Boathouse of the indigenous Li people on Hainan Island, China: plant resources and ecological adaptations

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These vernacular dwellings are now threatened by rural depopulation and rapid modernization. We explore the ecological function, material use, and cultural value of the boathouses of the Li people, while supporting their nomination as a site of UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage. Methods We combined ethnobotanical surveys, environmental measurements, and literature analysis to evaluate plant-based construction, house–environment interactions, and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Results The study identified four types of traditional boat-houses of the Li people on Hainan Island, constructed using 26 plant species across 13 families. Environmental monitoring showed that, compared to modern brick houses. In natural conditions, boathouses had lower indoor air temperatures (by 1.31°C in Chubao Village), reduced relatively humidity (by 7.27% in Baicha Village), and significantly lower Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures (by 9.62°C in Baicha Village), providing a more thermally comfortable environment, particularly during the dry season. The results emphasize the green, low-carbon construction cycle of boat-houses and highlight the urgent need to conserve this ecologically sustainable traditional knowledge system. Conlusions Li boathouses demonstrate a low-carbon, climate-adaptive building system rooted in indigenous knowledge. Their preservation offers critical insights for sustainable design and biocultural conservation in tropical regions. Boathouse adaptation ropical rainforest plants indigenous Li traditional knowledge Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Background Traditional knowledge (TK) plays a vital role in the conservation of contemporary biodiversity and human well-being [ 1 – 2 ]. For generations, indigenous and local communities have utilized time-tested practices to maintain ecological balance, ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources. This knowledge supports biodiversity conservation, soil fertility, and water management, which are essential for stable ecosystems [ 3 ]. Traditional agricultural methods—such as crop rotation, seed preservation, and agroforestry—enhance resilience against climate variability while promoting nutritious and diverse diets. These practices reduce reliance on external inputs, fostering long-term sustainability [ 4 ]. Additionally, traditional knowledge underpins critical ecosystem services, including pollination, pest control, and carbon sequestration. By integrating indigenous wisdom with modern science, societies can develop holistic strategies to address global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and food insecurity. Preserving and valuing traditional knowledge is thus essential for a sustainable and equitable future [ 5 ]. Plant resources utilization among different ethnic groups or indigenous communities in southwest China becomes a research hotspot beyonding ethnobotany and social sciences [ 6 – 14 ]. Among various forms of TK, vernacular architecture is particularly important as it reflects the ecological adaptation and livelihood strategies of local communities [ 15 ]. The stilt-style architecture known as the boathouse represents a distinctive example of such adaptation in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia [ 16 – 17 ]. Hainan Island, located in southern China and separated from the mainland by the Qiongzhou Strait, is home to the indigenous Li people, the first known inhabitants of the island [ 18 ]. For more than three thousand years, the Li people have lived in close proximity to tropical rainforest, developing a unique architectural form, the boathouse, that is adapted to the island’s mountainous terrain, hot and rainy climate, frequent typhoons, and rich biodiversity, the boathouses serves both as a dwelling and as a cultural symbol, deeply embedded in the social and ecological systems of the Li people [ 19 ]. Through generations of co-existence with the rainforest ecosystem, the Li people have developed diverse subsistence strategies, such as collecting wild edible and medicinal plants, fishing, hunting, weaving, pottery making, and swidden agriculture. In these practices, plant resources have played an essential role, particularly in the construction of boathouses, which use a wide variety of locally sourced materials such as wood, bamboo, rattan, and grass. Despite their ecological and cultural significance, detailed documentation of specific plant species and construction knowledge remain limited. Most elderly Li people - who are the key knowledge holders - do not speak Mandarin and much of the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) they possess is at risk of disappearing amid urbanization and tourism development. This study aims to: (1) document and evaluate the plant species used in traditional Li boat-houses; (2) analyze the performance of thermal comfort and humidity regulation of different house types in the dry and rainy seasons; (3) discuss the ecological adaptation and cultural significance of the boat house system under current global change pressures. Methods Study area This study was carried out in Chubao Village (18°50′N, 109°35′E) and Baicha Village (18°55′N, 108°55′E), the only two remaining settlements in Hainan where the Li people still inhabit traditional boathouses. Both villages have a history of more than 100 years. Chubao Village is located in the south-central mountainous region of Hainan Island., within Maoyang Township near Wuzhi Mountain. It is inhabited by Qi dialect speakers, with 58 households and 320 residents. The village contains 36 well-preserved boathouses with golden-font wooden walls, surrounded by valley lowland rainforest. The regional climate is tropical subhumid, with an elevation of about 450 m. The area receives approximately 1,644 mm of annual precipitation, 1,829 hours of sunshine, and maintains an annual mean temperature of 24.1 ° C and a relative humidity of 80%. Baicha Village is located in Jiangbian Township, Dongfang City, near Exian Mountain. It is home to 83 households and 384 people who speak the Meifu dialect. There are 81 remaining boathouses in Baicha, characterized by mud walls reinforced with internal wooden frames [ 20 – 21 ]. The area lies in an intermontane basin with a tropical semi-arid climate and an elevation of 140 m (Fig. 1 ). Fieldwork was carried out over three time periods: March 2022, April 2023, and January 2024. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in Chubao and Baicha, along with other Li villages where traditional dwellings no longer exist. The main research methods included free listing, semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and key informant interviews [ 22 ]. Data collection Ethnobotanical investigation A total of 42 key informants were selected from 356 participants using snowball sampling. Participants were first asked to freely list plants used in boathouse construction, followed by semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted in Mandarin and translated into the Li language with the help of local guides. The questions of Semi-structured interview as follows: (1) Plant Species Identification What specific plants are traditionally used to construct boat-shaped houses? (Probe: Local names, parts used - e.g., leaves, stems, wood types) (2) Sourcing Locations Where are these plants typically collected? (Probe: Forest areas, cultivated sources, distance from village) (3) Seasonal Timing When is the optimal time to harvest these plants? (Probe: Seasonal restrictions, lunar calendar connections) (4) Material Selection Criteria Which plant materials are considered superior for construction and why? (Probe: Durability, flexibility, water resistance) (5) Construction Process Could you describe the step-by-step process of building a boat-shaped house? (Probe: Tools used, community roles, time duration) (6) Cultural Values Why do the Li people prefer boat-shaped houses over other structures? (Probe: Spiritual meaning, historical identity, practical benefits) (7) Preservation Challenges What are the main threats to maintaining this tradition today? (Probe: Material scarcity, lack of builders, youth disinterest) These seven questions encompass the various spatial and temporal elements and related traditional knowledge required for constructing Li people's boathouses, including local plant species names, distribution areas, collection times, harvesting methods, plant parts used, usage frequency, specific construction steps, and social impacts. Ethical considerrations We obtained permits and ethical clearance before conducting the research. Construction processes were documented with photos and videos upon permission. Plant identification The researchers, accompanied by the villagers, collected plant species that were used in construction. Identification was aided by photos from the Plant Photo Bank of China ( http://ppbc.iplant.cn/ ). The nomenclature followed the Flora of China , Hainan Plant Species Diversity Inventory , and Illstrated Handbook of Plants in tropical Rainforese Area of China: Plants of Hainan[ 23 – 25 ]. The identification of the plants was confirmed by Minxun Ren and voucher samples were deposited at the Herbarium of the School of Ecology of Hainan University. A questionnaire was also used to record the frequency of citations (how often a species was mentioned) and the abundance of material plants in the wild (Shen et al., 2010). Four traditional boathouse types were identified at the two study sites (Fig. 2 ). 2.2.2 Indoor temperature and humidity of the boathouse Indoor environmental performance was assessed by measuring air temperature, relative humidity, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)—key variables for thermal comfort and evaluation of health risks[ 26 – 32 ]. Measurements were continuously recorded from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for two days in both the dry (January) and rainy (July) seasons of 2024. Data were collected indoors and outdoors, across building types, orientations, and elevations. A preliminary survey determined the sample size, including modern brick houses in new villages and the four types of traditional boat house. Using the plum blossom point method, three vertical heights (0.3 m, 0.9 m, 1.7 m) were sampled at six points each, totaling 18 points per room for robust data processing. Results and analysis Plant Species Used in Boat-House Construction A total of 26 plant species were documented through participatory ethnobotanical research, including 13 tree species, 9 bamboo species, 3 liana species, and 1 herbaceous species, belonging to 13 botanical families. Each species or part of the plant was selected for a specific architectural function: leaves were used mainly for the thatching of the roof, stems for beams, columns and frames, and strips for the binding or affixing of components (Table 1 ; Fig. 3 – 5 ). Several species served as key materials in multiple functional domains. For example, Imperata cylindrica (Gramineae) and Livistona chinensis (Arecaceae) were the most commonly used for roof covering. Binding was achieved using strips from Urceola huaitingii , Calamus tetradactylus , Dinochloa multiramora , and Calamus simplicifolius . Hardwoods such as Erythrophleum fordii , Dalbergia hainanensis , and Litchi chinensis were frequently used for structural support (eg, columns and beams). Table 1 Plant species used in traditional boat-house construction by the Li people in Hainan Utilization Scientific Name Family Vernacular Frequency Abundance Plant Part Roof covering Imperata cylindrica Poaceae Mao ***** *** Leaf Livistona chinensis Arecaceae Shan * **** Leaf Binding Urceola huaitingii Apocynaceae Dai Yao Fan **** **** Stem Calamus tetradactylus Arecaceae Bai Fan **** *** Strip Dinochloa multiramora Gramineae Teng Lao **** **** Strip Calamus simplicifolius Lardizabalaceae Hong Fan **** **** Stem Column and beam Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae Li Zi ** ** Stem Erythrophleum fordii Fabaceae Ji Lai *** *** Stem Tectona grandis Lamiaceae Shi Yan * * Stem Albizia odoratissima Fabaceae Hei Ge ** * Stem Liquidambar formosana Altingiaceae Cai Wao **** **** Stem Homalium ceylanicum Salicaceae Mai Tian Liao **** * Stem Madhuca hainanensis Sapotaceae Ke zai *** * Stem Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Zhe Zun ** ***** Stem Melia azedarach Meliaceae Zhi Weng *** *** Stem Bombax ceiba Malvaceae Ken Hao * * Stem Diospyros strigosa Ebenaceae Ze Bao ** * Stem Dalbergia hainanensis Fabaceae Hua Li Mu ** ** Stem Framing Bambusa sinospinosa Poaceae Nabo ** * Stem Bambusa textilis Poaceae Dam *** *** Stem Bambusa pervariabilis Poaceae Lao Yanu ** ** Stem Dendrocalamus membranaceus Poaceae * ** ** Stem Bambusa pallida Poaceae * ** ** Stem Lingnania intermedia Poaceae Nabo *** *** Stem Bambusa bambos Poaceae Bu Lao ***** ***** Stem Bambusa xiashanensis Poaceae * **** **** Stem (Note: * Some bamboo species that local people use, but they do not know their vernacular, so there is no vernacular record.) According to the National List of Protected Wild Plants and the IUCN Red List, five of the tree species recorded: Erythrophleum fordii , Dalbergia hainanensis , Tectona grandis , Litchi chinensis (wild) and Madhuca hainanensis are listed as nationally protected in China (Table 2 ). Homalium ceylanicum is listed as a provincially protected species. In particular, Madhuca hainanensis , Diospyros strigosa , and Dalbergia hainanensis are endemic to Hainan Island. Due to increasing habitat degradation and anthropogenic pressures, many of these species have become rare in contemporary tropical rainforest ecosystems [ 33 – 35 ]. Table 2 Five nationally protected plant species used in boat house construction. Scientific Name Protection Level (China) IUCN Red List Status Endemic Status Litchi chinensis National Level II Vulnerable (VU) Asia Endemic Erythrophleum fordii National Level I Endangered (EN) Asia Endemic Madhuca hainanensis National Level II Endangered (EN) Hainan Island Endemic Diospyros strigosa National Level I Critically Endangered (CR) Hainan Island Endemic Dalbergia hainanensis National Level II Critically Endangered (CR) Hainan Island Endemic 3.2 Analysis of the thermal environment 3.2.1 Indoor and Outdoor Air Temperature Trends Indoor temperature significantly affects human comfort by influencing thermal sensation, productivity, and overall well-being. Field measurements showed clear differences in temperature profiles between traditional boat houses and modern brick structures[ 36 – 37 ]. In Chubao Village, during the dry season, the outdoor temperatures at day ranged from 23 to 27 ° C, while the brick houses recorded indoor air temperatures approximately 1.31 ° C higher than those of the traditional dwellings. In the rainy season, outdoor temperatures ranged from 27 to 31 ° C, with brick houses averaging 0.75 ° C warmer than traditional buildings. Among traditional house types, Long Boudoirs exhibited slightly better thermal insulation, being on average 0.87 ° C cooler than other traditional boathouses. In Baicha Village, daytime temperatures during the dry season ranged from 25 to 33 ° C. No significant differences were observed between the indoor temperatures of traditional houses and brick houses. However, in the rainy season (31–35°C outdoors), the brick houses were consistently 0.75 ° C warmer than the traditional houses (Fig. 6 ). 3.2.2 Relative humidity patterns Relative humidity (RH) was generally higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, as expected. In Chubao Village during the dry season, brick houses had an RH approximately 4.39% higher than traditional houses. The granary recorded RH 4.25% higher than Long Boudoirs. In the rainy season, the indoor RH of brick houses was 5.50% higher than in traditional buildings, with granaries showing the highest RH among traditional types. In Baicha Village, the outdoor dry season RH ranged from 44 to 62%. Interestingly, in this season, brick houses showed slightly lower indoor RH compared to traditional dwellings ( 4.43%). However, in the rainy season (53–64%), indoor RH in brick houses was 7.27% higher than in traditional houses. Differences between traditional house types were minimal(Fig. 7 ). 3.2.3 Comparisons of WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) The WBGT values reflect the risk of thermal stress. In Chubao Village during the dry season, all buildings maintained WBGT values below 24°C, indicating low heat stress. Brick houses were 0.77 ° C higher than traditional buildings. In the rainy season, brick houses recorded WBGT values that averaging 1.12 ° C higher than traditional structures. In Baicha Village, the WBGT during the dry season ranged from 24 to 27 ° C outside, with brick houses showing WBGT 4.03 ° C higher than traditional buildings. In the rainy season, outdoor WBGT values ranged from 27 to 31 ° C, suggesting a moderate to high risk of heat stress. Traditional boat houses, particularly residential types, performed significantly better than brick houses under natural ventilation, maintaining lower WBGT levels (Fig. 8 ). It shows that the Li people have cleverly planned and designed the production and living space according to the local natural and geographical conditions in the long-term practice of production and living and made it as comfortable and livable as possible. 3.2.4 Differences in microclimate by altitude Chubao In Chubao Village, boathouses at lower elevations (foothill) showed slightly better thermal performance than those at higher elevations (hillside). During the dry season, the indoor temperatures on the foothill were 0.29 ° C lower than on the hillside. The WBGT values were 0.61 ° C lower in the foothills, while the humidity was slightly higher. However, in the rainy season, foothill houses recorded slightly warmer temperatures (+ 0.97°C) and higher humidity (+ 3.61%)(Fig. 9 ). 3.2.5 Differences in microclimates by orientation (Baicha) In Baicha Village, the orientation of the building influenced indoor environmental conditions. During the dry season, the north-south oriented boathouses had indoor temperatures 2.03 ° C higher and WBGT values 0.80 ° C higher than those oriented east-west. In the rainy season, the differences in temperature and RH were minimal, although WBGT remained slightly higher in the north-south structures (Fig. 10 ). Discussion Environmental Performance of Plant-Based Building Materials The mechanical and ecological properties of plant-based materials used in the construction of Li's boathouse were evaluated on the basis of literature and field data[ 38 – 43 ]. Different construction functions, including roof, structural support, framing, and binding, require different material characteristics. Roof covering materials, such as Imperata cylindrica and Livistona chinensis , must provide thermal insulation, moisture resistance, UV durability, and biodegradability. Livistona leaves, due to their waxy surface, outperform Imperata in water repellency and durability, although both require regular replacement due to weathering and insect susceptibility (Table 3 ). Table 3 Comparison of mechanical properties for roof covering of boat house Property Imperata cylindrica Livistona chinensis Air-dry density (g/cm³) 0.6–0.8 0.8–1.0 Volumetric shrinkage (%) 6–9 3–6 Tangential shrinkage (%) 4–7 3–5 Radial shrinkage (%) 3–5 2–4 Compressive strength (MPa) 10–20 (low strength) 20–40 Bending strength (MPa) 30–50 40–60 Modulus of elasticity in bending (MPa) 3,000–4,000 5,000–7,000 Shear strength (MPa) 2–4 (low) 5–8 End hardness (MPa) 15–25 (soft) 25–35 (harder) Durability (years) 2–3 (untreated) 5–7 (treated) Thermal conductivity (W/m·K) 0.05–0.1 (excellent insulation) 0.1–0.15 (good insulation) The wood species used for beams and columns (eg, Erythrophleum fordii , Dalbergia hainanensis , Madhuca hainanensis ) offer high compressive strength, pest resistance, and dimensional stability. These species are particularly suitable for humid, load-bearing applications, but are now endangered and legally restricted in use. Bamboo materials (eg, Bambusa textilis , Dendrocalamus membranaceus ) are valued for their strength-weight ratio, elasticity, low shrinkage, and ease of processing. They are optimal for structural framing and low-carbon applications because of their renewability and availability. Binding materials such as Calamus tetradactylus and Calamus simplicifolius exhibit excellent tensile strength and elasticity, essential for flexible and secure joint connections. While Urceola huaitingii and Dinochloa multiramora are less durable, they remain useful for temporary or interior use (Table 4 ). Table 4 Comparison of mechanical properties of woods, bamboos and lianas of boathouse Scientific Name Air-Dry Density (g/cm³) Volumetric Shrinkage (%) Tangential Shrinkage (%) Radial Shrinkage (%) Compression Strength (MPa) Bending Strength (MPa) Elasticity Modulus (GPa) Shear Strength (MPa) End Hardness (MPa) Wood Litchi chinensis 0.9–1.0 9–12 5.5–7.0 3–4.5 50–60 90–100 9–12 8–12 30–40 Erythrophleum fordii 0.9 12–15 7.0–8.2 4.2–5.0 67–72 140–150 12–13 12–15 60–70 Tectona grandis 0.6–0.8 8–12 5.0–6.0 3–4 60–70 90–120 10–12 12–15 40–50 Albizia odoratissima 0.6–0.8 9–12 5.5–7.0 3.5–4.5 40–50 60–80 7–10 5–10 25–35 Liquidambar formosana 0.6–0.8 10–12 5.0–6.5 3–4 50–60 70–90 8–10 8–12 30–40 Homalium ceylanicum 0.8–1.0 8–10 5.5–7.0 3.5–5.0 60–80 100–130 11–14 10–15 50–60 Madhuca hainanensis 0.7–0.8 10–13 6.0–7.5 4.5–5.5 45–55 90–105 10–11.5 7–10 30–40 Cocos nucifera 0.6–0.8 12–15 6.5–8.0 4–5.5 40–50 60–75 6.5–8 5–10 25–35 Melia azedarach 0.6–0.8 10–12 5.0–6.5 3.4–4.5 50–60 70–90 7–9 7–10 30–40 Bombax ceiba 0.4–0.6 12–14 7.0–8.5 4.5–5.5 30–40 50–70 6–8 5–8 20–30 Diospyros strigosa 0.9–1.1 15–18 8.0–9.5 4.5–6.0 80–95 150–180 16–20 14–18 70–90 Bamboo Bambusa sinospinosa 0.6–0.7 12–15 6.5–8.0 4.5–5.5 45–55 90–120 7–10 8–12 50–60 Bambusa textilis 0.6–0.8 10–14 6.0–7.5 3.5–5.0 40–50 80–110 7.5–9.5 7–11 45–55 Bambusa pervariabilis 0.6–0.7 10–13 5.5–7.0 3.0–4.5 35–45 70–100 7–9 6–10 40–50 Bambusa pallida 0.5–0.7 9–12 5.0–6.5 3–4 30–40 60–90 6–8 6–9 35–45 Bambusa bambos 0.6–0.8 11–14 6.5–7.5 3.5–5.0 40–55 80–110 8–10 8–12 50–60 Bambusa xiashanensis 0.6–0.7 10–13 5.5–7.0 3.0–4.5 35–45 70–100 7–9 6–10 40–50 Bambusa bambos 0.6–0.8 11–14 6.5–7.5 3.5–5.0 40–55 80–110 8–10 8–12 50–60 Bambusa xiashanensis 0.6–0.7 10–13 5.5–7.0 3.0–4.5 35–45 70–100 7–9 6–10 40–50 Lianas Urceola huaitingii 0.6–0.8 10–15 6–9 5–7 45–55 80–100 7.0–8.5 6–8 30–40 Calamus tetradactylus 0.7–0.9 12–18 5–8 4–6 40–50 60–80 6.5–8.0 5–8 25–35 Dinochloa multiramora 0.5–0.7 8–14 7–10 5–7 35–50 70–90 6.0–7.5 5–7 20–30 Dendrocalamus membranaceus 0.7–0.9 13–17 7.0–8.0 4.5–6.0 50–65 100–130 9–11 10–14 60–70 In general, Li boathouse materials demonstrate context-sensitive design: the integration of high-performance materials where needed while balancing affordability, availability, and renewability. Although inferior in absolute mechanical strength compared to modern composites, these natural materials meet the practical needs of tropical architecture while aligning with low-carbon, biodegradable construction principles. 4.2 Climate Adaptability of Boat House Structures Comparative thermal analysis reveals that traditional boathouses outperform modern brick houses in regulating indoor environments under natural tropical conditions. The thatched roofs, porous walls, and cross-ventilation designs inherent in boathouses provide superior passive cooling and moisture regulation. Double-gable entrances and elevated roof structures improve airflow and mitigate thermal accumulation. Natural plant materials with hygroscopic properties also contribute to humidity control and thermal buffering. Among the different forms of boathouses, the plant-and-mud wall houses in Baicha demonstrated better insulation and ventilation compared to the plant-only houses in Chubao. The Long Boudoir exhibited the lowest humidity levels in the rainy season, probably due to its smaller size and better airflow. The granary, mainly used for rice storage, prioritized ventilation and heat radiation, minimizing mold and rot. These findings indicate that spatial organization and material selection in boathouse construction were guided by sophisticated environmental knowledge. allowing the structures to remain cool and dry throughout the seasons (Table 5 ). Table 5 Significance of differences in temperature, relative humidity, and WBGT between two traditonal Li villages Variable Village Season Comparison (A - B) Mean A SE A Mean B SE B Mean Diff SE_combined t = Diff/SE Significant AT(℃) Chubao dry B - T 23.47 0.45 24.79 0.27 1.31 0.52 2.52 p < 0.05 Chubao rainy TL - TGR 28.84 0.22 29.71 0.32 0.87 0.39 2.25 p < 0.05 RH(%) Chubao dry B - T 59.00 1.04 63.39 0.67 4.39 1.24 3.55 P < 0.01 Chubao dry TG-TL 34.24 0.34 33.50 0.26 4.25 0.43 9.88 P < 0.01 Chubao rainy B - T 81.02 1.62 75.52 1.10 5.50 1.96 2.81 P < 0.01 Baicha dry B - T 54.89 1.11 50.46 1.22 4.43 1.65 2.68 P < 0.01 Baicha rainy B - T 68.89 0.78 61.62 1.32 7.27 1.53 4.74 P < 0.01 WBGT(℃) Chubao dry B - T 22.58 0.18 21.81 0.17 0.77 0.25 3.13 P < 0.01 Chubao rainy B - T 28.03 0.30 26.92 0.12 1.12 0.32 3.45 P < 0.01 Baicha dry B - T 27.75 0.38 23.72 0.18 4.03 0.42 9.62 P < 0.01 Baicha rainy B - T 30.84 0.42 29.39 0.27 2.05 0.49 4.14 P < 0.01 (Note: AT means air temparature; RH means relative humidity; B-T means brick house compared to traditional boat house (three types); TL-TGR means traditional boat house of Long Boudoir compared to traditional boat house of granary and residential both; TG-TL means traditional boat house of granary compared to traditional boat house of Long Boudoir; SE means standard error. 4.3 Influence of elevation and orientation on the thermal environment Microtopography and orientation significantly influence the thermal environment of traditional houses. In Chubao, houses at lower elevations remained cooler and more humid, benefitting from valley airflow and the proximity of groundwater. On the contrary, the hillside structures were drier but slightly warmer due to solar exposure and reduced canopy cover. In Baicha, houses oriented north-south experienced higher temperatures and WBGT values, probably due to prolonged solar exposure. East–west orientation offered better shading and airflow under local wind regimes, confirming previous research on optimal building orientations in tropical climates (Fadai et al., 2023; Rahmani & Fazelpour, 2023). Table 4 Significance of differences in temperature and WBGT according to elevation and orientation Variable AT(℃) WBGT(℃) AT(℃) WBGT(℃) Village Chubao Chubao Baicha Baicha Season rainy dry dry dry Comparison (A - B) H-F H-F E-N E-N Mean A 29.39 22.25 27.33 22.98 SE A 0.30 0.18 0.27 0.24 Mean B 30.36 21.64 29.36 23.78 SE B 0.36 0.24 0.42 0.13 Mean Diff 0.97 0.61 2.03 0.80 SE_combined 0.46 0.30 0.50 0.27 t = Diff/SE 2.09 2.02 4.04 2.94 Significant? P < 0.05 P < 0.05 P < 0.01 P < 0.01 (Note: AT means air temparature; H-F means hillside boathouse compared to foothill boathouse of Chubao village in different elevation; E-N means east-west oriented boat-house comparing with north-south oriented boathouse of Baicha village in different orientation; SE means standard error.) 4.4 Drainage and Humidity Management Strategies Effective drainage and dehumidification systems are essential for structural durability and occupant health in the humid tropics. The boat houses in Chubao used sloped floors and stone-lined channels that directed water into a village-wide canal system. Baicha’s relatively flat topography required surface trenches leading to rice paddies or distant rivers. Thatched roofs with extended eaves, layered leaf design and elevated platforms facilitated rapid rainwater runoff and drying. The use of breathable materials such as bamboo and cogon grass allowed natural dehumidification, reducing the risk of fungal growth. Mud walls with embedded straw further buffered humidity while moderating internal temperature fluctuations, demonstrating an integrated water management approach embedded in local architectural traditions. Conclusion The boathouse of the ethnic minority Li is a unique architectural form that has evolved over thousands of years in response to the tropical rainforest environment of Hainan Island. Designed by ecological and cultural factors, this traditional type of building exemplifies sustainable design, community resilience, and the deep integration of human and natural systems. Using locally available plant materials, many of which possess superior mechanical and ecological properties, the Li people have developed a construction system that is lightweight, low cost, low carbon, and highly adapted to the regional climate. Our findings demonstrate that traditional boathouses offer better thermal comfort, humidity control, and mitigation of heat stress under natural conditions than modern brick houses. These benefits are especially pronounced during the hot and humid rainy season. Beyond physical performance, boathouses also reflect intangible cultural heritage, embodying beliefs about nature, community organization, gender roles, and environmental stewardship. However, modernization and urban migration are accelerating the loss of traditional knowledge and the abandonment of these structures. To ensure the survival of this heritage, urgent action is needed to document, protect, and adapt the boathouse system within contemporary development strategies. The architectural principles underlying the boathouse—passive design, material renewability, environmental fit—can inform modern ecological architecture in tropical regions. Integrating traditional wisdom with modern technologies offers a pathway to resilient, low-carbon, and culturally meaningful housing. Finally, this study supports efforts of local and national stakeholders to nominate the 'Boat House and Traditional Settlements of the Li ethnic minority' as a UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site. By demonstrating the ecological, architectural, and cultural value of these settlements, our work contributes to the broader goal of preserving both biodiversity and cultural diversity in tropical rainforest landscapes. Abbreviations TK traditional knowledge WBGT Wet bulb globe temperatures IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizatio Declarations Acknowledgements We thank informants of local villages for their kindly help during the investgations. The authors are very grateful to taxonomist Prof. Xiaobo Yang at Hainan University for his selfless help with plant identification. Author contributions Ding-Hai Yang and Ming-Xun Ren conceived of the idea and designed the study. Ming-Xun Ren and Guang-Hui Ma identified the plants. Guanghui Ma contributed to conceptualization, field data collection, formal analysis, original draft writing, review, and editing. Xiaodong Mu and Dinghai Yang revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52168002) and the Hainan Province Special Fund Project for Environmental Protection: Investigation and assessment of biodiversity in Wuzhishan City, which was established by the Department of Ecology and Environment of Hainan Province. Availablity of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate We obtained permits and ethical clearance before conducting the research. Construction processes were documented with photos and videos upon permission. Content for publication No applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 07 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6643999","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":456954058,"identity":"764027aa-6250-438d-9ac5-2faaff0796f6","order_by":0,"name":"Guang-Hui Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"International Joint Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity around South China Sea of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guang-Hui","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":456954059,"identity":"8537b488-5e9a-4f41-9519-58c9337b931f","order_by":1,"name":"Ming-Xun Ren","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"International Joint Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity around South China Sea of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ming-Xun","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""},{"id":456954060,"identity":"12192218-ff22-45fc-ac76-71aa0cfda899","order_by":2,"name":"Ding-Hai Yang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCwwwMzAwMEgz8zIyNDz7YgIQYGw8QpUWyvfmw4Yw0sJYG/FoOgLUwMBicOZYmzZMGF8QN+I7zHn5dUGOR2HAjx9jYJsEmcW37YaAtNTbRuLRIHuZLs55xTCKxcUaO4eOchDRjszOJQC3H0nIbcGgxOMxjZszDJpHYLAG0JffHYTmzA0AtjA2HCWj5J5HYJpFjJm2RAOSef0hQi/Fj3jaJxB4eoPcZEoC23CBgiyTQWGbePgnjGezAQO4B+eUG0JYEPH7hO3/G+DPPtzrZ/YeBUfkDGGLbzqc/fPChxganFiBgkwASjqgKEnArBwHmD0DCHr+aUTAKRsEoGNEAAKcCY+DwOdHyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"School of College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ding-Hai","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":456954061,"identity":"7471471e-a83b-4f80-bec0-4c4ffa2a3965","order_by":3,"name":"Xiao-Dong Mu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiao-Dong","middleName":"","lastName":"Mu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-12 07:38:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6643999/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6643999/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-025-00818-9","type":"published","date":"2025-10-14T15:57:33+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82925413,"identity":"7934c60e-6ed7-4f05-bd34-de34ac758bde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:37:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":123420,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographic locations of traditional Li boathouse villages: relative positions of two Li villages and the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park on Hainan Island in Asia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/2ce0f59c197b024dce498704.jpg"},{"id":82925412,"identity":"d0bc064f-a2b6-4263-8c33-44ff5188761d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:37:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMain structural types of Li boat houses in the two study villages. (a) Residential boathouse with timber frames and mud-wall residential boat-house; (b) Wooden-wall residential boat-house; (c) Long boudoir; (d) Granary.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/591b6d7f8565fc6241698ffa.jpg"},{"id":82925414,"identity":"794b35c1-988a-4de1-93bf-d619ba6fe1c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:37:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":151405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBuilding boathouse strategies of traditional Li villages. a: handcrafting building materials with local wild plants; b: using stems of trees as beams and columns; c: using rattans to consolidate the heavier parts of boat-house; d: binding framework with strips of bamboos.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/5b4de3f2629e284f230b3837.jpg"},{"id":82926023,"identity":"99cb4ad8-1520-40bf-bddd-d9e668a62cc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:45:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":444449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTen main tree species used for boat houses in Li Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/394fa3aaa12af95fdee87ca4.jpg"},{"id":82926421,"identity":"80c0daa0-5479-4b7e-b528-936fe9c85b40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:53:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMain liana and bamboo species used for boathouses in Li Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/13c952a29feea6c3bf723760.jpg"},{"id":82926419,"identity":"1a3268ab-6c42-48f3-9ca5-264ceb135c68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:53:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":709348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of air temperature trends of boathouses between the two traditional Li villages. (a) Chubao Village; (b) Baicha Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/e87ffe386173efcba778090b.jpg"},{"id":82925425,"identity":"897f4f7c-ac33-4fae-91d8-184031488b26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:37:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":827761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTrends in relative humidity of boat houses in two traditional villages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a) Chubao Village; (b) Baicha Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/564a1aed3d89712e0b05d3ba.jpg"},{"id":82926423,"identity":"6eeb2101-abfb-4abe-a487-4f93d6dfe796","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:53:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":719072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWBGT trends of boat houses in two traditional villages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(a) Chubao Village; (b) Baicha Village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/9bd73239fa84cb56917cbc4e.jpg"},{"id":82926028,"identity":"0bf68bb5-eb8d-4f15-8349-843679d855f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:45:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":468362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature, humidity, and WBGT trends of houseboats at different altitudes in Chubao village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/bb4a52777748f1fd91f3d7bb.jpg"},{"id":82925428,"identity":"a286332b-c1c3-4ae8-8d4c-c1b9f617455c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-16 19:37:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":487348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature, humidity, and WBGT trends of boathouses in different orientations in Baicha village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/7a82dbcd53f0d66828e34cc7.jpg"},{"id":93956729,"identity":"4ff5d50e-7d8b-462c-aaa8-a14efd4ed49f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-20 16:11:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5448747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6643999/v1/85c5e85b-9568-4ee5-8f76-5873fd8bd94b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Boathouse of the indigenous Li people on Hainan Island, China: plant resources and ecological adaptations","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eTraditional knowledge (TK) plays a vital role in the conservation of contemporary biodiversity and human well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. For generations, indigenous and local communities have utilized time-tested practices to maintain ecological balance, ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources. This knowledge supports biodiversity conservation, soil fertility, and water management, which are essential for stable ecosystems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Traditional agricultural methods\u0026mdash;such as crop rotation, seed preservation, and agroforestry\u0026mdash;enhance resilience against climate variability while promoting nutritious and diverse diets. These practices reduce reliance on external inputs, fostering long-term sustainability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, traditional knowledge underpins critical ecosystem services, including pollination, pest control, and carbon sequestration. By integrating indigenous wisdom with modern science, societies can develop holistic strategies to address global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and food insecurity. Preserving and valuing traditional knowledge is thus essential for a sustainable and equitable future [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Plant resources utilization among different ethnic groups or indigenous communities in southwest China becomes a research hotspot beyonding ethnobotany and social sciences [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong various forms of TK, vernacular architecture is particularly important as it reflects the ecological adaptation and livelihood strategies of local communities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The stilt-style architecture known as the boathouse represents a distinctive example of such adaptation in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHainan Island, located in southern China and separated from the mainland by the Qiongzhou Strait, is home to the indigenous Li people, the first known inhabitants of the island [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. For more than three thousand years, the Li people have lived in close proximity to tropical rainforest, developing a unique architectural form, the boathouse, that is adapted to the island\u0026rsquo;s mountainous terrain, hot and rainy climate, frequent typhoons, and rich biodiversity, the boathouses serves both as a dwelling and as a cultural symbol, deeply embedded in the social and ecological systems of the Li people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Through generations of co-existence with the rainforest ecosystem, the Li people have developed diverse subsistence strategies, such as collecting wild edible and medicinal plants, fishing, hunting, weaving, pottery making, and swidden agriculture. In these practices, plant resources have played an essential role, particularly in the construction of boathouses, which use a wide variety of locally sourced materials such as wood, bamboo, rattan, and grass. Despite their ecological and cultural significance, detailed documentation of specific plant species and construction knowledge remain limited. Most elderly Li people - who are the key knowledge holders - do not speak Mandarin and much of the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) they possess is at risk of disappearing amid urbanization and tourism development. This study aims to: (1) document and evaluate the plant species used in traditional Li boat-houses; (2) analyze the performance of thermal comfort and humidity regulation of different house types in the dry and rainy seasons; (3) discuss the ecological adaptation and cultural significance of the boat house system under current global change pressures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out in Chubao Village (18\u0026deg;50\u0026prime;N, 109\u0026deg;35\u0026prime;E) and Baicha Village (18\u0026deg;55\u0026prime;N, 108\u0026deg;55\u0026prime;E), the only two remaining settlements in Hainan where the Li people still inhabit traditional boathouses. Both villages have a history of more than 100 years. Chubao Village is located in the south-central mountainous region of Hainan Island., within Maoyang Township near Wuzhi Mountain. It is inhabited by Qi dialect speakers, with 58 households and 320 residents. The village contains 36 well-preserved boathouses with golden-font wooden walls, surrounded by valley lowland rainforest. The regional climate is tropical subhumid, with an elevation of about 450 m. The area receives approximately 1,644 mm of annual precipitation, 1,829 hours of sunshine, and maintains an annual mean temperature of 24.1 \u0026deg; C and a relative humidity of 80%. Baicha Village is located in Jiangbian Township, Dongfang City, near Exian Mountain. It is home to 83 households and 384 people who speak the Meifu dialect. There are 81 remaining boathouses in Baicha, characterized by mud walls reinforced with internal wooden frames [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The area lies in an intermontane basin with a tropical semi-arid climate and an elevation of 140 m (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFieldwork was carried out over three time periods: March 2022, April 2023, and January 2024. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in Chubao and Baicha, along with other Li villages where traditional dwellings no longer exist. The main research methods included free listing, semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and key informant interviews [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthnobotanical investigation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 42 key informants were selected from 356 participants using snowball sampling. Participants were first asked to freely list plants used in boathouse construction, followed by semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted in Mandarin and translated into the Li language with the help of local guides. The questions of Semi-structured interview as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Plant Species Identification\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat specific plants are traditionally used to construct boat-shaped houses?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Probe: Local names, parts used - e.g., leaves, stems, wood types)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Sourcing Locations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere are these plants typically collected?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Probe: Forest areas, cultivated sources, distance from village)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Seasonal Timing\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen is the optimal time to harvest these plants?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Probe: Seasonal restrictions, lunar calendar connections)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Material Selection Criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhich plant materials are considered superior for construction and why?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Probe: Durability, flexibility, water resistance)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5) Construction Process\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCould you describe the step-by-step process of building a boat-shaped house?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Probe: Tools used, community roles, time duration)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(6) Cultural Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy do the Li people prefer boat-shaped houses over other structures?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Probe: Spiritual meaning, historical identity, practical benefits)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(7) Preservation Challenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat are the main threats to maintaining this tradition today?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Probe: Material scarcity, lack of builders, youth disinterest)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese seven questions encompass the various spatial and temporal elements and related traditional knowledge required for constructing Li people's boathouses, including local plant species names, distribution areas, collection times, harvesting methods, plant parts used, usage frequency, specific construction steps, and social impacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical considerrations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e We obtained permits and ethical clearance before conducting the research. Construction processes were documented with photos and videos upon permission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant identification\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers, accompanied by the villagers, collected plant species that were used in construction. Identification was aided by photos from the Plant Photo Bank of China (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://ppbc.iplant.cn/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://ppbc.iplant.cn/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The nomenclature followed the \u003cem\u003eFlora of China\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHainan Plant Species Diversity Inventory\u003c/em\u003e, and Illstrated Handbook of Plants in tropical Rainforese Area of China: Plants of Hainan[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The identification of the plants was confirmed by Minxun Ren and voucher samples were deposited at the Herbarium of the School of Ecology of Hainan University.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA questionnaire was also used to record the frequency of citations (how often a species was mentioned) and the abundance of material plants in the wild (Shen et al., 2010). Four traditional boathouse types were identified at the two study sites (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Indoor temperature and humidity of the boathouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndoor environmental performance was assessed by measuring air temperature, relative humidity, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)\u0026mdash;key variables for thermal comfort and evaluation of health risks[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27 CR28 CR29 CR30 CR31\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements were continuously recorded from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm for two days in both the dry (January) and rainy (July) seasons of 2024. Data were collected indoors and outdoors, across building types, orientations, and elevations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA preliminary survey determined the sample size, including modern brick houses in new villages and the four types of traditional boat house. Using the plum blossom point method, three vertical heights (0.3 m, 0.9 m, 1.7 m) were sampled at six points each, totaling 18 points per room for robust data processing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and analysis","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePlant Species Used in Boat-House Construction\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA total of 26 plant species were documented through participatory ethnobotanical research, including 13 tree species, 9 bamboo species, 3 liana species, and 1 herbaceous species, belonging to 13 botanical families. Each species or part of the plant was selected for a specific architectural function: leaves were used mainly for the thatching of the roof, stems for beams, columns and frames, and strips for the binding or affixing of components (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeveral species served as key materials in multiple functional domains. For example, \u003cem\u003eImperata cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e (Gramineae) and \u003cem\u003eLivistona chinensis\u003c/em\u003e (Arecaceae) were the most commonly used for roof covering. Binding was achieved using strips from \u003cem\u003eUrceola huaitingii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCalamus tetradactylus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDinochloa multiramora\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCalamus simplicifolius\u003c/em\u003e. Hardwoods such as \u003cem\u003eErythrophleum fordii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDalbergia hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e were frequently used for structural support (eg, columns and beams).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant species used in traditional boat-house construction by the Li people in Hainan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUtilization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVernacular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant Part\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoof covering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImperata\u0026nbsp;cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLivistona\u0026nbsp;chinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArecaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBinding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrceola\u0026nbsp;huaitingii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDai Yao Fan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalamus tetradactylus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArecaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBai Fan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrip\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDinochloa\u0026nbsp;multiramora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGramineae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeng Lao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrip\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalamus simplicifolius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLardizabalaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHong Fan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColumn and beam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLitchi\u0026nbsp;chinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSapindaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi Zi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErythrophleum\u0026nbsp;fordii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJi Lai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTectona\u0026nbsp;grandis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShi Yan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia\u0026nbsp;odoratissima\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHei Ge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLiquidambar\u0026nbsp;formosana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltingiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCai Wao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHomalium\u0026nbsp;ceylanicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalicaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMai Tian Liao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMadhuca hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSapotaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKe zai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCocos\u0026nbsp;nucifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArecaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhe Zun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelia\u0026nbsp;azedarach\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhi Weng\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBombax\u0026nbsp;ceiba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKen Hao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros\u0026nbsp;strigosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEbenaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZe Bao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDalbergia\u0026nbsp;hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHua Li Mu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraming\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa\u0026nbsp;sinospinosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNabo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa\u0026nbsp;textilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa\u0026nbsp;pervariabilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLao Yanu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDendrocalamus\u0026nbsp;membranaceus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa pallida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLingnania intermedia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNabo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa bambos\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBu Lao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa xiashanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e****\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e(Note: * Some bamboo species that local people use, but they do not know their vernacular, so there is no vernacular record.)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the National List of Protected Wild Plants and the IUCN Red List, five of the tree species recorded: Erythrophleum \u003cem\u003efordii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDalbergia hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTectona grandis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e (wild) and \u003cem\u003eMadhuca hainanensis are\u003c/em\u003e listed as nationally protected in China (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eHomalium ceylanicum\u003c/em\u003e is listed as a provincially protected species. In particular, \u003cem\u003eMadhuca hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDiospyros strigosa\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eDalbergia hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e are endemic to Hainan Island. Due to increasing habitat degradation and anthropogenic pressures, many of these species have become rare in contemporary tropical rainforest ecosystems [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFive nationally protected plant species used in boat house construction.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtection Level (China)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIUCN Red List Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndemic Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational Level II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVulnerable (VU)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsia Endemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErythrophleum fordii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational Level I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndangered (EN)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsia Endemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMadhuca hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational Level II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndangered (EN)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHainan Island Endemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros strigosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational Level I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCritically Endangered (CR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHainan Island Endemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDalbergia hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational Level II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCritically Endangered (CR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHainan Island Endemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 Analysis of the thermal environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Indoor and Outdoor Air Temperature Trends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndoor temperature significantly affects human comfort by influencing thermal sensation, productivity, and overall well-being. Field measurements showed clear differences in temperature profiles between traditional boat houses and modern brick structures[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. In Chubao Village, during the dry season, the outdoor temperatures at day ranged from 23 to 27 \u0026deg; C, while the brick houses recorded indoor air temperatures approximately 1.31 \u0026deg; C higher than those of the traditional dwellings. In the rainy season, outdoor temperatures ranged from 27 to 31 \u0026deg; C, with brick houses averaging 0.75 \u0026deg; C warmer than traditional buildings. Among traditional house types, Long Boudoirs exhibited slightly better thermal insulation, being on average 0.87 \u0026deg; C cooler than other traditional boathouses.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Baicha Village, daytime temperatures during the dry season ranged from 25 to 33 \u0026deg; C. No significant differences were observed between the indoor temperatures of traditional houses and brick houses. However, in the rainy season (31\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;C outdoors), the brick houses were consistently 0.75 \u0026deg; C warmer than the traditional houses (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e ).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Relative humidity patterns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative humidity (RH) was generally higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, as expected. In Chubao Village during the dry season, brick houses had an RH approximately 4.39% higher than traditional houses. The granary recorded RH 4.25% higher than Long Boudoirs. In the rainy season, the indoor RH of brick houses was 5.50% higher than in traditional buildings, with granaries showing the highest RH among traditional types.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Baicha Village, the outdoor dry season RH ranged from 44 to 62%. Interestingly, in this season, brick houses showed slightly lower indoor RH compared to traditional dwellings ( 4.43%). However, in the rainy season (53\u0026ndash;64%), indoor RH in brick houses was 7.27% higher than in traditional houses. Differences between traditional house types were minimal(Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Comparisons of WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe WBGT values reflect the risk of thermal stress. In Chubao Village during the dry season, all buildings maintained WBGT values below 24\u0026deg;C, indicating low heat stress. Brick houses were 0.77 \u0026deg; C higher than traditional buildings. In the rainy season, brick houses recorded WBGT values that averaging 1.12 \u0026deg; C higher than traditional structures.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Baicha Village, the WBGT during the dry season ranged from 24 to 27 \u0026deg; C outside, with brick houses showing WBGT 4.03 \u0026deg; C higher than traditional buildings. In the rainy season, outdoor WBGT values ranged from 27 to 31 \u0026deg; C, suggesting a moderate to high risk of heat stress. Traditional boat houses, particularly residential types, performed significantly better than brick houses under natural ventilation, maintaining lower WBGT levels (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). It shows that the Li people have cleverly planned and designed the production and living space according to the local natural and geographical conditions in the long-term practice of production and living and made it as comfortable and livable as possible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Differences in microclimate by altitude Chubao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Chubao Village, boathouses at lower elevations (foothill) showed slightly better thermal performance than those at higher elevations (hillside). During the dry season, the indoor temperatures on the foothill were 0.29 \u0026deg; C lower than on the hillside. The WBGT values were 0.61 \u0026deg; C lower in the foothills, while the humidity was slightly higher. However, in the rainy season, foothill houses recorded slightly warmer temperatures (+\u0026thinsp;0.97\u0026deg;C) and higher humidity (+\u0026thinsp;3.61%)(Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Differences in microclimates by orientation (Baicha)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Baicha Village, the orientation of the building influenced indoor environmental conditions. During the dry season, the north-south oriented boathouses had indoor temperatures 2.03 \u0026deg; C higher and WBGT values 0.80 \u0026deg; C higher than those oriented east-west. In the rainy season, the differences in temperature and RH were minimal, although WBGT remained slightly higher in the north-south structures (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEnvironmental Performance of Plant-Based Building Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanical and ecological properties of plant-based materials used in the construction of Li's boathouse were evaluated on the basis of literature and field data[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39 CR40 CR41 CR42\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Different construction functions, including roof, structural support, framing, and binding, require different material characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoof covering materials, such as \u003cem\u003eImperata cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLivistona chinensis\u003c/em\u003e, must provide thermal insulation, moisture resistance, UV durability, and biodegradability. \u003cem\u003eLivistona\u003c/em\u003e leaves, due to their waxy surface, outperform \u003cem\u003eImperata\u003c/em\u003e in water repellency and durability, although both require regular replacement due to weathering and insect susceptibility (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of mechanical properties for roof covering of boat house\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImperata cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLivistona chinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir-dry density (g/cm\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026ndash;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolumetric shrinkage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTangential shrinkage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadial shrinkage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;20 (low strength)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBending strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModulus of elasticity in bending (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,000\u0026ndash;4,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,000\u0026ndash;7,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShear strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd hardness (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;25 (soft)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35 (harder)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurability (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 (untreated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;7 (treated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal conductivity (W/m\u0026middot;K)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026ndash;0.1 (excellent insulation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;0.15 (good insulation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe wood species used for beams and columns (eg, \u003cem\u003eErythrophleum fordii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDalbergia hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMadhuca hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e) offer high compressive strength, pest resistance, and dimensional stability. These species are particularly suitable for humid, load-bearing applications, but are now endangered and legally restricted in use. Bamboo materials (eg, \u003cem\u003eBambusa textilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDendrocalamus membranaceus\u003c/em\u003e) are valued for their strength-weight ratio, elasticity, low shrinkage, and ease of processing. They are optimal for structural framing and low-carbon applications because of their renewability and availability. Binding materials such as \u003cem\u003eCalamus tetradactylus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCalamus simplicifolius\u003c/em\u003e exhibit excellent tensile strength and elasticity, essential for flexible and secure joint connections. While \u003cem\u003eUrceola huaitingii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eDinochloa multiramora\u003c/em\u003e are less durable, they remain useful for temporary or interior use (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of mechanical properties of woods, bamboos and lianas of boathouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAir-Dry Density (g/cm\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolumetric Shrinkage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTangential Shrinkage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadial Shrinkage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompression Strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBending Strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElasticity Modulus\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(GPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShear Strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd Hardness (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026ndash;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErythrophleum fordii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026ndash;8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026ndash;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u0026ndash;72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u0026ndash;150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTectona grandis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026ndash;6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u0026ndash;120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia odoratissima\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLiquidambar formosana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026ndash;6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHomalium ceylanicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026ndash;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026ndash;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMadhuca hainanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026ndash;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u0026ndash;105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCocos nucifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelia azedarach\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026ndash;6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBombax ceiba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026ndash;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026ndash;8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026ndash;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros strigosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026ndash;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026ndash;9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026ndash;6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026ndash;95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBamboo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa sinospinosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026ndash;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u0026ndash;120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa textilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026ndash;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026ndash;9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa pervariabilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa pallida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026ndash;6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa bambos\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026ndash;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa xiashanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa bambos\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026ndash;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026ndash;110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa xiashanensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLianas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrceola huaitingii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026ndash;8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalamus tetradactylus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026ndash;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDinochloa multiramora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDendrocalamus membranaceus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026ndash;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026ndash;8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026ndash;6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, Li boathouse materials demonstrate context-sensitive design: the integration of high-performance materials where needed while balancing affordability, availability, and renewability. Although inferior in absolute mechanical strength compared to modern composites, these natural materials meet the practical needs of tropical architecture while aligning with low-carbon, biodegradable construction principles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Climate Adaptability of Boat House Structures\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative thermal analysis reveals that traditional boathouses outperform modern brick houses in regulating indoor environments under natural tropical conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe thatched roofs, porous walls, and cross-ventilation designs inherent in boathouses provide superior passive cooling and moisture regulation. Double-gable entrances and elevated roof structures improve airflow and mitigate thermal accumulation. Natural plant materials with hygroscopic properties also contribute to humidity control and thermal buffering.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the different forms of boathouses, the plant-and-mud wall houses in Baicha demonstrated better insulation and ventilation compared to the plant-only houses in Chubao. The Long Boudoir exhibited the lowest humidity levels in the rainy season, probably due to its smaller size and better airflow. The granary, mainly used for rice storage, prioritized ventilation and heat radiation, minimizing mold and rot.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings indicate that spatial organization and material selection in boathouse construction were guided by sophisticated environmental knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eallowing the structures to remain cool and dry throughout the seasons (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance of differences in temperature, relative humidity, and WBGT between two traditonal Li villages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(A - B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Diff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE_combined\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Diff/SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAT(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erainy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTL - TGR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTG-TL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erainy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaicha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaicha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erainy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBGT(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erainy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaicha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaicha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erainy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB - T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Note: AT means air temparature; RH means relative humidity; B-T means brick house compared to traditional boat house (three types); TL-TGR means traditional boat house of Long Boudoir compared to traditional boat house of granary and residential both; TG-TL means traditional boat house of granary compared to traditional boat house of Long Boudoir; SE means standard error.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Influence of elevation and orientation on the thermal environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrotopography and orientation significantly influence the thermal environment of traditional houses. In Chubao, houses at lower elevations remained cooler and more humid, benefitting from valley airflow and the proximity of groundwater. On the contrary, the hillside structures were drier but slightly warmer due to solar exposure and reduced canopy cover.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Baicha, houses oriented north-south experienced higher temperatures and WBGT values, probably due to prolonged solar exposure. East\u0026ndash;west orientation offered better shading and airflow under local wind regimes, confirming previous research on optimal building orientations in tropical climates (Fadai et al., 2023; Rahmani \u0026amp; Fazelpour, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance of differences in temperature and WBGT according to elevation and orientation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAT(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBGT(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAT(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWBGT(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChubao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaicha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaicha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erainy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(A - B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Diff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE_combined\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Diff/SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e(Note: AT means air temparature; H-F means hillside boathouse compared to foothill boathouse of Chubao village in different elevation; E-N means east-west oriented boat-house comparing with north-south oriented boathouse of Baicha village in different orientation; SE means standard error.)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Drainage and Humidity Management Strategies\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffective drainage and dehumidification systems are essential for structural durability and occupant health in the humid tropics. The boat houses in Chubao used sloped floors and stone-lined channels that directed water into a village-wide canal system. Baicha\u0026rsquo;s relatively flat topography required surface trenches leading to rice paddies or distant rivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThatched roofs with extended eaves, layered leaf design and elevated platforms facilitated rapid rainwater runoff and drying. The use of breathable materials such as bamboo and cogon grass allowed natural dehumidification, reducing the risk of fungal growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMud walls with embedded straw further buffered humidity while moderating internal temperature fluctuations, demonstrating an integrated water management approach embedded in local architectural traditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe boathouse of the ethnic minority Li is a unique architectural form that has evolved over thousands of years in response to the tropical rainforest environment of Hainan Island. Designed by ecological and cultural factors, this traditional type of building exemplifies sustainable design, community resilience, and the deep integration of human and natural systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing locally available plant materials, many of which possess superior mechanical and ecological properties, the Li people have developed a construction system that is lightweight, low cost, low carbon, and highly adapted to the regional climate. Our findings demonstrate that traditional boathouses offer better thermal comfort, humidity control, and mitigation of heat stress under natural conditions than modern brick houses. These benefits are especially pronounced during the hot and humid rainy season.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond physical performance, boathouses also reflect intangible cultural heritage, embodying beliefs about nature, community organization, gender roles, and environmental stewardship. However, modernization and urban migration are accelerating the loss of traditional knowledge and the abandonment of these structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the survival of this heritage, urgent action is needed to document, protect, and adapt the boathouse system within contemporary development strategies. The architectural principles underlying the boathouse\u0026mdash;passive design, material renewability, environmental fit\u0026mdash;can inform modern ecological architecture in tropical regions. Integrating traditional wisdom with modern technologies offers a pathway to resilient, low-carbon, and culturally meaningful housing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, this study supports efforts of local and national stakeholders to nominate the 'Boat House and Traditional Settlements of the Li ethnic minority' as a UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site. By demonstrating the ecological, architectural, and cultural value of these settlements, our work contributes to the broader goal of preserving both biodiversity and cultural diversity in tropical rainforest landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eTK \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;traditional knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWBGT \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Wet bulb globe temperatures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIUCN \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;International Union for Conservation of Nature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUNESCO \u0026nbsp; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizatio\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank informants of local villages for their kindly help during the investgations. The authors are very grateful to taxonomist Prof. Xiaobo Yang at Hainan University for his selfless help with plant identification.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDing-Hai Yang and Ming-Xun Ren conceived of the idea and designed the study. Ming-Xun Ren and Guang-Hui Ma identified the plants. Guanghui Ma contributed to conceptualization, field data collection, formal analysis, original draft writing, review, and editing. Xiaodong Mu and Dinghai Yang revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.\u0026nbsp;52168002) and the Hainan Province Special Fund Project for Environmental Protection: Investigation and assessment of biodiversity in Wuzhishan City, which was established by the Department of Ecology and Environment of Hainan Province.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailablity of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe obtained permits and ethical clearance before conducting the research. Construction processes were documented with photos and videos upon permission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eInternational Joint Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity around South China Sea of Hainan Province, School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e School of College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 571126, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeite A, Catarino L, Seck S, Mbunhe Q, Cun\u0026iacute;-Sanchez A. 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Biores. 2025;20(1). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.1.Zhu\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15376/biores.20.1.Zhu\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-ethnobiology-and-ethnomedicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jeet","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine](http://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13002","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13002/3","title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","twitterHandle":"@ethnobiomed","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Boathouse, adaptation, ropical rainforest plants, indigenous Li, traditional knowledge","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6643999/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6643999/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe traditional boathouses of the Li people on Hainan Island, China, reflect centuries of ecological adaptation to the tropical rainforest. These vernacular dwellings are now threatened by rural depopulation and rapid modernization. We explore the ecological function, material use, and cultural value of the boathouses of the Li people, while supporting their nomination as a site of UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe combined ethnobotanical surveys, environmental measurements, and literature analysis to evaluate plant-based construction, house\u0026ndash;environment interactions, and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study identified four types of traditional boat-houses of the Li people on Hainan Island, constructed using 26 plant species across 13 families. Environmental monitoring showed that, compared to modern brick houses. In natural conditions, boathouses had lower indoor air temperatures (by 1.31\u0026deg;C in Chubao Village), reduced relatively humidity (by 7.27% in Baicha Village), and significantly lower Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures (by 9.62\u0026deg;C in Baicha Village), providing a more thermally comfortable environment, particularly during the dry season. The results emphasize the green, low-carbon construction cycle of boat-houses and highlight the urgent need to conserve this ecologically sustainable traditional knowledge system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConlusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLi boathouses demonstrate a low-carbon, climate-adaptive building system rooted in indigenous knowledge. Their preservation offers critical insights for sustainable design and biocultural conservation in tropical regions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Boathouse of the indigenous Li people on Hainan Island, China: plant resources and ecological adaptations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-16 19:37:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6643999/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-07T13:15:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-07T12:55:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-26T07:35:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-18T15:08:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172890554195299208553699212653990002704","date":"2025-05-17T08:04:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"294287237871342152622670192736335805426","date":"2025-05-15T08:27:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"198832393581732165640292082596066653166","date":"2025-05-14T06:29:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T04:12:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T01:53:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T01:52:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","date":"2025-05-12T07:28:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-ethnobiology-and-ethnomedicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jeet","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine](http://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13002","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13002/3","title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","twitterHandle":"@ethnobiomed","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ec472a1e-80df-4e94-b5eb-5324c8f22a52","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-20T16:08:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6643999","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-025-00818-9","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-ethnobiology-and-ethnomedicine","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-14 15:57:33","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 14th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-16 19:37:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13002-025-00818-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-025-00818-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6643999","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6643999","identity":"rs-6643999","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}