An Eastern Conception of Wisdom: Representation from Indian Sample

An Eastern Conception of Wisdom: Representation from Indian Sample | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Eastern Conception of Wisdom: Representation from Indian Sample Roshan Lal Dewangan, Rajib Ghosh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4744727/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Wisdom is universally perceived as the pinnacle of human development across various religions, cultures, and literary traditions. However, research on wisdom has primarily been centered in Western countries. The Eastern understanding of wisdom draws heavily from research conducted in, or involving participants from, Taiwan, China, and Japan. This study endeavours to explore the implicit conception of wisdom among Indian scholars. Methods Forty scholars from various disciplines, including Science, Fine Arts, Humanities, and spiritual organizations (Sages), responded to questions regarding their perspectives on wisdom. Interview were transcribed and thematically analyzed. Wisdom characteristics provided by the Indian scholars were further validated by a sample of 353 adults. The findings were analyzed in comparison to both Western and Eastern (Taiwan, China, and Japan) research on wisdom. Results Indian scholars have conceptualized wisdom under six major themes: integration of various human abilities, gained through experience, inclusion of prosocial values, depth of understanding, spiritual/transcendental elements, and rarity but achievability by all. The characteristics of wisdom identified by these scholars show strong agreement among other Indians. Conclusion Indian scholars’ understanding of wisdom mirrors that of their counterparts worldwide. Their multifaceted view emphasizes wisdom’s role in ethical decision-making, spiritual evolution, and societal advancement. The insights gathered from this study are expected to enrich the global discourse on wisdom, offering a deeper understanding of Indian perspectives. Wisdom descriptors wisdom nomination Spirituality Cross-culture implicit wisdom Introduction Wisdom, long revered as the ultimate aspiration of human existence [ 1 , 2 ], has captivated the interest of lifespan psychologists, prompting a deeper exploration of its significance within psychology[ 3 ]. Numerous studies have endeavored to unravel its predictors [ 4 – 6 ], consequences [ 7 – 9 ], assessment methods [ 10 , 11 ], and influencing factors [ 12 – 14 ]. However, despite these endeavors, the enigmatic nature of wisdom has led to its comparison with the allegorical tale of the “blind men and the elephant” [ 15 ] highlighting the complexity of its research pursuit. Within the psychological study of wisdom, differences in conceptualization exist [ 16 ]. The earliest attempt in this regard by scholars from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin is known as the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm (BWP), which conceptualizes wisdom as expert factual and procedural knowledge in important and uncertain human conditions [ 17 ]. BWP is categorized under the cognitive conceptualization of wisdom [ 18 ]. Another cognitive conceptualization of wisdom is Sternberg’s Balance Theory, which is not solely based on cognitive processes but is a blend of individual virtue and socially beneficial outcomes [ 19 ]. Apart from cognitive understanding, many scholars discern wisdom through personality traits or tendencies in cognitive functioning, emotional skills, motivational factors, and spirituality [ 20 – 24 ]. Whether it is cognitive, personality or blend of both, two major approaches have been adopted by the wisdom researchers— implicit and explicit approaches [ 25 ]. Implicit theoretical approaches to wisdom aim to uncover people's intuitive or folk conceptions of wisdom. Instead of seeking a psychologically accurate portrayal of wisdom, these approaches prioritize capturing beliefs about wisdom held by individuals, regardless of whether these beliefs align with psychological truths [ 19 ]. The earliest empirical psychological investigations into wisdom, commonly attributed to Clayton and Birren, were conducted using implicit folk conceptions [ 26 ]. Explicit theories in the study of wisdom are formulated by expert theorists and researchers rather than laypeople. These theories are often grounded in constructs derived from the psychology of human development. They aim to provide structured frameworks for understanding and studying wisdom from a scholarly perspective. Blates and Smith’s work [ 17 ] can be attributed as earliest wisdom research using this approach to conceptualize wisdom. Implicit understanding is largely influenced by cultural-historical context. As Baltes and Staudinger (2000) expressed— “implicit and folk-psychological characterizations of wisdom are mainly the product of cultural history and its impact on current society” [ 27 ]. They further mentioned that implicit theories of wisdom, rooted in cultural and historical perspectives, provide valuable insights and context for understanding wisdom. This information serves as a framework against which explicit psychological theories can be assessed and evaluated. As noted further, explicit theories often diverge from the traditional and popular perceptions of the concept. This divergence primarily stems from the endeavors of wisdom scholars to establish a scholarly benchmark for wisdom, facilitating the creation of standardized approaches for capturing the psychological attributes associated with this trait [ 28 ]. By considering both implicit and explicit perspectives, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of wisdom across different cultural and historical contexts. In the first direct comparison of the Western culture (American and Australian) to the Eastern (Japanese and Indian) on wisdom descriptors, cultural difference were noted empirically[ 29 ]. The analysis revealed that both Americans and Australians associated “wise” most closely with “experienced” and “knowledgeable,” while “discreet” was least associated. This suggests a Western view of wisdom as explicit and analytical, emphasizing broad knowledge and life expertise. In contrast, Indian and Japanese perceptions linked “wise” closely with “discreet,” “aged,” and “experienced,” reflecting a different cultural perspective. Grossman et al. (2012), based on his experiment on wise reasoning in the context of approaching social conflict, suggests that cultural variations in self-concept, such as the interdependent self in Japan versus the independent self in the United States, influence differences in wise reasoning across cultures [ 30 ]. This implies that cultural perspectives on individuality and social interconnectedness shape how individuals’ reason and make decisions in wise ways[ 30 ]. So far, the exploration of the Eastern concept of wisdom has predominantly reflected by implicit and explicit studies from participants in Taiwan, China [ 31 – 33 ] and Japan [ 30 , 34 , 35 ]. Very few empirical studies have been attempted to capture Indian conception of wisdom. While Takahashi and Bordia (2000) [ 29 ] included Indian participants, they were predominantly young college students (mean age 20.71 years), and their attempt did not directly result in defining the wisdom from Indian perspective. Another study by Sharma and Dewangan (2018) compared wisdom descriptors and nominees from Western studies with those provided by a sample of Indian graduate students [ 36 ]. Over 50% of participants identified 14 out of 25 characteristics from the Western-based list, with nominees tending to be younger than those typically seen in Western contexts. Ferrari and colleagues explored implicit understandings of wisdom among Indian, Indian-migrated-to-Canada, and Canadian students by asking “Why is Gandhi wise?” [ 37 ]. They observed differences among these groups, highlighting the influence of cultural and contextual factors on wisdom conception. However, these attempts to capture implicit Indian views of wisdom lack a simple question to the participants— “What is wisdom?” These studies were limited in the terms of elaboration by either providing adjectives or by making choices on given adjectives for a wise person [ 29 , 36 ] and by searching wisdom descriptions for a single prototype of a wise person (i.e., Mahatma Gandhi)[ 37 ]. Thus, in this study, we seek to understand the Indian conception of wisdom through the voices of Indian natives and try to define wisdom from their perspectives. Method This study comprised two distinct phases. Initially, a qualitative research method was employed to explore the phenomenon under investigation in depth. Subsequently, in the second phase, a quantitative approach was utilized to corroborate and validate the insights gleaned from the qualitative inquiry. Participants Phase-I In the phase-I, 10 professors from each discipline—science, humanities, and fine arts—along with 10 sages were interviewed. All the professors were from different government universities in West Bengal, India, and were well-known for their academic contributions. The sages were individuals working in spiritual organizations and held important responsibilities within those organizations. Thus, a total of 40 people were interviewed in this study. A semi structured interview schedule was prepared based on previous implicit wisdom studies [ 31 , 38 , 39 ]. These four questions were asked to the participants, apart from their demographic details: 1. What is wisdom (বিজ্ঞতা) according to you? 2.What is the difference between wisdom and intelligence? 3. Can you nominate some person who according to you is wise? 4. According to your own opinion, how would you characterize a wise person? However, in this study we will report findings from only three questions (1,3,4). Phase-II List of characteristics obtained of a wise person (in response to question-4 of the phase-I) were rated by 353 participants, who were recruited from a diverse range of education levels, age groups, and religious beliefs. The use of raters (laypersons) in this phase followed the example set by Berlin Wisdom studies (Baltes et al., 1995) in which they argued that most people could recognize wise characteristics without much difficulty. The participants were recruited from a local public college campus and general employee recreational clubs. Procedure The study protocol and procedures were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the university (name and reference masked for anonymous review purpose). In the phase-I, snowball sampling was used to recruit the participants. They were contacted either in person or by phone and interviewed by the second author. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed. All interviewees preferred their mother tongue (Bangla), so all transcriptions were backward-translated into English. The term “বিজ্ঞতা” is synonymous with “wisdom” in Bangla, so both terms were used interchangeably during interviews. Transcribed interviews were thematically analyzed independently by two authors following the guidelines outlined by Braun and Clarke [40]. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the participants' perceptions of the concept of wisdom, we engaged in a thorough familiarization process. This involved multiple readings of the transcripts, during which we made detailed notes on key themes and patterns observed in the data. Utilizing an inductive approach, both authors independently conducted initial coding by systematically identifying and labeling segments of the data that captured key concepts. Codes were generated based on the content of the transcripts and were organized manually to facilitate analysis. Through iterative analysis and comparison of the coded segments, overarching themes began to emerge. Subsequently, the authors engaged in collaborative discussions to refine and finalize the identified themes. In the phase-II, the wisdom characteristics identified in phase-I underwent a thorough review for redundancy and synonyms. Few more characteristics were further added from previous studies in the compilation of a final list. These characteristics were then translated into Bengali, and five Bengali-English bilingual graduate students examined the accuracy of the translations. Both English and Bengali versions were prepared accordingly. These characteristics were then arranged randomly, and subsequently, participants were asked to rate these wisdom characteristics based on their relevance to a “characteristic of wise person," using a five-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly disagree”, “disagree”, “neutral”, “agree” and “strongly agree”. Results Phase-I The majority of participants were male (n = 34, 85%). Among females, four were professors from fine arts, one was from humanities, and one was a sage. There was no significant age difference between the groups (mean = 52.9 years, SD = 5.44). However, participants in the sage group had significantly more experience in their field compared to the other three groups. It is because the criteria to join a spiritual organization is not specified, and a person can join spiritual organization (from where we collected data) in very young (but not below 18) age. The mean experience across all groups was 24.73 years (SD = 5.45). Group statistics have been depicted in Table 1 . Table 1 Age and Experience statistics of all the four groups (N = 40) Fine Arts (n = 10) Humanities (n = 10) Science (n = 10) Sage (n = 10) F p Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Age 51.80 5.18 53.10 3.73 51.10 4.84 55.60 7.14 1.37 .269 Experience 22.60 3.41 23.30 3.53 21.90 4.18 31.10 5.11 10.88 .001 Defining wisdom The participants’ responses to the question “What is wisdom (বিজ্ঞতা) according to you?” revealed five major themes. These themes summarized are discussed below. Integration of various human ability. Wisdom is described as a blend of knowledge, self-awareness, experience, thoughts, reflection, and the ability to make sound judgments. It involves the integration of various elements to navigate life effectively. “Wisdom is not just a specific thing; it's a blend of various aspects. If I elaborate, it can be broadly described as the integration of knowledge, self-awareness, experience, thoughts, and the ability to reflect on every aspect of life.” (Male Professor, Fine Art, 51) “Wisdom, according to me, is like the perfect blend of knowledge, experience, and a sprinkle of good judgment.” (Male Professor, Science, 55) There was emphasise on the interconnectedness of knowledge, intelligence, and wisdom, stating they are mutually supportive, highlighting their complementary nature in various aspects of life. A sage (Male, 51) said - …and let me say this beforehand, knowledge, intelligence, and wisdom are complementary to each other. Without these three things, nothing can function properly. Gained through experience. Wisdom encompasses knowledge and experience, evolving and expanding over time. It involves learning from life experiences and formal education, leading to a profound understanding of oneself and the world. “The art was there since my childhood, but after passing out of art college, it has evolved into various thoughts and ideas, becoming more extensive. I have realized where things are, what was wrong, and how to make it right. That knowledge is wisdom.” (Male Professor, Science, 57) Wisdom emerges from introspection and deep internal reflection, shaped by the experiences we accumulate throughout life, guiding our understanding and decision-making processes. “Wisdom is something that relies on our introspection or deep internal perspective”, based on the experiences we gather.” (Male Professor, Science, 54) Wisdom transcends expertise in a single domain; it encompasses a holistic understanding rooted in experiential knowledge. Those deemed wise possess profound insights derived from lived experiences, offering a comprehensive grasp of universal truths across diverse realms of existence. “It does not mean knowledge in one subject. It means all knowledge. All the knowledge of the universe and those who have experienced all these are called wise.” (Female Sage, 57) Includes Prosocial Values. Wisdom, cultivated and shared, has a profound societal impact, fostering empathy, resilience, and collective progress. It forms the bedrock for ethical decision-making, nurturing a harmonious and enlightened social fabric. “It seems that a truly wise person understands the value of doing good and strives to make the world a better place.” (Male Professor, Humanities, 51) How do these societal values function? The answer can be found verbatim in the words of another male professor of humanities (51): When I assess events or subjects from a societal perspective and judge them, I can see it through my inner qualities, understand its impact, and explain it when needed. Wisdom involves considering the greater good, promoting fairness, and upholding values in navigating life's complexities. “It involves applying your knowledge in a way that considers the bigger picture, the consequences of your actions, and the ethical implications of your choices.” (Male Professor, Science, 55) Depth of understanding. Wisdom is gained through prolonged contemplation and discussion on a subject, leading to a deeper understanding and transformation of perspective. It emphasizes the importance of continuous reflection and dialogue in evolving one's understanding. “I mean the experience that comes after prolonged and deep contemplation on a particular subject. I accumulate the insights gained from such contemplation, and as a result, my understanding of that subject becomes more profound than it was initially.” (Female Professor, Fine Arts, 44) Wisdom is profound comprehension of existence and expertise, transcending surface knowledge. It involves a nuanced grasp of life and subjects, surpassing superficial understanding to reveal profound insights and perspectives. “A wise person is not only intelligent but also possesses a deeper understanding of life.” (Male Professor, Humanities, 51) “I mean understanding a subject in a way that one's knowledge about it surpasses the scope of knowledge of other individuals.” (Male Professor, Humanities, 56) Spiritual/Transcendental elements. Wisdom involves transcending ego and understanding one's true self. It includes letting go of external influences and delving into existential questions to achieve spiritual growth and self-awareness. “From one angle, I see it as spiritual or on a spiritual level, where a person can recognize, learn, or strive to understand who they are within themselves. What I'm doing shouldn't be rigidly held by my hands, restricted by my feet, or governed by my mind; external force is controlling me.” (Male Professor, Fine Art, 56) In the words of sage (Male, 49): “Wisdom is about knowing and experiencing the connection with the divine, the realization of the soul's union with the supreme consciousness.” Rare but achievable to all. As a sage (Male, 51) described it- “Wisdom is understanding what intelligence or discernment conveys. Not everyone possesses discernment. And let me say this beforehand, knowledge, intelligence, and wisdom are complementary to each other. Without these three things, nothing can function properly. And discernment, like everyone doesn't have it. It might be that what I lack, you may have.” Another sage (Male, 51) also acknowledged that wisdom is achieved by few. He said- While scientific advancements are undoubtedly filled by knowledge, the final step of knowledge is knowing God, and being the possessor of this knowledge is a role fulfilled by very few individuals. Nominations of wise person The top 10 nominees, with the highest frequencies, are listed in Table 2 . A total of 30 different individuals were nominated by the four groups of scholars. Cumulatively, these 30 nominees received 81 nominations. The humanities group had the highest number of nominees (23), followed by science (11), sage (10), and fine arts (6). Notably, known individuals (i.e., friends, acquaintances, and seniors) received the highest number of nominations (15%). Table 2 Top 10 wise nominees from the four groups. Nominee Science Fine Arts Humanities Sage (%) Known Person 6 7 2 0 15 Swami Vivekananda 2 3 1 6 12 Rabindra Nath Tagore 1 5 1 1 8 Ram Krishna Paramhansa 0 1 1 4 6 A. P. J Abdul Kalam 3 0 1 1 5 Family member 0 2 1 1 4 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose 1 1 1 1 4 M K Gandhi 2 0 1 0 3 Aurobindo 0 0 1 1 2 Shankaracharya 0 0 0 2 2 Characteristics of a Wise A total of 25 characteristics were initially provided by the four groups of scholars. After grouping synonymous characteristics, this number is reduced to 19. Science scholars contributed the highest number of characteristics (18), followed by fine arts and sage scholars (15 each), and humanities scholars (14). These 19 characteristics were collectively mentioned a total of 157 times by the four groups of scholars (Table 3 ). Table 3 Wise characteristics identified by the four groups of the scholars. Character Science Fine Arts Humanities Sage Total (%) Knowledge-seeker 6 9 6 5 26 (16.56) Prosocial 9 3 3 9 24 (15.29) Self-control 7 5 8 4 24 (15.29) Humility 5 2 4 5 16 (10.19) Analytical 6 1 7 1 15 (9.55) Morality 4 1 5 3 13 (8.28) Experience 2 3 0 1 6 (3.82) Self-awareness 0 0 0 6 6 (3.82) Self-growth 2 1 0 1 4 (2.55) Curious 3 0 0 0 3 (1.91) Creative 3 0 0 0 3 (1.91) Empathy 3 0 0 0 3 (1.91) Determination 0 2 0 1 3 (1.91) Leadership 0 0 3 0 3 (1.91) Practical 2 0 0 0 2 (1.27) Listener 2 0 0 0 2 (1.27) Politeness 2 0 0 0 2 (1.27) Agreeableness 0 1 0 1 2 (1.27) Total 157 (100) Phase-II Out of the total 353 participants, 237 were female, constituting 67.13% of the sample. Participants represented diverse religious affiliations, including atheism (as shown in Table 4 ). Table 4 Demographic details of the participants of phase-II (N = 353) Demographics Frequency (%) Age (Years) 20–30 111 (31.44) 31–40 72 (20.39) 41–50 63 (17.84) 51–60 64 (18.13) 61–70 43 (12.18) Education Higher Secondary 56 (15.86) Under Graduates 193 (54.67) Post Graduates 97 (27.47) Ph. D 7 (1.98) Religion Hinduism 316 (89.5) Islam 11 (3.1) Christianity 6 (1.7) Buddhism 1 (.28) Atheist 22 (6.23) An additional 11 characteristics sourced from the global list curated by Sharma and Dewangan [ 36 ] were integrated with the 19 wise characteristics identified in this study, resulting in a total of 30 wise characteristics. These attributes were subsequently evaluated by the participants, as outlined in the procedure section. Analysis of the results presented in Table 5 indicates preference among participants for the characteristics obtained during the qualitative inquiry. Ratings predominantly leaned towards "agree" and "strongly agree" for the majority of the traits. Table 5 Distribution of agreement with wisdom characters in percentage [95%CI], (N = 353). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Knowledge Seeking 0 0 0 1.7[.035, 3.05] 98.3[96.95, 99.65] Humbleness 1.1[.01, 2.19] 2[.54, 3.46] 5.7[3.28, 8.12] 42.5[37.34, 47.66] 48.7[43.49, 53.91] Social Contribution 0.6[-.21, 2.3] 2.3[.74, 3.86] 15[11.28, 18.72] 53[47.79, 58.21] 29.2[24.46, 33.94] Self-Control 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 1.7[.35, 3.05] 6.2[3.68, 8.72] 47[41.79, 52.21] 44.2[39.02, 49.38] Patience 0.6[.21, 1.41] 2.8[1.08, 4.52] 6.5[3.93, 9.07] 41.6[36.46, 46.74] 48.4[43.19, 53.61] Morality 1.4[.17, 2.63] 1.1[.01, 2.19] 7.6[4.84, 10.36] 50.1[44.88, 55.32] 39.7[34.60, 44.80] Logical Thinking 0.6[-.21, 1.41] 0.6[-.21, 1.41] 7.6[4.84, 10.36] 47.9[42.69, 53.11] 43.3[38.13, 48.47] Humanity 0[.00, 0.00] 1.4[.17, 2.63] 6.8[4.17, 9.43] 37.1[32.06, 42.14] 54.7[49.51, 59.89] Experience 0.6[-.21, 1.41] 2[.54, 3.46] 12.5[9.05, 15.95] 53.8[48.60, 59.00] 31.2[26.37, 36.03] Openness 0.3[-.27, 0.87] 6.5[3.93, 9.07] 23.8[19.36, 28.24] 41.4[36.26, 46.54] 28[23.32, 32.68] Politeness 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 1.4[.17, 2.63] 9.3[6.27, 12.33] 53[47.79, 58.21] 35.4[30.41, 40.39] Listeners 0.3[-.27, 0.87] 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 10.2[7.04, 13.36] 45.6[40.40, 50.80] 43.1[37.93, 48.27] Intelligence 0.3[-.27, 0.87 0.6[-.21, 1.41] 11[7.74, 14.26] 51[45.79, 56.21] 37.1[32.06, 42.14] Leadership 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 6.2[3.68, 8.72] 30.3[25.51, 35.09] 40.8[35.67, 45.93] 21.8[17.49, 26.11] Curious 1.1[.01, 2.19] 2.8[1.08, 4.52] 12.2[8.79, 15.61] 45.9[40.70, 51.10] 38[32.94, 43.06] Empathy 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 2.3[.74, 3.86] 11.3[8.00, 14.60] 49.6[44.38, 54.82] 36[30.99, 41.01] Self awareness 1.1[.01, 2.19] 1.7[.35, 3.05] 6.2[3.68, 8.72] 44.8[39.61, 49.99] 46.2[41.00, 51.40] Self-growth 0.6[-.21, 2.3] 0.6[-.21, 1.41] 7.6[4.84, 10.36] 48.2[42.99, 53.41] 43.1[37.93, 48.27] Enlightened 0.3[-.27, 0.87] 1.7[.35, 3.05] 13.9[10.29, 17.51] 50.7[45.48, 55.92] 33.4[28.48, 38.32] Practical 0[.00, 0.00] 2.5[.87, 4.13] 9.1[6.10, 12.10] 53.8[48.60, 59.00] 34.6[29.64, 39.56] Determination 0.3[-.27, 0.87] 2.3[.74, 3.86] 8.2[5.34, 11.06] 45[39.81, 50.19] 44.2[39.02, 49.38] Honesty 0[.00, 0.00] 2[.54, 3.46] 7.9[5.09, 10.71] 41.4[36.26, 46.54] 48.7[43.49, 53.91] Versatile 3.4[1.51, 5.29] 7.6[4.84, 10.36] 26.6[21.99, 31.21] 39.7[34.60, 44.80] 22.7[18.33, 27.07] Intuitive 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 2.8[1.08, 4.52] 21.8[17.49, 26.11] 48.7[43.49, 53.91] 25.8[21.24, 30.36] Supreme Conscious 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 4.5[2.34, 6.66] 21.8[17.49, 26.11] 48.4[43.19, 53.61] 24.4[19.92, 28.88] Humorous 0.6[-.21, 1.41] 4.8[2.57, 7.03] 38[32.94, 43.06] 49.3[44.08, 54.52] 17.3[13.35, 21.25] Visionary 3.4[1.51, 5.29] 8.2[5.34, 11.06] 25.8[21.24, 30.36] 40.5[35.38, 45.62] 22.1[17.77, 26.43] Optimism 1.7[.35, 3.05] 4.52[.34, 6.66] 10.5[7.30, 13.70] 49.6[44.38, 54.82] 33.7[28.77, 38.63] Fairness 0.8[-.13, 1.73] 2.8[1.08, 4.52] 9.6[6.53, 12.67] 52.1[46.89, 57.31] 34.6[29.64, 39.56] Courage 0.3[-.27, 0.87] 2.8[1.08, 4.52] 11.95 [8.57, 15.33] 45[39.81, 50.19] 39.9[34.79, 45.01] Discussion According to the perspective of Indian scholars in this study, wisdom can be defined as the synthesis of knowledge, self-awareness, experience, and reflection, enabling sound judgment and effective life navigation. It transcends expertise, encompassing holistic understanding derived from lived experiences and formal education. Cultivated through reflection and dialogue, wisdom fosters ethical decision-making and societal progress, grounded in profound insights and spiritual growth. It is rare but achievable to all. This definition has many similarities with the definitions provided by the wisdom scholars as well as results obtained in the implicit studies from the different parts of the world. Analysis of the wisdom descriptions provided by the participants in different studies revealed five subcomponents: cognitive ability, insight, reflective attitude, concern for others, and real-world skills [ 41 ]. Similarly, Indian scholars view wisdom as a synthesis of these abilities. Seeking knowledge for societal benefit (i.e., pro-social behavior) and exercising self-control are paramount for Indian scholars, aligning with Indian cultural values. Indian scriptures like the Bhagavad Gita and Jātaka stories emphasize seeking knowledge through questioning. The Upanishads, one of India's oldest literary works, are presented in a question-and-answer format. Indian scholarship prioritizes knowledge acquisition not only for personal growth but also for the collective well-being, as reflected in the prayer “sarve bhavantu sukhinaḥ” (may all be in state of well-being). The concept of ‘Yama’ in yoga sutras, often interpreted as ‘restrain’ or ‘moral discipline’ [ 42 ], emphasizes the importance of self-control. Indian sages like Swami Vivekananda and Indian leader like Mahatma Gandhi exemplify the practice of self-control, suggesting its foundational role in wisdom. Various forms of knowledge, including factual and procedural knowledge in the BWP criteria [ 27 ], tacit knowledge in Sternberg’s balance theory of wisdom [ 39 ], and deep self-knowledge in the Bremen wisdom paradigm [ 43 ], are identified as foundations for wisdom development. Indian scholars emphasize knowledge gained through experience as essential for wisdom. A wise person is expected to have diverse life experiences [ 27 , 44 ]. Life challenges, such as illness and crises, foster wisdom development by testing beliefs and expanding outlook [ 24 , 45 ]. Effective handling of challenges, particularly through self-reflection and personal growth, enhances wisdom [ 46 ]. Deep knowledge gained through reflection is equally important for Indian scholars’ wisdom description. Reflective thinking is one of the important component of 3D-Wisdom criteria [ 20 ] and Webster’s wisdom model [ 44 ]. Indian scholars assess wisdom based on its societal benefits and ethical values, echoing Sternberg's emphasis on the mediation of tacit knowledge through ethical values for the common good [ 19 ]. Pro-social values and moral maturity are integral to other modern wisdom conceptualizations[ 23 , 47 ]. India's rich spiritual tradition is reflected in the descriptions of wisdom by Indian scholars [ 48 ]. While spirituality is seldom included in wisdom measures and conceptualizations, exceptions like Levenson et al. (2005) exist. According to Jeste et al., most researchers tend to define and operationalize wisdom in a secular and broad manner, but they found support for spirituality as a vital component of wisdom in their San Diego Wisdom Scale [ 49 ]. Interestingly, although our participant scholars include spirituality in their definition of wisdom, they did not specifically list it as a characteristic. Jeste et al. observe that spirituality encompasses qualities such as love, care, and humility, rather than solely religious beliefs [ 49 ]. In this study, Indian scholars view wisdom as a rare attribute, echoing sentiments from Western researchers [ 50 , 51 ]. However, unlike their counterparts, Indian scholars believe that wisdom can be attained by anyone, aligning with Eastern perspectives [ 50 ] and the enduring philosophy of India, which holds that wisdom is accessible to all. Renowned Indian poet Kālidāsa, the transformation of foolish princes into wise kings in the famous Panchatantra, and the redemption of the cruel Aṅgulimāla through divine knowledge from Buddha—all these examples from Indian tradition illustrate the attainability of wisdom by all. In the wise person nomination tasks, individuals often nominate acquaintances, males, and those above 50 years old or historical figures as wise, regardless of the nominators’ gender [ 52 – 54 ]. Indian scholars’ nominations align with this trend. Moreover, the top three nominees (Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, and Ramakrishna Paramahansa) share the same ethnicity as the nominators, indicating the influence of ethnicity and culture on nominations, as reported in previous studies [ 36 ]. Additionally, the characteristics provided by Indian scholars in this study closely resemble those in a global list compiled by Sharma and Dewangan [ 36 ], indicating significant similarity between Indian scholars’ perceptions and global perceptions of wisdom characteristics. Furthermore, there were discipline-wise differences in the characterization of wisdom; analytical traits were more emphasized by scholars in science and humanities compared to sages and those in fine arts, while sages placed greater emphasis on self-awareness, a characteristic less prominent in the other three groups. Moreover, the wise characteristics identified through qualitative inquiry were substantiated during the rating task conducted in this study. A diverse sample of participants predominantly expressed agreement or strong agreement with the wisdom traits. Notably, the traits associated with “Knowledge seeking” garnered the highest preference, with 100% of participants indicating agreement or strong agreement. In contrast, the attributes related to “Leadership” and “Visionary” qualities received the lowest preference, with only 62.6% of participants expressing agreement or strong agreement. Comparison of Indian Wisdom conception to other Eastern conceptions Empirical investigation of Yang (2001) among Taiwanese participants suggests that the Taiwanese conception of wisdom focuses on a broad range of competencies and knowledge, along with qualities such as benevolence, compassion, openness, modesty, and unobtrusiveness in social interactions [ 31 ]. It emphasizes a multifaceted approach to wisdom, encompassing both intellectual capabilities and virtuous qualities essential for harmonious social relationships. While Indian conception in this study shares similarities in appreciating knowledge and compassion, the Indian perspective places greater emphasis on reflection, spiritual growth, and ethical decision-making, whereas the Taiwanese perspective emphasizes humility, openness, and social harmony. In the Chinese conception, wisdom encompasses cognitive engagement, practical engagement, social engagement, spirituality of disengagement, and a positive mindset. It emphasizes cognitive processes, practical application, social interactions for the collective good, detachment from worldly concerns, and maintaining a positive outlook despite life's challenges[ 33 ]. Chinese view places additional emphasis on social engagement and spiritual disengagement, aiming for harmony and inner peace, in contrast, the Indian perspective emphasizes reflection and spiritual growth as essential components of wisdom, aiming for ethical decision-making and societal progress. However, in recent studies among Chinese emerging adults, “willingness to learn” emerged as the most valued wisdom resource, while “religious/spiritual experience” ranked lowest [ 55 ]. In this context, Indian scholars in our study have demonstrated similar patterns as they did not provide spirituality or religiousness as a descriptor. Lastly, Japanese conception identifies problem-solving ability, insight, plasticity, harmony with others, and disciplined life as the dimensions of wisdom [ 35 ] but lacking component of spiritual growth component as emphasized by Indian. This study has certain limitations. Indian is a big country with cultural diversity. In this qualitative inquiry participants were taken only from Bengali community, and representation of female was very less. It can limit the generalization of the findings. Some studies[ 31 , 39 ] have also adopted factor analysis process with large samples as a next step for validations of the descriptors, which can provide further insight, our study is lacking on that. Conclusion Indian scholars’ understanding of wisdom mirrors that of their counterparts worldwide. Their conception emphasizes the synthesis of knowledge, self-awareness, and experience, elevating wisdom beyond mere expertise. This multifaceted view emphasizes wisdom’s role in ethical decision-making, spiritual evolution, and societal advancement. The insights gathered from this study are expected to enrich the global discourse on wisdom, offering a deeper understanding of Indian perspectives. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol and procedures were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Kazi Nazrul University (Ref No.: KNU/HREC/CC/3/2022). Consent for publication Not Applicable Competing interests The authors have no competing interest do declare. Funding No funding. Author Contribution RL and RG conceptualized the study and both analyzed the data. RL wrote and edited the manuscript. RG collected the data and reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors express gratitude to all the participants for generously sharing their time and insights for this study. Data Availability Interviews contain some personal information of the participants. Thus, data were not made public. However, the data supporting the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request to corresponding author. References Hall GS. Senescence: The last half of life. Senescence last half life. 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Int J Psychol. 2000;35:1–9. 10.1080/002075900399475 . Grossmann I, Karasawa M, Izumi S, Na J, Varnum MEW, Kitayama S, et al. Aging and Wisdom: Culture Matters. Psychol Sci. 2012;23:1059–66. 10.1177/0956797612446025 . Yang SY. Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2001;32:662–80. 10.1177/0022022101032006002 . Yang S, Kuo BCH, Lin S. Wisdom, cultural synergy, and social change: A Taiwanese perspective. New Ideas Psychol. 2022;64:100917. 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100917 . Hu CS, Ferrari M, Liu R-D, Gao Q, Weare E. Mainland Chinese Implicit Theory of Wisdom: Generational and Cultural Differences. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018;73:1416–24. 10.1177/21676968231165550 . Takahashi M, Overton WF, Wisdom. A culturally inclusive developmental perspective. Int J Behav Dev. 2002;26:269–77. doi:abs/10.1080/01650250143000139. Kasuga A, Sato S, Takahashi M. Japanese people’s conceptualization of wisdom: qualitative analysis of interviews with middle-aged and older adults. Osaka Hum Sci. 2021;7:93–109. 10.18910/78942 . Sharma A, Dewangan RL. Indian Socio-Cultural Conception of Wisdom: Does it Follow Universal Understanding? J Psychol Behav Sci. 2018;6:5–19. 10.15640/jpbs.v6n1a2 . Ferrari M, Abdelaal Y, Lakhani S, Sachdeva S, Tasmim S, Sharma D. Why is Gandhi Wise? A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Gandhi as an Exemplar of Wisdom. J Adult Dev. 2016;23:204–13. 10.1007/s10804-016-9236-7 . Glück J, Strasser I, Bluck S. Gender Differences in Implicit Theories of Wisdom. Res Hum Dev. 2009;6:27–44. 10.1080/15427600902779370 . Sternberg RJ. Implicit Theories of Intelligence, Creativity, and Wisdom. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;49:607–27. 10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.607 . Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101. 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa . Bluck S, Glück J, Weststrate NM. Wisdom of the Crowd: Exploring People’s Conceptions of Wisdom. In: Glück J, Sternberg RJ, editors. Cambridge Handb Wisdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. pp. 97–121. 10.1017/9781108568272.006 . Adele D. The Yamas & Niyamas: Exploring Yoga’s Ethical Practice. Duluth, Minnesota: On-Word Bound Books LLC; 2009. Mickler C, Staudinger UM. Personal Wisdom: Validation and Age-Related Differences of a Performance Measure. Psychol Aging. 2008;23:787–99. 10.1037/a0013928 . Webster JD. Measuring the Character Strength of Wisdom. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2007;65:163–83. 10.2190/AG.65.2.d . Ardelt M. How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. Revis J Conscious Transform. 2005;28:7–19. Weststrate NM, Ferrari M, Fournier MA, McLean KC. It was the best worst day of my life: Narrative Content, Structure, and Process in Wisdom-Fostering Life Event Memories. Journals Gerontol Ser B. 2018;73:1359–73. 10.1093/geronb/gby005 . Karami S, Ghahremani M, Parra-Martinez FA, Gentry M. A Polyhedron Model of Wisdom: A Systematic Review of the Wisdom Studies in Psychology, Management and Leadership, and Education. Roeper Rev. 2020;42:241–57. 10.1080/02783193.2020.1815263 . Jeste DV, Vahia IV. Comparison of the conceptualization of wisdom in ancient Indian literature with modern views: focus on the Bhagavad Gita. Psychiatry. 2008;71:197–209. 10.1521/psyc.2008.71.3.197 . Jeste DV, Thomas ML, Liu J, Daly RE, Tu XM, Treichler EBH, et al. Is spirituality a component of wisdom? Study of 1,786 adults using expanded San Diego Wisdom Scale (Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index). J Psychiatr Res. 2021;132:174–81. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.033 . Zhang K, Shi J, Wang F, Ferrari M, Wisdom. Meaning, structure, types, arguments, and future concerns. Curr Psychol. 2023;42:15030–51. 10.1007/s12144-022-02816-6 . Jeste DV, Ardelt M, Blazer D, Kraemer HC, Vaillant G, Meeks TW. Expert Consensus on Characteristics of Wisdom: A Delphi Method Study. Gerontologist. 2010;50:668–80. 10.1093/geront/gnq022 . Ardelt M. Being wise at any age. In: Lopez SJ, editor. Posit Psychol Explor best people. Discov Hum strengths. Volume 1. Westport, CT: ‎ Praeger; 2008. pp. 81–108. Jason LA, Reichler A, King C, Madsen D, Camacho J, Marchese W. The measurement of wisdom: A preliminary effort. J Community Psychol. 2001;29:585–98. 10.1002/jcop.1037 . Weststrate NM, Ferrari M, Ardelt M. The Many Faces of Wisdom: An Investigation of Cultural-Historical Wisdom Exemplars Reveals Practical, Philosophical, and Benevolent Prototypes. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2016;42:662–76. 10.1177/0146167216638075 . Hu C, Zhang H, Huang C, Munroe M, Feng Z, Ge Y, et al. Conception of Wisdom Resources Among Chinese Emerging and Young Adults. Emerg Adulthood. 2023;11:1369–80. 10.1177/21676968231165550 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Numerous studies have endeavored to unravel its predictors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], consequences [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], assessment methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], and influencing factors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. However, despite these endeavors, the enigmatic nature of wisdom has led to its comparison with the allegorical tale of the \u0026ldquo;blind men and the elephant\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] highlighting the complexity of its research pursuit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the psychological study of wisdom, differences in conceptualization exist [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The earliest attempt in this regard by scholars from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin is known as the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm (BWP), which conceptualizes wisdom as expert factual and procedural knowledge in important and uncertain human conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. BWP is categorized under the cognitive conceptualization of wisdom [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Another cognitive conceptualization of wisdom is Sternberg\u0026rsquo;s Balance Theory, which is not solely based on cognitive processes but is a blend of individual virtue and socially beneficial outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Apart from cognitive understanding, many scholars discern wisdom through personality traits or tendencies in cognitive functioning, emotional skills, motivational factors, and spirituality [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhether it is cognitive, personality or blend of both, two major approaches have been adopted by the wisdom researchers\u0026mdash; implicit and explicit approaches [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Implicit theoretical approaches to wisdom aim to uncover people's intuitive or folk conceptions of wisdom. Instead of seeking a psychologically accurate portrayal of wisdom, these approaches prioritize capturing beliefs about wisdom held by individuals, regardless of whether these beliefs align with psychological truths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The earliest empirical psychological investigations into wisdom, commonly attributed to Clayton and Birren, were conducted using implicit folk conceptions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Explicit theories in the study of wisdom are formulated by expert theorists and researchers rather than laypeople. These theories are often grounded in constructs derived from the psychology of human development. They aim to provide structured frameworks for understanding and studying wisdom from a scholarly perspective. Blates and Smith\u0026rsquo;s work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] can be attributed as earliest wisdom research using this approach to conceptualize wisdom.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplicit understanding is largely influenced by cultural-historical context. As Baltes and Staudinger (2000) expressed\u0026mdash; \u0026ldquo;implicit and folk-psychological characterizations of wisdom are mainly the product of cultural history and its impact on current society\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. They further mentioned that implicit theories of wisdom, rooted in cultural and historical perspectives, provide valuable insights and context for understanding wisdom. This information serves as a framework against which explicit psychological theories can be assessed and evaluated. As noted further, explicit theories often diverge from the traditional and popular perceptions of the concept. This divergence primarily stems from the endeavors of wisdom scholars to establish a scholarly benchmark for wisdom, facilitating the creation of standardized approaches for capturing the psychological attributes associated with this trait [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. By considering both implicit and explicit perspectives, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of wisdom across different cultural and historical contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the first direct comparison of the Western culture (American and Australian) to the Eastern (Japanese and Indian) on wisdom descriptors, cultural difference were noted empirically[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The analysis revealed that both Americans and Australians associated \u0026ldquo;wise\u0026rdquo; most closely with \u0026ldquo;experienced\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;knowledgeable,\u0026rdquo; while \u0026ldquo;discreet\u0026rdquo; was least associated. This suggests a Western view of wisdom as explicit and analytical, emphasizing broad knowledge and life expertise. In contrast, Indian and Japanese perceptions linked \u0026ldquo;wise\u0026rdquo; closely with \u0026ldquo;discreet,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;aged,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;experienced,\u0026rdquo; reflecting a different cultural perspective. Grossman et al. (2012), based on his experiment on wise reasoning in the context of approaching social conflict, suggests that cultural variations in self-concept, such as the interdependent self in Japan versus the independent self in the United States, influence differences in wise reasoning across cultures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. This implies that cultural perspectives on individuality and social interconnectedness shape how individuals\u0026rsquo; reason and make decisions in wise ways[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSo far, the exploration of the Eastern concept of wisdom has predominantly reflected by implicit and explicit studies from participants in Taiwan, China [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] and Japan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Very few empirical studies have been attempted to capture Indian conception of wisdom. While Takahashi and Bordia (2000) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] included Indian participants, they were predominantly young college students (mean age 20.71 years), and their attempt did not directly result in defining the wisdom from Indian perspective. Another study by Sharma and Dewangan (2018) compared wisdom descriptors and nominees from Western studies with those provided by a sample of Indian graduate students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Over 50% of participants identified 14 out of 25 characteristics from the Western-based list, with nominees tending to be younger than those typically seen in Western contexts. Ferrari and colleagues explored implicit understandings of wisdom among Indian, Indian-migrated-to-Canada, and Canadian students by asking \u0026ldquo;Why is Gandhi wise?\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. They observed differences among these groups, highlighting the influence of cultural and contextual factors on wisdom conception. However, these attempts to capture implicit Indian views of wisdom lack a simple question to the participants\u0026mdash; \u0026ldquo;What is wisdom?\u0026rdquo; These studies were limited in the terms of elaboration by either providing adjectives or by making choices on given adjectives for a wise person [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] and by searching wisdom descriptions for a single prototype of a wise person (i.e., Mahatma Gandhi)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, in this study, we seek to understand the Indian conception of wisdom through the voices of Indian natives and try to define wisdom from their perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study comprised two distinct phases. Initially, a qualitative research method was employed to explore the phenomenon under investigation in depth. Subsequently, in the second phase, a quantitative approach was utilized to corroborate and validate the insights gleaned from the qualitative inquiry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhase-I\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the phase-I, 10 professors from each discipline\u0026mdash;science, humanities, and fine arts\u0026mdash;along with 10 sages were interviewed. All the professors were from different government universities in West Bengal, India, and were well-known for their academic contributions. The sages were individuals working in spiritual organizations and held important responsibilities within those organizations. Thus, a total of 40 people were interviewed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA semi structured interview schedule was prepared based on previous implicit wisdom studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. These four questions were asked to the participants, apart from their demographic details: 1. What is wisdom (বিজ্ঞতা) according to you? 2.What is the difference between wisdom and intelligence? 3. Can you nominate some person who according to you is wise? 4. According to your own opinion, how would you characterize a wise person? However, in this study we will report findings from only three questions (1,3,4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhase-II\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of characteristics obtained of a wise person (in response to question-4 of the phase-I) were rated by 353 participants, who were recruited from a diverse range of education levels, age groups, and religious beliefs. The use of raters (laypersons) in this phase followed the example set by Berlin Wisdom studies (Baltes et al., 1995) in which they argued that most people could recognize wise characteristics without much difficulty. The participants were recruited from a local public college campus and general employee recreational clubs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study protocol and procedures were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the university (name and reference masked for anonymous review purpose).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e In the phase-I, snowball sampling was used to recruit the participants. They were contacted either in person or by phone and interviewed by the second author. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed. All interviewees preferred their mother tongue (Bangla), so all transcriptions were backward-translated into English. The term \u0026ldquo;বিজ্ঞতা\u0026rdquo; is synonymous with \u0026ldquo;wisdom\u0026rdquo; in Bangla, so both terms were used interchangeably during interviews. Transcribed interviews were thematically analyzed independently by two authors following the guidelines outlined by Braun and Clarke [40]. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the participants' perceptions of the concept of wisdom, we engaged in a thorough familiarization process. This involved multiple readings of the transcripts, during which we made detailed notes on key themes and patterns observed in the data. Utilizing an inductive approach, both authors independently conducted initial coding by systematically identifying and labeling segments of the data that captured key concepts. Codes were generated based on the content of the transcripts and were organized manually to facilitate analysis. Through iterative analysis and comparison of the coded segments, overarching themes began to emerge. Subsequently, the authors engaged in collaborative discussions to refine and finalize the identified themes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the phase-II, the wisdom characteristics identified in phase-I underwent a thorough review for redundancy and synonyms. Few more characteristics were further added from previous studies in the compilation of a final list. These characteristics were then translated into Bengali, and five Bengali-English bilingual graduate students examined the accuracy of the translations. Both English and Bengali versions were prepared accordingly. These characteristics were then arranged randomly, and subsequently, participants were asked to rate these wisdom characteristics based on their relevance to a \u0026ldquo;characteristic of wise person,\" using a five-point Likert scale ranging from \u0026ldquo;strongly disagree\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;disagree\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;neutral\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;agree\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;strongly agree\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhase-I\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of participants were male (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34, 85%). Among females, four were professors from fine arts, one was from humanities, and one was a sage. There was no significant age difference between the groups (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.9 years, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.44). However, participants in the sage group had significantly more experience in their field compared to the other three groups. It is because the criteria to join a spiritual organization is not specified, and a person can join spiritual organization (from where we collected data) in very young (but not below 18) age. The mean experience across all groups was 24.73 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.45). Group statistics have been depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge and Experience statistics of all the four groups (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine Arts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanities\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDefining wisdom\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants\u0026rsquo; responses to the question \u0026ldquo;What is wisdom (বিজ্ঞতা) according to you?\u0026rdquo; revealed five major themes. These themes summarized are discussed below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntegration of various human ability.\u003c/b\u003e Wisdom is described as a blend of knowledge, self-awareness, experience, thoughts, reflection, and the ability to make sound judgments. It involves the integration of various elements to navigate life effectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Wisdom is not just a specific thing; it's a blend of various aspects. If I elaborate, it can be broadly described as the integration of knowledge, self-awareness, experience, thoughts, and the ability to reflect on every aspect of life.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Fine Art, 51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Wisdom, according to me, is like the perfect blend of knowledge, experience, and a sprinkle of good judgment.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Science, 55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was emphasise on the interconnectedness of knowledge, intelligence, and wisdom, stating they are mutually supportive, highlighting their complementary nature in various aspects of life. A sage (Male, 51) said\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026hellip;and let me say this beforehand, knowledge, intelligence, and wisdom are complementary to each other. Without these three things, nothing can function properly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGained through experience.\u003c/b\u003e Wisdom encompasses knowledge and experience, evolving and expanding over time. It involves learning from life experiences and formal education, leading to a profound understanding of oneself and the world.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The art was there since my childhood, but after passing out of art college, it has evolved into various thoughts and ideas, becoming more extensive. I have realized where things are, what was wrong, and how to make it right. That knowledge is wisdom.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Science, 57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWisdom emerges from introspection and deep internal reflection, shaped by the experiences we accumulate throughout life, guiding our understanding and decision-making processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Wisdom is something that relies on our introspection or deep internal perspective\u0026rdquo;, based on the experiences we gather.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Science, 54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWisdom transcends expertise in a single domain; it encompasses a holistic understanding rooted in experiential knowledge. Those deemed wise possess profound insights derived from lived experiences, offering a comprehensive grasp of universal truths across diverse realms of existence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;It does not mean knowledge in one subject. It means all knowledge. All the knowledge of the universe and those who have experienced all these are called wise.\u0026rdquo; (Female Sage, 57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIncludes Prosocial Values.\u003c/b\u003e Wisdom, cultivated and shared, has a profound societal impact, fostering empathy, resilience, and collective progress. It forms the bedrock for ethical decision-making, nurturing a harmonious and enlightened social fabric.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;It seems that a truly wise person understands the value of doing good and strives to make the world a better place.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Humanities, 51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow do these societal values function? The answer can be found verbatim in the words of another male professor of humanities (51):\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen I assess events or subjects from a societal perspective and judge them, I can see it through my inner qualities, understand its impact, and explain it when needed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWisdom involves considering the greater good, promoting fairness, and upholding values in navigating life's complexities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;It involves applying your knowledge in a way that considers the bigger picture, the consequences of your actions, and the ethical implications of your choices.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Science, 55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDepth of understanding.\u003c/b\u003e Wisdom is gained through prolonged contemplation and discussion on a subject, leading to a deeper understanding and transformation of perspective. It emphasizes the importance of continuous reflection and dialogue in evolving one's understanding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;I mean the experience that comes after prolonged and deep contemplation on a particular subject. I accumulate the insights gained from such contemplation, and as a result, my understanding of that subject becomes more profound than it was initially.\u0026rdquo; (Female Professor, Fine Arts, 44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWisdom is profound comprehension of existence and expertise, transcending surface knowledge. It involves a nuanced grasp of life and subjects, surpassing superficial understanding to reveal profound insights and perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;A wise person is not only intelligent but also possesses a deeper understanding of life.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Humanities, 51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;I mean understanding a subject in a way that one's knowledge about it surpasses the scope of knowledge of other individuals.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Humanities, 56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSpiritual/Transcendental elements.\u003c/b\u003e Wisdom involves transcending ego and understanding one's true self. It includes letting go of external influences and delving into existential questions to achieve spiritual growth and self-awareness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;From one angle, I see it as spiritual or on a spiritual level, where a person can recognize, learn, or strive to understand who they are within themselves. What I'm doing shouldn't be rigidly held by my hands, restricted by my feet, or governed by my mind; external force is controlling me.\u0026rdquo; (Male Professor, Fine Art, 56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the words of sage (Male, 49): \u0026ldquo;Wisdom is about knowing and experiencing the connection with the divine, the realization of the soul's union with the supreme consciousness.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRare but achievable to all.\u003c/b\u003e As a sage (Male, 51) described it- \u0026ldquo;Wisdom is understanding what intelligence or discernment conveys. Not everyone possesses discernment. And let me say this beforehand, knowledge, intelligence, and wisdom are complementary to each other. Without these three things, nothing can function properly. And discernment, like everyone doesn't have it. It might be that what I lack, you may have.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother sage (Male, 51) also acknowledged that wisdom is achieved by few. He said-\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile scientific advancements are undoubtedly filled by knowledge, the final step of knowledge is knowing God, and being the possessor of this knowledge is a role fulfilled by very few individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNominations of wise person\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe top 10 nominees, with the highest frequencies, are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. A total of 30 different individuals were nominated by the four groups of scholars. Cumulatively, these 30 nominees received 81 nominations. The humanities group had the highest number of nominees (23), followed by science (11), sage (10), and fine arts (6). Notably, known individuals (i.e., friends, acquaintances, and seniors) received the highest number of nominations (15%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTop 10 wise nominees from the four groups.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNominee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine Arts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnown Person\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwami Vivekananda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRabindra Nath Tagore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRam Krishna Paramhansa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. P. J Abdul Kalam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetaji Subhas Chandra Bose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM K Gandhi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAurobindo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShankaracharya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of a Wise\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 25 characteristics were initially provided by the four groups of scholars. After grouping synonymous characteristics, this number is reduced to 19. Science scholars contributed the highest number of characteristics (18), followed by fine arts and sage scholars (15 each), and humanities scholars (14). These 19 characteristics were collectively mentioned a total of 157 times by the four groups of scholars (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWise characteristics identified by the four groups of the scholars.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine Arts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumanities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge-seeker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (16.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProsocial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (15.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (15.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (10.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalytical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (9.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (8.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-growth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurious\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeadership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eListener\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoliteness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgreeableness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhase-II\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the total 353 participants, 237 were female, constituting 67.13% of the sample. Participants represented diverse religious affiliations, including atheism (as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographic details of the participants of phase-II (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;353)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (31.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (20.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (17.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (18.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (12.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher Secondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (15.86)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder Graduates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193 (54.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost Graduates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (27.47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePh. D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHinduism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316 (89.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuddhism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtheist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (6.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn additional 11 characteristics sourced from the global list curated by Sharma and Dewangan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] were integrated with the 19 wise characteristics identified in this study, resulting in a total of 30 wise characteristics. These attributes were subsequently evaluated by the participants, as outlined in the \u003cspan refid=\"Sec6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eprocedure\u003c/span\u003e section. Analysis of the results presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e indicates preference among participants for the characteristics obtained during the qualitative inquiry. Ratings predominantly leaned towards \"agree\" and \"strongly agree\" for the majority of the traits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDistribution of agreement with wisdom characters in percentage [95%CI], (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;353).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge Seeking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7[.035, 3.05]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.3[96.95, 99.65]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHumbleness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1[.01, 2.19]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2[.54, 3.46]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7[3.28, 8.12]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5[37.34, 47.66]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7[43.49, 53.91]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial Contribution\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 2.3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3[.74, 3.86]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15[11.28, 18.72]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53[47.79, 58.21]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2[24.46, 33.94]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-Control\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7[.35, 3.05]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2[3.68, 8.72]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47[41.79, 52.21]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.2[39.02, 49.38]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[.21, 1.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8[1.08, 4.52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5[3.93, 9.07]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.6[36.46, 46.74]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.4[43.19, 53.61]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMorality\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4[.17, 2.63]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1[.01, 2.19]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6[4.84, 10.36]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.1[44.88, 55.32]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7[34.60, 44.80]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLogical Thinking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 1.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 1.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6[4.84, 10.36]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.9[42.69, 53.11]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.3[38.13, 48.47]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHumanity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0[.00, 0.00]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4[.17, 2.63]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8[4.17, 9.43]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1[32.06, 42.14]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.7[49.51, 59.89]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 1.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2[.54, 3.46]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5[9.05, 15.95]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.8[48.60, 59.00]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2[26.37, 36.03]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOpenness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3[-.27, 0.87]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5[3.93, 9.07]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8[19.36, 28.24]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4[36.26, 46.54]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28[23.32, 32.68]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePoliteness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4[.17, 2.63]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3[6.27, 12.33]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53[47.79, 58.21]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4[30.41, 40.39]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eListeners\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3[-.27, 0.87]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2[7.04, 13.36]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6[40.40, 50.80]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.1[37.93, 48.27]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntelligence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3[-.27, 0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 1.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11[7.74, 14.26]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51[45.79, 56.21]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1[32.06, 42.14]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeadership\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2[3.68, 8.72]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3[25.51, 35.09]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.8[35.67, 45.93]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8[17.49, 26.11]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurious\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1[.01, 2.19]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8[1.08, 4.52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2[8.79, 15.61]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9[40.70, 51.10]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38[32.94, 43.06]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmpathy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3[.74, 3.86]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3[8.00, 14.60]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.6[44.38, 54.82]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36[30.99, 41.01]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf awareness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1[.01, 2.19]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7[.35, 3.05]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2[3.68, 8.72]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8[39.61, 49.99]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2[41.00, 51.40]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-growth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 2.3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 1.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6[4.84, 10.36]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.2[42.99, 53.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.1[37.93, 48.27]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnlightened\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3[-.27, 0.87]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7[.35, 3.05]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9[10.29, 17.51]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7[45.48, 55.92]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4[28.48, 38.32]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePractical\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0[.00, 0.00]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5[.87, 4.13]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1[6.10, 12.10]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.8[48.60, 59.00]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6[29.64, 39.56]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDetermination\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3[-.27, 0.87]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3[.74, 3.86]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2[5.34, 11.06]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45[39.81, 50.19]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.2[39.02, 49.38]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHonesty\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0[.00, 0.00]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2[.54, 3.46]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9[5.09, 10.71]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4[36.26, 46.54]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7[43.49, 53.91]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVersatile\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4[1.51, 5.29]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6[4.84, 10.36]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6[21.99, 31.21]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7[34.60, 44.80]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7[18.33, 27.07]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntuitive\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8[1.08, 4.52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8[17.49, 26.11]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7[43.49, 53.91]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8[21.24, 30.36]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupreme Conscious\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5[2.34, 6.66]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8[17.49, 26.11]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.4[43.19, 53.61]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4[19.92, 28.88]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHumorous\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6[-.21, 1.41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8[2.57, 7.03]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38[32.94, 43.06]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.3[44.08, 54.52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3[13.35, 21.25]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisionary\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4[1.51, 5.29]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2[5.34, 11.06]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8[21.24, 30.36]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5[35.38, 45.62]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1[17.77, 26.43]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOptimism\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7[.35, 3.05]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.52[.34, 6.66]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5[7.30, 13.70]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.6[44.38, 54.82]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7[28.77, 38.63]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFairness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8[-.13, 1.73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8[1.08, 4.52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6[6.53, 12.67]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.1[46.89, 57.31]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6[29.64, 39.56]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCourage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3[-.27, 0.87]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8[1.08, 4.52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.95 [8.57, 15.33]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45[39.81, 50.19]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9[34.79, 45.01]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the perspective of Indian scholars in this study, wisdom can be defined as \u003cem\u003ethe synthesis of knowledge, self-awareness, experience, and reflection, enabling sound judgment and effective life navigation. It transcends expertise, encompassing holistic understanding derived from lived experiences and formal education. Cultivated through reflection and dialogue, wisdom fosters ethical decision-making and societal progress, grounded in profound insights and spiritual growth. It is rare but achievable to all.\u003c/em\u003e This definition has many similarities with the definitions provided by the wisdom scholars as well as results obtained in the implicit studies from the different parts of the world.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the wisdom descriptions provided by the participants in different studies revealed five subcomponents: cognitive ability, insight, reflective attitude, concern for others, and real-world skills [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Indian scholars view wisdom as a synthesis of these abilities. Seeking knowledge for societal benefit (i.e., pro-social behavior) and exercising self-control are paramount for Indian scholars, aligning with Indian cultural values. Indian scriptures like the Bhagavad Gita and Jātaka stories emphasize seeking knowledge through questioning. The Upanishads, one of India's oldest literary works, are presented in a question-and-answer format. Indian scholarship prioritizes knowledge acquisition not only for personal growth but also for the collective well-being, as reflected in the prayer \u0026ldquo;sarve bhavantu sukhinaḥ\u0026rdquo; (may all be in state of well-being). The concept of \u0026lsquo;Yama\u0026rsquo; in yoga sutras, often interpreted as \u0026lsquo;restrain\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;moral discipline\u0026rsquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e], emphasizes the importance of self-control. Indian sages like Swami Vivekananda and Indian leader like Mahatma Gandhi exemplify the practice of self-control, suggesting its foundational role in wisdom.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious forms of knowledge, including factual and procedural knowledge in the BWP criteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], tacit knowledge in Sternberg\u0026rsquo;s balance theory of wisdom [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], and deep self-knowledge in the Bremen wisdom paradigm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], are identified as foundations for wisdom development. Indian scholars emphasize knowledge gained through experience as essential for wisdom. A wise person is expected to have diverse life experiences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Life challenges, such as illness and crises, foster wisdom development by testing beliefs and expanding outlook [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Effective handling of challenges, particularly through self-reflection and personal growth, enhances wisdom [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Deep knowledge gained through reflection is equally important for Indian scholars\u0026rsquo; wisdom description. Reflective thinking is one of the important component of 3D-Wisdom criteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] and Webster\u0026rsquo;s wisdom model [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndian scholars assess wisdom based on its societal benefits and ethical values, echoing Sternberg's emphasis on the mediation of tacit knowledge through ethical values for the common good [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Pro-social values and moral maturity are integral to other modern wisdom conceptualizations[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. India's rich spiritual tradition is reflected in the descriptions of wisdom by Indian scholars [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. While spirituality is seldom included in wisdom measures and conceptualizations, exceptions like Levenson et al. (2005) exist. According to Jeste et al., most researchers tend to define and operationalize wisdom in a secular and broad manner, but they found support for spirituality as a vital component of wisdom in their San Diego Wisdom Scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly, although our participant scholars include spirituality in their definition of wisdom, they did not specifically list it as a characteristic. Jeste et al. observe that spirituality encompasses qualities such as love, care, and humility, rather than solely religious beliefs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, Indian scholars view wisdom as a rare attribute, echoing sentiments from Western researchers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. However, unlike their counterparts, Indian scholars believe that wisdom can be attained by anyone, aligning with Eastern perspectives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e] and the enduring philosophy of India, which holds that wisdom is accessible to all. Renowned Indian poet Kālidāsa, the transformation of foolish princes into wise kings in the famous Panchatantra, and the redemption of the cruel Aṅgulimāla through divine knowledge from Buddha\u0026mdash;all these examples from Indian tradition illustrate the attainability of wisdom by all.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the wise person nomination tasks, individuals often nominate acquaintances, males, and those above 50 years old or historical figures as wise, regardless of the nominators\u0026rsquo; gender [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR53\" citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Indian scholars\u0026rsquo; nominations align with this trend. Moreover, the top three nominees (Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, and Ramakrishna Paramahansa) share the same ethnicity as the nominators, indicating the influence of ethnicity and culture on nominations, as reported in previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the characteristics provided by Indian scholars in this study closely resemble those in a global list compiled by Sharma and Dewangan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], indicating significant similarity between Indian scholars\u0026rsquo; perceptions and global perceptions of wisdom characteristics. Furthermore, there were discipline-wise differences in the characterization of wisdom; analytical traits were more emphasized by scholars in science and humanities compared to sages and those in fine arts, while sages placed greater emphasis on self-awareness, a characteristic less prominent in the other three groups. Moreover, the wise characteristics identified through qualitative inquiry were substantiated during the rating task conducted in this study. A diverse sample of participants predominantly expressed agreement or strong agreement with the wisdom traits. Notably, the traits associated with \u0026ldquo;Knowledge seeking\u0026rdquo; garnered the highest preference, with 100% of participants indicating agreement or strong agreement. In contrast, the attributes related to \u0026ldquo;Leadership\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Visionary\u0026rdquo; qualities received the lowest preference, with only 62.6% of participants expressing agreement or strong agreement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison of Indian Wisdom conception to other Eastern conceptions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical investigation of Yang (2001) among Taiwanese participants suggests that the Taiwanese conception of wisdom focuses on a broad range of competencies and knowledge, along with qualities such as benevolence, compassion, openness, modesty, and unobtrusiveness in social interactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. It emphasizes a multifaceted approach to wisdom, encompassing both intellectual capabilities and virtuous qualities essential for harmonious social relationships. While Indian conception in this study shares similarities in appreciating knowledge and compassion, the Indian perspective places greater emphasis on reflection, spiritual growth, and ethical decision-making, whereas the Taiwanese perspective emphasizes humility, openness, and social harmony.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Chinese conception, wisdom encompasses cognitive engagement, practical engagement, social engagement, spirituality of disengagement, and a positive mindset. It emphasizes cognitive processes, practical application, social interactions for the collective good, detachment from worldly concerns, and maintaining a positive outlook despite life's challenges[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Chinese view places additional emphasis on social engagement and spiritual disengagement, aiming for harmony and inner peace, in contrast, the Indian perspective emphasizes reflection and spiritual growth as essential components of wisdom, aiming for ethical decision-making and societal progress. However, in recent studies among Chinese emerging adults, \u0026ldquo;willingness to learn\u0026rdquo; emerged as the most valued wisdom resource, while \u0026ldquo;religious/spiritual experience\u0026rdquo; ranked lowest [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. In this context, Indian scholars in our study have demonstrated similar patterns as they did not provide spirituality or religiousness as a descriptor. Lastly, Japanese conception identifies problem-solving ability, insight, plasticity, harmony with others, and disciplined life as the dimensions of wisdom [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] but lacking component of spiritual growth component as emphasized by Indian.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has certain limitations. Indian is a big country with cultural diversity. In this qualitative inquiry participants were taken only from Bengali community, and representation of female was very less. It can limit the generalization of the findings. Some studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] have also adopted factor analysis process with large samples as a next step for validations of the descriptors, which can provide further insight, our study is lacking on that.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndian scholars\u0026rsquo; understanding of wisdom mirrors that of their counterparts worldwide. Their conception emphasizes the synthesis of knowledge, self-awareness, and experience, elevating wisdom beyond mere expertise. This multifaceted view emphasizes wisdom\u0026rsquo;s role in ethical decision-making, spiritual evolution, and societal advancement. The insights gathered from this study are expected to enrich the global discourse on wisdom, offering a deeper understanding of Indian perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study protocol and procedures were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Kazi Nazrul University (Ref No.: KNU/HREC/CC/3/2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interest do declare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRL and RG conceptualized the study and both analyzed the data. RL wrote and edited the manuscript. RG collected the data and reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors express gratitude to all the participants for generously sharing their time and insights for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterviews contain some personal information of the participants. Thus, data were not made public. However, the data supporting the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request to corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHall GS. Senescence: The last half of life. Senescence last half life. 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Conception of Wisdom Resources Among Chinese Emerging and Young Adults. Emerg Adulthood. 2023;11:1369\u0026ndash;80. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1177/21676968231165550\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/21676968231165550\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Wisdom descriptors, wisdom nomination, Spirituality, Cross-culture, implicit wisdom","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4744727/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4744727/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWisdom is universally perceived as the pinnacle of human development across various religions, cultures, and literary traditions. However, research on wisdom has primarily been centered in Western countries. The Eastern understanding of wisdom draws heavily from research conducted in, or involving participants from, Taiwan, China, and Japan. This study endeavours to explore the implicit conception of wisdom among Indian scholars.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eForty scholars from various disciplines, including Science, Fine Arts, Humanities, and spiritual organizations (Sages), responded to questions regarding their perspectives on wisdom. Interview were transcribed and thematically analyzed. Wisdom characteristics provided by the Indian scholars were further validated by a sample of 353 adults. The findings were analyzed in comparison to both Western and Eastern (Taiwan, China, and Japan) research on wisdom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndian scholars have conceptualized wisdom under six major themes: integration of various human abilities, gained through experience, inclusion of prosocial values, depth of understanding, spiritual/transcendental elements, and rarity but achievability by all. The characteristics of wisdom identified by these scholars show strong agreement among other Indians.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndian scholars\u0026rsquo; understanding of wisdom mirrors that of their counterparts worldwide. Their multifaceted view emphasizes wisdom\u0026rsquo;s role in ethical decision-making, spiritual evolution, and societal advancement. The insights gathered from this study are expected to enrich the global discourse on wisdom, offering a deeper understanding of Indian perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Eastern Conception of Wisdom: Representation from Indian Sample","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-15 15:22:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4744727/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7112daed-81fc-4262-8444-d917a29e98f9","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 15th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-02T04:38:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-15 15:22:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4744727","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4744727","identity":"rs-4744727","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}