IPV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. This study examined whether IPV increased among men and women during Uganda\u0026rsquo;s COVID-19 lockdowns. Findings show 55.4% had ever experienced IPV, 31% in the past 12 months, and 73.0% reported an increase during the lockdown. Emotional violence was most common, followed by socio-economic, sexual, and physical violence. The lockdown particularly intensified socio-economic violence, then sexual, emotional, and physical forms. Women were more likely than men to experience IPV across all types and periods, though gender differences in the increase during lockdown did not reach statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings reveal a notably higher lifetime prevalence of IPV, with 57.9% of women reporting ever experiencing IPV, exceeding the global WHO estimate (26%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], a recent meta-analysis (37.3%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], and WHO\u0026rsquo;s Sub-Saharan Africa estimate (33%). The current study estimate is more consistent with Uganda-specific figures: 45% in the same WHO report [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] and 54% in the latest 2022 Uganda Demographic Health Survey [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Our estimate also surpasses global and regional rates for Europe, North America, Latin America, and Asia. Similarly, 32.2% of women reported current prevalence (past-year) of IPV in the current study, higher than WHO\u0026rsquo;s estimate (13%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] and recent analyses (24.2%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], and all global regions except central SSA, which reported a similar rate of 32%. The higher lifetime prevalence in our study is likely due to the inclusion of all four IPV forms - emotional, socioeconomic, physical, and sexual - unlike WHO estimates, which emphasize physical and sexual violence. These discrepancies stem from conceptual inconsistencies and the lack of standardized measures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. As emphasized in Sustainable Development Goal Target 5.2, eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls requires measuring all types, including psychological violence. Our findings demonstrate the need for comprehensive IPV assessment to meet this goal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong men, 47.4% reported experiencing lifetime IPV, consistent with the 44% reported in the 2016 UDHS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], though higher than the 34% in the 2022 UDHS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Higher lifetime IPV prevalence has been reported elsewhere, such as 76% in Kisumu, Kenya [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], while lower rates were observed in Rwanda (18.4%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] and South Africa (18.5%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The current IPV prevalence among men was 27.3%, slightly below the 2016 UDHS (30.5%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] and the 2022 UDHS (34%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings reinforce growing evidence that men also suffer IPV, challenging the conventional view of IPV as predominantly impacting women. Variations likely result from regional and cultural differences in IPV recognition, reporting, socio-economic stressors, and measurement tools across SSA. Notably, the high rates in Kenya were linked to being married and more educated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], countering prior findings that suggest marriage and education are protective, particularly for women, and highlighting the need for further research among men [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. In Rwanda, men with controlling partners or whose partners consumed alcohol were more likely to report IPV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]; in South Africa, risk was higher among men facing food insecurity or involved in transactional sex [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on these findings, we recommend further investigation into IPV predictors among men.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional violence was the most reported IPV form for both men and women, across both lifetime and past 12 months, followed by socioeconomic, sexual, and physical IPV. This pattern mirrors the 2016 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] and 2022 UDHS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] and a global meta-analysis on violence against women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], including SSA studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Emotional violence remains pervasive yet under-acknowledged, likely driven by entrenched societal and relationship dynamics, worsened by economic and social stressors. During COVID-19, socioeconomic violence saw the greatest increase, followed by sexual violence, challenging the usual focus on physical violence. Economic hardship during the pandemic, job loss and financial instability, may have fuelled economic control and household abuse. These findings raise concerns about whether current IPV frameworks fully reflect the range of abuse types. Physical violence may be underreported due to stigma or fear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite high lifetime, current IPV prevalence and worsening during the lockdown, only 41.9% of survivors sought help. Among those who did not, men often viewed violence as normal or not serious, while women cited fear of embarrassment or retaliation. This reflects broader societal tolerance of IPV, which contributes to its persistence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The 2022 UDHS found that more women (32.6%) than men (29.8%) believed IPV was justified under certain circumstances, such as burning food or refusing sex [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. This belief was particularly high in Teso (66.1%) and Elgon (75.0%) regions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Cultural norms in Uganda also expose women to unequal treatment and increased vulnerability to sexual and gender-based violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Among those who sought help, most turned to family (55.8%) and local leaders (38%), while only 18.3% approached police. This aligns with findings that although over 40% of women experience IPV, only 7% report it to police [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, a study in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 lockdown found that despite rising GBV cases, formal reporting and service access declined [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. Such trends may be linked to discriminatory cultural norms in Central Uganda, which discourage seeking help beyond family structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study\u0026rsquo;s findings have key implications for IPV intervention policies, especially during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. The rise in socioeconomic and emotional violence reveals the need to broaden IPV remedial interventions beyond physical and sexual abuse, to include financial aid, economic empowerment, and improved access to resources for at-risk populations. Mental health support and gender-sensitive counselling must also be prioritized to address the emotional impact of IPV. Furthermore, interventions directed to breaking transmission chains of infectious diseases should consider community-based networks and accessible crisis hotlines to reduce the burden of emotional violence across genders. A gender-inclusive approach is vital: while women are disproportionately affected, men also experience high levels of IPV, especially emotionally abuse and are less likely to seek help. Interventions must be inclusive and non-discriminatory, ensuring all survivors have access to support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is among the first to document the rise in IPV among both men and women in Uganda during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely exacerbated by government measures contain the coronavirus spread. By including emotional and socioeconomic violence, it offers a comprehensive view of IPV. However, limitations exist. Because of the difficulty of measuring emotional and socio-economic violence, the estimates in the current study may be an underestimation. The smaller male sample may have reduced power to detect gender differences. The cross-sectional design limits causal inferences between pandemic stressors and IPV. Self-reported data may be affected by recall or social desirability bias. Longitudinal research is needed to assess how pandemic-related stress, including that from government interventions, influences IPV over time. Exploring the role of community and social support in buffering against various IPV forms would also deepen understanding of prevention strategies in crisis settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals a high prevalence of IPV in Uganda, with 55.4% of participants reporting lifetime experience and 31% within the past 12 months. Although more common among women, a substantial proportion of men was also affected. Notably, 73.0% reported increased IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown. Emotional abuse was the most common form, while socioeconomic violence showed the greatest rise, highlighting the impact of economic stress on IPV dynamics. Just over half of survivors sought help, but few pursued formal redress, such as reporting to police.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovement restrictions during pandemics or disasters must also address unintended effects, such as increased IPV. Support services should be accessible to those at risk. Community-based platforms, like the medicine retail sector, can serve as hubs for information, support, and local services. Risk communication should challenge cultural norms that condone violence and reinforce referral systems. Policies must address all forms of abuse\u0026mdash;physical, sexual, emotional, and socioeconomic\u0026mdash;while promoting economic empowerment and mental health support for both women and men.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaPR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Prevalence Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronavirus disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGBV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender Based Violence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIPV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntimate Partner Violence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIQR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterquartile Range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDGs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSustainable Development Goals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSub Saharan Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited Nations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWHO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 542px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was approved by the Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology (reference number HS1302ES), Makerere University School of Health Sciences REC (reference number\u0026nbsp;MAKSHSREC-2020-71), and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee (reference number 22907). To prevent transmission and protect the research team and study respondents, COVID-19 public health measures, including using alcohol rub, wearing face masks, and social distancing, were observed. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all human research participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the UKRI Medical Research Council Global Effort on COVID-19 (GECO) award MR/V035592/1. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK, provided salary support to EH and SEC, and Makerere University provided FEK with salary support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFEK, SEC and EH designed and conceptualized the study. FEK and SKN did the data cleaning, data management and preliminary analysis of the data. \u0026nbsp;FEK, RO, SKN, ON, SEC and EH contributed to the data analysis and report writing. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the findings. ON wrote the first draft of the paper. FEK, RO, SKN, ON, SEC and EH reviewed, revised, and contributed to writing to the paper. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript. FEK, RO, SKN, ON, SEC and EH read and met the ICMJE criteria for authorship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors extend their sincere thanks to the Uganda Ministry of Health and the local governments of Luwero and Mukono districts, particularly the district health teams, for their support in implementing the study. Additional acknowledgement goes to Ms Jacquellyn Nambi Ssanyu, who drafted the study tool and worked with the enumerators to collect the data. The study team is also grateful to the medicine retail sector and communities in the study districts of Luwero and Mukono for participating in and supporting the implementation of the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuluken D, Mulubek FL, Agho K, Stulz V: \u003cstrong\u003eA Systematic Review and meta Analysis of Associated Factors of Gender Based Violence Against Women in Sub-Saharan Africa\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health \u003c/em\u003e2021, \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(9).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMossie TB, Mekonnen Fenta H, Tadesse M, Tadele A: \u003cstrong\u003eMapping the disparities in intimate partner violence prevalence and determinants across Sub-Saharan Africa\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eFront Public Health \u003c/em\u003e2023, \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e:1188718.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAboagye RG, Seizi AA, Cadri A, Salihu T, Arthur-Holms F, Tara S, Ahinkora BO: \u003cstrong\u003eEnding violence against women: Help seeking behaviour of women exposed to intimate partner violence in Sub-Saharan Africa\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePLOS ONE \u003c/em\u003e2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender-Based Violence (Violence Against Women and Girls) \u003c/strong\u003e[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialsustainability/brief/violence-against-women-and-girls]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhite SJ, Sin J, Sweeney A, Salisbury T, Wahlich C, Montesinos Guevara CM, Gillard S, Brett E, Allwright L, Iqbal N\u003cem\u003e et al\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eGlobal Prevalence and Mental Health Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eTrauma Violence Abuse \u003c/em\u003e2024, \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(1):494-511.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLindstr\u0026oslash;m R: \u003cstrong\u003eIntimate partner violence against men. 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Uganda experienced one of Africa’s strictest, longest, and most widespread lockdowns. In this paper, we examine how the novel COVID-19 pandemic and government response to address it impacted intimate partner violence (IPV) among men and women in two diverse districts in central Uganda.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology: \u003c/strong\u003eA household survey was conducted in Luwero and Mukono districts among 1680 respondents from 84 villages from October 25\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 2021, to December 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e, 2021. Data were collected using standardized structured questionnaires adapted from UN guidelines for producing statistics on violence in women. Outcome variables were lifetime and current (measured as incidents in the past 12 months) prevalence of IPV and whether it increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, assessed by several items under emotional, socio-economic, physical and sexual violence and analyzed as individual items or derived composite variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe lifetime prevalence of IPV was 55.4%, higher among women compared to men (57.9% vs 47.4%, p\u0026lt;0.001). The current prevalence of IPV was 31.0% (497/1603), higher among women than men but the difference did not reach statistical significance (32.2% vs 27.3%, p= 0.071). Of these, 73.0% (363/497) reported that the COVID-19 lockdown worsened their IPV experiences, which was higher among women than men (74.7% vs 67.0%,) p=0.113) but not statistically significant. At multivariable analysis, an increase in IPV during the COVID-19 lockdown was significantly lower in participants with at least a diploma education who were in subsistence farming and self-employed. While emotional violence was the most prevalent across both genders, socioeconomic violence increased most during the lockdown. Only 41.9% of those who experienced violence sought help, and the majority sought help from non-formal mechanisms like family members.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eWhile IPV was more likely to be experienced by women than men, in almost all cases, those of both genders who had experienced IPV reported that it had gotten worse during the lockdowns. Pandemic preparedness and government responses during future pandemics must consider how lockdowns can create unintended negative consequences, including exacerbating IPV.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Increase in Intimate Partner Violence among women and men during the COVID19 pandemic likely due to the lockdown in Uganda: a household survey","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-03 04:32:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5514997/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-29T05:16:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-28T14:03:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-08T00:36:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"270050307972095768316284939768795043063","date":"2025-04-07T23:46:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"188834819937017879639014721833504653354","date":"2025-04-06T17:21:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-01T09:57:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T13:35:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-03-22T00:49:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"95c61eca-c02d-4a26-b4d2-582f4df29c20","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-16T10:38:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-03 04:32:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5514997","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5514997","identity":"rs-5514997","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}