Comparative Analysis of Industrial Codes for Spherical Shells Under External Pressure

Comparative Analysis of Industrial Codes for Spherical Shells Under External Pressure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Analysis of Industrial Codes for Spherical Shells Under External Pressure Azrol Jailani, Wan Munira Wan Jaafar, Yang Ren Kit This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6872910/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluates the precision of Industrial Design Codes for the buckling of externally pressurized spherical shells, identifying the most accurate code for current applications. Industrial standards such as the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS), Det Norske Veritas (DNV), PD 5500 and the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) offer different buckling classifications, but their reliability requires further validation. A comparative analysis was conducted by computing buckling pressure values from all four design codes and comparing them with experimental results. Further screening was performed within a mean value range of 0.75 ≤ µ ≤ 1.2, with reliability assessments based on statistical mean bias (Xₘ) and the correlation coefficient (ρ). Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were also conducted for thin-walled pressure vessels. Results indicate DNV exhibits the highest accuracy for thick shells (70% alignment with a mean value of 0.9827, ρ = 0.9964), PD 5500 shows 51% accuracy for moderate shells (mean 0.9852), and ABS offers superior precision for thin shells (mean 1.0611). Monte Carlo simulations reveal thickness variability as the most significant factor (CV = 11.35%). This study enhances the reliability of industrial design codes, contributing to improved theoretical models and design methodologies. Spherical shell Buckling Design codes Monte Carlo simulations (MCM) Uncertainty and Sensitivity analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6872910","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":474217560,"identity":"213d6073-a913-4596-9e27-972c062b124b","order_by":0,"name":"Azrol Jailani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDUlEQVRIie3QPUvEMBjA8Sc8kC7lbo1L60fIUfA4UPwgLgnOXaXDDZ1yi3irB6Jf4abOlUJvqbgKHcwhiGNdxPESdVAwpaNg/kPIM/zIC4DP91fTQIEGZiMyAD6ICEvQbprhxGQJUQPIeHm31QJG8QjxWW+vi2ga5PjyquCEl78TVm4Sbi42UUinXBZtMjsv6WylIF07CNwqygwhCuGAGSLXD4ImYeMmcUU/yLHC4I3JK0MedT/h9SeRCkNzSm5PAXwKMzeZNBS54PTUkDMm6jbhjVTkMmPpykGi+5roLquPbhaLYu993kZ8U1Vdxw/TC9fzv673fSKKma+E/V4C8x8TdnaN817i8/l8/6cdk5JZYJHgyksAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Azrol","middleName":"","lastName":"Jailani","suffix":""},{"id":474217561,"identity":"5c9b220e-55ff-4104-8495-fc42697d1782","order_by":1,"name":"Wan Munira Wan Jaafar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wan","middleName":"Munira Wan","lastName":"Jaafar","suffix":""},{"id":474217562,"identity":"8451378c-69db-4fdf-bed4-21027550c92a","order_by":2,"name":"Yang Ren Kit","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sricool Engineering Sdn Bhd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yang","middleName":"Ren","lastName":"Kit","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-11 14:38:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6872910/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6872910/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85165619,"identity":"894f7c6a-698a-4180-b722-6715d650a87a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 03:51:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1012105,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BucklingDraftManuscriptBR.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6872910/v1_covered_dbc58c28-e305-4fce-b469-2f5f2b2eb4f4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Analysis of Industrial Codes for Spherical Shells Under External Pressure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Spherical shell, Buckling, Design codes, Monte Carlo simulations (MCM), Uncertainty and Sensitivity analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6872910/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6872910/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluates the precision of Industrial Design Codes for the buckling of externally pressurized spherical shells, identifying the most accurate code for current applications. Industrial standards such as the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS), Det Norske Veritas (DNV), PD 5500 and the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) offer different buckling classifications, but their reliability requires further validation. A comparative analysis was conducted by computing buckling pressure values from all four design codes and comparing them with experimental results. Further screening was performed within a mean value range of 0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;\u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.2, with reliability assessments based on statistical mean bias (Xₘ) and the correlation coefficient (ρ). Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were also conducted for thin-walled pressure vessels. Results indicate DNV exhibits the highest accuracy for thick shells (70% alignment with a mean value of 0.9827, ρ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9964), PD 5500 shows 51% accuracy for moderate shells (mean 0.9852), and ABS offers superior precision for thin shells (mean 1.0611). Monte Carlo simulations reveal thickness variability as the most significant factor (CV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.35%). 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