Description of Male terminalia of some Forensically important flesh fly species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)  from northwest India

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Abd Algalil This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3431948/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Sarcophagids have always depicted an essential role in forensic entomology as these flies immediately visit the carcass after blowflies. Further, some species of sarcophagid flies lay larvae thus are the easiest ones to rear and obtain pure colony, by which one can investigate the PMI (Postmortem interval) in minimal time. However, due to their similar morphological appearance, it is difficult to identify them based on external morphological characters. The study aimed to collect and identify forensically relevant flesh fly species from northwest India by using pig carcasses ( Sus scrofa L.) as research model. Eight species of sarcophagid flies belonging to subgenus Parsarcophaga Johnston and Tiegs, 1921 are Sarcophaga albiceps Meigen, 1826, Sarcophaga hirtipes Wiedemann, 1830, Sarcophaga misera Walker, 1849 , Sarcophaga sericea (Robineau-Desvoidy,1830), Subgenus Liosarcophaga Enderlein, 1928 ( Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica Salem, 1935 , Sarcophaga dux Thomson, 1868 and from Genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf, 1937, Boettcherisca bengalensis Nandi, 1992 and Boettcherisca nathani Lopes, 1961 have been collected from three different habitats (indoor, outdoor and submerged) and five different seasons (Winter, summer, monsoon, post-monsoon) of the year 2015 and 2017 (Spring season). The present work incorporates the internal and external terminalia of all the above-mentioned species and their characters were used for the accurate identification of these forensically significant fly species, which is a prerequisite for PMI estimation. Medico-legal forensic entomology male terminalia Flesh fly Parasarcophaga Boettcherisca Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Forensic entomology deals with the utility of arthropods in legitimate pursuit especially in the erroneous and inexplicable deaths. This branch of science helps to investigate the exact time, date, origin, and manner of death, thus helps to estimate the post-mortem interval (the time elapsed since a person has been died). Insects arrive on the carrion immediately after the death in a particular sequence which is called “succession” and later the insect communities alter each other according to the preference for feeding, breeding, climatological conditions, season, inter-specific competition, etc. (Bornemissza 1957 ; Reed 1958 ; Payne 1965 ; Payne and King 1970 ; Schoenly and Reid 1987 ; Wells and Greenberg 1994 ). Two insect orders, Diptera and Coleoptera are the foremost orders as they visit the carrion immediately after the death. Blowflies belonging to the family Calliphoridae are the first carrion visitors (Anderson and VanLaerhoven 1996 ; VanLaerhoven and Anderson 1999 ; Anderson 2011). The second visitor to the carcass is sarcophagid flies which are also known as “Flesh flies”. These are silvery-greyish flies with golden to yellow pollens and ranging 4mm to 18mm in size (Nandi 2002 ). Family Sarcophagidae comes under the superfamily Oestroidea and it is distributed all over the world except the Arctic region and the species prefers the temperate and tropical regions (Pape et al. 2011 ). The family consists of 3000 species under 173 genera worldwide, out of which 126 species have been reported from India. Out of 126 species, the genus Sarcophaga encompasses 89 species which is 70% of the total species reported from India (Chakraborty et al. 2017 ). Sarcophagid species prefer to feed upon the natural body openings (eye, nose, ears), wounds, genital parts, and fluid seepage. These flies make a loud noise while roaming around the carcass, and after feeding they directly lay larvae on the carcass. The genus Parasarcophaga Johnston and Tiegs,1921 has abundantly been found in the Oriental and Palearctic regions (Nandi 2002 ). Most of the species of this genus have been collected from the carcasses and are the causative agents of intestinal myiasis (Kano et al. 1967). Genus Parasarcophaga is diversified in oriental and Palearctic regions and members of the genus reproduce on animal carcasses while Boettcherisca Rohdendorf, 1937 genus breed in a wide variety of rotting substances including meat and human excrement and the larvae cause intestinal myiasis. Some species are also associated with different microorganisms (Greenberg 1971 ) and cause intestinal disorder in humans. Materials and Methods Study area Flies were collected from piglet carcasses placed on agricultural land of rural area (30 0 46′57.4” N, 75 0 53′27.5″ E)(Fig-1) of district Ludhiana, Punjab (India). The land is mainly used to grow paddy crop in summer and wheat crop in winter. Eucalyptus trees are the main flora of the area. Biological material Two to six months old piglet carcasses ( Sus scrofa L.) were used as a research model to collect the adult sarcophagids from three different habitats i.e., indoor (piglet carcass was placed on the floor inside a room), outdoor (piglet carcass was kept on the agricultural land) and submerged (piglet carcass was placed in a man-made pond). A total of fifteen piglet carcasses (three in each season) have been used during five different seasons (Winter, summer, monsoon, post-monsoon, and spring season). Collection and preservation The flies were captured by sweeping hand net over the carcasses. Pitfall traps were placed at the outdoor habitat 2 weeks before pig carcasses placement. The traps were consisting of 250 ml glass jars which were placed into the ground, in such a manner that the opening of the jar was level with the ground. Glass jars were filled with soapy water. Four to five traps were placed, at 5–10 m. Thus, the insects which attracted or leaving the remains were trapped in pitfall traps. Captured flies were transferred to vials having 70% ethanol and preserved in wooden collection boxes. After preservation, the samples were brought to the laboratory for relaxation and stretching. Samples were relaxed in the relaxing chamber, which was an airtight box, having holes on the lid or cover. The stretching of flies was done on the thermocol sheets with the help of butter paper and all pins. Identification Male and female specimens were sorted out as the identification of sarcophagidae depends upon male terminalia. After that, the abdomen of male flies was removed and placed in 10% KOH solution for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs, the soaked abdomen was washed with normal saline. A drop of normal saline was placed on the slide having a male abdomen on it. With the help of the stereo zoom microscope (Model No.RI-90-01), fine and sharp needles (needles of 1 cc syringes and insulin syringes) the sternites and tergites were gently removed and the last abdominal segments were carefully separated, starting from the 5th sterna, inner & outer forceps, phallus, and paraphallus. The observations were made based on the comparative morphology and terminalic structures under Magnus Trinocular Microscope (MLX-DX, No. 4B525145). Identification up to species level was made by following the key and description (Nandi 2002 ). The photographs were taken under a Leica 2000 stereo microscope in the Department of Zoology & Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. Collected samples are preserved for further studies in the Department of Zoology & Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala. Results & Discussion Occurrence All the eight species i.e., Sarcophaga albiceps Meigen, 1826, Sarcophaga hirtipes Wiedemann, 1830, Sarcophaga misera Walker, 1849 , Sarcophaga sericea (Robineau-Desvoidy,1830), Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica Salem, 1935 , Sarcophaga dux Thomson, 1868 , Boettcherisca bengalensis Nandi, 1992 and Boettcherisca nathani Lopes, 1961 were collected from distinct habitats, decay stages and seasons (Table.1). TABLE 1. Occurrence of various Sarcophaga species in various habitats during different seasons. Species i.e., Sarcophaga albiceps , S. hirtipes , S. misera, S. sericea comes under the subgenus Parasarcophaga Johnston and Tiegs while Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica and S. dux both species comes under another subgenus Liosarcophaga Enderlein. However, species Boettcherisca bengalensis and Boettcherisca nathani both emanates under genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf (Fig. 2). Subgenus Parasarcophaga Johnston and Tiegs, 1921 This genus is the much expanded and richly developed group in the Oriental and Palearctic regions. Rohdendorf (1937) defined the concept of this subgenus in a broader sense. He revised these subgenera from USSR in 1937 and described many new species. Kano et a1. (1967) reviewed this subgenus from Japan and reported a fairly large number of species. Lopes et al. (1977) divided the Oriental species of this subgenus into seven subgenera and all the subgenera except Phallantisca Rohdendorf, 1965 are present in this part of world. One subgenus Baranovisea Lopes, 1985 is also added here. Verves (1986) reported 15 subgenera from the Palaearctic region with numerous species. Dear (1980) placed all the species of Afrotropical Parasarcophaga under the genus Sarcophaga. Povolny (1987) reviewed the male terminalia of this group. Male terminalia First genital segment of male usually without marginal bristles; third abdominal tergite normally without long bristles; anal tergite sometimes red; paraphallus comparatively short and heavily sclerotised; apical plate of paraphallus well developed, with long lateral process and always shorter than remainder of paraphallus, if almost same size, the lateral processes are long and lamellate; styli of glans curved, stout, slender and never closely adjacent to apical plate; basal part of styli of glans coiled; lateral plate of paraphallus well developed, single but without process; ventralia always present with 2 pairs of lobes. Biology Most of the members of the subgenus breed on animals’ carcasses. Larvae of a few species are internal parasites of caterpillars of moths and also have the record of being causative agents of intestinal myiasis (Kano et al. 1967). Pape (1987b) recorded the larvae of a few species as parasites or predators of lepidopterous pupae: Aporia sp ., Dendrolimus sp. and Lymantria sp. and beetle larvae: Oryctes, Melolontha, Po1yphylla and Saperda. The larvae breed in privies, garbages, animal carcasses, dead fish and birds. Larvae of a few species have been described by Kano et al. (1951), Ishijima (1967), and Nandi (1980) from the Oriental region. Distribution The subgenus is cosmopolitan in distribution. Key to the identified subgenera of subgenus Parasarcophaga Johnston and Tiegs, 1921 Subgenus Parasarcophaga Johnston and Tiegs, 1921 Male terminalia Penis with long stalked ventralia which is large and flower-like structure; apical plate of paraphallus with almost no median section and transparent or slightly sclerotised and cleft; styli of glans short or reduced; lateral plate of paraphallus large, unpaired, with short, stalked process and split at the end; R, bare; upper part of propleura bare; abdomen without chess-board pattern; genital segment without bristles. This is a rather large subgenus and the term Parasarcophaga was first proposed by Johnston and Tiegs as subgenus under the genus Sarcophaga, but Rohdendorf (1937) treated it as a full genus. Shewell (1987) gave the Parasarcophaga group tribal rank of Parasarcophagini defined by the presence of 5 or 6 postsutural dorsocentral setae and often with white or pale golden genal hairs. He placed the subgenus Liopygia Enderlein and Bercaea Rbineau-Desvoidy under this tribe and included all the species of Parasarcophaga under it. Rohdendorf (1937) described a quite large number of species under Parasarcophaga from USSR. Lopes (1959) reported 2 species from theAustralian region and Lopes et al. (1977) recorded 4 species from the Oriental region. Verves (1986) listed 6 species from the Palaearctic region and Dear (1980) reported only 2 species from the Afrotopical region. Lopes (1989) reported 3 species from the Australasian and Oceanian regions. The majority of the members of this subgenus are attracted to carcasses and excrement of different animals and breed in such media. Few species are parasitic in nature. The larvae of some species have been described by Ishijima (1967) and Nandi (1980) from the Oriental region. Some species are associated with pathogenic microorganisms (Greenberg, 1971) and cause infections to human beings. This subgenus is distributed in the Oriental, Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Australasian and Oceanian regions. Key to the studied species of subgenus Parasarcophaga : 1a) Hind tibia with bristles on anteroventral surface in addition to long villosity................................................................................................................................ 3 1b) Hind tibia without bristles on anteroventral surface in addition to long villosity............................................................................................................................... 2 2a) Body colour greyish; apical plate of paraphallus slender and sharply pointed at end………………………………………………………………………... sericea (Walker) 2b) Body colour brown; apical plate of paraphallus broad and blunt at end ......................................... .............................................................hirtipes (Wiedemann) 3a) Apical plate of paraphallus long and sharply pointed at end; inner forceps moderately stout and broad............................................................................................................................ 4 3b) Apical plate of paraphallus short and almost blunt at end; inner forceps long and slender…………………………………………………….......................... misera (Walker) 4a) Middle part of inner forceps without protuberance but with spines at the inner surface of subapical end ............................................................................................ albiceps (Meigen) Sarcophaga albiceps Meigen, 1826 Material examined - Male Body length -11-17mm Terminalia -Fifth sternite Y-shaped with stout spines laterally and long hairs terminally on arms; first genital segment blackish with short hairs, second black with numerous black hairs but without marginal bristles; inner forceps stout, elongated, without protuberance and spines at the inner surface of subapical part but with tuft of long hairs along basal half; outer forceps elongated, somewhat kidney shaped with hairs along distal half; anterior paramere long and curved in the middle; posterior paramere flat in the middle with several hairs at the apical part; theca and paraphallus long, curved and pointed at end; lateral plate of paraphallus moderately long and pointed; styli of glans short; ventralia with long stalked wide lobe and the anterior portion deeply curved (Fig. 3) Discussion on species This species is like S. sericea (Walker, 1852) and S. hirtipes (Wiedemann, 1830) by the structure of apical plate of paraphallus but may be distinguished from sericea by detailed structure of ventralia and from hirtipes by elongated styli of glans. Moreover, the inner forceps is slenderer here. This species may be distinguished from S. macroauriculata (Ho, 1932) by the structure of inner forcep and the absence of spines on it. Biology This is a common species which is attracted to excrement and dead bodies of different animals, coconut husks, Aristolochia ridicula flowers (Aristolochiaceae) and other flowers, and Achatina sp. (Gastropoda). The larvae breed from meat, beef, animals’ dung, human excrement, dead rabbit, human carcasses and garbage. This species is preying on ant pupae (Senior-White 1924) and is parasitic on Nonagria sp. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) and other lepidopterous and coleopteran larvae (Blackith and Blackith 1994). The larvae of this species cause myiasis in bulls. The larvae have been reared on faeces and meat (Mihalyi 1965) and the larval stages were described by Kano et al. (1951), Ishijima (1967) and Nandi (1980). Sarcophaga hirtipes Wiedemann, 1830 Material examined- Male Body length- 9-14mm Male terminalia -Fifth sternite V-shaped with short membranous window bearing spines laterally and hairs teminally on arms; first genital segment reddish-brown with short black hairs, second reddish-black or light brown but without marginal bristles; inner forceps long with tuft of long hairs along basal half; outer forceps triangular with hairs along distal end; anterior paramere long, curved and pointed at end; posterior paramere abruptly curved at end with 2 short hairs on its anterior surface apically; apical plate of paraphallus less developed, broad but curved and blunt at end; lateral plate of paraphallus poorly developed and pointed apically; styli of glans very short; ventralia with stalked lobes, anterior lobe deeply curved and moderately developed (Fig. 4). Discussion This species is similar to Sarcophaga sericea (Walker, 1852) but differs from it by the structure of lateral plate of paraphallus. Moreover, the lateral plate of paraphallus is short and anterior paramere is less thickened in this species. Biology This is a common species which is attracted to decomposing organic matters, human excrement, and animal dung. It breeds on melons (Senior-White et al. 1940 ). Senior-White (1924) reported that this species breed on Achatina fulica (Gastropoda). Seguy (1941) described the larval stages of this species. The larvae of this species cause human intestinal myiasis. This species is also associated with Escherichia anaerogenes, E. anindolica, E. coli and Aerbacter sp. (Greenberg 1971). Sarcophaga misera Walker,1849 Material examined- Male Body length - 9-14mm Terminalia -Fifth sternite V-shaped, with wide window and divergent arms and the arms with many short spines laterally and few hairs terminally; first genital segment brown with short hairs, second blackish-brown, with short hairs but both without median marginal bristles; penis elongated; inner forceps long, slender and with tuft of long hairs along basal half; outer forceps triangular with short hairs only on distal end; anterior paramere long, pointed, curved at end but without hairs; posterior paramere short, blunt at end and with 1-2 short hairs teminally; theca shorter than paraphallus, both are sclerotised; apical plate of paraphallus short and almost blunt at end; lateral plate of paraphallus short and pointed; styli of glans short; ventralia with stalked lobes, anterior lobe well developed and not so curved, posterior lobe short (Fig. 5). Discussion on species This species is like Sarcophaga albiceps (Meigen, 1826) and S. sericea (Walker, 1852) but may be distinguished from them by the structure of ventralia. Moreover, the inner forcep in this species is slenderer and more ventral portion between theca and paraphallus is not as bulgy as in other species. Biology This is a very common species which is attracted to human excrement and dead animals. It breeds in human excrement, meat, dead animals and dead Achatinafulica (Gastropoda) and it has been reared on such media including beef in the laboratory. This species is attracted to Aristolochia ridicula flowers (Aristolochiaceae). The larvae of this species cause human intestinal myiasis and myiasis in domesticated and poultry animals. Das and Dasgupta (1986) studied some aspects of the life history of this species. Larval stages of this species (as orchidea) have been described by Ishijima (1967) and Nandi (1980). Adults are associated with Entamoeba histolytica, Habronema megastoma, H. microstoma and H. muscae (Greenberg 1971). Sarcophaga sericea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) Material Examined - Male Body length - 9-14mm Terminalia -Fifth sternite Y-shaped, with conspicuous hyaline window and short hairs terminally and spines laterally on arms; first genital segment black, greyish pollen and with numerous hairs, second shiny black with long hairs; inner forceps short, stout and with hairs on basal half; outer forceps almost triangular with hairs only on posterior end; anterior paramere long, curved and pointed at end; posterior paramere short, pointed and with 2 hairs anteriorly; theca almost equal to paraphallus, both are sclerotised; apical plate of paraphallus slender, curved and sharply pointed at end; lateral plate of paraphallus broad and pointed; styli of glans short; ventralia stalked, lobed and its anterior lobe short and less curved (Fig. 6). Discussion on species This species is like Sarcophaga hirtipes (Wiedemann,1830) but differs from it by the detailed structures of ventralia and apical plate of paraphallus, the last one is more pointed in this species. Moreover, the ventral membrane between theca and paraphallus is bulgier here. Biolog y This is a fairly common species which is attracted to animals carcasses, Aristolochia ridicula flowers (Aristolochiaceae) and Achatina sp.(Gastropda). This species breeds in human excrement and carrion. The larvae of this species (as knabi) are parasitic on Oak-Tasar Silkworm Antheraea proylei (Saturniidae) (Singh and Prasad 1982, 1986) and larval stages of this species (as knabi) have been described by Hall and Bohart (1948) and Ferrar (1979). Subgenus Liosarcophaga Enderlein, 1928 Subgenus Liosarcophaga is the largest subgenus of the genus Sarcophaga . It was mainly found in the Palearctic region and now is widely distributed in the Oriental, Palearctic, Afrotropical, Australian and Oceanian regions. Rohdendorf in 1973 revised this genus from USSR by adding some new species and their descriptions along with. In 1972, Zumpt synonymized this genus with Thyrsocnema Enderlein, 1928, Kramerella Enderlein, 1928, Engelisca Rohdendorf, 1937 and Parathalattisca Rohdendorf, 1963. Lopes et al. (1977) reported an enormous number of species from the Oriental region. Lopes (1989) listed this subgenus as a separate group and added six new species into it from Australian and Oceanian regions. Till now, total twelve species have been reported from this subgenus i.e. Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) saputaraensis Nandi, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) amplicercus Shinonaga and Tumrasvin, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) sarupi Nandi, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) jaipurensis Nandi, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) idmais (Seguy), harpax (Pandelle'), Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux (Thomson), Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) brevicornis (Ho), Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) josephi n. sp., Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) portschinskyi Rohdendorf, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) tuberosa (Pandelle') and Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica (Salem). Larvae of species belonging to this subgenus are very well-known agents of “Myiasis”. They cause intestinal and dermal myiasis in humans along with domestic animals, thus are hazardous to humans (Greenberg 1971). Larvae of this genus mainly feed and breed on the dead decomposing matter, carcasses of fish, mammals, and birds. From the present study two species, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux (Thomson) and Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica (Salem) have been reported from India. Both species with taxonomical descriptions of internal and external terminalia have already been published by the authors in recent publications (Kaur et al. 2020; Kumar et al. 2021) (Figure 7 & 8). Genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf, 1937 This genus comprises of six species i.e., Boettcherisca nathani Lopes, Sarcophaga karnyi Hardy, Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Boettcherisca septentrionalis Rohdendorf, Boettcherisca nepalensis Kano and Sugiyama and Boettcherisca bengalensis Nandi. All the species have been reported from India earlier, however, this is the first time that Boettcherisca nathani Lopes,1961 and Boettcherisca bengalensis Nandi,1992 both species have been reported from the pig carcasses in India. A detailed taxonomical description of the internal and external terminalia of both species had already been published by the authors (Kaur et al. 2020) (Figure 9 & 10). TABLE 2 Comparison of male terminalia of studied species of Genus Sarcophaga and Boettcherisca . Genus/Species Fifth Sternite Inner forceps Outer forceps Paraphallus Ventralia Genus-S arcophaga Fifth sternite Y-shaped with stout spines stout, elongated without protuberance and spines elongated, somewhat kidney shaped moderately long and pointed long stalked wide lobe with anterior portion deeply curved Sarcophaga albiceps Sarcophaga hirtipes V-shaped with short membranous window long with tuft of long hairs triangular with hairs on distal end less developed, broad but curved and blunt at end with stalked lobes, anterior lobe deeply curved Sarcophaga misera V-shaped with wide window long, slender and with tuft of long hairs along basal half triangular with short hairs only on distal end Sclerotised, apical plate of paraphallus short and almost blunt at end stalked lobes Sarcophaga sericea Y-shaped with hyaline widow short, stout and with hairs on basal half almost triangular with hairs only on posterior end Sclerotised, apical plate of paraphallus slender, curved and sharply pointed at end stalked lobes Subgenus Liosarchopaga Y-shaped with prominent window almost straight almost oval with pointed long lateral processes membranous, wide and slightly bifurcated Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) ageptica Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux v-shaped with short bristles almost straight, pointed and slightly curved at end nearly oval with hairs on distal end; Sclerotised, apical plate of paraphallus with straight lateral process wide, well developed and plate-like Genus Boettcherisca Y- shaped with a row of closely set bristles curved, notched at apex almost triangular, broad at apex curved, blunt at apex Lobed Boettcherisca bengalensis Boettcherisca nathani Y- shaped with closely set bristles dorsally with numerous spines almost triangular with hairs membranous, curved, pointed at apex large with short digitiform processes Conclusions This study concludes that the species, Sarcophaga albiceps , S. hirtipes , S. misera, S. sericea , Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica, Sarcophaga dux, Boettcherisca bengalensis and Boettcherisca nathani were collected from piglet carcasses from distinct habitats and during different seasons. The variations in the occurrence of these flesh flies have shown their possible favorable weather and habitat preferences over the carcasses. The study has revealed that S. albiceps is being the most abundant fly and prefers the moist and aquatic habitats as the maximum number of flies were collected from the submerged piglet carcasses. Additionally, Sarcophaga sericea, S. hirtipes and S. misera were reported from all the seasons but variation in occurrence on different habitats were observed. Moreover, Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica and Boettcherisca nathani are the species that have shown the season specificity as both were collected in the winter season, which means that these flies prefer low temperature. Adding to it, Boettcherisca bengalensis has only been collected in the monsoon season from indoor and outdoor pig carcasses. On the other hand, these species are varied from each other by internal genitalic attributes. The differences have been observed in the structure of paraphallus, ventralia, inner & outer forceps, and styli (Figs. 3 ,4, 5 , 6 ,7, 8 , 9 & 10). Present study will assist in identification of the sarcophagid species, and the observations made during this study will help to investigate myriad crime cases related to indoor, outdoor, and submerged environment, especially where flesh flies will act as forensic indicators. Declarations Acknowledgments: We are thankful to the Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, India for providing laboratory facilities. Author’s contributions -Designing, conceiving, analysis, and interpretation-MB. Data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript writing-PK. Data analysis and interpretation- FM. authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding- This research received no external funding. Availability of data and materials – Its available with corresponding author. 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Mihalyi F (1965) Rearing flies from faeces and nleat infected under natural conditions. Acta Zool Acad Sci Hung 11: 153-164. Nandi B C (1980) Studies on the larvae of flesh flies from India (Diptera :Sarcophagidae). Orient Insects 14 (3):303-323. Nandi B C (2002) Fauna of India and the adjacent countries- Diptera (VolumeX) Sarcophagidae, i-xxiv. Director ZSI Kolkata, India, 1- 608pp. Payne J A (1965) A summer carrion study of baby pig Sus scrofa Linn. Ecol 46:5. Payne J A, King E W (1970) Coleoptera associated with pig carrion. Entomol Mon Mag 105:224-232. Pape T (1987) The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna entomol scand 19: 1-203. Pape T, Blagodervo V, Mostovski M B (2011) Order Diptera Linneaus, 1758 in animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 22–229. Povolny D (1987) Male genitalia of the Parasarcophaga dux (Thomson)-group of the subgenus Liosarcophaga Enderlein, 1928 (Diptera : Sarcophagidae). Acta entomol mus nati Pragae 42:149-187. Reed H B (1958) A study of dog carcass communities in Tennessee, with special references to the insects. Am Midl Nat 59:213-245. Schoenly K, Reid W (1987) Dynamics of heterotrophic succession in carrion arthropod assemblages: discrete series or a continuum of change? Oecologia 73:192-202. Seguy E (1941b) Etude hiologique t systematique des Sarcophagines myiasigenes du genre Wohlfahrtia. Ann Parasito 18: 221-232. Senior-White R A (1924) A revision of the subfamily Sarcophaginae in the Oriental Region. Rec Indian Mus 26:193-283. Senior-White R A, Aubertin D, Smart J (1940) Diptera VI. Family Calliphoridae. In: Sewell, R.B.S. (ed.). The fauna of British India, including the remainder of the Oriental Region , London, 6, pp1-288. Shewell G E (1987) Calliphoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. K., Shewell, G.E. and Teskey, H. (ed.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera , 2: Res Br Agric Canada, pp675-1332. Singh K C, Prasad B (1982) A new record of a parasitic flesh-fly, Parasarcophaga knabi (Parker) (Sarcophagidae: Diptera) on the Oak-Tasar Silkworm. J Bomb nat Hist Soc 79: 435-436. Singh P N, Prasad B (1986) Studies on the incidence, biology and control of flypest of Oak. Tasar Silkworm -Antheraea proylei J . (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Sericologia 26: 355-364. Vanlaerhoven S L, Anderson G S (1999) Insect succession on buried carrion in two biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia. J Forensic Sci 44:32-43. Verves Y G (1986) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Soos A, Papp L (eds) Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, 12, pp58–193. Wells J D, Greenberg B (1994) Effect of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and carcass type on the daily occurrence of postfeeding carrion-fly larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae). J Med Entomol 31:171-174. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 23 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 13 Oct, 2023 First submitted to journal 11 Oct, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3431948","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":265183344,"identity":"f2eaa860-c9da-4955-9b89-91c5112c51f8","order_by":0,"name":"Pawandeep Kaur","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Punjabi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pawandeep","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaur","suffix":""},{"id":265183345,"identity":"c945275e-cf14-4d59-9cdc-653be00fd0c5","order_by":1,"name":"Madhu Bala","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACMwbGBgYZBoYcEM3AwA8SSyggrIUHrkUSRCQYkKLF4ABIEI8W3fbD2x7z7rDj4W/PPfhxRs0dOePzqxM/PDBgkOcXO4DdijNp5ca8Z5J5JM68S5bccOyZsdmNt5slgA4znDk7AbuWAzlm0rxtzDwMN3IMJB+wHU7cduPsBpCWBIPbOLScfwPSUs8jfyPH+OeDf4frN884u/kHXi03wLYc5jEAMiQ3th1OMODv3YbflhvPyiTnnjnOY3jmjZnlzL7DhjNu8G6zSDCQwO2X88nbJN7uqJaTO55jfLPn22F5/v6zm2/+qLCR55fGrgULkACrlCBWOQjwHyBF9SgYBaNgFIwAAAD02mdP1Tll6wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2631-9197","institution":"Punjabi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Madhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Bala","suffix":""},{"id":265183346,"identity":"ff8715bc-0c9e-491a-bc91-7c9948d0159c","order_by":2,"name":"Fahd M. Abd Algalil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Bisha","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fahd","middleName":"M. Abd","lastName":"Algalil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-11 10:53:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3431948/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3431948/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01678-2","type":"published","date":"2025-12-17T15:57:11+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49329488,"identity":"6061e8bd-3791-4ce2-abc2-1f303524c48b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:33:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":441008,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGoogle Image of study area (Maps, Version-11.97.0303)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/29febcdd1db6476e5a6faef4.png"},{"id":49329167,"identity":"b0062bf3-907a-4fff-8b01-a8c3133a108b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:25:22","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForensically important genus and species from family Sarchophagidae\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/87de44c9d21251a917cdced9.png"},{"id":49329165,"identity":"55f6670b-ef3b-4986-bfd4-5d85682aced3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:25:21","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":277120,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- Fifth sternite, B- Inner \u0026amp; outer forceps (Posterior view), C-Penis (Lateral view) in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSarcophaga albiceps \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeigen, 1862\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/09f133c3ef78ea622a0cc192.png"},{"id":49329172,"identity":"efb7a83d-ff94-4724-b6e4-468e6422e5e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:25:22","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- Fifth sternite, E- Inner \u0026amp; outer forceps (Posterior view), F-Penis (Lateral view) in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSarcophaga hirtipes \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeidemann, 1830\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/95a7887dabe09c87e7e6ce8d.png"},{"id":49329168,"identity":"2e9874b4-3fc3-4206-9efd-3c83ceca0f15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:25:22","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":313479,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG- Fifth sternite, H- Inner \u0026amp; outer forceps (Posterior view), I-Penis (Lateral view) in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSarcophaga misera \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWalker, 1849\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOF\u003c/strong\u003e-Outer forceps, \u003cstrong\u003eIF\u003c/strong\u003e- inner forceps, \u003cstrong\u003ePP\u003c/strong\u003e- Posterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eAP\u003c/strong\u003e- anterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e-theca,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e-paraphallus, \u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e- ventralia. \u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e-styli, \u003cstrong\u003eAPP\u003c/strong\u003e-apical plate of paraphallus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/bfd23f09ebfb65de2f07bd92.png"},{"id":49329171,"identity":"96e08737-4d9c-4a3b-a82c-849be767a8bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:25:22","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":312109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJ- Fifth sternite, K- Inner \u0026amp; outer forceps (Posterior view), L-Penis (Lateral view) in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSarcophaga sericea \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOF\u003c/strong\u003e-Outer forceps, \u003cstrong\u003eIF\u003c/strong\u003e- inner forceps, \u003cstrong\u003ePP\u003c/strong\u003e- Posterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eAP\u003c/strong\u003e- anterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e-theca,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e-paraphallus, \u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e- ventralia. \u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e-styli, \u003cstrong\u003eAPP\u003c/strong\u003e-apical plate of paraphallus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/aaf27a31dafd0ef87257727a.png"},{"id":49329173,"identity":"47754c96-d6d8-45b8-a1d6-a220225077b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:25:22","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234770,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM- Fifth sternite, N- Inner \u0026amp; outer forceps (Posterior view), O-Penis (Lateral view) in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSalem, 1935\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOF\u003c/strong\u003e-Outer forceps, \u003cstrong\u003eIF\u003c/strong\u003e- inner forceps, \u003cstrong\u003ePP\u003c/strong\u003e- Posterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eAP\u003c/strong\u003e- anterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e-theca,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e-paraphallus, \u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e- ventralia. \u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e-styli, \u003cstrong\u003eAPP\u003c/strong\u003e-apical plate of paraphallus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/8d70455d68912251c7dcd4e0.png"},{"id":49329174,"identity":"4a7baae1-db12-41d2-a066-84338132de61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:25:22","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":298427,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP- Fifth sternite, Q- Inner \u0026amp; 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outer forceps (Posterior view), U-Penis (Lateral view) in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNandi, 1992\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOF\u003c/strong\u003e-Outer forceps, \u003cstrong\u003eIF\u003c/strong\u003e- inner forceps, \u003cstrong\u003ePP\u003c/strong\u003e- Posterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eAP\u003c/strong\u003e- anterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e-theca,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e-paraphallus, \u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e- ventralia. \u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e-styli, \u003cstrong\u003eAPP\u003c/strong\u003e-apical plate of paraphallus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/feb57b7f4239155847789896.png"},{"id":49329489,"identity":"8fdef344-e026-4330-828b-c877f637a922","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:33:22","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":276459,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV- Fifth sternite, W- Inner \u0026amp; outer forceps(Posterior view), X-Penis (Lateral view) in\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Boettcherisca nathani \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLopes, 1961\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOF\u003c/strong\u003e-Outer forceps, \u003cstrong\u003eIF\u003c/strong\u003e- inner forceps, \u003cstrong\u003ePP\u003c/strong\u003e- Posterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eAP\u003c/strong\u003e- anterior paramere, \u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e-theca,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e-paraphallus, \u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e- ventralia. \u003cstrong\u003eS\u003c/strong\u003e-styli, \u003cstrong\u003eAPP\u003c/strong\u003e-apical plate of paraphallus\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/0b90ad5a14e1224eef667f3d.png"},{"id":98813841,"identity":"b318749f-9e21-4351-8de8-6bb1caf5ffa3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 16:04:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4521376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3431948/v1/89e6bc9f-a2cb-459f-9b67-a96b2c9dccc1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Description of Male terminalia of some Forensically important flesh fly species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from northwest India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eForensic entomology deals with the utility of arthropods in legitimate pursuit especially in the erroneous and inexplicable deaths. This branch of science helps to investigate the exact time, date, origin, and manner of death, thus helps to estimate the post-mortem interval (the time elapsed since a person has been died). Insects arrive on the carrion immediately after the death in a particular sequence which is called \u0026ldquo;succession\u0026rdquo; and later the insect communities alter each other according to the preference for feeding, breeding, climatological conditions, season, inter-specific competition, etc. (Bornemissza \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e; Reed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Payne \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e; Payne and King \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Schoenly and Reid \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Wells and Greenberg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). Two insect orders, Diptera and Coleoptera are the foremost orders as they visit the carrion immediately after the death. Blowflies belonging to the family Calliphoridae are the first carrion visitors (Anderson and VanLaerhoven \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; VanLaerhoven and Anderson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Anderson 2011). The second visitor to the carcass is sarcophagid flies which are also known as \u0026ldquo;Flesh flies\u0026rdquo;. These are silvery-greyish flies with golden to yellow pollens and ranging 4mm to 18mm in size (Nandi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Family Sarcophagidae comes under the superfamily Oestroidea and it is distributed all over the world except the Arctic region and the species prefers the temperate and tropical regions (Pape et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The family consists of 3000 species under 173 genera worldwide, out of which 126 species have been reported from India. Out of 126 species, the genus \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga\u003c/em\u003e encompasses 89 species which is 70% of the total species reported from India (Chakraborty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Sarcophagid species prefer to feed upon the natural body openings (eye, nose, ears), wounds, genital parts, and fluid seepage. These flies make a loud noise while roaming around the carcass, and after feeding they directly lay larvae on the carcass. The genus \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u003c/em\u003e Johnston and Tiegs,1921 has abundantly been found in the Oriental and Palearctic regions (Nandi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Most of the species of this genus have been collected from the carcasses and are the causative agents of intestinal myiasis (Kano et al. 1967). Genus \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u003c/em\u003e is diversified in oriental and Palearctic regions and members of the genus reproduce on animal carcasses while \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca\u003c/em\u003e Rohdendorf, 1937 genus breed in a wide variety of rotting substances including meat and human excrement and the larvae cause intestinal myiasis. Some species are also associated with different microorganisms (Greenberg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) and cause intestinal disorder in humans.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlies were collected from piglet carcasses placed on agricultural land of rural area (30\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e46\u0026prime;57.4\u0026rdquo; N, 75\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e53\u0026prime;27.5\u0026Prime; E)(Fig-1) of district Ludhiana, Punjab (India). The land is mainly used to grow paddy crop in summer and wheat crop in winter. Eucalyptus trees are the main flora of the area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo to six months old piglet carcasses (\u003cem\u003eSus scrofa\u003c/em\u003e L.) were used as a research model to collect the adult sarcophagids from three different habitats i.e., indoor (piglet carcass was placed on the floor inside a room), outdoor (piglet carcass was kept on the agricultural land) and submerged (piglet carcass was placed in a man-made pond). A total of fifteen piglet carcasses (three in each season) have been used during five different seasons (Winter, summer, monsoon, post-monsoon, and spring season).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCollection and preservation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe flies were captured by sweeping hand net over the carcasses. Pitfall traps were placed at the outdoor habitat 2 weeks before pig carcasses placement. The traps were consisting of 250 ml glass jars which were placed into the ground, in such a manner that the opening of the jar was level with the ground. Glass jars were filled with soapy water. Four to five traps were placed, at 5\u0026ndash;10 m. Thus, the insects which attracted or leaving the remains were trapped in pitfall traps. Captured flies were transferred to vials having 70% ethanol and preserved in wooden collection boxes. After preservation, the samples were brought to the laboratory for relaxation and stretching. Samples were relaxed in the relaxing chamber, which was an airtight box, having holes on the lid or cover. The stretching of flies was done on the thermocol sheets with the help of butter paper and all pins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIdentification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale and female specimens were sorted out as the identification of sarcophagidae depends upon male terminalia. After that, the abdomen of male flies was removed and placed in 10% KOH solution for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs, the soaked abdomen was washed with normal saline. A drop of normal saline was placed on the slide having a male abdomen on it. With the help of the stereo zoom microscope (Model No.RI-90-01), fine and sharp needles (needles of 1 cc syringes and insulin syringes) the sternites and tergites were gently removed and the last abdominal segments were carefully separated, starting from the 5th sterna, inner \u0026amp; outer forceps, phallus, and paraphallus. The observations were made based on the comparative morphology and terminalic structures under Magnus Trinocular Microscope (MLX-DX, No. 4B525145). Identification up to species level was made by following the key and description (Nandi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The photographs were taken under a Leica 2000 stereo microscope in the Department of Zoology \u0026amp; Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. Collected samples are preserved for further studies in the Department of Zoology \u0026amp; Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results \u0026 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccurrence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll the eight species i.e., \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga albiceps\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eMeigen, 1826, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga hirtipes\u003c/em\u003e Wiedemann, 1830, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga misera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eWalker, 1849\u003cem\u003e, Sarcophaga sericea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Robineau-Desvoidy,1830), \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSalem, 1935\u003cem\u003e, Sarcophaga dux\u003c/em\u003e Thomson, 1868\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNandi, 1992\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLopes, 1961 \u003cem\u003ewere\u003c/em\u003e collected from distinct habitats, decay stages and seasons (Table.1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 1. Occurrence of various \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies in various habitats during different seasons.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cimg 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i.e., \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga albiceps\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. hirtipes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. misera, S. sericea\u003c/em\u003e comes under the subgenus \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJohnston and Tiegs while \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eS. dux\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eboth species comes under another subgenus \u003cem\u003eLiosarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEnderlein. However, species \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani\u003c/em\u003e both emanates under genus\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Boettcherisca\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf (Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgenus \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJohnston and Tiegs, 1921\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;This genus is the much expanded and richly developed group in the Oriental and Palearctic regions. Rohdendorf (1937) defined the concept of this subgenus in a broader sense. He revised these subgenera from USSR in 1937 and described many new species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKano et a1.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(1967)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ereviewed this subgenus from Japan and reported a fairly large number of species. Lopes et al. (1977) divided the Oriental species of this subgenus into seven subgenera and all the subgenera except Phallantisca\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf, 1965 are present in this part of world. One subgenus \u003cem\u003eBaranovisea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLopes, 1985 is also added here. Verves (1986) reported 15 subgenera from the Palaearctic region with numerous species. Dear (1980) placed all the species of Afrotropical \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eunder the genus \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePovolny (1987) reviewed the male terminalia of this group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale terminalia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;First genital segment of male usually without marginal bristles; third abdominal tergite normally without long bristles; anal tergite sometimes red; paraphallus comparatively short and heavily sclerotised; apical plate of paraphallus well developed, with long lateral process and always shorter than remainder of paraphallus, if almost same size, the lateral processes are long and lamellate; styli of glans curved, stout, slender and never closely adjacent to apical plate; basal part of styli of glans coiled; lateral plate of paraphallus well developed, single but without process; ventralia always present with 2 pairs of lobes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Most of the members of the subgenus breed on animals\u0026rsquo; carcasses. Larvae of a few species are internal parasites of caterpillars of moths and also have the record of being causative agents of intestinal myiasis (Kano et al. 1967). Pape (1987b) recorded the larvae of a few species as parasites or predators of lepidopterous pupae: \u003cem\u003eAporia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp\u003cem\u003e., Dendrolimus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eLymantria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand beetle larvae: \u003cem\u003eOryctes, Melolontha, Po1yphylla\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSaperda.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe larvae breed in privies, garbages, animal carcasses, dead fish and birds. Larvae of a few species have been described by Kano et al. (1951), Ishijima (1967), and Nandi (1980) from the Oriental region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The subgenus is cosmopolitan in distribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey to the identified subgenera of subgenus \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJohnston and Tiegs, 1921\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgenus \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJohnston and Tiegs, 1921\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale terminalia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Penis with long stalked ventralia which is large and flower-like structure; apical plate of paraphallus with almost no median section and transparent or slightly sclerotised and cleft; styli of glans short or reduced; lateral plate of paraphallus large, unpaired, with short, stalked process and split at the end; R, bare; upper part of propleura bare; abdomen without chess-board pattern; genital segment without bristles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; This is a rather large subgenus and the term \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas first proposed by Johnston and Tiegs as subgenus under the genus \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ebut Rohdendorf (1937) treated it as a full genus. Shewell (1987) gave the \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egroup tribal rank of Parasarcophagini defined by the presence of 5 or 6 postsutural dorsocentral setae and often with white or pale golden genal hairs. He placed the subgenus \u003cem\u003eLiopygia\u003c/em\u003e Enderlein and \u003cem\u003eBercaea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRbineau-Desvoidy under this tribe and included all the species of \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eunder it. Rohdendorf (1937) described a quite large number of species under \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efrom USSR. Lopes (1959) reported 2 species from theAustralian region and Lopes et al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(1977) recorded 4 species from the Oriental region. Verves (1986) listed 6 species from the Palaearctic region and Dear (1980) reported only 2 species from the Afrotopical region. Lopes (1989) reported 3 species from the Australasian and Oceanian regions. The majority of the members of this subgenus are attracted to carcasses and excrement of different animals and breed in such media. Few species are parasitic in nature. The larvae of some species have been described by Ishijima (1967) and Nandi (1980) from the Oriental region. Some species are associated with pathogenic microorganisms (Greenberg, 1971) and cause infections \u0026nbsp;to human beings. This subgenus is distributed in the Oriental, Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Australasian and Oceanian regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey to the studied species of subgenus \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1a) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hind tibia with bristles on anteroventral surface in addition to long \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;villosity................................................................................................................................ 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1b) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hind tibia without bristles on anteroventral surface in addition to long \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;villosity............................................................................................................................... 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2a) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Body colour greyish; apical plate of paraphallus slender and sharply pointed at \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;end\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;...\u003cem\u003esericea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Walker)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2b)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Body colour brown; apical plate of paraphallus broad and blunt at \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;end\u003cem\u003e......................................... .............................................................hirtipes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Wiedemann)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3a)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e Apical plate of paraphallus long and sharply pointed at end; inner forceps moderately stout and \u0026nbsp;broad............................................................................................................................ 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3b) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Apical plate of paraphallus short and almost blunt at end; inner forceps long and \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; slender\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;..........................\u003cem\u003emisera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Walker)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4a) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Middle part of inner forceps without protuberance but with spines at the inner surface of \u0026nbsp; subapical end ............................................................................................\u003cem\u003ealbiceps\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Meigen)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga albiceps\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeigen, 1826\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial examined\u003c/strong\u003e- Male\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Body length\u003c/strong\u003e-11-17mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerminalia\u003c/strong\u003e-Fifth sternite Y-shaped with stout spines laterally and long hairs terminally on arms; first genital segment blackish with short hairs, second black with numerous black hairs but without marginal bristles; inner forceps stout, elongated, without protuberance and spines at the inner surface of subapical part but with tuft of long hairs along basal half; outer forceps elongated, somewhat kidney shaped with hairs along distal half; anterior paramere long and curved in the middle; posterior paramere flat in the middle with several hairs at the apical part; theca and paraphallus long, curved and pointed at end; lateral plate of paraphallus moderately long and pointed; styli of glans short; ventralia with long stalked wide lobe and the anterior portion deeply curved (Fig. 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion on species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;This species is like \u003cem\u003eS. sericea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Walker, 1852) and \u003cem\u003eS. hirtipes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Wiedemann, 1830) by the structure of apical plate of paraphallus but may be distinguished from \u003cem\u003esericea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eby detailed structure of ventralia and from \u003cem\u003ehirtipes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eby elongated styli of glans. Moreover, the inner forceps is slenderer here. This species may be distinguished from \u003cem\u003eS. macroauriculata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Ho, 1932) by the structure of inner forcep and the absence of spines on it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThis is a common species which is attracted to excrement and dead bodies of different animals, coconut husks, \u003cem\u003eAristolochia ridicula\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eflowers (Aristolochiaceae) and other flowers, and \u003cem\u003eAchatina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (Gastropoda). The larvae breed from meat, beef, animals\u0026rsquo; dung, human excrement, dead rabbit, human carcasses and garbage. This species is preying on ant pupae (Senior-White 1924) and is parasitic on \u003cem\u003eNonagria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) and other lepidopterous and coleopteran larvae (Blackith and Blackith 1994). The larvae of this species cause myiasis in bulls. The larvae have been reared on faeces and meat (Mihalyi 1965) and the larval stages were described by Kano et al. (1951), Ishijima (1967) and Nandi (1980).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga hirtipes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wiedemann, 1830\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial examined- Male\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody length- 9-14mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale terminalia\u003c/strong\u003e-Fifth sternite V-shaped with short membranous window bearing spines laterally and hairs teminally on arms; first genital segment reddish-brown with short black hairs, second reddish-black or light brown but without marginal bristles; inner forceps long with tuft of long hairs along basal half; outer forceps triangular with hairs along distal end; anterior paramere long, curved and pointed at end; posterior paramere abruptly curved at end with 2 short hairs on its anterior surface apically; apical plate of paraphallus less developed, broad but curved and blunt at end; lateral plate of paraphallus poorly developed and pointed apically; styli of glans very short; ventralia with stalked lobes, anterior lobe deeply curved and moderately developed (Fig. 4).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThis species is similar to \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga sericea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Walker, 1852) but differs from it by the structure of lateral plate of paraphallus. Moreover, the lateral plate of paraphallus is short and anterior paramere is less thickened in this species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a common species which is attracted to decomposing organic matters, human excrement, and animal dung. It breeds on melons (Senior-White et al. 1940 ). Senior-White (1924) reported that this species breed on \u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAchatina\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003efulica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gastropoda). Seguy (1941) described the larval stages of this species. The larvae of this species cause human intestinal myiasis. This species is also associated with \u003cem\u003eEscherichia anaerogenes, E. anindolica, E. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAerbacter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (Greenberg 1971).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga misera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Walker,1849\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial examined- Male\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody length\u003c/strong\u003e- 9-14mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerminalia\u003c/strong\u003e-Fifth sternite V-shaped, with wide window and divergent arms and the arms with many short spines laterally and few hairs terminally; first genital segment brown with short hairs, second blackish-brown, with short hairs but both without median marginal bristles; penis elongated; inner forceps long, slender and with tuft of long hairs along basal half; outer forceps triangular with short hairs only on distal end; anterior paramere long, pointed, curved at end but without hairs; posterior paramere short, blunt at end and with 1-2 short hairs teminally; theca shorter than paraphallus, both are sclerotised; apical plate of paraphallus short and almost blunt at end; lateral plate of paraphallus short and pointed; styli of glans short; ventralia with stalked lobes, anterior lobe well developed and not so curved, posterior lobe short (Fig. 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion on species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis species is like \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga albiceps\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Meigen, 1826) and \u003cem\u003eS. sericea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Walker, 1852) but may be distinguished from them by the structure of ventralia. Moreover, the inner forcep in this species is slenderer and more ventral portion between theca and paraphallus is not as bulgy as in other species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiology\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a very common species which is attracted to human excrement and dead animals. It breeds in human excrement, meat, dead animals and dead \u003cem\u003eAchatinafulica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Gastropoda) and it has been reared on such media including beef in the laboratory. This species is attracted to \u003cem\u003eAristolochia ridicula\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eflowers (Aristolochiaceae). The larvae of this species cause human intestinal myiasis and myiasis in domesticated and poultry animals. Das and Dasgupta (1986) studied some aspects of the life history of this species. Larval stages of this species (as \u003cem\u003eorchidea)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehave been described by Ishijima (1967) and Nandi (1980). Adults are associated with\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Entamoeba histolytica, Habronema megastoma, H. microstoma\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eH. muscae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Greenberg 1971).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga sericea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial Examined\u003c/strong\u003e- Male\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody length\u003c/strong\u003e- 9-14mm\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerminalia\u003c/strong\u003e-Fifth sternite Y-shaped, with conspicuous hyaline window and short hairs terminally and spines laterally on arms; first genital segment black, greyish pollen and with numerous hairs, second shiny black with long hairs; inner forceps short, stout and with hairs on basal half; outer forceps almost triangular with hairs only on posterior end; anterior paramere long, curved and pointed at end; posterior paramere short, pointed and with 2 hairs anteriorly; theca almost equal to paraphallus, both are sclerotised; apical plate of paraphallus slender, curved and sharply pointed at end; lateral plate of paraphallus broad and pointed; styli of glans short; ventralia stalked, lobed and its anterior lobe short and less curved (Fig. 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion on species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis species is like \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga hirtipes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Wiedemann,1830) but differs from it by the detailed structures of ventralia and apical plate of paraphallus, the last one is more pointed in this species. Moreover, the ventral membrane between theca and paraphallus is bulgier here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiolog\u003c/strong\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a fairly common species which is attracted to animals carcasses, \u003cem\u003eAristolochia ridicula\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eflowers (Aristolochiaceae) and \u003cem\u003eAchatina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.(Gastropda). This species breeds in human excrement and carrion. The larvae of this species (as \u003cem\u003eknabi)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eare parasitic on Oak-Tasar Silkworm \u003cem\u003eAntheraea\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eproylei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Saturniidae) (Singh and Prasad 1982, 1986) and larval stages of this species (as \u003cem\u003eknabi)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehave been described by Hall and Bohart (1948) and Ferrar (1979).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgenus \u003cem\u003eLiosarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEnderlein, 1928\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubgenus \u003cem\u003eLiosarcophaga\u003c/em\u003e is the largest subgenus of the genus \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga\u003c/em\u003e. \u0026nbsp;It was mainly found in the Palearctic region and now is widely distributed in the Oriental, Palearctic, Afrotropical, Australian and Oceanian regions. Rohdendorf in 1973 revised this genus from USSR by adding some new species and their descriptions along with. In 1972,\u0026nbsp;Zumpt synonymized this genus with \u003cem\u003eThyrsocnema\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEnderlein, 1928, \u003cem\u003eKramerella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEnderlein, 1928, \u003cem\u003eEngelisca\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf, 1937 and \u003cem\u003eParathalattisca\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf, 1963. Lopes et al. (1977) reported an enormous number of species from the Oriental region. Lopes (1989) listed this subgenus as a separate group and added six new species into it from Australian and Oceanian regions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Till now, total twelve species have been reported from this subgenus i.e. \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) saputaraensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNandi, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) amplicercus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eShinonaga and Tumrasvin, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) sarupi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNandi, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) jaipurensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNandi, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga)\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eidmais\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Seguy), \u003cem\u003eharpax\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pandelle\u0026apos;), \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga)\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003edux\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Thomson), \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga)\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ebrevicornis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Ho), \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) josephi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003en. sp., \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) portschinskyi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) tuberosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pandelle\u0026apos;) and \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Salem). Larvae of species belonging to this subgenus are very well-known agents of \u0026ldquo;Myiasis\u0026rdquo;. They cause intestinal and dermal myiasis in humans along with domestic animals, thus are hazardous to humans (Greenberg 1971). Larvae of this genus mainly feed and breed on the dead decomposing matter, carcasses of fish, mammals, and birds.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; From the present study two species, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga)\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003edux\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Thomson) and \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Salem) have been reported from India. Both species with taxonomical descriptions of internal and external terminalia have already been published by the authors in recent publications (Kaur et al. 2020; Kumar et al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2021) (Figure 7 \u0026amp; 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf, 1937\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis genus comprises of six species i.e.,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Boettcherisca nathani\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLopes,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sarcophaga karnyi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHardy,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Boettcherisca peregrina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Robineau-Desvoidy), \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca septentrionalis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf, \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nepalensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKano and Sugiyama and \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNandi. \u0026nbsp;All the species have been reported from India earlier, however, this is the first time that \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLopes,1961 and \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNandi,1992 both species have been reported from the pig carcasses in India. A detailed taxonomical description of the internal and external terminalia of both species had already been published by the authors (Kaur et al. 2020) (Figure 9 \u0026amp; 10).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 2\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eComparison of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emale terminalia of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003estudied\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies of Genus\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sarcophaga and Boettcherisca\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"671\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Genus/Species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFifth Sternite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInner forceps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOuter forceps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Paraphallus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVentralia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus-S\u003cem\u003earcophaga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFifth sternite Y-shaped with stout spines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estout, elongated without protuberance and spines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eelongated, somewhat kidney shaped\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emoderately long and pointed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elong stalked wide lobe with anterior portion deeply curved\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga albiceps\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga hirtipes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV-shaped with short membranous window\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elong with tuft of long hairs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etriangular with hairs on distal end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eless developed, broad but curved and blunt at end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewith stalked lobes, anterior lobe deeply curved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga misera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV-shaped with wide window\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elong, slender and with tuft of long hairs along basal half\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etriangular with short hairs only on distal end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSclerotised, apical plate of paraphallus short and almost blunt at end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estalked lobes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga sericea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-shaped with hyaline widow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eshort, stout and with hairs on basal half\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealmost triangular with hairs only on posterior end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSclerotised, apical plate of paraphallus slender, curved and sharply pointed at end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estalked lobes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgenus \u003cem\u003eLiosarchopaga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY-shaped with prominent window\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealmost straight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealmost oval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewith pointed long lateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprocesses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emembranous, wide and slightly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebifurcated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) ageptica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ev-shaped with short bristles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealmost straight, pointed and slightly curved at end\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enearly oval with\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehairs on distal end;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSclerotised, \u0026nbsp;apical plate of paraphallus with straight lateral process\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewide, well developed and plate-like\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus Boettcherisca\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY- shaped with a row of closely set bristles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecurved, notched at apex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealmost triangular, broad at\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eapex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecurved, blunt at apex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.37313432835821%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.17910447761194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY- shaped with closely set bristles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edorsally with\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enumerous spines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.880597014925373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ealmost triangular with hairs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.671641791044776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emembranous, curved, pointed at\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eapex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.029850746268657%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elarge with short digitiform processes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study concludes that the species, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga albiceps\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. hirtipes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. misera, S. sericea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica, Sarcophaga dux, Boettcherisca bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani\u003c/em\u003e were collected from piglet carcasses from distinct habitats and during different seasons. The variations in the occurrence of these flesh flies have shown their possible favorable weather and habitat preferences over the carcasses. The study has revealed that \u003cem\u003eS. albiceps\u003c/em\u003e is being the most abundant fly and prefers the moist and aquatic habitats as the maximum number of flies were collected from the submerged piglet carcasses. Additionally, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga sericea, S. hirtipes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. misera\u003c/em\u003e were reported from all the seasons but variation in occurrence on different habitats were observed. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani\u003c/em\u003e are the species that have shown the season specificity as both were collected in the winter season, which means that these flies prefer low temperature. Adding to it, \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e has only been collected in the monsoon season from indoor and outdoor pig carcasses. On the other hand, these species are varied from each other by internal genitalic attributes. The differences have been observed in the structure of paraphallus, ventralia, inner \u0026amp; outer forceps, and styli (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,4,\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,7,\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; 10). Present study will assist in identification of the sarcophagid species, and the observations made during this study will help to investigate myriad crime cases related to indoor, outdoor, and submerged environment, especially where flesh flies will act as forensic indicators.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e We are thankful to the Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, India for providing laboratory facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contributions\u003c/strong\u003e-Designing, conceiving, analysis, and interpretation-MB. Data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript writing-PK. Data analysis and interpretation- FM. authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding-\u003c/strong\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Its available with corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting of interests -\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e- All the authors declare no conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval-\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnderson G S, Vanlaerhoven S L (1996) Initial studies on Insect succession on carrion in southwestern British \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Columbia. 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Japanese J\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Sani Zoo 18: 240.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKaur P, Bala M, AbdAlGalil F M (2020a) First report of \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLopes, 1961 and \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNandi, 1992 (Sarcophagidae: Diptera) from northwest India. Int J Trop Insect Sci 1-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKaur P, Bala M, AbdAlGalil F M (2020b) First record of flesh fly \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from India. Int J Trop Insect Sci 1-6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLopes H, De Souza (1959) A revision of Australian Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Stud Entomol\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2: 33-67.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLope H S, Kano R, Shinonaga S, Kurahashi H (1977) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Delfinado, M D Hardy, D.E. (eds.) A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region, Honolulu, 3, pp 557\u0026ndash;583.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLopes H, De Souza (1989) Family Sarcophagidae. In : Evenhuis, N. L. (ed.) : Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBishop Museum\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSpecial Publication, 86: 721-732.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMihalyi F (1965) Rearing flies from faeces and nleat infected under natural conditions. Acta Zool Acad Sci Hung\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e11: 153-164.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNandi B C (1980) Studies on the larvae of flesh flies from India (Diptera :Sarcophagidae). Orient Insects 14 (3):303-323.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNandi B C (2002) Fauna of India and the adjacent countries- Diptera (VolumeX) Sarcophagidae, i-xxiv. Director ZSI Kolkata, India, 1- 608pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePayne J A (1965) A summer carrion study of baby pig \u003cem\u003eSus scrofa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLinn. Ecol\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e46:5.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePayne J A, King E W (1970) Coleoptera associated with pig carrion. Entomol Mon Mag 105:224-232.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePape T (1987) The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna entomol scand 19: 1-203.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePape T, Blagodervo V, Mostovski M B (2011) Order Diptera Linneaus, 1758 in animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 22\u0026ndash;229.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePovolny D (1987) Male genitalia of the \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga dux\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Thomson)-group of the subgenus \u003cem\u003eLiosarcophaga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEnderlein, 1928 (Diptera : Sarcophagidae). Acta entomol mus nati Pragae\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e42:149-187.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReed H B (1958) A study of dog carcass communities in Tennessee, with special references to the insects. Am Midl Nat 59:213-245.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSchoenly K, Reid W (1987) Dynamics of heterotrophic succession in carrion arthropod assemblages: discrete series or a continuum of change? Oecologia 73:192-202.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSeguy E (1941b) Etude hiologique\u0026nbsp;t\u0026nbsp;systematique des Sarcophagines myiasigenes du genre \u003cem\u003eWohlfahrtia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAnn Parasito\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e18: 221-232.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSenior-White R A (1924) A revision of the subfamily Sarcophaginae in the Oriental Region. Rec Indian Mus\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e26:193-283.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSenior-White R A, Aubertin D, Smart J (1940) Diptera VI. Family Calliphoridae. In: Sewell, R.B.S. (ed.). The fauna of British India, including the remainder of the Oriental Region\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLondon, 6, pp1-288.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShewell G E (1987) Calliphoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., Peterson, B. K., Shewell, G.E. and Teskey, H. (ed.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2: Res Br Agric Canada, pp675-1332.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh K C, Prasad B (1982) A new record of a parasitic flesh-fly, \u003cem\u003eParasarcophaga knabi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Parker) (Sarcophagidae: Diptera) on the Oak-Tasar Silkworm.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJ Bomb nat\u0026nbsp;Hist\u0026nbsp;Soc 79: 435-436.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh P N, Prasad B (1986) Studies on the incidence, biology and control of flypest of Oak. Tasar Silkworm\u003cem\u003e-Antheraea proylei J\u003c/em\u003e. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Sericologia\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e26: 355-364.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVanlaerhoven S L, Anderson G S (1999) Insect succession on buried carrion in two biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia. J Forensic Sci 44:32-43.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVerves Y G (1986) Family Sarcophagidae. In: Soos A, Papp L (eds) Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, 12, pp58\u0026ndash;193.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWells J D, Greenberg B (1994) Effect of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and carcass type on the daily occurrence of postfeeding carrion-fly larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae). J Med Entomol\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e31:171-174.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Medico-legal forensic entomology, male terminalia, Flesh fly, Parasarcophaga, Boettcherisca ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3431948/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3431948/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSarcophagids have always depicted an essential role in forensic entomology as these flies immediately visit the carcass after blowflies. Further, some species of sarcophagid flies lay larvae thus are the easiest ones to rear and obtain pure colony, by which one can investigate the PMI (Postmortem interval) in minimal time. However, due to their similar morphological appearance, it is difficult to identify them based on external morphological characters. The study aimed to collect and identify forensically relevant flesh fly species from northwest India by using pig carcasses (\u003cem\u003eSus scrofa\u003c/em\u003e L.) as research model. Eight species of sarcophagid flies belonging to subgenus \u003cem\u003eParsarcophaga \u003c/em\u003eJohnston and Tiegs, 1921 are \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga albiceps \u003c/em\u003eMeigen, 1826, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga hirtipes\u003c/em\u003e Wiedemann, 1830, \u003cem\u003eSarcophaga misera \u003c/em\u003eWalker, 1849\u003cem\u003e, Sarcophaga sericea \u003c/em\u003e(Robineau-Desvoidy,1830), Subgenus \u003cem\u003eLiosarcophaga \u003c/em\u003eEnderlein, 1928 (\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica \u003c/em\u003eSalem, 1935\u003cem\u003e, Sarcophaga dux\u003c/em\u003eThomson, 1868\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eand from Genus \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca \u003c/em\u003eRohdendorf, 1937, \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca bengalensis \u003c/em\u003eNandi, 1992\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eBoettcherisca nathani \u003c/em\u003eLopes, 1961 have been collected from three different habitats (indoor, outdoor and submerged) and \u0026nbsp;five different seasons (Winter, summer, monsoon, post-monsoon) of the year 2015 and 2017 (Spring season). The present work incorporates the internal and external terminalia of all the above-mentioned species and their characters were used for the accurate identification of these forensically significant fly species, which is a prerequisite for PMI estimation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Description of Male terminalia of some Forensically important flesh fly species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from northwest India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-08 18:25:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3431948/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-09-23T09:32:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-01-25T10:23:05+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-03T16:46:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-10-13T08:31:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2023-10-11T13:47:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"97ac8b68-9a7d-4f8b-a4ee-e0019878359c","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T15:59:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3431948","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01678-2","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-17 15:57:11","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 17th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-08 18:25:17","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42690-025-01678-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01678-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3431948","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3431948","identity":"rs-3431948","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}