Patterns of admission and outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Jimma Medical Center in Ethiopia

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Despite its importance, global annual deaths from critical illness reach approximately 45 million, with ICU mortality rates in Africa ranging from 32.9% to 54%, and a national prevalence of 40% in Ethiopia. Given the uncertainty regarding ICU mortality and disease patterns in local settings, this study investigates the admission trends and clinical outcomes of adult patients admitted to the adult ICU at Jimma University Medical Center. Object : The study aims to evaluate the admission patterns and outcomes of adult patients in the intensive care unit of Jimma Medical Center in Ethiopia over one year. Methods : This study is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 244 patients admitted to the adult intensive care unit at Jimma Medical Centre from January to December 2024. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling, and data were collected from patient charts and processed in SPSS version 27.0. Descriptive statistics were utilized, and multivariable binary logistic regression was conducted to identify independent factors associated with in-hospital death, with a significance threshold set at P < 0.05. Results : This study analyzes 244 ICU patients, revealing a slight male predominance (52%) with a mean age of 38.09 years. The most common admission sources were the emergency department and operating room, primarily for conditions like septic shock, delayed awakening, and severe malaria. Hypoxia was prevalent in 58.6% of cases, while 19.3% had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score below 8. Laboratory findings showed that 47.7% exhibited elevated white blood cell counts. Additionally, 63% had elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, and sodium abnormalities were common, with 29.5% having hyponatremia and 52.1% having hypernatremia. The ICU stay of patients involves various therapeutic interventions, with mechanical ventilation (49.4%) and gastrointestinal ulcer prophylaxis (79.4%) being the most common. Major complications include aspiration pneumonia, infection, and hypotension, contributing to an overall mortality rate of 36.9%. Risk factors strongly impacting outcomes include gender, septic shock, severe malaria, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, and aspiration pneumonia, with female patients having a 4.6-fold increased mortality risk. The case fatality rates are particularly high for septic shock (86.7%) and severe malaria (65.4%). Being female, level of GCS scores, and aspiration pneumonia were associated with increased mortality among ICU patients. Conclusion : This study examines 244 ICU patients, revealing the common admissions including septic shock, severe malaria, and delayed awakening. A significant number of patients had comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension. The patients had significant levels of hypoxia, leukocytosis, and various electrolyte imbalances. Though interventions included mechanical ventilation, GI, and DVT prophylaxis, the overall mortality rate was high, with high case fatality rates linked to septic shock and severe malaria. acute myocardial infarction STEMI PCI dilated cardiomyopathy left ventricular thrombus Jimma Medical Center Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction An intensive care unit (ICU) is an organized system for the provision of care to critically ill patients that provides intensive and specialized medical and nursing care, an enhanced capacity for monitoring, and multiple modalities of physiologic organ support to sustain life during a period of acute organ system insufficiency(1). Modern intensive care medicine emerged during the Polio epidemics in the 1950s, which was pioneered by a Danish anesthetist, Bjorn Ibsen at the Kommune Hospital of Copenhagen in 1953 (2). The burden of life-threatening conditions requiring management in the intensive care unit has grown substantially in the last couple of decades, especially in low and middle-income countries because of an emerging pandemic, motorization, urbanization, and hospital expansion (3). However, the advancement of ICU care is very limited in these countries due to the high cost of infrastructure, training medical staff, failure to incorporate international guidelines for evidence-based care, and availing medical supplies(4). The critical illness burden is characterized by its relation to ICU admissions and ICU mortality rate. Another common measure is the amount of ICU resource utilization (5). However, even when ICUs are available, admission data and resource utilization patterns vary by location (6). The global prevalence of mortality in ICUs has wide ranges roughly from 8.2% in America, to 48.8% in France with a pooled estimate of mortality in ICUs determined as 24.02% (7). In Africa, the ICU mortality rate is high, ranging from 32.9 to 54%, compared to the other developed continents. The same is true in Ethiopia, the rate of ICU mortality varied from region to region, ranging between 18.3 and 67.4% (8). Evidence revealed that the outcomes of patients in ICU are greatly related to different factors including but not limited to the pattern of diseases, the severity of the disease, infrastructure, trained medical staff, nursing care, medical supplies, age of patient, presence of comorbidities and multi-organ failure, pre-hospital and emergency care trauma score, mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, complications in ICU, dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms and inappropriate or suboptimal use of antibiotics (9)10)(11)(12)(13)(14) The cause of ICU admission is not consistent across the globe and the majority of available evidence showed that cardiovascular and respiratory disorders were the commonest causes of admission in middle and high-income countries accounting for 27–41% of admission (15), while trauma and postoperative care were the main reasons for ICU admission in low-income countries which varied from 10 to 50%(9)(16). Universally, critical illness results in millions of deaths per annum. The highest burden lies in low and middle-income countries where intensive Care Units are scarce and most critically ill patients are cared for in emergency departments and general hospital wards(17)(9)(18)(19). Globally, epidemiological data regarding outcomes for patients in ICUs are scarce but are important in understanding the worldwide burden of critical illness (20). Similarly, mortality in the ICU has been associated with many risk factors, and the identification of these risk factors potentially contributes to predicting and reducing mortality rates in the ICU (21). A study conducted worldwide including 84 countries showed that the ICU mortality rates were 16.2%% across the whole population and 25.8% in patients with sepsis and was associated with the socioeconomic status of the involved countries. It is also associated with the development of complications like AKI after admission (20). Another Cohort, multiple-center, observational study was done in 24 European countries involving 198 ICU centers to better define the incidence of sepsis and the characteristics of critically ill patients in European intensive care units showed the overall ICU mortality rate was 18.5% and that of sepsis, in particular, is 27% (22). In Africa, the intensive care unit (ICU) mortality rate is high, ranging from 32.9 to 54%, compared to the other developed continents (23). In particular, Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionately high burden of disease which causes ICU mortality compared with the rest of the world (24). Likewise, Patients from low-income countries did not adequately receive mechanical ventilation during the ICU stay as patients in upper-middle or high-income countries which causes poor ICU outcomes (5). Additionally, in such resource-limited countries like Ethiopia rate of patient admission, complications, and mortality is found to be significantly high. According to various studies conducted in Ethiopia, the mortality rate following ICU admission ranges between 18.3 and 67.4%(25)(26)(27), with a pooled national prevalence was 39.70% (8). In the ICU of JMC, two published studies done differently in 2011 showed similarly that diseases of cardiovascular origin followed by surgical interventions were the major reasons for general ICU admission. The overall ICU mortality rates were 37.7% and 50.4% respectively(19) (28)There is a large difference in outcome between these two studies which was done almost in the same study period. This can be due to the difference in sample size and study design they used. We hope our study will help to fill the existing gap in data about the management outcome of patients in our setup. The reliable and updated data on the epidemiology of ICU admissions patterns, management outcomes, and common determinants of clinical outcomes in our setup helps to prepare adequate resources and establish management protocols. Therefore, this study was designed to assess admissions patterns and outcomes among patients admitted to Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia. Methods Study period and area Jimma town, located in the Oromia region of southwest Ethiopia, has a population of 210,000, with a notable healthcare infrastructure including the Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) and Shenen Gibe General Hospital. JUMC, established in 1930, has a capacity of 800 beds serving over 15 million people and has expanded its Intensive Care Unit (ICU) services in the last decade to include four fully functional ICUs. Annually, the facility accommodates approximately 535 ICU admissions and features a residency program in Anesthesiology, Emergency Medicine, and Critical Care. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025. Inclusion and exclusion criteria The study included all patients aged ≥16 years who were admitted to JUMC's ICU throughout the study period. Patients who left against medical advice died on arrival, or had incomplete data were excluded. Sample size determination and sampling techniques The sample size was obtained using a single population proportion method under the assumption of a 95% confidence level, a 5% margin of error, and a percentage (P) of 46.8%(0.46) from an earlier study done in southern Ethiopia in 2021(29). n= (1.96)2(0.46) (1-0.46)/ (0.05)2 =381.2 Since the size of the population that the sample is to represent is small (<10,000), the correction formula used to calculate the sample size: N/1+(n/N) n = 381.2/1+ (381.2/535) = 222 Z=1.96 corresponding to a 95% confidence interval, where; N=total population size n=sample size p= is the proportion of population d=degree of precision within (±) 5% of the true value Therefore, the total sample size will be 244 with a 10% contingency buffer for missing data The study employed a systematic random sampling technique to recruit participants from a total ICU admissions population of 535. A sampling frame was created based on lists of patients admitted during a specified period, and the total population was divided by the desired sample size of 244 to establish a sampling interval of 2. The first participant was randomly chosen using a lottery method, followed by the selection of every second participant. Recruitment continued until the necessary sample size was achieved, adhering to specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was collected using investigator-prepared questionnaire ( Supplementary 1 ). Operational definition Clinical outcome: Indicate the patient survived or died at the time of discharge. Survived: Patients, who survived during ICU stay, including patients who improved and got discharged, were transferred to the wards. Non-survived : Patients who are not alive at the time of discharge. Length of ICU stays (LOS): a period in hours, days, or months that the patients stayed in ICU from admission to discharge. ICU Intervention: prevention of vital function failure and management of critically ill patients and applied in an appropriately staffed and equipped ICU. ICU Mortality: calculated as the number of deaths of patients given particular diagnoses divided by the total number of patients with that diagnosis. The pattern of admission: Clinical diagnosis of admission Incomplete records : Patient’s medical records without the admission date to the ICU, the discharge date from the ICU, and survival status information. Readmission : Patients who were readmitted to the ICU in the same hospital stay. Complications at ICU : Diseases developed during a stay in the ICU which is not reported upon admission such as cardiac arrest, anemia, arrhythmia, infection, hypotension, hypertension, and aspiration. Data quality assurance To assure data quality, data collectors were trained on the study's objectives and relevance, as well as given a brief orientation to the assessment tools. A pretest was performed on 5% of the total samples collected from the ICU stations. Throughout the data collection process, there was regular oversight and follow-up. Every day, supervisors reviewed each questionnaire, and the primary investigator double-checked the data for completeness and consistency. Ethical consideration Jimma University's Institutional Review Board (IRB) provided ethical permission for data collection. JUMC received an official clearance letter from the Jimma University School of Medicine. Results Sociodemographic characteristics Throughout the study period, 535 patients were admitted to JUMC's adult ICU. Two hundred forty-four sampled patient records were amended, including 117 (48%) females and 127 (52%) males. The average age of patients was 38.09 (SD ± 16.85), with 55% being rural inhabitants ( Table 1 ). Variables Female Male N (%) Age category 75 9 27 27 21 17 9 12 0 9 20 32 22 5 19 10 5 18 (7.38%) 47 (19.26%) 59 (24.18%) 43 (17.62%) 22 (9.02%) 28 (11.48%) 22 (9.02%) 5 (2.1%) Residence Rural Urban 68 54 67 55 135 (55.33%) 109 (44.67%) Total 122 122 244 (100%) Table 1 : Socio-demographic characteristics of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025 Among all studied admissions, the majority (61%) were admitted to the ICU from the emergency room, followed by the operating room (Table 2). Source of admission Number of cases (%) Emergency 149 (61.1%) Operation room 32 (13.1%) Medical ward 29 (11.9%) Obstetrics/ Gynecology 15 (6.1%) Surgical ward 16 (6.6%) Other 3 (1.2%) Site of admission Surgical Intensive care unit 98 (40%) Emergency OPD intensive care unit 107(44%) Medical Intensive care unit 39 (16%) Total 244 (100%) Table 2 : Source and pattern of admission among three adult intensive units of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025 The most prevalent diagnosis during ICU admission is septic shock, followed by delayed awakening and severe malaria ( Table 3). Diagnosis at ICU admission Number of cases per disease (%) Septic shock 30 (12.3%) Delay awakening 27 (11.1%) Severe malaria 26 (10.7%) Guillain barre’s syndrome 17 (7.0%) Acute decompensated heart failure 16 (6.6%) Diabetic ketoacidosis 16 (6.6%) ARDS 14 (5.7%) Traumatic brain injury 14 (5.7%) Acute coronary syndrome 12 (4.9%) Perforated PUD 11 (4.5%) Severe pneumonia 11 (4.5%) Eclampsia 10 (4.1%) Hypovolemic shock 10 (4.1%) Cardiogenic shock 8 (3.3%) Status epilepticus 8 (3.3%) Poisonings 8 (3.3%) airway obstruction 7 (2.9%) Pyogenic meningitis 5 (2.0%) Necrotizing fasciitis 5 (2.0%) Other 24 (9.0%) Table 3 : Diagnosis of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025 Among all studied admissions, more than half (57.8%) of patients reported preexisting comorbidities, with diabetes and hypertension being the most commonly observed ( Figure 1 ) Regarding the frequency of admission, 16% of patients were readmitted to the ICU during the study period. The top three primary complications in the intensive care unit are aspiration pneumonia, infection, and hypotension ( Figure 2 ). In terms of follow-up during the ICU stay, vital signs were recorded upon admission to the adult ICU, and according to the observed results, most patients had urine output ranging from 800-2000ml (62.7%), mean arterial pressure greater than 65mmhg (73.0%), pulse rate greater than 100bpm (73.8%), and respiratory rate greater than 20bpm. The majority of patients, 143 (58.6%), were hypoxic, meaning their pulse oximetry reading was less than 90%. Almost 47 patients (19.3%) reported a GCS of less than 8 for their mental state. Laboratory investigations The summary of laboratory findings shows multiple aberrant values. Nearly half of the patients (47.7%) had high white blood cell (WBC) counts (>11,000). In 61.1% of patients, hematocrit (HCT) values were less than 36%. In terms of platelet counts, 27.4% of patients had thrombocytopenia (less than 150,000) and 16.8% had increased platelets (more than 400,000). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values were increased (>24 mg/dl) in 63% of patients, indicating renal failure or dehydration. Creatinine levels above the normal range (>1.2 mg/dl) in 29.5% of patients, indicating the existence of renal impairment. Sodium anomalies were prevalent, with 29.5% having hyponatremia and 52.1% having hypernatremia. Potassium levels were below 3.5 in 36.1% of patients. Finally, 23.1% of patients exhibited increased random blood sugar (RBS) values, with 8.7% having severe hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dl), which could indicate stress hyperglycemia or underlying metabolic abnormalities ( Table 4 ). Variables Category Frequency (%) White blood cells 11000 65 (47.7%) Hematocrit 52% 12 (4.9%) Platelet 400000 35 (16.8%) Blood urea nitrogen 24 mg/dl 131 (63.0%) ALT 32 u/l 108 (51.9%) AST 32 u/l 144 (69.2%) Bilirubin Direct 0.3mg/dl 31 (47.7%) Bilirubin total 1.2mg/dl 40 (62.5%) Serum creatinine 1.2 mg/dl 67 (29.5%) Sodium level 145 86 (52.1%) Potassium level <3.5 75 (36.1%) 3.5-4.5 80 (38.5%) 4.5 53 (25.5%) Random blood sugar 180 18 (8.7%) Table 4 . Laboratory investigations of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025 Management provided during the ICU stays, and patient outcomes During their stay in the ICU, patients undergo various therapeutic interventions, including intubation and mechanical ventilation (49.4%), gastrointestinal ulcer prophylaxis (79.4%), DVT prophylaxis (56.5%), blood transfusion (34%), tube feeding (57.3%), antibiotics (63.2%), and sedative-hypnotics (33.6%) ( Table 5 ). Interventions Number of patients for whom procedures were done (%) Intubation and mechanical ventilation 125 (49.4%) Gastrointestinal ulcer prophylaxis 201 (79.4%) Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis 143 (56.5%) Blood transfused 86 (34.0%) Tube feeding 145 (57.3%) Antibiotics given 160 (63,2%) Sedative hypnotics given 85 (33.6%) ` Table 5 . The therapeutic intervention was given during the ICU stay of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025 The study reveals an overall ICU mortality rate of 36.9%, with 47.4% of patients being discharged after recovery, while 52.6% were transferred to general wards. In the subgroup analysis, the death rates in surgical medical and emergency ICUs were 41.2, 35.9, and 33.6 percent, respectively. The emergency ICU had a higher discharge rate (66.4%) than the other ICUs ( Figure 3 ). Logistic regression analysis The examination of mortality probabilities among ICU patients provides vital insights into the factors that influence patient outcomes. Notably, female patients exhibit a remarkable 4.6 times higher chance of mortality, with COR 2.749 (1.601 -4.720). The case fatality rate for septic shock was 86.7%, while the case fatality rate for severe malaria was 65.4%. Patients suffering from septic shock have a frightening 23.58 times higher odds of death than their non-septic counterparts, and those with severe malaria also face a significant risk, with odds roughly 3.636 times higher. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is associated with a significant increase in death odds (AOR = 14.771), showing a complex relationship between consciousness levels and survival. Similarly, aspiration pneumonia increases mortality chances (AOR = 6.579). Non-invasive oxygen therapy (AOR = 0.120) was also proven to be effective ( Table 6 ). Death Recovery COR Significance AOR Sex Female Male 31 59 91 63 2.749 (1.601—4.720) .000 4.595 (2.352—8.978) septic shock Absence Presence 63 26 148 4 15.270 (5.118—45.561) .000 23.58(7.263—76.556) severe malaria Absence Presence 72 17 143 9 3.752 (1.594—8.832) .014 3.636 (1.305—10.125) AKI Absence Presence 59 26 20 8 .298 (.169—524) .046 .022 (.001—0.940) GCS <8 Absence Presence 1 89 41 112 128.2 (.000—2544.3) .015 14.771 (1.705—127.943) Aspiration Pneumonia Absence Presence 16 73 81 70 5.279 (2.816—9.898) .015 14.771 (1.705—127.943) Tube feeding Absence Presence 15 75 84 70 6.000(3.168—11.364) .001 6.579 (2.170—19.946) Noninvasive oxygen support Absence Presence 43 47 33 121 .298 (.169—.524) .000 .120 (.049—.299) Vasopressor support severe Absence Presence 48 42 144 10 12.600(5.874—27.026) .000 14.174 (5.094—39.43) Table 6 : Logistic regression analysis of variables in patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025 Discussion In our study, 117 (48%) of the 244 patients sampled were female, while 127 (52%) were male. The average age of patients was 38.09 (SD ± 16.85), with the majority being rural inhabitants. The average age (38 years) was greater than that of earlier studies conducted in Malawi (31 years), Kenya (32.8 years), and Tanzania (34 years) (23)(30)(31), respectively. This could be because the population's life expectancy has increased. In contrast, it is lower than that observed in developed countries such as the United States (60.4 years) and Australia (63.1 years) (24)(32). Males were hospitalized in our ICU at a higher rate (52% than females). The causes could be related to the predominance of males in accessing health facilities, as demonstrated in all hospital admissions documented by previous studies in Ethiopia(10)(11) (26) (33). The most prevalent diagnoses at admission were septic shock, delayed waking, and severe malaria. This pattern is consistent with studies from most developing countries; for example, a study in Uganda found that sepsis is the primary cause, with infectious disease in Tanzania coming in second(27)(31) respectively. In our study, the overall ICU mortality rate was 36.9%. This conclusion is consistent with research on Ethiopia's pooled national prevalence of adult critical care unit mortality (39.70%), a prior study in Jimma (37.7%), Nigeria (34.6%), and Uganda (40.1%) (34) (28) (11) (27), respectively. Another multi-center cohort study was conducted on ICUs in southern Ethiopia; the overall ICU mortality rate was 46.8% at Nigist-Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital in Hosanna (46.42%), another study in Jimma, and a study at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya (53.6%) (10) (33) (19) (30) respectively. These findings are higher than those from our study. However, our study's findings were greater than a global pooled estimate of ICU mortality (24.02%), a multi-center European cohort study, Wollega (29%), and Ayder hospital in Tigray (27%), which were (25) (35) (26), (18); correspondingly. This disparity could be attributed to a lack of basic medical equipment and infrastructure, as well as a high rate of infectious infections, as indicated by our study and studies conducted in other developing nations. Our study's investigation of death probabilities among ICU patients provides vital insights into the factors that influence patient outcomes. Notably, female patients have a remarkable 4.6 times higher risk of dying, with a COR of 2.749 (1.601 -4.720). A study of ICU patients in the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society's Adult Patient Database (2011-2020) found no difference in mortality between genders after accounting for various factors, whereas our study found that women are significantly more likely to die in the ICU (36) . This imbalance could be related to socioeconomic inequalities between the two study sites, raising crucial issues about the biological, social, and healthcare access aspects that may contribute to it. Future study is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that cause these discrepancies, such as hormonal impacts, comorbid illnesses, and variances in therapy responses. The case mortality rate for septic shock was found at 86.7%. Patients with septic shock have an alarming 23.58 times higher risk of death than their non-septic counterparts. A study was conducted to investigate mortality owing to sepsis and its associated factors among patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units of Southern Amhara Public Hospitals. This study reported that 46.2% (95% CI: 41.7%-50.3%) of patients with sepsis died during their ICU stay, which is consistent with our findings (37) The high mortality rate caused by septic shock may be due to its complicated pathophysiology, which includes systemic inflammatory responses and multi-organ failure. Implementing standardized methods for early detection and treatment of sepsis could be critical in lowering mortality rates in this patient population. Severe malaria also poses a significant risk, with mortality odds that are approximately 3.636 times greater, and a case fatality rate of 65.4%. This is in contrast to research conducted in another section of Ethiopia. The study at Ayider Hospital Mekelle found that severe malaria has a lower admission (1.4%) and case fatality ratio (23%) (18). The impact of malaria on critically sick patients underscores the significance of regional healthcare planning, especially in endemic areas. It recommended that ICU teams be well-versed in malaria management and its consequences. This research emphasizes the importance of ongoing education and training for healthcare practitioners to improve the quality of treatment provided to afflicted patients. The link between Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and increased mortality risk (AOR = 14.771) demonstrates the importance of consciousness levels in predicting patient prognosis. It is widely documented that neurological status predicts outcomes in the ICU, and our discovery emphasizes the importance of doing comprehensive neurological exams as part of routine ICU evaluations. Interventions targeted at restoring brain function or quickly identifying the reasons for altered awareness could help increase survival rates. In contrast, protective factors such as non-invasive oxygen therapy (AOR = 0.120) emphasize the importance of supportive care measures in improving patient outcomes. Non-invasive breathing strategies can reduce respiratory discomfort and the need for intubation, perhaps leading to higher survival rates. Limitations of the study The study's findings are significant but are limited by its design as a single-center investigation that relies on hospital-based data, potentially introducing selection bias by only including patients in the intensive care unit while excluding those in wards with the same diagnosis and candidate for ICU admission that was kept due to bed limitation. Additionally, the study does not consider pediatric patients, which could have offered a broader perspective on the disease burden and opportunities for further plan for intervention. Conclusion This study examines 244 ICU patients, revealing the common admissions including septic shock, severe malaria, and delayed awakening. A significant number of patients had comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension. The patients had significant levels of hypoxia, leukocytosis, and various electrolyte imbalances. Though interventions included mechanical ventilation, GI, and DVT prophylaxis, the overall mortality rate was high, with high case fatality rates linked to septic shock and severe malaria. Early identification of comorbidities and optimization of the ICU setup might improve patient outcome. Abbreviations ACLS: Advanced Cardiac Life Support ACS: Acute Coronary Syndrome AICU: Adult Intensive Care Unit AKI: Acute Kidney Injury AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome CAD: Coronary Artery Disease CI: Confidence Interval CPAP: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure CPIS: Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score CVA: Cerebro-Vascular Accident EMS: Emergency Medical Care System GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale HDU: High Dependence Unit ICU: Intensive Care Unit IRB: Institutional Review Board JUMC: Jimma University Medical Center LOS: Length of Stay MI: Myocardial Infarction MICU: Medical Intensive Care Unit MOH: Ministry Of Health MR: Mortality Rate OR: Odds Ratio RTA: Road Traveling Accident SD: Standard Deviation SICU: Surgical Intensive Care Unit SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences VIF: Variance Inflation Factor Declarations Ethical considerations Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Institute of Health of Jimma University, Ethiopia. A formal support letter was obtained from the respective administration. All participants and their respective stakeholders were informed of the purpose of the study and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. We used an impartial witness during the entire informed consent process and data collection period for participants who were unable to read or write. The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. Confidentiality of participants’ information was kept using unique codes rather than personal identification. Consent for publication Not applicable. Author Contributions KNT, GDM, and MMA worked on planning, conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation. KNT, MMA, and MKS took part in drafting, revising, and critically reviewing the article; All gave final approval of the version to be published; agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Acknowledgment We are grateful to the Jimma Medical Center Intensive care unit staff and other healthcare professionals working in the ward for their kind cooperation throughout the study. Funding This research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sectors. Conflict of Interest Statement The study's authors affirm that there were no financial or commercial ties that might be viewed as having a potential conflict of interest. Availability of Data and Materials The paper contains all of the Data, and data collection tool was uploaded as supplementary 1 document. References Marshall JC, Bosco L, Adhikari NK, Connolly B, Diaz JV, Dorman T, et al. 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Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults - ScienceDirect. Gidey K, Hailu A, Bayray A. PATTERN AND OUTCOME OF MEDICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSIONS TO AYDER COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL IN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA. Smith ZA, Ayele Y, Mcdonald P. Outcomes in Critical Care Delivery at Jimma University Specialised Hospital, Ethiopia. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2013 May;41(3):363–8. Vincent JL, Marshall JC, Ñamendys-Silva SA, François B, Martin-Loeches I, Lipman J, et al. Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: The Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) audit. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(5):380–6. Stafford RE, Morrison CA, Godfrey G, Mahalu W. Challenges to the provision of emergency services and critical care in resource-constrained settings. Glob Heart. 2014;9(3):319–23. ajol-file-journals_384_articles_139433_submission_proof_139433-4573-372018-1-10-20160713. Kachingwe M, Kazidule Kayambankadzanja R, Kumwenda Mwafulirwa W, Chikumbanje SS, Baker T. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality of patients admitted to an intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital in Malawi. Thanachartwet V, editor. PLOS ONE. 2022 Sep 30;17(9):e0273647. Wunsch H, Angus DC, Harrison DA, Linde-Zwirble WT, Rowan KM. Comparison of Medical Admissions to Intensive Care Units in the United States and United Kingdom. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun 15;183(12):1666–73. Amininasab SS, Moosazadeh M. www.ijptonline.com THE PREVALENCE OF MORTALITY OF PATIENTS ADMITTED TO THE INTENSIVE. Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Desalegn N. Causes of Admission And Clinical Outcomes Among Adult ICU Admitted Patients at Wollega University Referral Hospital. Int J Anesthesiol Res. 2021 Oct 12;636–41. Murthy S, Leligdowicz A, Adhikari NKJ. Intensive Care Unit Capacity in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Azevedo LCP, editor. PLOS ONE. 2015 Jan 24;10(1):e0116949. Asrat A, Mirkuzie W, Yemane A, Worku B. Reasons for admission and mortalities following admissions in the intensive care unit of a specialized hospital, in Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci. 2014 Sep 30;6(9):195–200. Abate SM, Assen S, Yinges M, Basu B. Survival and predictors of mortality among patients admitted to the intensive care units in southern Ethiopia: A multi-center cohort study. Ann Med Surg. 2021;65(April):102318. Lalani HS, Waweru-Siika W, Mwogi T, Kituyi P, Egger JR, Park LP, et al. Intensive Care Outcomes and Mortality Prediction at a National Referral Hospital in Western Kenya. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018 Nov;15(11):1336–43. Sawe HR, Mfinanga JA, Lidenge SJ, Mpondo BC, Msangi S, Lugazia E, et al. Disease patterns and clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of tertiary referral hospitals of Tanzania. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014 Dec;14(1):26. Secombe P, Brown A, Bailey M, Litton E, Pilcher D. Characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted to regional and rural intensive care units in Australia. Crit Care Resusc. 2020 Dec;22(4):335–43. Mohammed SO, Abdi OA, Getish BG. Clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital of Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci. 2017 Jun 30;9(6):79–85. Endeshaw AS, Tarekegn F, Bayu HT, Ayalew SB, Gete BC. The magnitude of mortality and its determinants in Ethiopian adult intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg. 2022;84. https://journals.lww.com/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104810 Capuzzo M, Volta CA, Tassinati T, Moreno RP, Valentin A, Guidet B, et al. Hospital mortality of adults admitted to Intensive Care Units in hospitals with and without Intermediate Care Units: a multicentre European cohort study. Crit Care. 2014 Oct 9;18(5):551. Modra LJ, Higgins AM, Pilcher DV, Bailey MJ, Bellomo R. Sex Differences in Mortality of ICU Patients According to Diagnosis-related Sex Balance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Dec 1;206(11):1353-1360. Getu SA, Legese GL, Gashu KD, Ayalew DG, Baykeda TA. Mortality due to Sepsis and Its Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units of Southern Amhara Public Hospitals, Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int. 2024 Oct 28;2024:4378635. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementary1AnexQuestionary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6523003","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":458310800,"identity":"5e7721a8-3794-49a9-a19a-889690bce97a","order_by":0,"name":"Mustefa Mohammed Agide","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mustefa","middleName":"Mohammed","lastName":"Agide","suffix":""},{"id":458310801,"identity":"968045e2-94b3-44d2-9bbc-83303d40d330","order_by":1,"name":"Gaddisa Dessu Muleta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gaddisa","middleName":"Dessu","lastName":"Muleta","suffix":""},{"id":458310802,"identity":"7e476c56-80d0-4ee7-b042-3eeb949d0393","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammed Kedir Shukri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"Kedir","lastName":"Shukri","suffix":""},{"id":458310803,"identity":"d1e131a6-3b6b-4c8c-a089-f26d4bb31f57","order_by":3,"name":"Kedir Negesso Tukeni","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYGgwMIbgUbiDQgRcsZuBbc2iRQJBnbGAhrkWxv3ni4guGOnLx7++MPH+fxJTawN2+TYKj4g1OLNM+xgoNnGJ4ZG545YyY5cxtbYgPPsTIJhjO4bZGTyDE42MBwOHHjjBw2Zl6QFokcMwnGNjxa5N+AtdRvnP/88WfeOUAt8m+AWv7h1iItwQPWkiAvwWAgzdsAsoUHqKUBj/d70goONhgcNtzAk2MmOeMYm3EbT1qxRcIxY5xaJI4f3vyxoeKwvHz78ccfPtQck+1nP7zxxocaOZxaIMAAHqHHGMCRmUBAAxjIN4CpGmLUjoJRMApGwQgDAJEBUmFNb2bkAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kedir","middleName":"Negesso","lastName":"Tukeni","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-24 17:53:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523003/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523003/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83148755,"identity":"b7b8f952-b37b-4d44-b404-606a38c5472b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-20 13:27:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComorbidities among patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6523003/v1/339e9b00b63a6e14c8e387a1.png"},{"id":83148756,"identity":"3e81d1c8-f58e-480c-819f-5b040e09b5d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-20 13:27:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75111,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComplications after ICU admission in patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6523003/v1/78b887041d4ca7c0745bece7.png"},{"id":83149231,"identity":"b76f240f-41a1-4c3f-8a90-ab0ad0094d42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-20 13:35:21","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88182,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOutcomes of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6523003/v1/8b29557dc74d1d09314bf7e5.png"},{"id":91080216,"identity":"213662c7-8ae6-467f-9c38-3e34db4a4002","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-11 11:32:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1667119,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6523003/v1/cb09cba5-c6cf-4531-90af-95f280b7f739.pdf"},{"id":83148757,"identity":"5d8c7e2d-a8af-4c1e-bdc5-0ebd00d5af73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-20 13:27:21","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementary1AnexQuestionary.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6523003/v1/e91441b93c3ce195d8636f3b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Patterns of admission and outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Jimma Medical Center in Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn intensive care unit (ICU) is an organized system for the provision of care to critically ill patients that provides intensive and specialized medical and nursing care, an enhanced capacity for monitoring, and multiple modalities of physiologic organ support to sustain life during a period of acute organ system insufficiency(1). Modern intensive care medicine emerged during the Polio epidemics in the 1950s, which was pioneered by a Danish anesthetist, Bjorn Ibsen at the Kommune Hospital of Copenhagen in 1953 (2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe burden of life-threatening conditions requiring management in the intensive care unit has grown substantially in the last couple of decades, especially in low and middle-income countries because of an emerging pandemic, motorization, urbanization, and hospital expansion (3). However, the advancement of ICU care is very limited in these countries due to the high cost of infrastructure, training medical staff, failure to incorporate international guidelines for evidence-based care, and availing medical supplies(4). The critical illness burden is characterized by its relation to ICU admissions and ICU mortality rate. Another common measure is the amount of ICU resource utilization (5). However, even when ICUs are available, admission data and resource utilization patterns vary by location (6). The global prevalence of mortality in ICUs has wide ranges roughly from 8.2% in America, to 48.8% in France with a pooled estimate of mortality in ICUs determined as 24.02% (7). In Africa, the ICU mortality rate is high, ranging from 32.9 to 54%, compared to the other developed continents. The same is true in Ethiopia, the rate of ICU mortality varied from region to region, ranging between 18.3 and 67.4% (8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvidence revealed that the outcomes of patients in ICU are greatly related to different factors including but not limited to the pattern of diseases, the severity of the disease, infrastructure, trained medical staff, nursing care, medical supplies, age of patient, presence of comorbidities and multi-organ failure, pre-hospital and emergency care trauma score, mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, complications in ICU, dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms and inappropriate or suboptimal use of antibiotics (9)10)(11)(12)(13)(14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cause of ICU admission is not consistent across the globe and the majority of available evidence showed that cardiovascular and respiratory disorders were the commonest causes of admission in middle and high-income countries accounting for 27\u0026ndash;41% of admission (15), while trauma and postoperative care were the main reasons for ICU admission in low-income countries which varied from 10 to 50%(9)(16). Universally, critical illness results in millions of deaths per annum. The highest burden lies in low and middle-income countries where intensive Care Units are scarce and most critically ill patients are cared for in emergency departments and general hospital wards(17)(9)(18)(19). Globally, epidemiological data regarding outcomes for patients in ICUs are scarce but are important in understanding the worldwide burden of critical illness (20). Similarly, mortality in the ICU has been associated with many risk factors, and the identification of these risk factors potentially contributes to predicting and reducing mortality rates in the ICU (21).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA study conducted worldwide including 84 countries showed that the ICU mortality rates were 16.2%% across the whole population and 25.8% in patients with sepsis and was associated with the socioeconomic status of the involved countries. It is also associated with the development of complications like AKI after admission (20). Another Cohort, multiple-center, observational study was done in 24 European countries involving 198 ICU centers to better define the incidence of sepsis and the characteristics of critically ill patients in European intensive care units showed the overall ICU mortality rate was 18.5% and that of sepsis, in particular, is 27% (22). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Africa, the intensive care unit (ICU) mortality rate is high, ranging from 32.9 to 54%, compared to the other developed continents (23). In particular, Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionately high burden of disease which causes ICU mortality compared with the rest of the world (24). Likewise, Patients from low-income countries did not adequately receive mechanical ventilation during the ICU stay as patients in upper-middle or high-income countries which causes poor ICU outcomes (5). Additionally, in such resource-limited countries like Ethiopia rate of patient admission, complications, and mortality is found to be significantly high. According to various studies conducted in Ethiopia, the mortality rate following ICU admission ranges between 18.3 and 67.4%(25)(26)(27), with a pooled national prevalence was 39.70% (8). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the ICU of JMC, two published studies done differently in 2011 showed similarly that diseases of cardiovascular origin followed by surgical interventions were the major reasons for general ICU admission. The overall ICU mortality rates were 37.7% and 50.4% respectively(19) (28)There is a large difference in outcome between these two studies which was done almost in the same study period. This can be due to the difference in sample size and study design they used. We hope our study will help to fill the existing gap in data about the management outcome of patients in our setup. The reliable and updated data on the epidemiology of ICU admissions patterns, management outcomes, and common determinants of clinical outcomes in our setup helps to prepare adequate resources and establish management protocols. Therefore, this study was designed to assess admissions patterns and outcomes among patients admitted to Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy period and area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJimma town, located in the Oromia region of southwest Ethiopia, has a population of 210,000, with a notable healthcare infrastructure including the Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) and Shenen Gibe General Hospital. JUMC, established in 1930, has a capacity of 800 beds serving over 15 million people and has expanded its Intensive Care Unit (ICU) services in the last decade to include four fully functional ICUs. Annually, the facility accommodates approximately 535 ICU admissions and features a residency program in Anesthesiology, Emergency Medicine, and Critical Care. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study included all patients aged \u0026ge;16 years who were admitted to JUMC\u0026apos;s ICU throughout the study period. Patients who left against medical advice died on arrival, or had incomplete data were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size determination and sampling techniques\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was obtained using a single population proportion method under the assumption of a 95% confidence level, a 5% margin of error, and a percentage (P) of 46.8%(0.46) from an earlier study done in southern Ethiopia in 2021(29).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en= (1.96)2(0.46) (1-0.46)/ (0.05)2 =381.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the size of the population that the sample is to represent is small (\u0026lt;10,000), the correction formula used to calculate the sample size:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN/1+(n/N)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en = 381.2/1+ (381.2/535) = \u003cstrong\u003e222\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZ=1.96 corresponding to a 95% confidence interval, where;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eN=total population size\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003en=sample size\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ep= is the proportion of population\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ed=degree of precision within (\u0026plusmn;) 5% of the true value\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the total sample size will be \u003cstrong\u003e244\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewith a 10% contingency buffer for missing data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study employed a systematic random sampling technique to recruit participants from a total ICU admissions population of 535. A sampling frame was created based on lists of patients admitted during a specified period, and the total population was divided by the desired sample size of 244 to establish a sampling interval of 2. The first participant was randomly chosen using a lottery method, followed by the selection of every second participant. Recruitment continued until the necessary sample size was achieved, adhering to specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was collected using investigator-prepared questionnaire (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary 1\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOperational definition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical outcome:\u003c/strong\u003e Indicate the patient survived or died at the time of discharge.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvived:\u003c/strong\u003e Patients, who survived during ICU stay, including patients who improved and got discharged, were transferred to the wards.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-survived\u003c/strong\u003e: Patients who are not alive at the time of discharge.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength of ICU stays (LOS):\u003c/strong\u003e a period in hours, days, or months that the patients stayed in ICU from admission to discharge.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eICU Intervention:\u003c/strong\u003e prevention of vital function failure and management of critically ill patients and applied in an appropriately staffed and equipped ICU.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eICU Mortality:\u003c/strong\u003e calculated as the number of deaths of patients given particular diagnoses divided by the total number of patients with that diagnosis.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe pattern of admission:\u003c/strong\u003e Clinical diagnosis of admission\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncomplete records\u003c/strong\u003e: Patient\u0026rsquo;s medical records without the admission date to the ICU, the discharge date from the ICU, and survival status information.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReadmission\u003c/strong\u003e: Patients who were readmitted to the ICU in the same hospital stay.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplications at ICU\u003c/strong\u003e: Diseases developed during a stay in the ICU which is not reported upon admission such as cardiac arrest, anemia, arrhythmia, infection, hypotension, hypertension, and aspiration.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData quality assurance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assure data quality, data collectors were trained on the study\u0026apos;s objectives and relevance, as well as given a brief orientation to the assessment tools. A pretest was performed on 5% of the total samples collected from the ICU stations. Throughout the data collection process, there was regular oversight and follow-up. Every day, supervisors reviewed each questionnaire, and the primary investigator double-checked the data for completeness and consistency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical consideration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJimma University\u0026apos;s Institutional Review Board (IRB) provided ethical permission for data collection. JUMC received an official clearance letter from the Jimma University School of Medicine.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociodemographic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThroughout the study period, 535 patients were admitted to JUMC\u0026apos;s adult ICU. Two hundred forty-four sampled patient records were amended, including 117 (48%) females and 127 (52%) males. The average age of patients was 38.09 (SD \u0026plusmn; 16.85), with 55% being rural inhabitants (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"600\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 288px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge category\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25- 34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45- 54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55-64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65-74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (7.38%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (19.26%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (24.18%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (17.62%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (9.02%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (11.48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (9.02%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (55.33%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (44.67%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e: Socio-demographic characteristics of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong all studied admissions, the majority (61%) were admitted to the ICU from the emergency room, followed by the operating room (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"498\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSource of admission\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of cases (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmergency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149 (61.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOperation room\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedical ward\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (11.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eObstetrics/ Gynecology \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSurgical ward\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (6.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOther\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSite of admission\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSurgical Intensive care unit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmergency OPD intensive care unit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;107(44%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedical Intensive care unit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;39 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e: Source and pattern of admission among three adult intensive units of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The most prevalent diagnosis during ICU admission is septic shock, followed by delayed awakening and severe malaria (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiagnosis at ICU admission\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of cases per disease (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeptic shock \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (12.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDelay awakening\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSevere malaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (10.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eGuillain barre\u0026rsquo;s syndrome\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (7.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcute decompensated heart failure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (6.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiabetic ketoacidosis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (6.6%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eARDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTraumatic brain injury\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcute coronary syndrome\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerforated PUD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSevere pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEclampsia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.1%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHypovolemic shock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCardiogenic shock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatus epilepticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoisonings\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eairway obstruction\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePyogenic meningitis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNecrotizing fasciitis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOther\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (9.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e: Diagnosis of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong all studied admissions, more than half (57.8%) of patients reported preexisting comorbidities, with diabetes and hypertension being the most commonly observed (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the frequency of admission, 16% of patients were readmitted to the ICU during the study period. The top three primary complications in the intensive care unit are aspiration pneumonia, infection, and hypotension (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of follow-up during the ICU stay, vital signs were recorded upon admission to the adult ICU, and according to the observed results, most patients had urine output ranging from 800-2000ml (62.7%), mean arterial pressure greater than 65mmhg (73.0%), pulse rate greater than 100bpm (73.8%), and respiratory rate greater than 20bpm. The majority of patients, 143 (58.6%), were hypoxic, meaning their pulse oximetry reading was less than 90%. Almost 47 patients (19.3%) reported a GCS of less than 8 for their mental state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaboratory investigations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe summary of laboratory findings shows multiple aberrant values. Nearly half of the patients (47.7%) had high white blood cell (WBC) counts (\u0026gt;11,000). In 61.1% of patients, hematocrit (HCT) values were less than 36%. In terms of platelet counts, 27.4% of patients had thrombocytopenia (less than 150,000) and 16.8% had increased platelets (more than 400,000). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values were increased (\u0026gt;24 mg/dl) in 63% of patients, indicating renal failure or dehydration. Creatinine levels above the normal range (\u0026gt;1.2 mg/dl) in 29.5% of patients, indicating the existence of renal impairment. Sodium anomalies were prevalent, with 29.5% having hyponatremia and 52.1% having hypernatremia. Potassium levels were below 3.5 in 36.1% of patients. Finally, 23.1% of patients exhibited increased random blood sugar (RBS) values, with 8.7% having severe hyperglycemia (\u0026gt;180 mg/dl), which could indicate stress hyperglycemia or underlying metabolic abnormalities (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"78%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eVariables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCategory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eWhite blood cells\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;4500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (20.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4500-11000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (31.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;11000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Hematocrit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161 (61.1%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36-52%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (34.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;52%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Platelet\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;150000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (27.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150000-400000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (55.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;400000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (16.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Blood urea nitrogen\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;8 mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-24 mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (34.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;24 mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (63.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;ALT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;32 u/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (48.1%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;32 u/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108 (51.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAST\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;32 u/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (30.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;32 u/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (69.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBilirubin Direct\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.3mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (52.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.3mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBilirubin total\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1.2 mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1.2mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerum creatinine\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.6 mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6-1.2 mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154 (67.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1.2 mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (29.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sodium level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (29.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135-145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (47.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (52.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Potassium level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (36.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5-4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (25.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Random blood sugar\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (76.9%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140-180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc152689352\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e. Laboratory investigations of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManagement provided during the ICU stays, and patient outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring their stay in the ICU, patients undergo various therapeutic interventions, including intubation and mechanical ventilation (49.4%), gastrointestinal ulcer prophylaxis (79.4%), DVT prophylaxis (56.5%), blood transfusion (34%), tube feeding (57.3%), antibiotics (63.2%), and sedative-hypnotics (33.6%) (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"106%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterventions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of patients for whom procedures were done (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntubation and mechanical ventilation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (49.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal ulcer prophylaxis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201 (79.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeep vein thrombosis prophylaxis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (56.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlood transfused\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (34.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTube feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (57.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics given\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (63,2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSedative hypnotics given\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (33.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e`\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. The therapeutic intervention was given during the ICU stay of patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The study reveals an overall ICU mortality rate of 36.9%, with 47.4% of patients being discharged after recovery, while 52.6% were transferred to general wards. In the subgroup analysis, the death rates in surgical medical and emergency ICUs were 41.2, 35.9, and 33.6 percent, respectively. The emergency ICU had a higher discharge rate (66.4%) than the other ICUs (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLogistic regression analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe examination of mortality probabilities among ICU patients provides vital insights into the factors that influence patient outcomes. Notably, female patients exhibit a remarkable 4.6 times higher chance of mortality, with COR 2.749 (1.601 -4.720). The case fatality rate for septic shock was 86.7%, while the case fatality rate for severe malaria was 65.4%. Patients suffering from septic shock have a frightening 23.58 times higher odds of death than their non-septic counterparts, and those with severe malaria also face a significant risk, with odds roughly 3.636 times higher. \u0026nbsp;The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is associated with a significant increase in death odds (AOR = 14.771), showing a complex relationship between consciousness levels and survival. Similarly, aspiration pneumonia increases mortality chances (AOR = 6.579). Non-invasive oxygen therapy (AOR = 0.120) was also proven to be effective (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"123%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeath\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecovery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.749 (1.601\u0026mdash;4.720)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.595 (2.352\u0026mdash;8.978)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eseptic shock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.270 (5.118\u0026mdash;45.561)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.58(7.263\u0026mdash;76.556)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003esevere malaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.752 (1.594\u0026mdash;8.832)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.636\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(1.305\u0026mdash;10.125)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAKI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.298 (.169\u0026mdash;524)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.022\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(.001\u0026mdash;0.940)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eGCS \u0026lt;8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(.000\u0026mdash;2544.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.771\u0026nbsp;(1.705\u0026mdash;127.943)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspiration Pneumonia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.279\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(2.816\u0026mdash;9.898)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.771\u0026nbsp;(1.705\u0026mdash;127.943)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTube feeding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000(3.168\u0026mdash;11.364)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.579\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(2.170\u0026mdash;19.946)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNoninvasive oxygen support\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.298 (.169\u0026mdash;.524)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.120 (.049\u0026mdash;.299)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eVasopressor support severe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.600(5.874\u0026mdash;27.026)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.174\u0026nbsp;(5.094\u0026mdash;39.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e: Logistic regression analysis of variables in patients admitted to the adult ICU at JUMC from January 2024 to January 2025\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study, 117 (48%) of the 244 patients sampled were female, while 127 (52%) were male. The average age of patients was 38.09 (SD \u0026plusmn; 16.85), with the majority being rural inhabitants. The average age (38 years) was greater than that of earlier studies conducted in Malawi (31 years), Kenya (32.8 years), and Tanzania (34 years) (23)(30)(31), respectively. This could be because the population\u0026apos;s life expectancy has increased. In contrast, it is lower than that observed in developed countries such as the United States (60.4 years) and Australia (63.1 years) (24)(32).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMales were hospitalized in our ICU at a higher rate (52% than females). The causes could be related to the predominance of males in accessing health facilities, as demonstrated in all hospital admissions documented by previous studies in Ethiopia(10)(11) (26) (33). The most prevalent diagnoses at admission were septic shock, delayed waking, and severe malaria. This pattern is consistent with studies from most developing countries; for example, a study in Uganda found that sepsis is the primary cause, with infectious disease in Tanzania coming in second(27)(31) respectively. In our study, the overall ICU mortality rate was 36.9%. This conclusion is consistent with research on Ethiopia\u0026apos;s pooled national prevalence of adult critical care unit mortality (39.70%), a prior study in Jimma (37.7%), Nigeria (34.6%), and Uganda (40.1%) (34) (28) (11) (27), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother multi-center cohort study was conducted on ICUs in southern Ethiopia; the overall ICU mortality rate was 46.8% at Nigist-Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital in Hosanna (46.42%), another study in Jimma, and a study at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya (53.6%) (10) (33) (19) (30) respectively. These findings are higher than those from our study. However, our study\u0026apos;s findings were greater than a global pooled estimate of ICU mortality (24.02%), a multi-center European cohort study, Wollega (29%), and Ayder hospital in Tigray (27%), which were (25) (35) (26), (18); correspondingly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis disparity could be attributed to a lack of basic medical equipment and infrastructure, as well as a high rate of infectious infections, as indicated by our study and studies conducted in other developing nations. Our study\u0026apos;s investigation of death probabilities among ICU patients provides vital insights into the factors that influence patient outcomes. Notably, female patients have a remarkable 4.6 times higher risk of dying, with a COR of 2.749 (1.601 -4.720). A study of ICU patients in the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society\u0026apos;s Adult Patient Database (2011-2020) found no difference in mortality between genders after accounting for various factors, whereas our study found that women are significantly more likely to die in the ICU (36) . \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis imbalance could be related to socioeconomic inequalities between the two study sites, raising crucial issues about the biological, social, and healthcare access aspects that may contribute to it. Future study is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that cause these discrepancies, such as hormonal impacts, comorbid illnesses, and variances in therapy responses. The case mortality rate for septic shock was found at 86.7%. Patients with septic shock have an alarming 23.58 times higher risk of death than their non-septic counterparts. A study was conducted to investigate mortality owing to sepsis and its associated factors among patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units of Southern Amhara Public Hospitals. This study reported that 46.2% (95% CI: 41.7%-50.3%) of patients with sepsis died during their ICU stay, which is consistent with our findings (37) The high mortality rate caused by septic shock may be due to its complicated pathophysiology, which includes systemic inflammatory responses and multi-organ failure. Implementing standardized methods for early detection and treatment of sepsis could be critical in lowering mortality rates in this patient population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere malaria also poses a significant risk, with mortality odds that are approximately 3.636 times greater, and a case fatality rate of 65.4%. This is in contrast to research conducted in another section of Ethiopia. The study at Ayider Hospital Mekelle found that severe malaria has a lower admission (1.4%) and case fatality ratio (23%) (18). The impact of malaria on critically sick patients underscores the significance of regional healthcare planning, especially in endemic areas. It recommended that ICU teams be well-versed in malaria management and its consequences. This research emphasizes the importance of ongoing education and training for healthcare practitioners to improve the quality of treatment provided to afflicted patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe link between Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and increased mortality risk (AOR = 14.771) demonstrates the importance of consciousness levels in predicting patient prognosis. It is widely documented that neurological status predicts outcomes in the ICU, and our discovery emphasizes the importance of doing comprehensive neurological exams as part of routine ICU evaluations. Interventions targeted at restoring brain function or quickly identifying the reasons for altered awareness could help increase survival rates. In contrast, protective factors such as non-invasive oxygen therapy (AOR = 0.120) emphasize the importance of supportive care measures in improving patient outcomes. Non-invasive breathing strategies can reduce respiratory discomfort and the need for intubation, perhaps leading to higher survival rates. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026apos;s findings are significant but are limited by its design as a single-center investigation that relies on hospital-based data, potentially introducing selection bias by only including patients in the intensive care unit while excluding those in wards with the same diagnosis and candidate for ICU admission that was kept due to bed limitation. Additionally, the study does not consider pediatric patients, which could have offered a broader perspective on the disease burden and opportunities for further plan for intervention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examines 244 ICU patients, revealing the common admissions including septic shock, severe malaria, and delayed awakening. A significant number of patients had comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension. The patients had significant levels of hypoxia, leukocytosis, and various electrolyte imbalances. Though interventions included mechanical ventilation, GI, and DVT prophylaxis, the overall mortality rate was high, with high case fatality rates linked to septic shock and severe malaria. Early identification of comorbidities and optimization of the ICU setup might improve patient outcome.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eACLS: Advanced Cardiac Life Support\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eACS: Acute Coronary Syndrome\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAICU: Adult Intensive Care Unit\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAKI: Acute Kidney Injury\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAPACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCAD: Coronary Artery Disease\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCI: Confidence Interval\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCPAP: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCPIS: Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCVA: Cerebro-Vascular Accident\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEMS: Emergency Medical Care System\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGCS: Glasgow Coma Scale\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHDU: High Dependence Unit\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eICU: Intensive Care Unit\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIRB: Institutional Review Board\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJUMC: Jimma University Medical Center\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLOS: Length of Stay\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMI: Myocardial Infarction\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMICU: Medical Intensive Care Unit\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMOH: Ministry Of Health\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMR: Mortality Rate\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOR: Odds Ratio\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRTA: Road Traveling Accident\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSD: Standard Deviation\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSICU: Surgical Intensive Care Unit\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVIF: Variance Inflation Factor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Institute of Health of Jimma University, Ethiopia. A formal support letter was obtained from the respective administration. All participants and their respective stakeholders were informed of the purpose of the study and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. We used an impartial witness during the entire informed consent process and data collection period for participants who were unable to read or write. The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. Confidentiality of participants\u0026rsquo; information was kept using unique codes rather than personal identification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKNT, GDM, and MMA worked on planning, conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation. KNT, MMA, and MKS took part in drafting, revising, and critically reviewing the article; All gave final approval of the version to be published; agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to the Jimma Medical Center Intensive care unit staff and other healthcare professionals working in the ward for their kind cooperation throughout the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026apos;s authors affirm that there were no financial or commercial ties that might be viewed as having a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe paper contains all of the Data, and data collection tool was uploaded as\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003esupplementary 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e document.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarshall JC, Bosco L, Adhikari NK, Connolly B, Diaz JV, Dorman T, et al. What is an intensive care unit? A report of the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care. 2017 Feb;37:270\u0026ndash;6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerthelsen PG, Cronqvist M. The first intensive care unit in the world: Copenhagen 1953. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdhikari NKJ, Fowler RA, Bhagwanjee S RG. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults - 1-s2.0-S0140673610604461-main.pdf. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDondorp AM, D\u0026uuml;nser MW, Schultz MJ, editors. Sepsis Management in Resource-limited Settings [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019 [cited 2025 Apr 13]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-03143-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCrawford AM, Shiferaw AA, Ntambwe P, Milan AO, Khalid K, Rubio R, et al. Global critical care: a call to action. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):1\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurthy S, Wunsch H. Clinical review: International comparisons in critical care - lessons learned. Crit Care. 2012;16(2). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmininasab SS, Moosazadeh M, Lolaty HA, Shafipour V. Available Online through THE PREVALENCE OF MORTALITY OF PATIENTS ADMITTED TO THE INTENSIVE ISSN : 0975-766X CODEN : IJPTFI Review Article. 2016;8(December):4883\u0026ndash;97. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEndeshaw AS, Tarekegn F, Bayu HT, Ayalew SB, Gete BC. The magnitude of mortality and its determinants in Ethiopian adult intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg. 2022;84(July):104810. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurthy S, Wunsch H. Clinical review: International comparisons in critical care - lessons learned. Crit Care. 2012;16(2):218. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbate SM, Assen S, Yinges M, Basu B. Survival and predictors of mortality among patients admitted to the intensive care units in southern Ethiopia: A multi-center cohort study. Ann Med Surg [Internet]. 2021 May [cited 2025 Apr 13];65. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102318\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOnyekwulu F, Anya S. Pattern of admission and outcome of patients admitted into the Intensive Care Unit of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu: A 5-year review. Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18(6):775. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDiaz JV, Riviello ED, Papali A, Adhikari NKJ, Ferreira JC. Global Critical Care: Moving Forward in Resource-Limited Settings. Ann Glob Health. 2019 Jan 22;85(1):3. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKayambankadzanja R. Emergency and critical care services in Malawi: Findings from a nationwide survey of health facilities. Malawi Med J. 2020 Mar 31;32(1):19\u0026ndash;23. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVincent JL, Marshall JC, \u0026Ntilde;amendys-Silva SA, Fran\u0026ccedil;ois B, Martin-Loeches I, Lipman J, et al. Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) audit. Lancet Respir Med. 2014 May;2(5):380\u0026ndash;6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoran JL, Bristow P, Solomon PJ, George C, Hart GK. Mortality and length-of-stay outcomes, 1993-2003, in the binational Australian and New Zealand intensive care adult patient database. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1):46\u0026ndash;61. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVincent JL. International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units. JAMA. 2009 Dec 2;302(21):2323. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCritical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults - ScienceDirect. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGidey K, Hailu A, Bayray A. PATTERN AND OUTCOME OF MEDICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSIONS TO AYDER COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL IN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith ZA, Ayele Y, Mcdonald P. Outcomes in Critical Care Delivery at Jimma University Specialised Hospital, Ethiopia. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2013 May;41(3):363\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVincent JL, Marshall JC, \u0026Ntilde;amendys-Silva SA, Fran\u0026ccedil;ois B, Martin-Loeches I, Lipman J, et al. Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: The Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) audit. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(5):380\u0026ndash;6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStafford RE, Morrison CA, Godfrey G, Mahalu W. Challenges to the provision of emergency services and critical care in resource-constrained settings. Glob Heart. 2014;9(3):319\u0026ndash;23. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eajol-file-journals_384_articles_139433_submission_proof_139433-4573-372018-1-10-20160713. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKachingwe M, Kazidule Kayambankadzanja R, Kumwenda Mwafulirwa W, Chikumbanje SS, Baker T. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality of patients admitted to an intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital in Malawi. Thanachartwet V, editor. PLOS ONE. 2022 Sep 30;17(9):e0273647. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWunsch H, Angus DC, Harrison DA, Linde-Zwirble WT, Rowan KM. Comparison of Medical Admissions to Intensive Care Units in the United States and United Kingdom. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun 15;183(12):1666\u0026ndash;73. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmininasab SS, Moosazadeh M. www.ijptonline.com THE PREVALENCE OF MORTALITY OF PATIENTS ADMITTED TO THE INTENSIVE. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Desalegn N. Causes of Admission And Clinical Outcomes Among Adult ICU Admitted Patients at Wollega University Referral Hospital. Int J Anesthesiol Res. 2021 Oct 12;636\u0026ndash;41. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurthy S, Leligdowicz A, Adhikari NKJ. Intensive Care Unit Capacity in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Azevedo LCP, editor. PLOS ONE. 2015 Jan 24;10(1):e0116949. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsrat A, Mirkuzie W, Yemane A, Worku B. Reasons for admission and mortalities following admissions in the intensive care unit of a specialized hospital, in Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci. 2014 Sep 30;6(9):195\u0026ndash;200. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbate SM, Assen S, Yinges M, Basu B. Survival and predictors of mortality among patients admitted to the intensive care units in southern Ethiopia: A multi-center cohort study. Ann Med Surg. 2021;65(April):102318. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLalani HS, Waweru-Siika W, Mwogi T, Kituyi P, Egger JR, Park LP, et al. Intensive Care Outcomes and Mortality Prediction at a National Referral Hospital in Western Kenya. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018 Nov;15(11):1336\u0026ndash;43. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSawe HR, Mfinanga JA, Lidenge SJ, Mpondo BC, Msangi S, Lugazia E, et al. Disease patterns and clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of tertiary referral hospitals of Tanzania. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014 Dec;14(1):26. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSecombe P, Brown A, Bailey M, Litton E, Pilcher D. Characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted to regional and rural intensive care units in Australia. Crit Care Resusc. 2020 Dec;22(4):335\u0026ndash;43. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohammed SO, Abdi OA, Getish BG. Clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital of Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci. 2017 Jun 30;9(6):79\u0026ndash;85. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEndeshaw AS, Tarekegn F, Bayu HT, Ayalew SB, Gete BC. The magnitude of mortality and its determinants in Ethiopian adult intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg. 2022;84. https://journals.lww.com/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104810\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCapuzzo M, Volta CA, Tassinati T, Moreno RP, Valentin A, Guidet B, et al. Hospital mortality of adults admitted to Intensive Care Units in hospitals with and without Intermediate Care Units: a multicentre European cohort study. Crit Care. 2014 Oct 9;18(5):551. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eModra LJ, Higgins AM, Pilcher DV, Bailey MJ, Bellomo R. Sex Differences in Mortality of ICU Patients According to Diagnosis-related Sex Balance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Dec 1;206(11):1353-1360. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGetu SA, Legese GL, Gashu KD, Ayalew DG, Baykeda TA. Mortality due to Sepsis and Its Associated Factors Among Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units of Southern Amhara Public Hospitals, Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int. 2024 Oct 28;2024:4378635. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"acute myocardial infarction, STEMI, PCI, dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular thrombus, Jimma Medical Center, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523003/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523003/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: The intensive care unit (ICU) is a specialized environment designed for the care of critically ill patients, offering advanced medical and nursing support and improved monitoring capabilities during severe organ system failure. Despite its importance, global annual deaths from critical illness reach approximately 45 million, with ICU mortality rates in Africa ranging from 32.9% to 54%, and a national prevalence of 40% in Ethiopia. Given the uncertainty regarding ICU mortality and disease patterns in local settings, this study investigates the admission trends and clinical outcomes of adult patients admitted to the adult ICU at Jimma University Medical Center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObject\u003c/strong\u003e: The study aims to evaluate the admission patterns and outcomes of adult patients in the intensive care unit of Jimma Medical Center in Ethiopia over one year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: This study is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 244 patients admitted to the adult intensive care unit at Jimma Medical Centre from January to December 2024. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling, and data were collected from patient charts and processed in SPSS version 27.0. Descriptive statistics were utilized, and multivariable binary logistic regression was conducted to identify independent factors associated with in-hospital death, with a significance threshold set at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: This study analyzes 244 ICU patients, revealing a slight male predominance (52%) with a mean age of 38.09 years. The most common admission sources were the emergency department and operating room, primarily for conditions like septic shock, delayed awakening, and severe malaria. Hypoxia was prevalent in 58.6% of cases, while 19.3% had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score below 8. Laboratory findings showed that 47.7% exhibited elevated white blood cell counts. Additionally, 63% had elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, and sodium abnormalities were common, with 29.5% having hyponatremia and 52.1% having hypernatremia. The ICU stay of patients involves various therapeutic interventions, with mechanical ventilation (49.4%) and gastrointestinal ulcer prophylaxis (79.4%) being the most common. Major complications include aspiration pneumonia, infection, and hypotension, contributing to an overall mortality rate of 36.9%. Risk factors strongly impacting outcomes include gender, septic shock, severe malaria, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, and aspiration pneumonia, with female patients having a 4.6-fold increased mortality risk. The case fatality rates are particularly high for septic shock (86.7%) and severe malaria (65.4%). Being female, level of GCS scores, and aspiration pneumonia were associated with increased mortality among ICU patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: This study examines 244 ICU patients, revealing the common admissions including septic shock, severe malaria, and delayed awakening. A significant number of patients had comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension. The patients had significant levels of hypoxia, leukocytosis, and various electrolyte imbalances. Though interventions included mechanical ventilation, GI, and DVT prophylaxis, the overall mortality rate was high, with high case fatality rates linked to septic shock and severe malaria.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Patterns of admission and outcomes of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Jimma Medical Center in Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-20 13:27:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6523003/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7e3927f8-df2c-45b0-a43e-7d737a5f1a69","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-11T11:24:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-20 13:27:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6523003","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6523003","identity":"rs-6523003","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}