Evaluation of Strength and Stiffness of Compacted Geo-Materials Considering Strain Influence Factors

Evaluation of Strength and Stiffness of Compacted Geo-Materials Considering Strain Influence Factors | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of Strength and Stiffness of Compacted Geo-Materials Considering Strain Influence Factors Namsun Kim, Sang Yeob Kim, Younggeun Yoo, Kyeongjun Oh, Jong-Sub Lee This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7229739/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the strength and stiffness characteristics of geomaterials for construction under various field compaction conditions and establish reliable relationships between the elastic modulus and geotechnical properties. For comprehensive site characterization, multiple in situ tests were conducted, including the soil stiffness gauge (SSG), unrepetitive plate load test (uPLT), light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD), dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), and crosshole-type dynamic cone penetrometer (CDP). The elastic moduli ( E uPLT , E LFWD , and E SSG ), estimated from field test results, were compared with depth-dependent geotechnical properties such as the penetration index ( N DCP ) and shear wave velocity ( V s ). To improve the reliability of the correlations, strain influence factors were considered in the analysis, and a comparative evaluation was conducted between arithmetic averaging and weighted averaging methods. E uPLT and E LFWD exhibited relatively strong correlations with N DCP , which reflects large-strain strength characteristics, as both values are indicative of stiffness properties under large-strain conditions. In contrast, E SSG showed a close correlation with shear wave velocity ( V s ), which represents small-strain stiffness characteristics, since the SSG test evaluates soil stiffness under relatively small-strain conditions. Furthermore, the weighted average values of N DCP and V s calculated using strain influence factors exhibited more accurate correlations with the corresponding elastic moduli. This study demonstrated that this data-based approach can be effectively used to estimate various engineering properties by considering the factors influencing the strain. Geomaterial Relative compaction Elastic moduli Penetration index Shear wave velocity Strain influence factor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7229739","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":533040049,"identity":"5c440486-8786-4451-9af3-f1c291fc497c","order_by":0,"name":"Namsun Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Namsun","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":533040051,"identity":"5be62003-73f5-4516-ad63-f3271c78ae89","order_by":1,"name":"Sang Yeob Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Konkuk 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Factors","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"geomechanics-and-geophysics-for-geo-energy-and-geo-resources","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gggg","sideBox":"Learn more about [Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources](http://link.springer.com/journal/40948)","snPcode":"40948","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40948/3","title":"Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Geomaterial, Relative compaction, Elastic moduli, Penetration index, Shear wave velocity, Strain influence factor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7229739/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7229739/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to evaluate the strength and stiffness characteristics of geomaterials for construction under various field compaction conditions and establish reliable relationships between the elastic modulus and geotechnical properties. For comprehensive site characterization, multiple \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e tests were conducted, including the soil stiffness gauge (SSG), unrepetitive plate load test (uPLT), light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD), dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), and crosshole-type dynamic cone penetrometer (CDP). The elastic moduli (\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003euPLT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eLFWD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSSG\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), estimated from field test results, were compared with depth-dependent geotechnical properties such as the penetration index (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDCP\u003c/sub\u003e) and shear wave velocity (\u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e). To improve the reliability of the correlations, strain influence factors were considered in the analysis, and a comparative evaluation was conducted between arithmetic averaging and weighted averaging methods. \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003euPLT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eLFWD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited relatively strong correlations with \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eDCP\u003c/sub\u003e, which reflects large-strain strength characteristics, as both values are indicative of stiffness properties under large-strain conditions. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eSSG\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e showed a close correlation with shear wave velocity (\u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e), which represents small-strain stiffness characteristics, since the SSG test evaluates soil stiffness under relatively small-strain conditions. Furthermore, the weighted average values of \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDCP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e calculated using strain influence factors exhibited more accurate correlations with the corresponding elastic moduli. This study demonstrated that this data-based approach can be effectively used to estimate various engineering properties by considering the factors influencing the strain.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of Strength and Stiffness of Compacted Geo-Materials Considering Strain Influence Factors","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-24 07:35:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7229739/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-15T23:11:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-24T03:02:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-16T02:55:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"313158221578627001961013153429810907630","date":"2025-10-13T00:42:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"223852532467081823578125102302055532957","date":"2025-10-12T00:30:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"180784020004578865201644037369523143554","date":"2025-10-11T22:12:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-11T21:42:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-11T21:42:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-05T11:20:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources","date":"2025-07-28T04:45:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"geomechanics-and-geophysics-for-geo-energy-and-geo-resources","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gggg","sideBox":"Learn more about [Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources](http://link.springer.com/journal/40948)","snPcode":"40948","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40948/3","title":"Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"44c4ebb8-4ebf-4ed1-b30d-b97521a4494d","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:16:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7229739","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-026-01134-6","journal":{"identity":"geomechanics-and-geophysics-for-geo-energy-and-geo-resources","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-24 16:08:38","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 24th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-24 07:35:46","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s40948-026-01134-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-026-01134-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7229739","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7229739","identity":"rs-7229739","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}