Connectivity at fine scale: mapping structural connective fields by tractography of short association fibresin vivo

Summary The extraordinary number of short association fibres (SAF) connecting neighbouring cortical areas is a prominent feature of the large gyrified human brain. The contribution of SAF to the human connectome is largely unknown because of methodological challenges in mapping them. We present a method to characterise cortico–cortical connectivity mediated by SAF in topologically organised cortical areas. We introduce the ‘structural connective fields’ (sCF) metric which specifically quantifies neuronal signal propagation and integration mediated by SAF. This new metric complements functional connective field metrics integrating across contributions from short- and long-range white matter and intracortical fibres. Applying the method in the human early visual processing stream, we show that SAF preserve cortical functional topology. Retinotopic maps of V2 and V3 could be predicted from retinotopy in V1 and SAF connectivity. The sCF sizes increased along the cortical hierarchy and were smaller than their functional counterparts, in line with the latter being additionally broadened by long-range and intracortical connections. In vivo sCF mapping provides insights into short-range cortico– cortical connectivity in humans comparable to tract tracing studies in animal research and is an essential step towards creating a complete human connectome. Highlights Non-invasive mapping of Short Association Fibre (SAF) connectivity via diffusion-weighted MRI-based probabilistic tractography accurately predicted cortical functional neuroanatomy. The novel structural Connective Fields (sCF) concept provides a quantitative measure of cortico-cortical integration facilitated by SAF, complementing the existing functional Connective Field (CF) concept. Sub-millimeter resolution diffusion-weighted MRI enables tractography and connective field modeling of SAF, unlocking applications previously restricted to invasive tract tracing in animal studies.