The Neonatal Microbiome: Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Most brain development occurs in the "first 1000 days" a critical period from conception to a child's second birthday. Critical brain processes that occur during this time include synaptogenesis, myelination, neural pruning and formation of functioning neuronal circuits. Perturbations during the first 1000 days likely contribute to later-life neurodegenerative disease including sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Neurodevelopment is determined by many events, including the maturation and colonization of the infant microbiome and its metabolites, specifically neurotransmitters, immune modulators, vitamins and short chain fatty acids. Successful microbiome maturation and gut-brain axis function depends on maternal factors (stress, exposure to toxins during pregnancy), mode of delivery, quality of the postnatal environment, diet after weaning from breast milk and nutritional deficiencies. While the neonatal microbiome is highly plastic, it remains prone to dysbiosis which, once established, may persist into adulthood, thereby inducing development of chronic inflammation and abnormal excitatory/inhibitory balance resulting in neural excitation. Both are recognized as key pathophysiological processes in the development of ALS.