Discussion on weathering products of copper barium silicate octagonal prism and related problems

Discussion on weathering products of copper barium silicate octagonal prism and related problems | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Discussion on weathering products of copper barium silicate octagonal prism and related problems Yidan Chen, Feng Sun, Yue Du, Daishi Qi, Yuyao Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9153582/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The copper barium silicate octagonal prism unearthed from the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty is an important physical evidence of synthetic violet materials in ancient China. Its surface weathering phenomenon is complex and diverse, but the related research has long been based on the matrix composition and usage speculation, and the weathering products and their formation mechanisms have not been paid enough attention. In this paper, three copper barium silicate octagonal prisms unearthed from the Hejia cemetery in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province were studied. The morphological characteristics, elemental composition and chemical phase of the surface multi-color weathering products were systematically studied by means of non-destructive analysis methods such as ultra-depth microscopic observation (OM), scanning electron microscope-energy spectrum analysis (SEM-EDS) and micro-laser Raman spectroscopy (Raman). The results show that the stable terminal weathering products represented by PbCO 3 and BaSO 4 are generally formed on the surface of octagonal prism. In the specific burial microenvironment, under the influence of decomposition solution and environmental ions (SO 4 2− , PO 4 3− ), multi-stage secondary minerals such as Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH), Pb 2 Cu(PO 4 )(SO 4 )(OH) and CuPb(SO 4 )(OH) 2 can also be formed. Further combined with the density calculation results, it is found that different octagonal prism samples have differences in density and weathering degree, suggesting that their production formula and firing process are not completely consistent, and some samples are close to the lead-barium glass system in material properties. This paper reveals the internal relationship between copper barium silicate and lead barium glass from two aspects of weathering products and density characteristics, which provides a new scientific basis for understanding the technical system, process evolution and weathering behavior of lead barium silicate materials in the Warring States and Qin Dynasties. Copper barium silicate Octagonal stick Weathering product Lead-barium glass Density characteristic Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 28 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 07 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 25 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 17 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9153582","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":612962309,"identity":"9216b789-868a-4afb-94e4-56d068bcaf86","order_by":0,"name":"Yidan Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China-Central Asia “the Belt, Northwest University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yidan","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":612962310,"identity":"45baaf6e-8084-4c94-9cc9-59b14f12c9fa","order_by":1,"name":"Feng Sun","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCD0AsB2GyEaeDcQaQMCZdS2ID0VrkZ+QebPi4ozZ9u0SOAcOHssMM/LMb8GsxuJGX2DjzzPHcnTNyDBhnnDvMIHHnAAEtEjnmj3nbjuVuuJ1jwMzbdhgokkDIYTmGzX/bjqUbgLT8JUYLww2gFsa2mgSwFkZitBiceWPY2Nt2wHDD/WcFB3vOpfNI3CDksPYcw4afbXXyBmcOb3zwo8xajn8GIYdBwGEweQCIeYhSDwR1xCocBaNgFIyCkQgAG2FHEM+bI3IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"China-Central Asia “the Belt, Northwest University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Feng","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":612962311,"identity":"0d5fe974-d460-45de-87e8-0d0215595dc1","order_by":2,"name":"Yue Du","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China-Central Asia “the Belt, Northwest University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yue","middleName":"","lastName":"Du","suffix":""},{"id":612962312,"identity":"d63179e2-dd49-4118-b6e2-78e4f5b0347a","order_by":3,"name":"Daishi Qi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China-Central Asia “the Belt, Northwest University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daishi","middleName":"","lastName":"Qi","suffix":""},{"id":612962313,"identity":"fe990178-8463-41fa-bf12-9d92a4d919a4","order_by":4,"name":"Yuyao Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuyao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-18 02:23:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9153582/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9153582/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105759109,"identity":"26fc1328-d9b7-45c2-ac2b-91623c048f8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 17:26:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1145459,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9153582/v1_covered_b415144a-a8d8-4791-b0e6-ec508b71fa60.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Discussion on weathering products of copper barium silicate octagonal prism and related problems","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-heritage-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hsci","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heritage Science](http://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40494","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40494/3","title":"npj Heritage Science","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Copper barium silicate, Octagonal stick, Weathering product, Lead-barium glass, Density characteristic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9153582/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9153582/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe copper barium silicate octagonal prism unearthed from the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty is an important physical evidence of synthetic violet materials in ancient China. Its surface weathering phenomenon is complex and diverse, but the related research has long been based on the matrix composition and usage speculation, and the weathering products and their formation mechanisms have not been paid enough attention. In this paper, three copper barium silicate octagonal prisms unearthed from the Hejia cemetery in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province were studied. The morphological characteristics, elemental composition and chemical phase of the surface multi-color weathering products were systematically studied by means of non-destructive analysis methods such as ultra-depth microscopic observation (OM), scanning electron microscope-energy spectrum analysis (SEM-EDS) and micro-laser Raman spectroscopy (Raman). The results show that the stable terminal weathering products represented by PbCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and BaSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e are generally formed on the surface of octagonal prism. In the specific burial microenvironment, under the influence of decomposition solution and environmental ions (SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e), multi-stage secondary minerals such as Pb\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e(PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e(OH), Pb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCu(PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)(SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)(OH) and CuPb(SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e can also be formed. Further combined with the density calculation results, it is found that different octagonal prism samples have differences in density and weathering degree, suggesting that their production formula and firing process are not completely consistent, and some samples are close to the lead-barium glass system in material properties. This paper reveals the internal relationship between copper barium silicate and lead barium glass from two aspects of weathering products and density characteristics, which provides a new scientific basis for understanding the technical system, process evolution and weathering behavior of lead barium silicate materials in the Warring States and Qin Dynasties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Discussion on weathering products of copper barium silicate octagonal prism and related problems","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-30 17:25:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9153582/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-28T15:46:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-24T06:54:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"322627182193889069911272333473163285584","date":"2026-04-23T04:59:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-08T01:46:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"243620606118276566853712682227242647728","date":"2026-04-07T01:50:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-26T16:18:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-25T04:33:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-25T04:33:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"npj Heritage Science","date":"2026-03-18T02:18:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-heritage-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hsci","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heritage Science](http://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40494","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40494/3","title":"npj Heritage Science","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"526fc4cf-12e3-49c7-83df-3432845f16da","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 30th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-07T09:11:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-30 17:25:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9153582","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9153582","identity":"rs-9153582","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}