Exploring Gender Differences in Falls and Mobility Patterns Among Older Adults in Lebanon

Exploring Gender Differences in Falls and Mobility Patterns Among Older Adults in Lebanon | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring Gender Differences in Falls and Mobility Patterns Among Older Adults in Lebanon Sarah El Khatib, Carmela Bou Malham, Hala Sacre, Rachelle Rassy, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4658481/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Falls represent a significant public health concern affecting the elderly, yet epidemiological studies within Lebanese institutions are scarce. This study aimed to explore gender differences in falls and mobility patterns and assess causes, potential risks, and protective factors against falls among institutionalized elderly in the Chouf district, Lebanon. Methods This cross-sectional pilot study involved an elderly healthcare institution. Data were collected using an anonymous, custom-designed questionnaire and patient medical records. Fall risk was evaluated with the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment, the Timed Up and Go Test, the Morse Fall Assessment, and other tools. Relative risks were estimated using odds ratios (OR), and logistic regression was stratified by gender to control confounders and assess the associations between fall episodes and potential risk and protective factors. Results This study included 300 institutionalized elderly aged 65 years and older, with 57.7% females. The mean age was 79.27 ± 7.61. Among the participants, 197 (65.7%) reported at least one fall in the past twelve months, with a higher prevalence among women compared to men (69.9% vs. 59.8%). Elderly women exhibited higher levels of depression and consumed more sleeping pills and mood-enhancing medications, which were positively associated with increased falls (p = 0.003). Among elderly men, unsteady walking was positively associated with the history of falls (p = 0.004). Conclusion This study found a higher incidence of falls among institutionalized women, possibly associated with the intake of sleeping pills and mood stabilizers. These findings have positive implications for future research in Lebanon and neighboring countries, with the potential to inform preventive measures to reduce falls among the elderly. elderly fall fall assessment gender difference Lebanon physical activity prevention risk factor 1. Introduction Falls represent a significant threat to older adults, leading to substantial harm and imposing a heavy burden on both the healthcare and aged-care systems. This challenge has been exacerbated by the rapid increase in life expectancy observed in the twentieth century [ 1 ]. Older people are particularly prone to sudden and unexpected falls. These falls, coupled with other medical, family, or social issues, significantly contribute to their healthcare needs [ 2 ]. The incidence of falls increases with age, posing a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems [ 3 ]. For instance, in 2015, the total cost of healthcare associated with fall injuries in older people was estimated at $ 31.3 million for non-fatal injuries and $ 637.5 million for fatal injuries [ 4 ]. The burden of fall-related harm among older adults is expected to grow as populations age [ 5 ]. Falls are a serious problem in residential aged-care settings [ 6 ]. However, research has shown that many falls can be prevented and the risk of injury reduced through effective prevention programs [ 7 ]. For example, regular physical activity that enhances strength, balance, and coordination can significantly reduce the risk of falls [ 8 ]. These programs should be tailored to each individual’s needs and monitored by trained health professionals, ensuring they are suitable for people of different ages, genders, and physical abilities [ 9 – 11 ]. The risk of falls among older adults is associated with various factors, including increased frailty, which is a geriatric syndrome resulting from the cumulative loss of reserve across multiple physiological systems [ 12 , 13 ]. This risk is exacerbated by the natural aging process and the progression of acute and chronic health problems [ 14 ]. Other geriatric syndromes, such as osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, and impaired vision, also play a pivotal role in increasing the risk of falls [ 15 – 17 ]. A sedentary lifestyle, which leads to muscle mass and strength loss, bone density reduction, and other health issues, further increases the risk of falls [ 8 , 18 ]. Moreover, there is ample evidence linking the use of medications, including antihypertensives and sleeping pills, to an increased risk of falls [ 19 , 20 ]. Although numerous studies have examined the quality of life, sociodemographic factors, health, and nutrition of elderly residents in Lebanese nursing homes, little research has focused on falls and their risk factors in these settings [ 21 – 25 ]. A notable gap also exists regarding gender differences in falls among older adults in Lebanon. Moreover, there is insufficient research on falls that provides explicit definitions and operationalizations of the terms sex and gender. This limitation hinders understanding of health outcomes and how they vary according to sex and gender. This study aimed to explore gender differences in falls and mobility patterns among older adults in Lebanon. It also sought to identify the main causes, potential risks, and protective factors against falls among institutionalized elderly residents. The findings are expected to promote the development of effective fall prevention strategies and enhance the understanding of the predictors of falls in elderly male and female populations. 2. Methods 2.1. Study design and population This observational, cross-sectional pilot study was conducted between April 2017 and July 2017 among institutionalized seniors residing in an elderly healthcare center in the Chouf district, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon. It included patients aged 65 years and older, able to understand the study, and admitted to the medical center for different types of medical care offered by the institution (nursing, rehabilitation, or residence). The exclusion criteria consisted of patients below the age of 65 and those who refused to participate or were mentally unfit to be interviewed, such as patients diagnosed with a severe neurological disorder and those admitted to the intensive care unit. All participants gave their oral or written consent to be interviewed.. 2.2. Sample size The minimum sample size was calculated using the Epi Info software for public health practice, version 7.2 [ 26 ]. Considering a global incidence of falls among older adults of 26.5% [ 27 ] and a Lebanese older population (> 65 years) of 9.7% of the general Lebanese population in 2017 [ 28 ], a minimum sample size of 298 elderly patients was necessary to reach a confidence level of 95% and an acceptable margin of error of 5%, ensuring appropriate power for statistical analyses. All participants included in this study were randomly selected from the list of patients admitted to the institution. 2.3. Ethical considerations The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Ain Wazain Hospital, Chouf, Lebanon, approved this study protocol under the reference number (CRU173). The protocol specified obtaining oral consent from all the participants and written consent from those capable of signing due to the expected low level of literacy among many participants and for the protection of the rights. All participants provided oral or written consent prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, with the option to withdraw from the study at any time. Additionally, the data were anonymized and de-identified to protect participants’ privacy and confidentiality. 2.4. Data collection tools Data were collected through an anonymous, custom-designed questionnaire administered during interviews with the elderly patients enrolled in the study, supplemented by health information from their medical records. The questionnaire, which took about 30 minutes to complete, consisted of open and closed-ended questions distributed across eight sections: sociodemographic characteristics, personal health data, health habits, personal safety, medications, the presence of orthostatic hypotension, psychological assessment, functional assessment, and fall general assessment. It included questions about age, gender, height, weight, health and medical status, history of falls, smoking habits, physical activity, and alcohol and caffeine intake. Other fall-related variables, such as chronic medical treatment and the use of glasses or any medical device, were also recorded. A pre-test of the questionnaire was conducted among a small sample of adults over 65 to identify understanding and acceptability issues. Based on this pre-test, some questions were rephrased for better comprehension before starting the data collection among the included participants. The question “How many times have you fallen in the past 12 months?” was used to classify participants as having a history of falls when reporting one or more fall episodes in the past 12 months. Moreover, as per the hospital policies, a trained physiotherapist used the following assessment tools to further assess falls and mobility patterns among the participants; some equipment was needed to conduct these assessments, such as an armless chair, a measuring tape, a sphygmomanometer, a stethoscope, a weighing machine, and a stopwatch. 2.4.1. The Tinetti Balance Assessment Test The Tinetti balance assessment test is widely used to assess the gait and balance abilities of the elderly and their odds of falling within the coming year. The patient was asked to complete the gait part first, with the evaluator walking close behind and evaluating steppage gait and drift. The patient was then asked to complete the balance part, with the evaluator again standing close (towards the right and in front). Lastly, the patient was asked to sit, and the score was calculated, with higher scores indicating better performance. Individual scores were combined to form three scales: gait (maximum 12 points), balance (maximum 16 points), and overall (maximum 28 points). Scores categorize fall risk into high (≤ 18 high), moderate (19–23), and low (≥ 24) [ 29 , 30 ]. 2.4.2. The Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) Addressing both static and dynamic balance, the TUG is generally used by primary care providers to assess mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk by timing frail older adults or disabled patients as they rise from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down, wearing their regular footwear and using any mobility aids they usually need. Scores are categorized into three categories: normal mobility (≤ 10 seconds), within the normal limits (11–20 seconds), and needing close assistance (> 20 seconds), meaning that the person requires further examination and intervention. Scores higher than 13.5 seconds indicate that patients are at high risk of falling [ 31 , 32 ]. 2.4.3. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) The GDS short form is a 15-item instrument to assess depression in older adults. Depression is reflected by 10 questions answered positively and 5 questions answered negatively. Scores range as follows: no depression (0–4), mild (5–8), moderate (9–11), and severe (12–15) depression. This short form is suitable for the physically ill and mildly to moderately demented patients [ 33 ]. 2.4.4. The Elderly Mobility Scale (EMS) The EMS is a validated 20-point ordinal scale used for assessing mobility issues in the frail elderly. It evaluates seven functional activities, including bed mobility, transfers, bodily reactions to perturbation, as well as sit-to-stand and walking speed. The scale assesses gait based on the type of assistance required for walking, with maximum points awarded for safe walking without aid or with one stick. Scores under 10 indicate dependence on mobility and basic activities of daily living (ADL), such as transfers, toileting, and dressing. Scores of 10–13 suggest borderline independence, and scores above 14 reflect independence in mobility and basic ADL [ 34 ]. 2.4.5. Orthostatic hypotension Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg or a drop in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing compared to blood pressure from the sitting or supine position. Orthostatic hypotension was assessed by having participants lie down for 5 minutes, and then measuring their blood pressure and pulse rate in the lying position. Participants were then instructed to stand up, and their blood pressure and pulse rate were measured again after having stood for 1 minute. The measurements were recorded once more, 3 minutes after standing, to capture any drop in blood pressure that can indicate orthostatic hypotension [ 35 ]. 2.4.6. The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL) The Katz ADL is used to assess the functional status of the elderly in six areas of ADL, i.e., bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding, and plan treatment accordingly. It rates performance from 0 to 6 based on independence levels, as follows: 0 (completely dependent), 1 (requires extensive assistance), 2 (requires moderate assistance), 3 (requires minimal assistance), 4 (requires supervision), 5 (partially independent), and 6 (completely independent) [ 36 , 37 ]. 2.4.7. The Morse Fall Scale (MFS) The MFS is used to identify and rate fall risk factors, considering six elements: fall history, secondary diagnoses, intravenous access, ambulatory aid use and type, gait, and mental status. The MFS total score, calculated by summing the six subscores, determines the fall risk: 0–24 low risk, 25–44 medium risk, and ≥ 45 high risk [ 38 ]. 2.5. Data collection procedure Medical data from patient files were gathered, followed by face-to-face interviews conducted either in the patient’s room or the department’s living room. Interviews included open and closed questions asked in the participants’ preferred language. As Arabic and French are the most commonly used languages in the Chouf area, most interviews were conducted with real-time translation from English into Arabic or French. After the interviews, participants were asked to perform tasks to assess their mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk. Bedridden participants were unable to complete all the assessments requiring mobility cooperation, particularly the part assessing gait. 2.6. Statistical analysis The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. Descriptive analysis used counts and percentages for categorical variables and means and standard deviations for continuous measures. The chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables, and the Fisher test was used alternatively when at least one cell count in a 2×2 table was less than 5. Student’s t-tests compared quantitative variables. Bivariate analysis assessed the presence of fall episodes within the past 12 months as the dependent variable and all covariables and risk factors as independent variables. The independent-sample t-test and the ANOVA were used to compare the means of all scales between two groups or three or more groups, respectively. The Pearson correlation test was used to correlate continuous variables. A multivariate logistic regression with a backward model selection was conducted to assess fall correlates among the elderly stratified by gender, taking the presence of fall episodes within the past 12 months as the dependent variable. All significant risk factors (p-value < 0.05) from the bivariate analysis were included, while adjusting for confounders such as age, comorbidities, and mobility patterns. Backward stepwise model selection, typically used in cases of collinearity (when variables in a model are correlated with each other), started with the full model, considering the effects of all included variables simultaneously. It proceeded to a final model with the best selection of variables to explain the dependent variable. The Wald test was used to analyze the differences in the impact of each risk factor and correlate these with the presence of a fall history. All previously described assessment tools used in this study were analyzed in both their numerical and categorical recoded forms. The results were similar with both forms used in the regression models, and only the results using the quantitative scores are presented in this paper. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, with a p-value < 0.05 considered significant for all analyses. 3. Results 3.1. Sociodemographic characteristics A total of 300 elderly inpatients participated in the study, with a mean age of 79.27 ± 7.61 years. The majority were female (57.7%), primarily covered by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) (49.7%), mobile with assistance (43%), and hospitalized for nursing care (65.7%). Elderly women were significantly more inactive than elderly men (69.9% vs. 12.6%). Compared to women, men were significantly more frequently admitted to hospitals and residential elderly homes for permanent rather than temporary stays. Men were also more often admitted to nursing homes for nursing and rehabilitation purposes than residential purposes. Table 1 illustrates the participants’ characteristics. Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by gender distribution Characteristics Total (%) n = 300 Male (%) n = 127 Female (%) n = 173 p-value* Age classes 0.415 [65–70[ 36 (12.0) 17 (13.4) 19 (11.0) [70–85[ 189 (63.0) 83 (65.4) 106 (61.3) ≥ 85 75 (25.0) 27 (21.3) 48 (27.7) Marital status < 0.001 Single 32 (10.7) 4 (3.1) 28 (16.2) Married 192 (64.0) 97 (76.4) 95 (54.9) Divorced 10 (3.3) 3 (2.4) 7 (4.0) Widowed 66 (22.0) 23 (18.1) 43 (24.9) Health coverage 0.250 NSSF 57 (19.0) 29 (22.8) 28 (16.2) MOPH 149 (49.7) 57 (44.9) 92 (53.2) Other 94 (31.3) 41 (32.3) 53 (30.6) Number of children 0.01 0–2 79 (26.3) 22 (17.3) 57 (32.9) 3–6 162 (54.0) 77 (60.6) 85 (49.1) ≥ 7 59 (19.6) 28 (22.0) 31 (17.9) Occupation status < 0.001 Inactive 137 (45.6) 16 (12.6) 121 (69.9) Active 16 (5.3) 7 (5.5) 9 (5.2) Retired 147 (49.0) 104 (81.9) 43 (24.9) Length of Stay (in days) 0.212 [0–5[ 54 (18.0) 26 (20.5) 28 (16.2) [5–10[ 109 (36.3) 49 (38.6) 60 (34.7) [10–15[ 37 (12.3) 19 (15.0) 18 (10.4) [15–20[ 15 (5.0) 5 (3.9) 10 (5.8) ≥ 20 85 (28.4) 28 (22.0) 57 (32.9) Basis of stay 0.011 Temporary 223 (74.3) 104 (81.9) 119 (68.8) Permanent 77 (25.7) 23 (18.1) 54 (31.2) Level of dependency 0.118 Mobile 65 (21.7) 32 (25.2) 33 (19.1) Mobile with assistance 129 (43.0) 46 (36.2) 83 (48.0) Totally dependent 106 (35.3) 49 (38.6) 57 (32.9) Care type 0.001 Residential 65 (21.7) 15 (11.8) 50 (28.9) Nursing 197 (65.7) 92 (72.4) 105 (60.7) Nursing and Rehabilitation 38 (12.7) 20 (15.7) 18 (10.4) Abbreviations : MOPH: Ministry of Public Health; NSSF: National Social Security Fund Percentages within columns are shown in the table and may not total 100 due to rounding. * p-values in bold: statistically significant values. 3.2. Falls among males and females Table 2 presents the cumulative incidence, characteristics, and correlates of falls among the elderly. Of the total study population, 197 (65.7%) older adults had experienced a fall in the past 12 months, with 18 experiencing a recent fall (less than 4 months from the beginning of the study). Falls were significantly more common among female fallers (n = 121; 69.9%) compared to male fallers (n = 76; 59.8%, p = 0.045). Falls were mainly due to medical conditions (13.7%), with accidental falls being the most dominant type (42.6%). Women were more likely to fall out of bed, lose their balance, and trip compared to men, whose falls were more due to weaknesses and medical conditions. Accidental falls were more frequently reported among women than men, while men experienced more anticipated and unanticipated falls. Additionally, elderly women who had fallen within the past 12 months were more likely to have osteoporosis (p < 0.001), obesity (< 0.001), and take slipping pills (p = 0.024). In contrast, men with a history of falls were more likely to have Parkinson’s disease (p = 0.014) and consume more alcohol (p < 0.001) compared to women. Table 2 Cumulative incidence, characteristics and correlates of falls by gender distribution among elderly fallers (n = 197) All fallers (%) Male fallers (%) Female fallers (%) p-value * Fall incidence 197/300 (65.7) 76/127 (59.8) 121/173 (69.9) 0.045 Causes of falls < 0.001 Fell out of bed 16 (8.1) 3 (3.9) 13 (10.7) Dizziness 12 (6.1) 6 (7.9) 6 (5.0) Loss of balance 8 (4.1) 0 (0.0) 8 (6.6) Weakness 6 (3.0) 6 (7.9) 0 (0.0) Toilet related 10 (5.1) 4 (5.3) 6 (5.0) Slipped or tripped 14 (7.1) 5 (6.6) 9 (7.4) Medical condition 27 (13.7) 18 (23.7) 9 (7.4) Other mixed causes 104 (52.8) 34 (44.7) 70 (57.8) Type of falls 0.007 Accidental falls 84 (42.6) 25 (32.9) 59 (48.8) Anticipated falls 15 (7.6) 7 (9.2) 8 (6.6) Unanticipated falls 43 (21.8) 26 (34.2) 17 (14.0) Mixed type 55 (27.9) 18 (23.7) 37 (30.6) Having fall injuries 95 (31.7) 36 (47.4) 59 (48.8) 0.884 Biological risk factors Osteoporosis 25 (12.7) 2 (2.6) 23 (19.0) < 0.001 Arthritis 34 (17.3) 9 (11.8) 25 (20.7) 0.125 Urinary incontinence 3 (1.5) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.5) 0.286 Parkinson 7 (3.6) 6 (7.9) 1 (0.8) 0.014 Poor vision 98 (49.7) 42 (55.3) 56 (46.3) 0.243 Mild to severe frailty 178 (90.4) 72 (94.7) 106 (87.6) 0.137 Obesity 43 (21.9) 4 (5.2) 39 (32.2) < 0.001 Medication intake Steroid 91 (46.2) 35 (46.1) 56 (46.3) 1.000 Antihypertensive 46 (23.4) 19 (25.0) 27 (22.3) 0.730 Diuretic 47 (23.9) 16 (21.1) 31 (25.6) 0.497 Antidepressant 48 (24.4) 13 (17.1) 35 (28.9) 0.063 Sleeping pills and mood stabilizers’ intake 24 (12.2) 4 (5.3) 20 (16.5) 0.024 Behavioral risk factors Fear of falling 173 (87.8) 64 (84.2) 109 (90.1) 0.265 Alcohol intake 21 (10.7) 16 (21.1) 5 (4.1) < 0.001 Caffeine consumption 171 (86.8) 63 (82.9) 108 (89.3) 0.279 Bedridden/Inactive individuals 65 (33.0) 27 (35.5) 38 (31.4) 0.641 Mild physical activity 68 (34.5) 27 (35.5) 41 (33.9) 0.878 Percentages within columns are shown in the table. * p-values in bold: statistically significant values. Table 3 Logistic regression analysis between history of falls and associated risk factors A-Model for the whole sample and adjusted for gender; B-Model stratified by gender with male results; C-Model stratified by gender with female results 95% C.I. for Exp(B) B S.E. Wald p-value* Exp(B) = ORa Lower Upper A-Model for the whole sample adjusted for gender (N = 281) Marital Status Single (ref) 9.751 0.021 Married -2.450 0.793 9.539 0.002 0.086 0.018 0.408 Divorced -2.279 1.318 2.990 0.084 0.102 0.008 1.355 Widowed -1.682 0.824 4.169 0.041 0.186 0.037 0.935 Care type Residential (ref) 7.313 0.026 Nursing -1.915 0.715 7.177 0.007 0.147 0.036 0.598 Nursing and rehabilitation -1.679 0.924 3.302 0.069 0.187 0.031 1.141 Sleeping pills and mood stabilizers’ intake 2.197 0.861 6.508 0.011 9.001 1.664 48.693 Timed up and go test -0.062 0.026 5.675 0.017 0.940 0.893 0.989 ADL score -0.470 0.183 6.583 0.010 0.625 0.436 0.895 Tinetti balance and gait score 0.062 0.026 5.947 0.015 1.064 1.012 1.119 Poor balance 1.971 0.997 3.909 0.048 7.177 1.017 50.642 Orthostatic hypotension 0.952 0.462 4.236 0.040 2.590 1.046 6.409 Morse Fall Scale 0.115 0.015 57.470 0.000 1.122 1.089 1.156 Regular Exercise 0.324 0.167 3.742 0.053 1.382 0.996 1.919 Poor Memory 0.829 0.510 2.644 0.104 2.292 0.843 6.226 B-Model stratified by gender with male results (N = 118) Morse Fall Scale 0.070 0.015 22.262 0.000 1.073 1.042 1.104 Unsteady walking 1.826 0.637 8.218 0.004 6.210 1.782 21.646 ADL score -0.224 0.124 3.260 0.071 0.799 0.627 1.019 C-Model stratified by gender with female results (N = 163) Marital Status Single (ref) 11.491 0.009 Married -5.158 1.525 11.448 0.001 0.006 0.000 0.114 Divorced -2.561 2.247 1.299 0.254 0.077 0.001 6.313 Widowed -3.183 1.336 5.675 0.017 0.041 0.003 0.569 Care type Residential (ref) 9.070 0.011 Nursing -3.840 1.287 8.905 0.003 0.021 0.002 0.268 Nursing and rehabilitation -3.243 1.649 3.868 0.049 0.039 0.002 0.989 Sleeping pills and mood stabilizers’ intake 5.111 1.717 8.862 0.003 165.860 5.732 4799.514 Tinetti balance and gait score 0.105 0.044 5.780 0.016 1.110 1.020 1.209 Timed up and go test -0.103 0.044 5.531 0.019 0.902 0.827 0.983 ADL score -0.820 0.331 6.140 0.013 0.441 0.230 0.843 Morse Fall Scale 0.217 0.044 24.875 0.000 1.243 1.141 1.353 Orthostatic hypotension 1.454 0.837 3.020 0.082 4.280 0.831 22.052 Use of walking device -1.705 0.825 4.271 0.039 0.182 0.036 0.916 Poor balance 2.773 1.324 4.388 0.036 16.009 1.195 214.403 Osteoporosis -2.169 1.129 3.688 0.055 0.114 0.013 1.046 Exercise 0.586 0.302 3.757 0.053 1.797 0.994 3.251 Abbreviations : ADL: Activity of Daily Living; ref: Reference B: Unstandardized regression weight coefficient (the value for the logistic regression equation for predicting the dependent variable from the independent variable; S.E: Standard errors associated with B. * p-values in bold: Statistically significant results. 3.3. Bivariate analysis The results of all bivariate analyses are presented in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. Age (p = 0.012) and marital status (p = 0.023) were significantly associated with a history of falls among the participants. The history of falls in the past 12 months was significantly associated with marital status (n = 115, 58.4%) and age between 70 and 85 years (n = 127, 64.5%). Moreover, the level of dependency (p = 0.001) and type of care (p = 0.015) were also significantly associated with falls. Mobile patients needing assistance (49.2%) and those admitted for nursing care (n = 118, 59.9%) were the most affected. Notably, female patients were more prone to falls, with 40.3% of the total study sample being female and 32.7% of participants without caregivers experiencing falls within the last 12 months. Regarding the medical and surgical history of the patients, osteoporosis (p = 0.041), cataract surgery (p = 0.008), balance deficits (p = 0.013), poor vision (p = 0.028), blurry vision (p = 0.015), high blood pressure (p = 0.038), muscle weakness (p = 0.007), dizziness (p = 0.018), and poor memory (p = 0.003) were positively associated with the history of falls. However, migraines were negatively associated with fall history (p = 0.048). No significant associations were found between health habits and personal behaviors related to alcohol and caffeine intake, physical activity, and exercising. Only medications that help in sleeping and improving the mood were positively associated with a history of falls (p = 0.021). Furthermore, the orthostatic hypotension-related factors significantly influenced the occurrence of falls. Specifically, 31% of fallers experienced dizziness (p = 0.005), 23.4% had changes in vision, such as blurring or blacking out (p = 0.001), and 31% had a drop in systolic (p = 0.003) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.002) ( Supplemental Table S1 ). The Geriatric Depression Scale was significantly associated with falls (p = 0.050), with 44.6% of the population who experienced at least one fall episode in the past 12 months being moderately depressed (scoring 9–11 over 15). Fear of falling among older adults was positively associated with a history of falls (n = 173, 87.8%; p = 0.029). Regarding the functional assessment, all components of the Elderly Mobility Scale, including gait and balance, were significantly associated with a history of falls (p < 0.05), except for the functional reach part (p = 0.292). Notably, 21.8% of fallers required the assistance of at least one person when moving from lying to sitting positions, 45.2% from sitting to lying positions, and 42.1% from sitting to standing. The total score indicates that 68.5% of the fallers were dependent on mobility (p = 0.010). Oher functional assessments, including the Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool, the TUG test, and the Katz ADL, were also significantly associated with falls (p < 0.001, p = 0.019, and p = 0.001, respectively). All fall assessments, including correlates and risk factors, were significantly associated with a history of falls, with 71.1% of those using a walking aid experiencing at least one fall episode in the past 12 months. Additionally, 65.5% experienced gait disturbances, and 83.2% were unsteady while walking. Lastly, the Morse Fall Assessment was significantly associated with a history of falls (p < 0.001), with 87.8% of the fallers scoring more than 45 compared to 47.6% among non-fallers ( Supplementary Table S2 ). 3.4. Multivariable analysis The multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for gender, showed that married individuals were less likely to experience falls compared to single individuals (OR = 0.08, 95% CI [0.02–0.41]). Elderly participants admitted for nursing care were less likely to fall compared to those admitted for residential stays (OR = 0.14 [0.03–0.59]). Those with poor balance and postural hypotension were at higher risk of falling (OR = 7.17 [1.02–50.64] and OR = 2.59 [1.04–6.41], respectively). Similarly, participants taking sleeping pills and mood stabilizers were more prone to falls than people who did not take those medications (9.00 [1.66–48.69]). The Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment and the Morse Fall Scale identified patients at a higher risk of falls (OR = 1.06 [1.01–1.12] and OR = 1.12 [1.09–1.15], respectively). TUG and Katz ADL scores were inversely associated with the presence of falls (OR = 0.94 [0.89–0.99] and OR = 0.62 [0.43–0.89], respectively), indicating that lower scores on these assessments were correlated with a higher risk of falls. Notably, practicing vigorous exercises and physical activity tended to be positively associated with a history of falls, although this association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.053) (Table 3 A). When stratifying by gender, the regression models showed that the Morse Fall scale and unsteady walking were positively associated with a history of falls in elderly men (OR = 1.07 [1.04–1.10] and OR = 6.21 [1.78–21.64], respectively) (Table 3 B). As in the overall population, elderly women exhibited the same factors and associations with fall history, except for orthostatic hypotension, which was positively associated with falls but did not reach statistical significance (OR = 4.28 [0.83–22.05]; p = 0.082). Moreover, using a walking device was found to be protective against the risk of falls among elderly women (OR = 0.18 [0.03–0.91]) (Table 3 C). 4. Discussion Falls among elderly individuals represent a significant yet underrecognized public health concern in Lebanon. This pioneering study examines gender differences in falls and mobility patterns among nursing home residents aged 65 and older, providing insights to guide future research and interventions in Lebanon and neighboring countries. The results align with previous research [ 39 ][ 40 – 43 ], demonstrating a higher incidence of falls among women, particularly those admitted to the geriatric medicine department for chronic conditions such as dementia and strokes. Hip fractures emerged as the most frequent injury following a fall, consistent with prior research [ 44 ]. Marital status and the nursing care environment were protective factors against falls, highlighting the importance of social support and structured care in fall prevention [ 45 ]. 4.1. Health and Physical Risk Factors Consistent with previous findings [ 46 , 47 ], poor balance and postural hypotension significantly increased fall risk. In addition, the use of sleeping pills and mood stabilizers was also linked to a higher fall likelihood [ 48 ]. Effective assessment tools included the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment and the Morse Fall Scale. Better performance on the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Katz ADL was inversely related to fall risk, highlighting the importance of maintaining functional mobility and incorporating these tools into routine evaluations in elderly care settings [ 49 ]. 4.2. Types of Falls and Regional Factors Contrary to other studies [ 50 ], most falls were accidental rather than anticipated physiological falls. Intrinsic risk factors, including osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, hypertension, strokes, and visual impairment, were prevalent. The lifestyle and habits in the Chouf region, such as limited sun exposure due to traditional clothing, contribute to these risks [ 39 , 51 , 52 ]. 4.3. Extrinsic Risk Factors and Environmental Factors Extrinsic risk factors, such as a lack of nursing staff, unlocked beds, and unsuitable equipment, contribute to falls [ 53 ]. Unlike hospitals, nursing homes often lack the supervision provided by family members. Nurses’ assessments of psychological status and fall risk often lack accuracy and validation, leading to misclassification. Depression linked to falls was frequent due to relocation, non-family care, economic issues, and unexpected diagnoses [ 54 , 55 ]. 4.4. Gender-Specific Findings In the present study, no significant association was found between gender and a history of falls. This lack of association could be partly explained by the sample size distribution and the subjectivity of the answers related to the presence of previous falls. However, some differences were found in the risk factors associated with falls among women and men. Stratification analysis by gender revealed distinct differences in fall risk factors. Among elderly men, the Morse Fall Scale and unsteady walking were significant predictors of falls, highlighting the need for targeted interventions addressing balance and gait stability in this population [ 56 ]. As for elderly women, the factors associated with falls were similar to those for the overall population, with additional factors such as the use of a walking device shown to be protective. Women were more exposed to depression and consumed more sleeping pills and mood stabilizers compared to men, which was significantly associated with more falls among them [ 57 , 58 ]. 4.5. Medication and Hospitalization Medications such as benzodiazepines, antihypertensives, diuretics, and combinations of polypharmacy may increase the risk of falls [ 13 , 48 , 59 – 61 ]. This association was not found in the present study, likely due to the small number of participants using these medications. Consistent with our findings, research has shown that extended hospital stays were a primary risk factor for falls attributed to muscle weakness, decreased appetite, depression, and fatigue [ 62 ]. Studies have shown that multiple factors interact to increase fall rates [ 63 , 64 ], consistent with our findings, particularly regarding the concurrent presence of gait and balance disturbances and dizziness among older adults. Many of these patients experienced post-stroke hemiplegia, visual and hearing impairments, and orthostatic hypotension, all of which led to many recorded fall episodes. Moreover, many inpatients fell while attempting to get out of bed, as previously reported in the literature [ 35 ]. This risk is exacerbated in patients with higher frailty levels, potentially leading to severe injuries [ 65 ]. Another possible explanation is that walking aids are not often within easy reach, as noticed by the physical therapist during data collection at the elderly center. Consequently, patients have to get out of bed unassisted to reach their walking devices, increasing the risk of falls. Previous studies have reported a strong association between alcohol intake and multiple falls for both female and male elderly patients [ 66 , 67 ]. However, in the present study, no such association was found, as only a few participants consumed alcohol. This low percentage is due to the religious beliefs and cultural norms of the majority of the patients residing in the Chouf region of Lebanon. A positive association was found between fear of falling and actual falls among both genders, consistent with previous studies [ 68 , 69 ]. Also aligning with prior findings, muscle weakness and blurred vision were identified as risk factors for falls [ 70 ], highlighting medical conditions as the primary cause of falls [ 68 ]. The Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment was also found to be the most effective tool for detecting the risk of falls among our sample [ 71 ]. Contrary to previous findings showing a positive association between physical activity and reduced fall incidence, physical activity was not significant in the present study [ 72 , 73 ]. This discrepancy could be attributed to a lack of education on the importance of regular physical activity among our study population. 4.6. Limitations and strengths of the study This study had some limitations that may have influenced the results, necessitating cautious interpretation. The cross-sectional design of this study is a primary limitation, as it shares the potential for recall bias inherent in observational studies. Patients may have over- or underestimated fall episodes and related injuries over the past twelve months when recalling from memory. To mitigate this bias and get more detailed and accurate information, more questions were added to the study questionnaire regarding fall history and risk factors, and objective, well-known tools were used to assess fall risk and mobility among the older population. However, future studies are needed to validate these tools, specifically among the elderly Lebanese population. A language bias should be considered as the questionnaire underwent real-time translation from English into Arabic and French based on participants’ preferences. Translations may introduce errors, inaccuracies, or nuances lost when conveying complex concepts, potentially affecting the validity and reliability of the data collected. To minimize this bias, all medical and scientific terms were verified by two investigators (D.S. and R.R.) to ensure the adequacy of the scientific terms used in Arabic or French with the patient. Another limitation is the lack of estimations for the extrinsic risk factors and causes of falls within the environment, which have a great impact on fall episodes. Some variables were not assessed and completed due to the patient’s medical and psychological condition, resulting in missing variables. Therefore, the multivariable analysis accounted for confounding factors such as unsteady walking, dependency level, cause of admission, and others, thus reducing the probability of differential bias. Moreover, the results cannot be generalized to the entire Lebanese elderly population until confirmed by further studies covering a broader spectrum of nursing homes across all Lebanese governorates. Despite these limitations, the strengths of this study include the use of a questionnaire that helped capture many risk factors and the most prevalent causes of falls in relation to the history of falls among the elderly population, as well as objective assessment tools that measure mobility patterns and fall risks. 4.7. Implications for Fall Prevention These findings highlight critical areas for intervention. Regular assessments using tools like the Morse Fall Scale and the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment can help identify high-risk individuals. Tailored exercise programs focusing on strength, balance, and coordination are essential, particularly for those with poor balance and postural hypotension. Additionally, careful management of medications, especially sedatives and mood stabilizers, is crucial to reducing fall risk. Healthcare providers should regularly review and adjust medication regimens to minimize adverse effects related to balance and stability. 4.8. Practical implications The assessment of falls and potential risk factors among the elderly population should be an ongoing and rigorous process, not just a one-time assessment done upon admission. Preventing falls for elderly inpatients requires coordinated and sustained efforts, resulting in an increase in the number of health professionals and staff dedicated to providing enhanced assistance and supervision, especially for high-fall-risk residents. Allocating adequate resources toward achieving this goal should be a priority for elderly care facilities. 5. Conclusion This study pioneered the exploration of gender-specific risk factors and patterns of falls among the elderly residing in nursing homes in Lebanon, becoming the first to underscore the need for tailored prevention strategies that address the unique perspectives of both genders. It highlighted the importance of implementing interventions that account for gender-based differences, thereby enhancing fall prevention efforts in elderly care settings. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors extend their appreciation to all those who helped directly and indirectly in the IRB approval process and in the performing of this study including all participants, the staff at the elderly center where the study was conducted. Author Contributions Study design and methodology, all the authors; resources, S.E.K., C.B.M., R.R. and D.S.; data collection and clinical assessment: R.R.; data curation and statistical analysis: D.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.E.K, C.B.M., D.S.; writing—editing, H.S.; writing—initial critical review, P.S.; writing—review of the manuscript, all the authors; project supervision, P.S. and D.S. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Data Availability Statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. 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Effectiveness of Exergaming Training in Reducing Risk and Incidence of Falls in Frail Older Adults With a History of Falls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015;96:2096–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.427. Sitjà-Rabert M, Martínez-Zapata MJ, Fort Vanmeerhaeghe A, Rey Abella F, Romero-Rodríguez D, Bonfill X. Effects of a whole body vibration (WBV) exercise intervention for institutionalized older people: a randomized, multicentre, parallel, clinical trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015;16:125–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.07.018. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4658481","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":321848476,"identity":"4d99d8d3-1b62-4f9f-a936-a11b2a15bdbf","order_by":0,"name":"Sarah El Khatib","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQkgkdgAYvIwPv5RAaSZmRsIaWFsgGphNmY4A9LCSIQWiBoeNmnGNhCDgBbJ2c3PHzzcUSdv3n72sHHhvNpo/naglh8V23BqkZY5ZtiQeOaw4ZwzeYmPZ247njvjMNDanjO3cWqRk0gAamk7wDiDIcfYgHfbsdwGoBZmxjZ8WtI/ArXU2c/gf2MmwTvnWO58QlqkJXJAtjAnzpDIMZPmbajJ3UBIi+SMnMIZQL8kz5B4Y2w449iB3I1ALQfx+UXiRvqGjz931NnO4M8xfPChpi533vnDBx/8qMCtBR0cBpMHiFYPBHWkKB4Fo2AUjIIRAgA8AmDE5Q7TQwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sarah","middleName":"El","lastName":"Khatib","suffix":""},{"id":321848477,"identity":"b5a26846-3e15-414e-b1d5-2ef945c2e3d2","order_by":1,"name":"Carmela Bou Malham","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carmela","middleName":"Bou","lastName":"Malham","suffix":""},{"id":321848478,"identity":"f58dab7f-3522-4f7e-b530-f1c48c1533a4","order_by":2,"name":"Hala Sacre","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hala","middleName":"","lastName":"Sacre","suffix":""},{"id":321848479,"identity":"8e19f473-fd5c-4a57-b45d-022b1e536aa5","order_by":3,"name":"Rachelle Rassy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lebanese University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rachelle","middleName":"","lastName":"Rassy","suffix":""},{"id":321848480,"identity":"7e2a981c-518c-402a-87fe-ed54105314d5","order_by":4,"name":"Aline Hajj","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aline","middleName":"","lastName":"Hajj","suffix":""},{"id":321848482,"identity":"20ee548e-32f9-43c6-8fa0-a73d421c479f","order_by":5,"name":"Pascale Salameh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pascale","middleName":"","lastName":"Salameh","suffix":""},{"id":321848485,"identity":"c567e3c6-d261-4635-8c64-cd0830777c76","order_by":6,"name":"Danielle Saadeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Danielle","middleName":"","lastName":"Saadeh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-29 09:08:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4658481/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4658481/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90784780,"identity":"ae50ec50-5d1a-4515-97e1-cdaa0a1ec49a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 06:47:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2212111,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4658481/v1/4e43d2b2-783b-4d39-b471-cd62a237ecb9.pdf"},{"id":60990219,"identity":"8b8938ef-0215-4454-9527-65a4b762a819","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-24 11:01:33","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":41967,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4658481/v1/bab8977f39598ebe86f649f4.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploring Gender Differences in Falls and Mobility Patterns Among Older Adults in Lebanon","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFalls represent a significant threat to older adults, leading to substantial harm and imposing a heavy burden on both the healthcare and aged-care systems. This challenge has been exacerbated by the rapid increase in life expectancy observed in the twentieth century [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Older people are particularly prone to sudden and unexpected falls. These falls, coupled with other medical, family, or social issues, significantly contribute to their healthcare needs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incidence of falls increases with age, posing a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, in 2015, the total cost of healthcare associated with fall injuries in older people was estimated at \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e31.3\u0026nbsp;million for non-fatal injuries and \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e637.5\u0026nbsp;million for fatal injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The burden of fall-related harm among older adults is expected to grow as populations age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalls are a serious problem in residential aged-care settings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. However, research has shown that many falls can be prevented and the risk of injury reduced through effective prevention programs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, regular physical activity that enhances strength, balance, and coordination can significantly reduce the risk of falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. These programs should be tailored to each individual\u0026rsquo;s needs and monitored by trained health professionals, ensuring they are suitable for people of different ages, genders, and physical abilities [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe risk of falls among older adults is associated with various factors, including increased frailty, which is a geriatric syndrome resulting from the cumulative loss of reserve across multiple physiological systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. This risk is exacerbated by the natural aging process and the progression of acute and chronic health problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Other geriatric syndromes, such as osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, and impaired vision, also play a pivotal role in increasing the risk of falls [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. A sedentary lifestyle, which leads to muscle mass and strength loss, bone density reduction, and other health issues, further increases the risk of falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, there is ample evidence linking the use of medications, including antihypertensives and sleeping pills, to an increased risk of falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough numerous studies have examined the quality of life, sociodemographic factors, health, and nutrition of elderly residents in Lebanese nursing homes, little research has focused on falls and their risk factors in these settings [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22 CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. A notable gap also exists regarding gender differences in falls among older adults in Lebanon. Moreover, there is insufficient research on falls that provides explicit definitions and operationalizations of the terms sex and gender. This limitation hinders understanding of health outcomes and how they vary according to sex and gender.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to explore gender differences in falls and mobility patterns among older adults in Lebanon. It also sought to identify the main causes, potential risks, and protective factors against falls among institutionalized elderly residents. The findings are expected to promote the development of effective fall prevention strategies and enhance the understanding of the predictors of falls in elderly male and female populations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study design and population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis observational, cross-sectional pilot study was conducted between April 2017 and July 2017 among institutionalized seniors residing in an elderly healthcare center in the Chouf district, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon. It included patients aged 65 years and older, able to understand the study, and admitted to the medical center for different types of medical care offered by the institution (nursing, rehabilitation, or residence). The exclusion criteria consisted of patients below the age of 65 and those who refused to participate or were mentally unfit to be interviewed, such as patients diagnosed with a severe neurological disorder and those admitted to the intensive care unit. All participants gave their oral or written consent to be interviewed..\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Sample size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minimum sample size was calculated using the Epi Info software for public health practice, version 7.2 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering a global incidence of falls among older adults of 26.5% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] and a Lebanese older population (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;65 years) of 9.7% of the general Lebanese population in 2017 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], a minimum sample size of 298 elderly patients was necessary to reach a confidence level of 95% and an acceptable margin of error of 5%, ensuring appropriate power for statistical analyses. All participants included in this study were randomly selected from the list of patients admitted to the institution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Ethical considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Ain Wazain Hospital, Chouf, Lebanon, approved this study protocol under the reference number (CRU173). The protocol specified obtaining oral consent from all the participants and written consent from those capable of signing due to the expected low level of literacy among many participants and for the protection of the rights. All participants provided oral or written consent prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, with the option to withdraw from the study at any time. Additionally, the data were anonymized and de-identified to protect participants\u0026rsquo; privacy and confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Data collection tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected through an anonymous, custom-designed questionnaire administered during interviews with the elderly patients enrolled in the study, supplemented by health information from their medical records.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire, which took about 30 minutes to complete, consisted of open and closed-ended questions distributed across eight sections: sociodemographic characteristics, personal health data, health habits, personal safety, medications, the presence of orthostatic hypotension, psychological assessment, functional assessment, and fall general assessment. It included questions about age, gender, height, weight, health and medical status, history of falls, smoking habits, physical activity, and alcohol and caffeine intake. Other fall-related variables, such as chronic medical treatment and the use of glasses or any medical device, were also recorded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA pre-test of the questionnaire was conducted among a small sample of adults over 65 to identify understanding and acceptability issues. Based on this pre-test, some questions were rephrased for better comprehension before starting the data collection among the included participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe question \u0026ldquo;How many times have you fallen in the past 12 months?\u0026rdquo; was used to classify participants as having a history of falls when reporting one or more fall episodes in the past 12 months. Moreover, as per the hospital policies, a trained physiotherapist used the following assessment tools to further assess falls and mobility patterns among the participants; some equipment was needed to conduct these assessments, such as an armless chair, a measuring tape, a sphygmomanometer, a stethoscope, a weighing machine, and a stopwatch.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. The Tinetti Balance Assessment Test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Tinetti balance assessment test is widely used to assess the gait and balance abilities of the elderly and their odds of falling within the coming year. The patient was asked to complete the gait part first, with the evaluator walking close behind and evaluating steppage gait and drift. The patient was then asked to complete the balance part, with the evaluator again standing close (towards the right and in front). Lastly, the patient was asked to sit, and the score was calculated, with higher scores indicating better performance. Individual scores were combined to form three scales: gait (maximum 12 points), balance (maximum 16 points), and overall (maximum 28 points). Scores categorize fall risk into high (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;18 high), moderate (19\u0026ndash;23), and low (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;24) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.2. The Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddressing both static and dynamic balance, the TUG is generally used by primary care providers to assess mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk by timing frail older adults or disabled patients as they rise from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down, wearing their regular footwear and using any mobility aids they usually need. Scores are categorized into three categories: normal mobility (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 seconds), within the normal limits (11\u0026ndash;20 seconds), and needing close assistance (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20 seconds), meaning that the person requires further examination and intervention. Scores higher than 13.5 seconds indicate that patients are at high risk of falling [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.3. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GDS short form is a 15-item instrument to assess depression in older adults. Depression is reflected by 10 questions answered positively and 5 questions answered negatively. Scores range as follows: no depression (0\u0026ndash;4), mild (5\u0026ndash;8), moderate (9\u0026ndash;11), and severe (12\u0026ndash;15) depression. This short form is suitable for the physically ill and mildly to moderately demented patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.4. The Elderly Mobility Scale (EMS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EMS is a validated 20-point ordinal scale used for assessing mobility issues in the frail elderly. It evaluates seven functional activities, including bed mobility, transfers, bodily reactions to perturbation, as well as sit-to-stand and walking speed. The scale assesses gait based on the type of assistance required for walking, with maximum points awarded for safe walking without aid or with one stick. Scores under 10 indicate dependence on mobility and basic activities of daily living (ADL), such as transfers, toileting, and dressing. Scores of 10\u0026ndash;13 suggest borderline independence, and scores above 14 reflect independence in mobility and basic ADL [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.5. Orthostatic hypotension\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg or a drop in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing compared to blood pressure from the sitting or supine position. Orthostatic hypotension was assessed by having participants lie down for 5 minutes, and then measuring their blood pressure and pulse rate in the lying position. Participants were then instructed to stand up, and their blood pressure and pulse rate were measured again after having stood for 1 minute. The measurements were recorded once more, 3 minutes after standing, to capture any drop in blood pressure that can indicate orthostatic hypotension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.6. The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Katz ADL is used to assess the functional status of the elderly in six areas of ADL, i.e., bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding, and plan treatment accordingly. It rates performance from 0 to 6 based on independence levels, as follows: 0 (completely dependent), 1 (requires extensive assistance), 2 (requires moderate assistance), 3 (requires minimal assistance), 4 (requires supervision), 5 (partially independent), and 6 (completely independent) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.7. The Morse Fall Scale (MFS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MFS is used to identify and rate fall risk factors, considering six elements: fall history, secondary diagnoses, intravenous access, ambulatory aid use and type, gait, and mental status. The MFS total score, calculated by summing the six subscores, determines the fall risk: 0\u0026ndash;24 low risk, 25\u0026ndash;44 medium risk, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45 high risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Data collection procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical data from patient files were gathered, followed by face-to-face interviews conducted either in the patient\u0026rsquo;s room or the department\u0026rsquo;s living room. Interviews included open and closed questions asked in the participants\u0026rsquo; preferred language. As Arabic and French are the most commonly used languages in the Chouf area, most interviews were conducted with real-time translation from English into Arabic or French.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the interviews, participants were asked to perform tasks to assess their mobility, balance, walking ability, and fall risk. Bedridden participants were unable to complete all the assessments requiring mobility cooperation, particularly the part assessing gait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. Descriptive analysis used counts and percentages for categorical variables and means and standard deviations for continuous measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables, and the Fisher test was used alternatively when at least one cell count in a 2\u0026times;2 table was less than 5. Student\u0026rsquo;s t-tests compared quantitative variables. Bivariate analysis assessed the presence of fall episodes within the past 12 months as the dependent variable and all covariables and risk factors as independent variables. The independent-sample t-test and the ANOVA were used to compare the means of all scales between two groups or three or more groups, respectively. The Pearson correlation test was used to correlate continuous variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA multivariate logistic regression with a backward model selection was conducted to assess fall correlates among the elderly stratified by gender, taking the presence of fall episodes within the past 12 months as the dependent variable. All significant risk factors (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) from the bivariate analysis were included, while adjusting for confounders such as age, comorbidities, and mobility patterns. Backward stepwise model selection, typically used in cases of collinearity (when variables in a model are correlated with each other), started with the full model, considering the effects of all included variables simultaneously. It proceeded to a final model with the best selection of variables to explain the dependent variable. The Wald test was used to analyze the differences in the impact of each risk factor and correlate these with the presence of a fall history.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll previously described assessment tools used in this study were analyzed in both their numerical and categorical recoded forms. The results were similar with both forms used in the regression models, and only the results using the quantitative scores are presented in this paper. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 considered significant for all analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Sociodemographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 300 elderly inpatients participated in the study, with a mean age of 79.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.61 years. The majority were female (57.7%), primarily covered by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) (49.7%), mobile with assistance (43%), and hospitalized for nursing care (65.7%). Elderly women were significantly more inactive than elderly men (69.9% vs. 12.6%). Compared to women, men were significantly more frequently admitted to hospitals and residential elderly homes for permanent rather than temporary stays. Men were also more often admitted to nursing homes for nursing and rehabilitation purposes than residential purposes. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the participants\u0026rsquo; characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the study population by gender distribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge classes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.415\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[65\u0026ndash;70[\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[70\u0026ndash;85[\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189 (63.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (65.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (61.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (27.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192 (64.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (76.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (54.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (22.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth coverage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNSSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (22.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (49.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (44.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (26.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162 (54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (60.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (49.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (19.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (22.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInactive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (45.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121 (69.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147 (49.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (81.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLength of Stay (in days)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[0\u0026ndash;5[\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[5\u0026ndash;10[\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (36.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[10\u0026ndash;15[\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[15\u0026ndash;20[\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (22.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBasis of stay\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223 (74.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (81.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (68.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of dependency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (25.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile with assistance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (43.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (36.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (48.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotally dependent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCare type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidential\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197 (65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92 (72.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (60.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing and Rehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/b\u003e: MOPH: Ministry of Public Health; NSSF: National Social Security Fund\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ePercentages within columns are shown in the table and may not total 100 due to rounding.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003ep-values in bold: statistically significant values.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Falls among males and females\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the cumulative incidence, characteristics, and correlates of falls among the elderly. Of the total study population, 197 (65.7%) older adults had experienced a fall in the past 12 months, with 18 experiencing a recent fall (less than 4 months from the beginning of the study). Falls were significantly more common among female fallers (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121; 69.9%) compared to male fallers (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76; 59.8%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045). Falls were mainly due to medical conditions (13.7%), with accidental falls being the most dominant type (42.6%). Women were more likely to fall out of bed, lose their balance, and trip compared to men, whose falls were more due to weaknesses and medical conditions. Accidental falls were more frequently reported among women than men, while men experienced more anticipated and unanticipated falls. Additionally, elderly women who had fallen within the past 12 months were more likely to have osteoporosis (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), obesity (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and take slipping pills (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.024). In contrast, men with a history of falls were more likely to have Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s disease (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014) and consume more alcohol (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) compared to women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCumulative incidence, characteristics and correlates of falls by gender distribution among elderly fallers (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;197)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll fallers (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale fallers (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale fallers (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFall incidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197/300 (65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76/127 (59.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121/173 (69.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.045\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCauses of falls\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFell out of bed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizziness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss of balance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToilet related\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlipped or tripped\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther mixed causes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (52.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (44.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of falls\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccidental falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (42.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnticipated falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnanticipated falls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (21.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (34.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (27.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHaving fall injuries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (31.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiological risk factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArthritis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary incontinence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParkinson\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor vision\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (49.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (55.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild to severe frailty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178 (90.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (94.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106 (87.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (21.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedication intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteroid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (46.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntihypertensive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (22.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiuretic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (23.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (21.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (25.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntidepressant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSleeping pills and mood stabilizers\u0026rsquo; intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.024\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehavioral risk factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFear of falling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173 (87.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (84.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (90.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol intake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (21.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaffeine consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171 (86.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (82.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108 (89.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBedridden/Inactive individuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild physical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (34.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (33.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003ePercentages within columns are shown in the table.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003ep-values in bold: statistically significant values.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression analysis between history of falls and associated risk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA-Model for the whole sample and adjusted for gender; B-Model stratified by gender with male results; C-Model stratified by gender with female results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% C.I. for Exp(B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExp(B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e= ORa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA-Model for the whole sample adjusted for gender (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;281)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.318\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.041\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCare type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidential (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.026\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.915\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing and rehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSleeping pills and mood stabilizers\u0026rsquo; intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTimed up and go test\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eADL score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTinetti balance and gait score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoor balance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.048\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOrthostatic hypotension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.040\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMorse Fall Scale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.470\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegular Exercise\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoor Memory\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB-Model stratified by gender with male results (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;118)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMorse Fall Scale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnsteady walking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eADL score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC-Model stratified by gender with female results (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;163)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.491\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCare type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidential (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing and rehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.049\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSleeping pills and mood stabilizers\u0026rsquo; intake\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.732\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4799.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTinetti balance and gait score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.016\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTimed up and go test\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eADL score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMorse Fall Scale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOrthostatic hypotension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse of walking device\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.039\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoor balance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.773\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.036\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214.403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOsteoporosis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExercise\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.797\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/b\u003e: ADL: Activity of Daily Living; ref: Reference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eB: Unstandardized regression weight coefficient (the value for the logistic regression equation for predicting the dependent variable from the independent variable; S.E: Standard errors associated with B.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003ep-values in bold: Statistically significant results.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Bivariate analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of all bivariate analyses are presented in \u003cb\u003eSupplementary Tables S1 and S2.\u003c/b\u003e Age (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012) and marital status (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023) were significantly associated with a history of falls among the participants. The history of falls in the past 12 months was significantly associated with marital status (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;115, 58.4%) and age between 70 and 85 years (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;127, 64.5%). Moreover, the level of dependency (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and type of care (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) were also significantly associated with falls. Mobile patients needing assistance (49.2%) and those admitted for nursing care (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;118, 59.9%) were the most affected. Notably, female patients were more prone to falls, with 40.3% of the total study sample being female and 32.7% of participants without caregivers experiencing falls within the last 12 months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the medical and surgical history of the patients, osteoporosis (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041), cataract surgery (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008), balance deficits (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013), poor vision (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.028), blurry vision (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015), high blood pressure (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038), muscle weakness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), dizziness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018), and poor memory (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) were positively associated with the history of falls. However, migraines were negatively associated with fall history (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant associations were found between health habits and personal behaviors related to alcohol and caffeine intake, physical activity, and exercising. Only medications that help in sleeping and improving the mood were positively associated with a history of falls (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021). Furthermore, the orthostatic hypotension-related factors significantly influenced the occurrence of falls. Specifically, 31% of fallers experienced dizziness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), 23.4% had changes in vision, such as blurring or blacking out (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), and 31% had a drop in systolic (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) and diastolic blood pressure (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) (\u003cb\u003eSupplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Geriatric Depression Scale was significantly associated with falls (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.050), with 44.6% of the population who experienced at least one fall episode in the past 12 months being moderately depressed (scoring 9\u0026ndash;11 over 15). Fear of falling among older adults was positively associated with a history of falls (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;173, 87.8%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the functional assessment, all components of the Elderly Mobility Scale, including gait and balance, were significantly associated with a history of falls (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), except for the functional reach part (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.292). Notably, 21.8% of fallers required the assistance of at least one person when moving from lying to sitting positions, 45.2% from sitting to lying positions, and 42.1% from sitting to standing. The total score indicates that 68.5% of the fallers were dependent on mobility (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010). Oher functional assessments, including the Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool, the TUG test, and the Katz ADL, were also significantly associated with falls (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019, and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively). All fall assessments, including correlates and risk factors, were significantly associated with a history of falls, with 71.1% of those using a walking aid experiencing at least one fall episode in the past 12 months. Additionally, 65.5% experienced gait disturbances, and 83.2% were unsteady while walking. Lastly, the Morse Fall Assessment was significantly associated with a history of falls (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with 87.8% of the fallers scoring more than 45 compared to 47.6% among non-fallers (\u003cb\u003eSupplementary Table S2\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Multivariable analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for gender, showed that married individuals were less likely to experience falls compared to single individuals (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08, 95% CI [0.02\u0026ndash;0.41]). Elderly participants admitted for nursing care were less likely to fall compared to those admitted for residential stays (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.14 [0.03\u0026ndash;0.59]). Those with poor balance and postural hypotension were at higher risk of falling (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.17 [1.02\u0026ndash;50.64] and OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.59 [1.04\u0026ndash;6.41], respectively). Similarly, participants taking sleeping pills and mood stabilizers were more prone to falls than people who did not take those medications (9.00 [1.66\u0026ndash;48.69]). The Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment and the Morse Fall Scale identified patients at a higher risk of falls (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.06 [1.01\u0026ndash;1.12] and OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.12 [1.09\u0026ndash;1.15], respectively). TUG and Katz ADL scores were inversely associated with the presence of falls (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.94 [0.89\u0026ndash;0.99] and OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.62 [0.43\u0026ndash;0.89], respectively), indicating that lower scores on these assessments were correlated with a higher risk of falls. Notably, practicing vigorous exercises and physical activity tended to be positively associated with a history of falls, although this association did not reach statistical significance (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.053) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen stratifying by gender, the regression models showed that the Morse Fall scale and unsteady walking were positively associated with a history of falls in elderly men (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.07 [1.04\u0026ndash;1.10] and OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.21 [1.78\u0026ndash;21.64], respectively) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). As in the overall population, elderly women exhibited the same factors and associations with fall history, except for orthostatic hypotension, which was positively associated with falls but did not reach statistical significance (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.28 [0.83\u0026ndash;22.05]; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.082). Moreover, using a walking device was found to be protective against the risk of falls among elderly women (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.18 [0.03\u0026ndash;0.91]) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFalls among elderly individuals represent a significant yet underrecognized public health concern in Lebanon. This pioneering study examines gender differences in falls and mobility patterns among nursing home residents aged 65 and older, providing insights to guide future research and interventions in Lebanon and neighboring countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results align with previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR41 CR42\" citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], demonstrating a higher incidence of falls among women, particularly those admitted to the geriatric medicine department for chronic conditions such as dementia and strokes. Hip fractures emerged as the most frequent injury following a fall, consistent with prior research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status and the nursing care environment were protective factors against falls, highlighting the importance of social support and structured care in fall prevention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Health and Physical Risk Factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent with previous findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e], poor balance and postural hypotension significantly increased fall risk. In addition, the use of sleeping pills and mood stabilizers was also linked to a higher fall likelihood [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. Effective assessment tools included the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment and the Morse Fall Scale. Better performance on the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Katz ADL was inversely related to fall risk, highlighting the importance of maintaining functional mobility and incorporating these tools into routine evaluations in elderly care settings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Types of Falls and Regional Factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrary to other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e], most falls were accidental rather than anticipated physiological falls. Intrinsic risk factors, including osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, hypertension, strokes, and visual impairment, were prevalent. The lifestyle and habits in the Chouf region, such as limited sun exposure due to traditional clothing, contribute to these risks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Extrinsic Risk Factors and Environmental Factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrinsic risk factors, such as a lack of nursing staff, unlocked beds, and unsuitable equipment, contribute to falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. Unlike hospitals, nursing homes often lack the supervision provided by family members. Nurses\u0026rsquo; assessments of psychological status and fall risk often lack accuracy and validation, leading to misclassification. Depression linked to falls was frequent due to relocation, non-family care, economic issues, and unexpected diagnoses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Gender-Specific Findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, no significant association was found between gender and a history of falls. This lack of association could be partly explained by the sample size distribution and the subjectivity of the answers related to the presence of previous falls. However, some differences were found in the risk factors associated with falls among women and men.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratification analysis by gender revealed distinct differences in fall risk factors. Among elderly men, the Morse Fall Scale and unsteady walking were significant predictors of falls, highlighting the need for targeted interventions addressing balance and gait stability in this population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for elderly women, the factors associated with falls were similar to those for the overall population, with additional factors such as the use of a walking device shown to be protective. Women were more exposed to depression and consumed more sleeping pills and mood stabilizers compared to men, which was significantly associated with more falls among them [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Medication and Hospitalization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedications such as benzodiazepines, antihypertensives, diuretics, and combinations of polypharmacy may increase the risk of falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR60\" citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. This association was not found in the present study, likely due to the small number of participants using these medications. Consistent with our findings, research has shown that extended hospital stays were a primary risk factor for falls attributed to muscle weakness, decreased appetite, depression, and fatigue [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that multiple factors interact to increase fall rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e], consistent with our findings, particularly regarding the concurrent presence of gait and balance disturbances and dizziness among older adults. Many of these patients experienced post-stroke hemiplegia, visual and hearing impairments, and orthostatic hypotension, all of which led to many recorded fall episodes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, many inpatients fell while attempting to get out of bed, as previously reported in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. This risk is exacerbated in patients with higher frailty levels, potentially leading to severe injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. Another possible explanation is that walking aids are not often within easy reach, as noticed by the physical therapist during data collection at the elderly center. Consequently, patients have to get out of bed unassisted to reach their walking devices, increasing the risk of falls.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have reported a strong association between alcohol intake and multiple falls for both female and male elderly patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in the present study, no such association was found, as only a few participants consumed alcohol. This low percentage is due to the religious beliefs and cultural norms of the majority of the patients residing in the Chouf region of Lebanon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA positive association was found between fear of falling and actual falls among both genders, consistent with previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. Also aligning with prior findings, muscle weakness and blurred vision were identified as risk factors for falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e], highlighting medical conditions as the primary cause of falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]. The Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment was also found to be the most effective tool for detecting the risk of falls among our sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrary to previous findings showing a positive association between physical activity and reduced fall incidence, physical activity was not significant in the present study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. This discrepancy could be attributed to a lack of education on the importance of regular physical activity among our study population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6. Limitations and strengths of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study had some limitations that may have influenced the results, necessitating cautious interpretation. The cross-sectional design of this study is a primary limitation, as it shares the potential for recall bias inherent in observational studies. Patients may have over- or underestimated fall episodes and related injuries over the past twelve months when recalling from memory. To mitigate this bias and get more detailed and accurate information, more questions were added to the study questionnaire regarding fall history and risk factors, and objective, well-known tools were used to assess fall risk and mobility among the older population. However, future studies are needed to validate these tools, specifically among the elderly Lebanese population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA language bias should be considered as the questionnaire underwent real-time translation from English into Arabic and French based on participants\u0026rsquo; preferences. Translations may introduce errors, inaccuracies, or nuances lost when conveying complex concepts, potentially affecting the validity and reliability of the data collected. To minimize this bias, all medical and scientific terms were verified by two investigators (D.S. and R.R.) to ensure the adequacy of the scientific terms used in Arabic or French with the patient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother limitation is the lack of estimations for the extrinsic risk factors and causes of falls within the environment, which have a great impact on fall episodes. Some variables were not assessed and completed due to the patient\u0026rsquo;s medical and psychological condition, resulting in missing variables. Therefore, the multivariable analysis accounted for confounding factors such as unsteady walking, dependency level, cause of admission, and others, thus reducing the probability of differential bias. Moreover, the results cannot be generalized to the entire Lebanese elderly population until confirmed by further studies covering a broader spectrum of nursing homes across all Lebanese governorates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, the strengths of this study include the use of a questionnaire that helped capture many risk factors and the most prevalent causes of falls in relation to the history of falls among the elderly population, as well as objective assessment tools that measure mobility patterns and fall risks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.7. Implications for Fall Prevention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight critical areas for intervention. Regular assessments using tools like the Morse Fall Scale and the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment can help identify high-risk individuals. Tailored exercise programs focusing on strength, balance, and coordination are essential, particularly for those with poor balance and postural hypotension. Additionally, careful management of medications, especially sedatives and mood stabilizers, is crucial to reducing fall risk. Healthcare providers should regularly review and adjust medication regimens to minimize adverse effects related to balance and stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.8. Practical implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe assessment of falls and potential risk factors among the elderly population should be an ongoing and rigorous process, not just a one-time assessment done upon admission. Preventing falls for elderly inpatients requires coordinated and sustained efforts, resulting in an increase in the number of health professionals and staff dedicated to providing enhanced assistance and supervision, especially for high-fall-risk residents. Allocating adequate resources toward achieving this goal should be a priority for elderly care facilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study pioneered the exploration of gender-specific risk factors and patterns of falls among the elderly residing in nursing homes in Lebanon, becoming the first to underscore the need for tailored prevention strategies that address the unique perspectives of both genders. It highlighted the importance of implementing interventions that account for gender-based differences, thereby enhancing fall prevention efforts in elderly care settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors extend their appreciation to all those who helped directly and indirectly in the IRB approval process and in the performing of this study including all participants, the staff at the elderly center where the study was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy design and methodology, all the authors; resources, S.E.K., C.B.M., R.R. and D.S.; data collection and clinical assessment: R.R.; data curation and statistical analysis: D.S.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, S.E.K, C.B.M., D.S.; writing\u0026mdash;editing, H.S.; writing\u0026mdash;initial critical review, P.S.; writing\u0026mdash;review of the manuscript, all the authors; project supervision, P.S. and D.S. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJames SL, Lucchesi LR, Bisignano C, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, et al. 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J Spinal Cord Med 2016;39:24\u0026ndash;31. https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772315Y.0000000007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSafonova JA, Zotkin EG. [The syndrome of falls in the elderly]. Adv Gerontol 2016;29:342\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJiam NT-L, Li C, Agrawal Y. Hearing loss and falls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2016;126:2587\u0026ndash;96. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.25927.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParry SW, Hill H, Lawson J, Lawson N, Green D, Trundle H, et al. A Novel Approach to Proactive Primary Care-Based Case Finding and Multidisciplinary Management of Falls, Syncope, and Dizziness in a One-Stop Service: Preliminary Results. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016;64:2368\u0026ndash;73. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14389.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBowen C, Ashburn A, Cole M, Donovan-Hall M, Burnett M, Robison J, et al. 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Fear of falling, quality of life, and daily functional activity of elderly women with and without a history of falling: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024;86:2619\u0026ndash;25. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001977.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChoi EJ, Lee YS, Yang EJ, Kim JH, Kim YH, Park HA. [Characteristics and Risk Factors for Falls in Tertiary Hospital Inpatients]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47:420\u0026ndash;30. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.3.420.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScholz M, Haase R, Trentzsch K, Weidemann ML, Ziemssen T. Fear of falling and falls in people with multiple sclerosis: A literature review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021;47:102609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102609.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFu AS, Gao KL, Tung AK, Tsang WW, Kwan MM. Effectiveness of Exergaming Training in Reducing Risk and Incidence of Falls in Frail Older Adults With a History of Falls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015;96:2096\u0026ndash;102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.427.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSitj\u0026agrave;-Rabert M, Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Zapata MJ, Fort Vanmeerhaeghe A, Rey Abella F, Romero-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez D, Bonfill X. Effects of a whole body vibration (WBV) exercise intervention for institutionalized older people: a randomized, multicentre, parallel, clinical trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015;16:125\u0026ndash;31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2014.07.018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"elderly, fall, fall assessment, gender difference, Lebanon, physical activity, prevention, risk factor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4658481/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4658481/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalls represent a significant public health concern affecting the elderly, yet epidemiological studies within Lebanese institutions are scarce. This study aimed to explore gender differences in falls and mobility patterns and assess causes, potential risks, and protective factors against falls among institutionalized elderly in the Chouf district, Lebanon.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional pilot study involved an elderly healthcare institution. Data were collected using an anonymous, custom-designed questionnaire and patient medical records. Fall risk was evaluated with the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment, the Timed Up and Go Test, the Morse Fall Assessment, and other tools. Relative risks were estimated using odds ratios (OR), and logistic regression was stratified by gender to control confounders and assess the associations between fall episodes and potential risk and protective factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study included 300 institutionalized elderly aged 65 years and older, with 57.7% females. The mean age was 79.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.61. Among the participants, 197 (65.7%) reported at least one fall in the past twelve months, with a higher prevalence among women compared to men (69.9% vs. 59.8%). Elderly women exhibited higher levels of depression and consumed more sleeping pills and mood-enhancing medications, which were positively associated with increased falls (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). Among elderly men, unsteady walking was positively associated with the history of falls (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found a higher incidence of falls among institutionalized women, possibly associated with the intake of sleeping pills and mood stabilizers. These findings have positive implications for future research in Lebanon and neighboring countries, with the potential to inform preventive measures to reduce falls among the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring Gender Differences in Falls and Mobility Patterns Among Older Adults in Lebanon","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-24 11:01:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4658481/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ced2a0c3-be89-4195-a99c-fc44f2037be5","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-08T06:39:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-24 11:01:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4658481","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4658481","identity":"rs-4658481","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}