Comparative Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Safety Profiles of Chitosan Nano-encapsulated Bromelain Formulations with Levamisole in Goats Under Tropical Smallholder Systems

Comparative Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Safety Profiles of Chitosan Nano-encapsulated Bromelain Formulations with Levamisole in Goats Under Tropical Smallholder Systems | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Safety Profiles of Chitosan Nano-encapsulated Bromelain Formulations with Levamisole in Goats Under Tropical Smallholder Systems Omar Othman Ali, Benign Alfred Temba, Jahashi Said Nzalawahe, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7411235/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluated the hematological and biochemical safety profiles of a novel anthelmintic (CNB) at two doses in comparison to levamisole in goats over 56 days. Twenty-four healthy animals were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 6): CNB270 (270 mg/kg), CNB360 (360 mg/kg), levamisole (0.5 ml/2kg), and a negative control. Periodically, blood sampling quantified liver enzymes (ALT, AST), renal markers (creatinine, urea), and hematological indices (PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, platelets). Results showed excellent hepatic tolerability for both CNB doses, with similar ALT values (p > 0.05) and minimal AST fluctuations compared to levamisole (p = 0.009). CNB270 showed improved renal profiles with much lower creatinine (p = 0.0007) and similar urea values. CNB360 and levamisole induced severe anemia (decrease in PCV: 32.1–20.8%, p = 0.0025; and 30.9–23.1%, p = 0.014, respectively), while CNB270 exhibited consistent erythrocyte indices (p > 0.05). All the therapies preserved platelet counts (p > 0.05), but CNB360 and levamisole caused leukopenia (decline in WBC to 5.2 and 3.5×10⁹/L respectively, p < 0.05). These findings render CNB270 the optimum formulation, providing equilibrium between anthelmintic efficacy and optimal margins of safety. The 270 mg/kg fell within hematological tolerance and maintained renal function without the hepatic stress or immunosuppression caused by elevated doses or levamisole. This study provides critical evidence supporting the inclusion of CNB270 in small ruminant parasite control programs, particularly in nutritionally challenged herds in which the maintenance of erythrocyte mass and immune status is vital. In vivo Chitosan nano-encapsulated bromelain Hematological profiles Biochemical safety Goats Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Helminth infections remain a significant constraint to livestock productivity worldwide, particularly in small ruminant production systems, where they cause enormous economic losses through reduced growth rates, impaired reproduction, and increased mortality (Charlier et al., 2020 ). In the tropics, the situation is aggravated by favorable environmental conditions for parasite transmission and increasing anthelmintic resistance (Kaplan, 2020 ; Kaplan and Vidyashankar, 2012 ). While chemical anthelmintics like levamisole have been mainstays of parasite control, drug resistance and safety issues have fueled the search for more innocuous alternatives (Evans et al., 2021 ). Novel endectocides such as CNB (new benzimidazole derivative) hold promise due to their broad spectrum of activity against gastrointestinal nematodes (Sepúlveda-Vázquez et al. , 2021). However, large-scale use should be preceded by extensive safety testing, particularly for the potential hepatic, renal, and hematological effects (de Macedo et al., 2020 ). It has previously been demonstrated that some anthelmintics have the potential to induce anemia, leukopenia, or hepatotoxicity at therapeutic concentrations (Vercruysse et al., 2018 ), stressing the need for comprehensive preclinical safety evaluation. There is limited literature offering a comprehensive comparison of CNB's safety profile across dosage regimens (Hamid et al., 2023 ). While preliminary efficacy trials demonstrate adequate anthelmintic activity, dose-dependent effects on vital organ systems remain to be elucidated (Maurer, 2001 ).This information gap is particularly relevant given the fact that optimum dosing would be expected to strike a balance between efficacy and adverse effects in target species (Coles et al., 2006 ; Prichard et al., 2007 ; Wolstenholme et al., 2004 ). We therefore undertook to compare and contrast the hematological and biochemical effects of two doses of CNB (270 mg/kg and 360 mg/kg) with levamisole and untreated controls in an experimental goat model. Specifically, we assessed the hepatic safety through monitoring ALT and AST, renal function by assaying creatinine and urea, and hematological effects, including erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte parameters. The 56-day study duration allowed for both the acute and subchronic effects to be seen, creating valuable safety data for field use dosage determination (Roeber et al., 2023 ). By creating comprehensive safety parameters for CNB, the research contributes to the growing body of knowledge of next-generation anthelmintics while addressing the pressing need for effective and well-tolerated parasite control products (Besier et al., 2016 ). The findings will allow veterinarians and farmers to make evidence-based decisions on anthelmintic use within small ruminant production systems faced with escalating resistance challenges (King et al., 2015 ). METHODOLOGY Study Site The study was carried out between April and July 2025 in Kwamuarabu village, which is located in Mvomero District in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. The area experiences bimodal rainfall (800–1200 mm/year) and average temperatures of 24°C, which favor gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) transmission. It was selected based on typical smallholder goat management systems and proximity to SUA for sample processing. Experimental Animals, Grouping, and Treatment Administration Twenty-four Small East African male goats naturally infected (8–30 months, 10–29 kg) were recruited after screening with floatation and McMaster methods. From the baseline fecal egg counts (FEC), the goats were randomly allocated to four treatment groups of six animals each: Group A: CNB 270 mg/kg body weight (Test Drug) Group B: Water/vehicle (Control) Group C: CNB 360 mg/kg body weight (Test Drug) Group D: Levamisole 0.5 ml/2kg body weight (Standard Drug) All goats were tagged for identification and kept under field conditions. Chitosan nonencapsulated bromelain (CNB) was extracted and formulated at JKUAT, Kenya, and stored under refrigeration at SUA. CNB was orally administered in the given doses for three consecutive days at trial initiation, with repeat dosing on Days 28 and 56. Levamisole was administered orally at a dose of 0.5 ml/2kg body weight, while the controls received water. Clinical Observations and Sampling Schedule Animals were closely monitored after drug administration, especially in the first 30 minutes and 4 hours, with daily follow-ups for 14 days and weekly thereafter. Weight loss above 10% of baseline was considered adverse. Sampling occurred on Days − 7 and 0 (pre-treatment) and then on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 to capture both immediate and long-term responses. Blood samples were collected at key time points for hematological and biochemical analysis. Blood Sample Collection Day 0 (pre-treatment) and Day 56 (post-treatment) blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture using sterile vacutainer needles. Approximately 3 mL of blood was collected from each goat in EDTA-coated tubes for hematological examination and another 3 mL in plain tubes for serum biochemical assays. Samples were carried to the lab in cool boxes (4–8°C) and were analyzed within 2 hours of sample collection to prevent cellular disruption and biochemical alteration. Hematological and Biochemical Examination Hematological parameters were analyzed using a Fully Automated Hematology Analyzer (UN 73 VET). A Complete Blood Count (CBC) was performed to determine packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count, following standard veterinary hematology procedures. For biochemical analysis, clotted blood samples were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum, which was stored at − 20°C until examination. Biochemical parameters, including ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine, were measured using an Autochemistry Analyzer (Model XL-200) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All assays were conducted with appropriate quality control standards to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. Statistical Analysis SPSS software version 26 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) were calculated for all parameters. Paired t-tests were done to compare Day 0 vs. Day 56 values between treatment groups, while one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test was used to identify group differences. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical Approval The research was conducted with ethical clearance and research permission from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) with reference numbers SUA/ADM/R.1/8/1168 and DPRTC/R/186/41. Regional permission was also obtained from the Office of the President, Regional Administration and Local Government (Ref: AB.307/323/01/190). RESULTS Biochemical parameters The results of biochemical parameters are shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the parameters ranged within the normal range, with variations attributed to the treatments done. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Table 1 shows the trends in ALT concentrations, which initially ranged from 17.2 to 24.2 U/L and remained at similar levels throughout the study. By Day 56, changes from baseline were not significant in any group: CNB270 (17.2 vs 20.6, p=0.149), Water (24.5 vs 21.7, p=0.271), CNB360 (21.9 vs 20.11, p=0.152), and Levamisole (20.4 vs 23.3, p=0.103). No pairwise differences were observed (p>0.05). The overall mean ALT values over the 7-day intervals also showed no significant differences among groups (ANOVA, p=0.952). Table 1: Concentration of biochemical analytes measured weekly for 56 days. Biochemical test Treatment Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Day 42 Day 56 Overall mean ALT(U/L) CNB270 17.23 22.26 19.86 23.84 21.59 21.43 20.61 20.97 (11-40) Water 24.47 18.51 18.66 19.30 20.35 21.52 21.70 20.64 CNB360 21.85 21.02 18.43 16.37 19.44 20.61 20.11 19.69 Levamisole 20.42 21.65 19.45 18.69 18.66 21.13 23.27 20.47 AST(U/L) CNB270 64.28 79.45 69.69 106.20 91.85 82.7 68.88 80.44 (60-280) Water 85.06 70.96 65.09 80.93 78.99 76.57 68.15 75.11 CNB360 69.4 70 60.09 59.28 86.83 81.29 76.41 a 71.90 Levamisole 62.86 b 67.81 59.77 59.6 63.56 70.46 b 67.03 c 64.44 Creatinine(mg/dL) CNB270 0.86 a 0.75 0.08 0.64 0.44 0.64 0.44 b 0.55 (0.5-1.4) Water 0.86 0.77 0.13 0.62 0.47 0.76 0.51 c 0.59 CNB360 0.84 0.78 0.11 0.61 0.42 0.72 0.55 0.57 Levamisole 0.89 0.83 0.11 0.65 0.45 0.78 0.58 c 0.61 Urea(mg/dL) CNB270 45.99 43.75 38.08 61.64 56.38 53.68 42.97 48.93 (18-60) Water 31.99 44.83 41.01 48.08 52.03 51.81 41.92 44.52 CNB360 23.12 29.71 21.42 19.46 25.26 26.6 23.61 24.17 Levamisole 37.04 a 31.49 18.73 17.65 17.85 21.7 19.21 b 23.38 The values with different superscripts within the same column and row differ significantly. The normal values of hematological parameters are indicated in brackets Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Table 1 shows AST trends from day 0 to day 56. AST increased in all groups except the negative (water) control, which declined. A significant difference between initial (day 0) and final (day 56) AST concentration occurred only in the Levamisole group (p=0.009). By day 56, AST concentrations were statistically similar across groups. Mean values over 7-day intervals showed no significant differences (ANOVA, p=0.2404), but a t-test revealed lower AST in Levamisole compared to water controls (p=0.035). Serum creatinine The results of creatinine concentration shown in Table 1 indicate a decreasing trend, with the maximum decline on day 14, and changes were significant (p<0.05). On day 56, CNB270 had significantly lower creatinine than other groups (P=0.0007). Mean concentrations over seven days showed no significant differences among groups by ANOVA (P=0.127). However, t-tests indicated differences between Levamisole and CNB270 (P=0.051) and between Water and CNB270 (P=0.027), with CNB270 consistently lower. At day 56, CNB270 exhibited greater reductions. Serum urea Initial mean serum urea concentrations ranged from 23.1 to 45 mg/L, lowest in the CNB360 and highest in the CNB270 groups. Concentrations varied significantly during treatment (P<0.05). On day 56, only Levamisole showed a significant reduction from baseline (P=0.038). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results (Table 2) further indicate significant group differences, with CNB360 and Levamisole groups showing lower urea than other treatments (P<0.0001). No significant differences occurred between CNB270 and water, or between Levamisole and CNB360. Overall, CNB360 and Levamisole reduced serum urea compared to CNB270 and the control. Table 2: ANOVA results of the serum urea concentration of the four experimental groups ANOVA Table SS df MS R 2 P value Treatment (between columns) 3221 3 1074 0.75 p<0.0001 Residual (within columns) 1031 20 51.54 Total 4251 23 Hematological parameters The result of the experimental treatments on hematological parameters is presented in Table 3. Packed cell volume Packed cell volume (PCV) values varied significantly, particularly on days 42 and 56 post-treatment. In CNB360, PCV decreased from 32.1% at day 0 to 20.8% at day 56 (p=0.0025), while in Levamisole it dropped from 30.9% to 23.1% (p=0.014). No significant changes occurred in CNB270 or the Water groups. By day 56, CNB360 and Levamisole had the lowest PCV compared to CNB270 and Water (P<0.05). The reductions in CNB360 and Levamisole suggest fewer red blood cells, possibly due to anemia linked to residual parasites, bone marrow suppression, or treatment stress. In contrast, CNB270 and control groups maintained stable PCV throughout the trial. Table 3: Results of hematological parameters measured weekly for 56 days. Hematological tests Treatment Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Day 42 Day 56 Overall mean PCV (%) CNB270 28.7 30.6 30.9 30.4 31.2 31.9 30.0 a 30.5 (22-38) Water 30.4 34.2 31.4 30.5 30.6 31.8 31.6 a 31.5 CNB360 32.1 b 31.4 31.7 38.7 38.9 37.1 20.8 c 38.9 Levamisole 30.9 b 31.5 32.4 37.9 37.6 38.8 23.1 c 38.9 Hb (g/dL) CNB270 10.7 11.1 10.2 10.7 10.8 11.4 10.9 10.8 (8-12) Water 11.3 11.5 10.6 11.1 11.1 11.7 a 11.5 a 11.3 CNB360 11.2 b 10.7 11.0 10.3 10.4 9.4 c 8.1 c 10.1 Levamisole 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.3 10.3 10.3 8.8 10.2 RBC (x10 12 /L) CNB270 11.7 11.2 12.5 12.2 12.5 12.7 11.8 12.1 (8-18) Water 12.5 14.0 13.0 12.5 12.5 12.9 12.9 a 12.9 CNB360 12.9 b 12.8 12.7 11.7 11.7 10.8 8.7 c 11.6 Levamisole 12.5 b 13.0 13.1 11.2 11.0 11.8 8.9 c 11.6 Platelets (x10 9 /L) CNB270 6610 4817 4485 5483 4944 5020 5352 5244.4 (300-600) Water 5778 4952 5043 5537 5973 5562 5474 5474.1 CNB360 5607 5212 4988 5148 5383 4668 3715 4960.1 Levamisole 4867 4247 4557 5314 5733 5238 4985 4991.6 WBC (x10 9 /L) CNB270 6.7 7.7 10.1 5.4 8.4 4.2 7.3 7.1 (4-13) Water 7.7 7.1 10.7 5.9 8.1 5.2 7.6 a 7.5 CNB360 9.6 b 9.7 7.2 5.4 5.7 8.0 5.2 c 7.3 Levamisole 9.5 b 6.2 6.4 4.9 4.8 3.3 3.5 c 5.5 The values with different superscripts within the same column and row differ significantly. The normal values of hematological parameters are indicated in brackets.(© 2025Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA) Hemoglobin concentrations The initial hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations ranged from 10.7 to 11.3 g/dL across the study groups. Significant variations were observed on day 42 (p=0.012) and day 56 (p<0.0001). CNB360 showed a significant decline on day 42 (p=0.007), while Levamisole declined on day 56 (p=0.012). On these days, CNB360 had the lowest Hb values, followed by Levamisole, CNB270, and Water. Mean Hb concentrations indicated CNB360 remained lower than Water but not significantly different from other groups. The red blood cell (RBC) counts The RBC counts in CNB360 and Levamisole groups declined significantly, consistent with the PCV and Hb decreases. CNB360 dropped from 12.9×10¹²/L at day 0 to 8.7×10¹²/L at day 56 (p=0.074), while Levamisole declined from 12.5×10¹²/L to 8.9×10¹²/L (p=0.074). Overall on day 56, ANOVA showed significant group differences (p=0.021), with CNB360 and Levamisole having the lowest counts. However, when RBC counts were compared across the entire experimental period, differences were not significant (p=0.068). Platelets count Platelet counts showed slight decreases in CNB270 (p=0.074) and CNB360 (p=0.086) groups, but the final values were not significant. In other groups, initial and final counts remained relatively stable (p=0.05). Mean platelet counts across the experimental period were statistically similar (p>0.05), indicating no significant differences among treatments. The minor, non-significant decreases in CNB groups suggest that neither CNB nor Levamisole induced thrombocytopenia or affected clotting potential. Stability of platelet counts across treatments demonstrates hematological safety, avoiding hemostatic disturbances from anthelmintic use. This stability is important for field application, showing CNB can be administered repeatedly without risk of blood disorders. Overall, CNB and Levamisole maintained normal platelet levels, confirming their safety to thrombocyte function. Total White blood cell The Total White blood cell (WBC) counts in CNB360 and Levamisole groups declined significantly from 9.6 and 9.5×10⁹/L on day 0 to 5.2 (p=0.018) and 3.5×10⁹/L (p=0.001) on day 56, respectively. No significant changes occurred in CNB270 or the Water groups. Pairwise groups comparisons showed that Levamisole-treated group had the lowest WBC counts, followed by CNB360, while CNB270 and Water were not different (p>0.05). Mean WBC counts for the entire period did not differ significantly (p=0.611). On the other hand, the results of the differential WBC counts (Table 4) indicated that neutrophils of the CNB360 and levamisole-treated goats decreased significantly from their initial values at the end of the study (P<0.001). In the contrary, the lymphocytes and monocytes of the CNB360 increased from their initial values (Figure 1). Table 4: Differential WBC counts showing percentages of types of WBC WBC type (%) Treatment group DAY O DAY 7 DAY 14 DAY 21 DAY 28 DAY 42 DAY 56 Neutrophils NEB 270 44.0 45.7 46.0 42.3 47.0 45.4 43.1 (30-48) WATER 45.2 50.0 51.7 42.4 42.0 40.8 41.0 NEB 360 58.0 a 55.2 53.0 53.5 57.2 49.4 41.8 b LEVAMISOL 52.7 a 48.0 42.3 51.3 48.7 46.2 41.6 b Lymphocytes NEB 270 49.7 46.8 46.5 52.2 46.9 46.6 45.8 (50-70) WATER 48.9 43.1 41.1 51.5 50.2 51.6 48.8 NEB 360 34.8 a 37.0 37.7 38.6 35.2 38.6 43.8 b LEVAMISOL 38.2 a 42.4 47.1 40.7 44.1 45.4 48.3 b Monocytes NEB 270 2.5 4.2 5.0 3.1 2.3 4.5 4.8 (0-4) WATER 2.1 3.2 3.3 2.2 1.8 2.7 4.2 NEB 360 3.5 a 4.7 5.3 3.7 3.8 5.9 9.3 b LEVAMISOL 4.0 5.3 4.7 2.5 2.5 3.8 4.6 NEB 270 3.5 2.7 1.9 1.9 3.5 3.0 3.2 Eosinophils WATER 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 5.5 4.4 5.5 (1-8) NEB 360 3.4 2.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 2.8 2.0 LEVAMISOL 4.7 3.9 5.5 5.2 4.3 4.1 4.9 NEB 270 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 Basophil WATER 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 (0-4) NEB 360 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 LEVAMISOL 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 The values with different superscripts within the same column and row differ significantly. The normal values of WBC type are indicated in the brackets. DISCUSSION This study assessed the effects of two different doses of chitosan nano-encapsulated bromelain (CNB270 and CNB360) on blood and organ function in goats, comparing them with levamisole and a control group. The results showed that while all treatments were generally safe, there were important differences in how they affected kidney function, blood parameters, and possible liver stress. These findings have useful implications for the potential of CNB as a deworming agent in livestock. The stability of ALT levels across all groups shows that neither CNB (at both doses) nor levamisole caused clear liver cell damage during the 56-day period (p>0.05 for all treatments). This agrees with earlier research showing that modern dewormers rarely cause liver harm when used at proper doses (Geresu et al ., 2024; Sulaimon et al., 2020). This result is especially important for the CNB360 group, because increasing the dose of a drug usually raises the risk of liver damage (Evans et al., 2021; Prangthip et al., 2023). AST levels , however, were slightly but significantly raised in the levamisole group (p=0.009), which might mean mild liver or muscle strain. This is consistent with earlier findings where temporary AST elevation was noted after levamisole use (Kreuder, 2021). CNB-treated animals did not show this change (p=0.2404), suggesting a better safety profile. The difference in AST response between levamisole and CNB may be linked to how they work. Levamisole acts on acetylcholine receptors, while CNB likely works on glutamate-gated chloride channels (Bagulo et al., 2023; Maurer, 2001; Pavan et al., 2012). The CNB270 group showed significantly lower creatinine levels by day 56 (p=0.0007), which may point to improved kidney function. This is a new and interesting finding, as most known dewormers do not improve kidney markers (Bagheri et al., 2004; Sepúlveda-Vázquez et al., 2021). This reduction in creatinine might come from better blood filtering by the kidneys or from lower muscle breakdown after parasites are cleared (Lemos et al., 2013). For serum urea, levels were lower in the CNB360 and levamisole groups compared to CNB270 and controls (p<0.0001). Lower urea can mean that protein is being used more efficiently or that less protein breakdown is happening, which is usually a good sign (Mitch et al., 1993). This may reflect reduced parasite burden. These results support the idea that removing parasites helps ruminants use nutrients more effectively (Daiba et al., 2022, 2023; Rehman and Abidi, 2022; Shukuru et al., 2020; Vercruysse et al., 2018). The difference in how CNB doses affected urea suggests a possible dose-related effect that needs more study. One of the most noticeable findings was a clear drop in PCV, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count in the CNB360 and levamisole groups by day 56 (p<0.05 for all parameters). This could mean that these treatments caused anemia, possibly by reducing red cell production or shortening their lifespan (Beutler, 1969). The drop in PCV in CNB360 (from 22.1% to 10.8%) is clinically important and supports earlier reports of anemia linked to macrocyclic lactones in small ruminants (Lifschitz et al., 2024). On the other hand, CNB270 maintained stable red cell levels, similar to the control group (p>0.05), which shows better safety at this lower dose. This finding highlights the need to select doses carefully, especially in regions where animals are already affected by chronic blood loss due to parasitism (Coles et al., 1992; Kaplan, 2020). Platelet levels remained similar across all treatment groups (p>0.05), showing that blood clotting was not affected. This goes against some past reports that benzimidazoles can lower platelet count (Modingam et al., 2024), suggesting that CNB has an advantage in this area. However, a significant drop in total WBC count was observed in both CNB360 and levamisole groups (p=0.018 and p=0.001, respectively), which raises some concerns about immune system effects. In some cases, lower WBC counts may mean that inflammation has reduced after parasite removal (McRae et al., 2015). But it could also indicate temporary immune suppression, which is risky since grazing animals need strong immune systems to fight infections (Stankiewicz et al., 1995). The WBC levels stayed normal in CNB270-treated animals, suggesting this dose is safer and does not interfere with immune health. A significant drop in both WBCs and neutrophils was recorded in the CNB360 and levamisole groups by day 56. This pattern is similar to what has been seen in other studies where levamisole caused neutropenia or agranulocytosis (Buchanan et al., 2010; Eschenbach et al., 1979). Since neutrophils are essential for fighting infections, their decline may result from bone marrow suppression, immune cell destruction, or migration of neutrophils to other tissues (Eschenbach et al., 1979; Buchanan et al., 2010). For example, people using levamisole-contaminated cocaine have experienced severe drops in neutrophils, sometimes to life-threatening levels (Buchanan et al., 2010; Shah et al., 2010). Although levamisole is known to stimulate the immune system in some cases, these effects depend on the dose and duration (Wright et al., 1977). While studies have shown that levamisole can improve neutrophil function under certain conditions (Wright et al., 1977), it may also cause immune-related neutropenia at higher or prolonged doses (Rosenthal et al., 1977). The CNB360 group showed similar blood effects to levamisole, suggesting that both may share some immune-suppressive or bone marrow effects. However, more research is needed to confirm how CNB works at the cellular level. Altogether, these findings show that both CNB360 and levamisole can significantly lower neutrophil counts and may weaken innate immune protection. This calls for further monitoring and careful dose management to avoid unwanted immune effects. Our results show that CNB270 was the most balanced and safest treatment. It reduced parasite-related effects while keeping blood and organ function stable. This makes it especially useful in settings where animals are already weak due to poor nutrition or chronic parasitism (Daiba et al., 2022, 2023). While CNB360 may offer stronger parasite control—as seen through changes in metabolism—this benefit must be weighed against the risk of anemia and low white blood cells. In herds with liver problems, CNB may also be a safer choice than levamisole, since it didn’t increase liver enzymes. This study supports CNB270 as a strong candidate for use in the field, showing a good balance between effectiveness and safety. In contrast, CNB360 and levamisole, although effective, caused signs of anemia and lower immunity. These results highlight how important it is to choose the right dose, especially when treating animals already under stress. Declarations Funding Statement This work was supported by the Bioinnovate Africa Project at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology ( icipe ), Nairobi, through a grant number B8403A11003. Acknowledgement We would like to thank the Bioinnovate Africa Project and the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) for their financial support that made this research possible. We also extend our sincere gratitude to all individuals who were involved in this research for their valuable time and dedication to make the work possible. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. Author's contribution Omar O. Ali conceptualized the study, designed the methodology, conducted data collection and analysis, and led the manuscript writing. B.A. Temba and J.S. Nzalawahe provided supervision during the study design and contributed critical revisions to the manuscript. S.R. Kitimu also contributed to the study's conceptualization, assisted in the design of the methodology, and provided key revisions to the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Data availability statement The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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World’s Veterinary Journal 13(2):285–292. https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2023.wvj30 de Macedo LO, de Miranda LF, de Oliveira JCP, do Nascimento Ramos CA, Verocai GG, de Carvalho GA, Alves LC, Ramos RAN (2020) Protostrongylus rufescens in Goats: Morphological and Molecular Characterization. Small Ruminant Research 182:11–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SMALLRUMRES.2019.11.005 Evans MJ, Chaudhry UN, CostaJúnior LM, Hamer K, Leeson SR, Sargison ND (2021) A 4 Year Observation of Gastrointestinal Nematode Egg Counts, Nemabiomes and the Benzimidazole Resistance Genotypes of Teladorsagia circumcincta on a Scottish Sheep Farm. International Journal for Parasitology 51(5):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.10.007 Geresu GD, Abebe TT, Gadisa DA, Taye GM, Bedada DH, Baressa TB, Hussen SU, Chala TS (2024) Phytolacca Dodecandra (L’ Herit) (Phytolaccaceae) Methanol Root Extract Protects Liver from AcetaminophenInduced Injury in Rats. Journal of EvidenceBased Integrative Medicine 29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X241263063 Hamid L, Alsayari A, Tak H, Mir SA, Almoyad MAA, Wahab S, Bader GN (2023) An Insight into the Global Problem of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infections amongst Livestock: Does Nanotechnology Provide an Alternative? Agriculture (Switzerland) 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071359 Kaplan RM (2020) Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Livestock. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 36(1):17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CVFA.2019.12.001 Kaplan RM, Vidyashankar AN (2012) An Inconvenient Truth: Global Worming and Anthelmintic Resistance. Veterinary Parasitology 186(1–2):70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.048 King CH, Sutherland LJ, Bertsch D (2015) Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of the Impact of ChemicalBased Mollusciciding for Control of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium Transmission. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004290 Kreuder A (2021) Small Ruminants for the Bovine Practitioner. AABP Proceedings 54(2). Lemos JRD, Rodrigues WF, Miguel CB, Parreira RC, Miguel RB, de Paula Rogerio A, Oliveira CJF, Chica JEL (2013) Influence of Parasite Load on Renal Function in Mice Acutely Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi . PLoS ONE 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071772 Lifschitz A, Nava S, Miró V, Canton C, Alvarez L, Lanusse C (2024) Macrocyclic Lactones and Ectoparasites Control in Livestock: Efficacy, Drug Resistance and Therapeutic Challenges. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 26:100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJPDDR.2024.100559 Maurer HR (2001) Review Bromelain: Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Medical Use. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS) 58. McRae KM, Stear MJ, Good B, Keane OM (2015) The Host Immune Response to Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection in Sheep. Parasite Immunology 37(12):605–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12290 Mitch WE, Jurkovitz C, England BK (1993) Mechanisms That Cause Protein and Amino Acid Catabolism in Uremia. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 21(1):91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80729-3 Modingam P, Faillie JL, Campillo JT (2024) Serious Adverse Events Reported with Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Disproportionality Analysis from the World Health Organization’s Pharmacovigilance Database. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , November 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012634 Pavan R, Jain S, Shraddha, Kumar A (2012) Properties and Therapeutic Application of Bromelain: A Review. Biotechnology Research International 2012:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/976203 Prangthip P, Tummatorn J, Adisakwattana P, Uthailak N, Boonyuen U, Tipthara P, Tarning J, Laohapaisan P, Thongsornkleeb C, Ruchirawat S, Reamtong O (2023) Anthelmintic Efficacy Evaluation and Mechanism of NMethylbenzo[d]oxazol-2Amine. Scientific Reports 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50305y Prichard RK, Von SamsonHimmelstjerna G, Blackhall WJ, Geary TG (2007) Foreword: Towards Markers for Anthelmintic Resistance in Helminths of Importance in Animal and Human Health. Parasitology 134(8):1073–1076. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007000078 Rehman A, Abidi SMA (2022) Livestock Health: Current Status of Helminth Infections and Their Control for Sustainable Development. In: Advances in Animal Experimentation and Modeling: Understanding Life Phenomena , pp. 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90583-1.00029-5 Roeber F, Jackson C, Chambers M, Smith V, Hume J, Blazejak K, Mencke N (2023) Efficacy and Safety of Felpreva®, a SpotOn Formulation for Cats Containing Emodepside, Praziquantel and Tigolaner against Experimental Infestation with the Australian Paralysis Tick Ixodes holocyclus . Current Research in Parasitology & VectorBorne Diseases 4:100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRPVBD.2023.100123 SepúlvedaVázquez J, LaraDel Rio MJ, VargasMagaña JJ, QuintalFranco JA, AlcarazRomero RA, OjedaChi MM, RodríguezVivas RI, MancillaMontelongo G, GonzálezPech PG, TorresAcosta JF de J (2021) Frequency of Sheep Farms with Anthelmintic Resistant Gastrointestinal Nematodes in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 24:100549. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VPRSR.2021.100549 Shukuru W, Kagira J, Maina N (n.d.) Toxicity, Anthelmintic Efficacy and Proteolytic Activity of ChitosanEncapsulated Bromelain within the Gastrointestinal Tract of Small East African Goats. https://doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wv25 Stankiewicz M, Pernthaner A, Cabaj W, Jonas WE, Douch PGC, Bisset SA, Rabel B, Pfeffer A, Green RS (1995) [Title missing] . International Journal for Parasitology 25(3). Sulaimon LA, Obuotor EM, Rabiu LA, Shehu AA, Aliyu M, Shiro MQ (2020) Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potentials of Ethanol Stem Bark Extract of Daniela oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch and Dalz (Caesalpinaceae). Synergy 11:100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SYNRES.2020.100067 Vercruysse J, Charlier J, Van Dijk J, Morgan ER, Geary T, Von SamsonHimmelstjerna G, Claerebout E (2018) Control of Helminth Ruminant Infections by 2030. Parasitology 145(13):1655–1664. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003118201700227X Wolstenholme AJ, Fairweather I, Prichard R, Von SamsonHimmelstjerna G, Sangster NC (2004) Drug Resistance in Veterinary Helminths. Trends in Parasitology 20(10):469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2004.07.010 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7411235","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":509711909,"identity":"43ca9843-f2be-4fd5-97ae-2cf503f0a926","order_by":0,"name":"Omar Othman Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCAwx8zMwHgAwJGSJ1JBxgYGNmSwBp4SFBCwOPAYhJWAu/2OFnHz7+uCPPxs7z+dWNGgseBvbDRzfg0yI5O8145oyEZ4ZtzLzbrHOOAR3Gk5Z2A58Wg9sJxsw8CYcZQVqMc9iAWiR4zAhoSf8M0mLfxszzzDjnH1FacsC2JAK1MD/ObSNCi+TsnGLGGWmHk9uY2cyYc/skeNgI+YVfOn0zwwebw7b9/Icff875VifHz374GF4tyIBNAkwSqxwEmD+QonoUjIJRMApGDgAAUVZBwLU7gX8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8127-7066","institution":"Sokoine University of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omar","middleName":"Othman","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":509711910,"identity":"840e6629-5f5c-4ec9-98d8-a3cfe812bd1b","order_by":1,"name":"Benign Alfred Temba","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sokoine University of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benign","middleName":"Alfred","lastName":"Temba","suffix":""},{"id":509711911,"identity":"4a2f16e2-8f9c-4b4a-931e-c3ddec7fc4a1","order_by":2,"name":"Jahashi Said Nzalawahe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sokoine University of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jahashi","middleName":"Said","lastName":"Nzalawahe","suffix":""},{"id":509711912,"identity":"99cafc30-2677-4a84-b15d-a2b58ce85879","order_by":3,"name":"Shedrack Reuben Kitimu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sokoine University of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shedrack","middleName":"Reuben","lastName":"Kitimu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-19 18:48:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7411235/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7411235/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90996919,"identity":"8fe5026a-1fff-4180-ba72-f50a64ad38b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 12:49:30","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges of selected leukocyte types during the study period. Only the results of selected treatment-cell type combinations: neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes are shown due to their significant changes observed during the study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7411235/v1/d1415ff80da50d8adcae9574.png"},{"id":107707837,"identity":"f2093b93-a3df-44cb-88ea-f61e5f7be69a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 09:21:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":620902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7411235/v1/d47cd594-18e5-4d1d-a306-b383f696b237.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Comparative Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Safety Profiles of Chitosan Nano-encapsulated Bromelain Formulations with Levamisole in Goats Under Tropical Smallholder Systems","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eHelminth infections remain a significant constraint to livestock productivity worldwide, particularly in small ruminant production systems, where they cause enormous economic losses through reduced growth rates, impaired reproduction, and increased mortality (Charlier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In the tropics, the situation is aggravated by favorable environmental conditions for parasite transmission and increasing anthelmintic resistance (Kaplan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kaplan and Vidyashankar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). While chemical anthelmintics like levamisole have been mainstays of parasite control, drug resistance and safety issues have fueled the search for more innocuous alternatives (Evans et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNovel endectocides such as CNB (new benzimidazole derivative) hold promise due to their broad spectrum of activity against gastrointestinal nematodes (Sep\u0026uacute;lveda-V\u0026aacute;zquez \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021). However, large-scale use should be preceded by extensive safety testing, particularly for the potential hepatic, renal, and hematological effects (de Macedo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It has previously been demonstrated that some anthelmintics have the potential to induce anemia, leukopenia, or hepatotoxicity at therapeutic concentrations (Vercruysse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), stressing the need for comprehensive preclinical safety evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is limited literature offering a comprehensive comparison of CNB's safety profile across dosage regimens (Hamid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). While preliminary efficacy trials demonstrate adequate anthelmintic activity, dose-dependent effects on vital organ systems remain to be elucidated (Maurer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).This information gap is particularly relevant given the fact that optimum dosing would be expected to strike a balance between efficacy and adverse effects in target species (Coles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Prichard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Wolstenholme et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe therefore undertook to compare and contrast the hematological and biochemical effects of two doses of CNB (270 mg/kg and 360 mg/kg) with levamisole and untreated controls in an experimental goat model. Specifically, we assessed the hepatic safety through monitoring ALT and AST, renal function by assaying creatinine and urea, and hematological effects, including erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte parameters. The 56-day study duration allowed for both the acute and subchronic effects to be seen, creating valuable safety data for field use dosage determination (Roeber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy creating comprehensive safety parameters for CNB, the research contributes to the growing body of knowledge of next-generation anthelmintics while addressing the pressing need for effective and well-tolerated parasite control products (Besier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The findings will allow veterinarians and farmers to make evidence-based decisions on anthelmintic use within small ruminant production systems faced with escalating resistance challenges (King et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Site\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out between April and July 2025 in Kwamuarabu village, which is located in Mvomero District in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. The area experiences bimodal rainfall (800\u0026ndash;1200 mm/year) and average temperatures of 24\u0026deg;C, which favor gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) transmission. It was selected based on typical smallholder goat management systems and proximity to SUA for sample processing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental Animals, Grouping, and Treatment Administration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwenty-four Small East African male goats naturally infected (8\u0026ndash;30 months, 10\u0026ndash;29 kg) were recruited after screening with floatation and McMaster methods. From the baseline fecal egg counts (FEC), the goats were randomly allocated to four treatment groups of six animals each:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup A: CNB 270 mg/kg body weight (Test Drug)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup B: Water/vehicle (Control)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup C: CNB 360 mg/kg body weight (Test Drug)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup D: Levamisole 0.5 ml/2kg body weight (Standard Drug)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll goats were tagged for identification and kept under field conditions. Chitosan nonencapsulated bromelain (CNB) was extracted and formulated at JKUAT, Kenya, and stored under refrigeration at SUA. CNB was orally administered in the given doses for three consecutive days at trial initiation, with repeat dosing on Days 28 and 56. Levamisole was administered orally at a dose of 0.5 ml/2kg body weight, while the controls received water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eClinical Observations and Sampling Schedule\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnimals were closely monitored after drug administration, especially in the first 30 minutes and 4 hours, with daily follow-ups for 14 days and weekly thereafter. Weight loss above 10% of baseline was considered adverse. Sampling occurred on Days \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7 and 0 (pre-treatment) and then on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 to capture both immediate and long-term responses. Blood samples were collected at key time points for hematological and biochemical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBlood Sample Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDay 0 (pre-treatment) and Day 56 (post-treatment) blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture using sterile vacutainer needles. Approximately 3 mL of blood was collected from each goat in EDTA-coated tubes for hematological examination and another 3 mL in plain tubes for serum biochemical assays. Samples were carried to the lab in cool boxes (4\u0026ndash;8\u0026deg;C) and were analyzed within 2 hours of sample collection to prevent cellular disruption and biochemical alteration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHematological and Biochemical Examination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHematological parameters were analyzed using a Fully Automated Hematology Analyzer (UN 73 VET). A Complete Blood Count (CBC) was performed to determine packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count, following standard veterinary hematology procedures. For biochemical analysis, clotted blood samples were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum, which was stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C until examination. Biochemical parameters, including ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine, were measured using an Autochemistry Analyzer (Model XL-200) according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions. All assays were conducted with appropriate quality control standards to ensure accuracy and reproducibility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPSS software version 26 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation) were calculated for all parameters. Paired t-tests were done to compare Day 0 vs. Day 56 values between treatment groups, while one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test was used to identify group differences. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted with ethical clearance and research permission from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) with reference numbers SUA/ADM/R.1/8/1168 and DPRTC/R/186/41. Regional permission was also obtained from the Office of the President, Regional Administration and Local Government (Ref: AB.307/323/01/190).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiochemical parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of biochemical parameters are shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the parameters ranged within the normal range, with variations attributed to the treatments done.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlanine aminotransferase (ALT)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u0026nbsp;1 shows the trends in ALT concentrations, which initially ranged from 17.2 to 24.2 U/L and remained at similar levels throughout the study. By Day 56, changes from baseline were not significant in any group: CNB270 (17.2 vs 20.6, p=0.149), Water (24.5 vs 21.7, p=0.271), CNB360 (21.9 vs 20.11, p=0.152), and Levamisole (20.4 vs 23.3, p=0.103). No pairwise differences were observed (p\u0026gt;0.05). The overall mean ALT values over the 7-day intervals also showed no significant differences among groups (ANOVA, p=0.952).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Concentration of biochemical analytes measured weekly for 56 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"643\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiochemical test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALT(U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(11-40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAST(U/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(60-280)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.86\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreatinine(mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.5-1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrea(mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(18-60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe values with different superscripts within the same column and row differ significantly. The normal values of hematological parameters are indicated in brackets\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAspartate aminotransferase (AST)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 shows AST trends from day 0 to day 56. AST increased in all groups except the negative (water) control, which declined. A significant difference between initial (day 0) and final (day 56) AST concentration occurred only in the Levamisole group (p=0.009). By day 56, AST concentrations were statistically similar across groups. Mean values over 7-day intervals showed no significant differences (ANOVA, p=0.2404), but a t-test revealed lower AST in Levamisole compared to water controls (p=0.035).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSerum creatinine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of creatinine concentration shown in Table 1 indicate a decreasing trend, with the maximum decline on day 14, and changes were significant (p\u0026lt;0.05). On day 56, CNB270 had significantly lower creatinine than other groups (P=0.0007). Mean concentrations over seven days showed no significant differences among groups by ANOVA (P=0.127). However, t-tests indicated differences between Levamisole and CNB270 (P=0.051) and between Water and CNB270 (P=0.027), with CNB270 consistently lower. At day 56, CNB270 exhibited greater reductions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSerum urea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitial mean serum urea concentrations ranged from 23.1 to 45 mg/L, lowest in the CNB360 and highest in the CNB270 groups. Concentrations varied significantly during treatment (P\u0026lt;0.05). On day 56, only Levamisole showed a significant reduction from baseline (P=0.038). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results (Table 2) further indicate significant group differences, with CNB360 and Levamisole groups showing lower urea than other treatments (P\u0026lt;0.0001). No significant differences occurred between CNB270 and water, or between Levamisole and CNB360. Overall, CNB360 and Levamisole reduced serum urea compared to CNB270 and the control.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: ANOVA results of the serum urea concentration of the four experimental groups\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"517\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eANOVA Table\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Treatment (between columns)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Residual (within columns)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHematological parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result of the experimental treatments on hematological parameters is presented in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePacked cell volume\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePacked cell volume\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(PCV) values varied significantly, particularly on days 42 and 56 post-treatment. In CNB360, PCV decreased from 32.1% at day 0 to 20.8% at day 56 (p=0.0025), while in Levamisole it dropped from 30.9% to 23.1% (p=0.014). No significant changes occurred in CNB270 or the Water groups. By day 56, CNB360 and Levamisole had the lowest PCV compared to CNB270 and Water (P\u0026lt;0.05). The reductions in CNB360 and Levamisole suggest fewer red blood cells, possibly due to anemia linked to residual parasites, bone marrow suppression, or treatment stress. In contrast, CNB270 and control groups maintained stable PCV throughout the trial.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Results of hematological parameters measured weekly for 56 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"643\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHematological tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDay 56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(22-38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb (g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBC (x10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8-18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelets (x10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5244.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(300-600)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4952\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5474.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4960.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4991.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWBC (x10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4-13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCNB360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevamisole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe values with different superscripts within the same column and row differ significantly. The normal values of hematological parameters are indicated in brackets.(\u0026copy; 2025Merck \u0026amp; Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHemoglobin concentrations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations ranged from 10.7 to 11.3 g/dL across the study groups. Significant variations were observed on day 42 (p=0.012) and day 56 (p\u0026lt;0.0001). CNB360 showed a significant decline on day 42 (p=0.007), while Levamisole declined on day 56 (p=0.012). On these days, CNB360 had the lowest Hb values, followed by Levamisole, CNB270, and Water. Mean Hb concentrations indicated CNB360 remained lower than Water but not significantly different from other groups.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe red blood cell (RBC) counts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe RBC counts in CNB360 and Levamisole groups declined significantly, consistent with the PCV and Hb decreases. CNB360 dropped from 12.9\u0026times;10\u0026sup1;\u0026sup2;/L at day 0 to 8.7\u0026times;10\u0026sup1;\u0026sup2;/L at day 56 (p=0.074), while Levamisole declined from 12.5\u0026times;10\u0026sup1;\u0026sup2;/L to 8.9\u0026times;10\u0026sup1;\u0026sup2;/L (p=0.074). Overall on day 56, ANOVA showed significant group differences (p=0.021), with CNB360 and Levamisole having the lowest counts. However, when RBC counts were compared across the entire experimental period, differences were not significant (p=0.068).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlatelets count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlatelet counts showed slight decreases in CNB270 (p=0.074) and CNB360 (p=0.086) groups, but the final values were not significant. In other groups, initial and final counts remained relatively stable (p=0.05). Mean platelet counts across the experimental period were statistically similar (p\u0026gt;0.05), indicating no significant differences among treatments. The minor, non-significant decreases in CNB groups suggest that neither CNB nor Levamisole induced thrombocytopenia or affected clotting potential. Stability of platelet counts across treatments demonstrates hematological safety, avoiding hemostatic disturbances from anthelmintic use. This stability is important for field application, showing CNB can be administered repeatedly without risk of blood disorders. Overall, CNB and Levamisole maintained normal platelet levels, confirming their safety to thrombocyte function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal White blood cell\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Total White blood cell (WBC) counts in CNB360 and Levamisole groups declined significantly from 9.6 and 9.5\u0026times;10⁹/L on day 0 to 5.2 (p=0.018) and 3.5\u0026times;10⁹/L (p=0.001) on day 56, respectively. No significant changes occurred in CNB270 or the Water groups. Pairwise groups comparisons showed that Levamisole-treated group had the lowest WBC counts, followed by CNB360, while CNB270 and Water were not different (p\u0026gt;0.05). Mean WBC counts for the entire period did not differ significantly (p=0.611).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the results of the differential WBC counts (Table 4) indicated that neutrophils of the CNB360 and levamisole-treated goats decreased significantly from their initial values at the end of the study (P\u0026lt;0.001). In the contrary, the lymphocytes and monocytes of the CNB360 increased from their initial values (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Differential WBC counts showing percentages of types of WBC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"680\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWBC type (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY 42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY 56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophils\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(30-48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWATER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLEVAMISOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocytes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(50-70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWATER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLEVAMISOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocytes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0-4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWATER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLEVAMISOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophils\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWATER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLEVAMISOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWATER\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0-4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEB 360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLEVAMISOL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe values with different superscripts within the same column and row differ significantly. The normal values of WBC type are indicated in the brackets.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study assessed the effects of two different doses of chitosan nano-encapsulated bromelain (CNB270 and CNB360) on blood and organ function in goats, comparing them with levamisole and a control group. The results showed that while all treatments were generally safe, there were important differences in how they affected kidney function, blood parameters, and possible liver stress. These findings have useful implications for the potential of CNB as a deworming agent in livestock.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe stability of ALT levels across all groups shows that neither CNB (at both doses) nor levamisole caused clear liver cell damage during the 56-day period (p\u0026gt;0.05 for all treatments). This agrees with earlier research showing that modern dewormers rarely cause liver harm when used at proper doses (Geresu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2024; Sulaimon et al., 2020). This result is especially important for the CNB360 group, because increasing the dose of a drug usually raises the risk of liver damage (Evans et al., 2021; Prangthip et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAST levels\u003c/strong\u003e, however, were slightly but significantly raised in the levamisole group (p=0.009), which might mean mild liver or muscle strain. This is consistent with earlier findings where temporary AST elevation was noted after levamisole use (Kreuder, 2021). CNB-treated animals did not show this change (p=0.2404), suggesting a better safety profile. The difference in AST response between levamisole and CNB may be linked to how they work. Levamisole acts on acetylcholine receptors, while CNB likely works on glutamate-gated chloride channels (Bagulo et al., 2023; Maurer, 2001; Pavan et al., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CNB270 group showed significantly lower creatinine levels by day 56 (p=0.0007), which may point to improved kidney function. This is a new and interesting finding, as most known dewormers do not improve kidney markers (Bagheri et al., 2004; Sepúlveda-Vázquez et al., 2021). This reduction in creatinine might come from better blood filtering by the kidneys or from lower muscle breakdown after parasites are cleared (Lemos et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor serum urea, levels were lower in the CNB360 and levamisole groups compared to CNB270 and controls (p\u0026lt;0.0001). Lower urea can mean that protein is being used more efficiently or that less protein breakdown is happening, which is usually a good sign (Mitch et al., 1993). This may reflect reduced parasite burden. These results support the idea that removing parasites helps ruminants use nutrients more effectively (Daiba et al., 2022, 2023; Rehman and Abidi, 2022; Shukuru et al., 2020; Vercruysse et al., 2018). The difference in how CNB doses affected urea suggests a possible dose-related effect that needs more study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the most noticeable findings was a clear drop in PCV, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count in the CNB360 and levamisole groups by day 56 (p\u0026lt;0.05 for all parameters). This could mean that these treatments caused anemia, possibly by reducing red cell production or shortening their lifespan (Beutler, 1969). The drop in PCV in CNB360 (from 22.1% to 10.8%) is clinically important and supports earlier reports of anemia linked to macrocyclic lactones in small ruminants (Lifschitz et al., 2024). On the other hand, CNB270 maintained stable red cell levels, similar to the control group (p\u0026gt;0.05), which shows better safety at this lower dose. This finding highlights the need to select doses carefully, especially in regions where animals are already affected by chronic blood loss due to parasitism (Coles et al., 1992; Kaplan, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlatelet levels remained similar across all treatment groups (p\u0026gt;0.05), showing that blood clotting was not affected. This goes against some past reports that benzimidazoles can lower platelet count (Modingam et al., 2024), suggesting that CNB has an advantage in this area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a significant drop in total WBC count was observed in both CNB360 and levamisole groups (p=0.018 and p=0.001, respectively), which raises some concerns about immune system effects. In some cases, lower WBC counts may mean that inflammation has reduced after parasite removal (McRae et al., 2015). But it could also indicate temporary immune suppression, which is risky since grazing animals need strong immune systems to fight infections (Stankiewicz et al., 1995). The WBC levels stayed normal in CNB270-treated animals, suggesting this dose is safer and does not interfere with immune health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant drop in both WBCs and neutrophils was recorded in the CNB360 and levamisole groups by day 56. This pattern is similar to what has been seen in other studies where levamisole caused neutropenia or agranulocytosis (Buchanan et al., 2010; Eschenbach et al., 1979). Since neutrophils are essential for fighting infections, their decline may result from bone marrow suppression, immune cell destruction, or migration of neutrophils to other tissues (Eschenbach et al., 1979; Buchanan et al., 2010). For example, people using levamisole-contaminated cocaine have experienced severe drops in neutrophils, sometimes to life-threatening levels (Buchanan et al., 2010; Shah et al., 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough levamisole is known to stimulate the immune system in some cases, these effects depend on the dose and duration (Wright et al., 1977). While studies have shown that levamisole can improve neutrophil function under certain conditions (Wright et al., 1977), it may also cause immune-related neutropenia at higher or prolonged doses (Rosenthal et al., 1977).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CNB360 group showed similar blood effects to levamisole, suggesting that both may share some immune-suppressive or bone marrow effects. However, more research is needed to confirm how CNB works at the cellular level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAltogether, these findings show that both CNB360 and levamisole can significantly lower neutrophil counts and may weaken innate immune protection. This calls for further monitoring and careful dose management to avoid unwanted immune effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results show that CNB270 was the most balanced and safest treatment. It reduced parasite-related effects while keeping blood and organ function stable. This makes it especially useful in settings where animals are already weak due to poor nutrition or chronic parasitism (Daiba et al., 2022, 2023). While CNB360 may offer stronger parasite control—as seen through changes in metabolism—this benefit must be weighed against the risk of anemia and low white blood cells. In herds with liver problems, CNB may also be a safer choice than levamisole, since it didn’t increase liver enzymes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study supports CNB270 as a strong candidate for use in the field, showing a good balance between effectiveness and safety. In contrast, CNB360 and levamisole, although effective, caused signs of anemia and lower immunity. These results highlight how important it is to choose the right dose, especially when treating animals already under stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Bioinnovate Africa Project at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (\u003cem\u003eicipe\u003c/em\u003e), Nairobi, through a grant number B8403A11003.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the Bioinnovate Africa Project and the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology \u003cem\u003e(icipe)\u003c/em\u003e for their financial support that made this research possible. We also extend our sincere gratitude to all individuals who were involved in this research for their valuable time and dedication to make the work possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor's contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOmar O. Ali conceptualized the study, designed the methodology, conducted data collection and analysis, and led the manuscript writing. B.A. Temba and J.S. Nzalawahe provided supervision during the study design and contributed critical revisions to the manuscript. S.R. Kitimu also contributed to the study's conceptualization, assisted in the design of the methodology, and provided key revisions to the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBagheri H, Simiand E, Montastruc JL, Magnaval JF (2004) Adverse Drug Reactions to Anthelmintics. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Pharmacotherapy\u003c/em\u003e 38(3):383\u0026ndash;388. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1D325\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1345/aph.1D325\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBagulo I, Imoru L, AbdulRahman II (2023) The Anthelmintic Efficacy of Ivermectin, Levamisole and Albendazole against Strongyle and Tapeworm Infections in Sheep. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2608332/v1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2608332/v1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBesier RB, Kahn LP, Sargison ND, Van Wyk JA (2016) The Pathophysiology, Ecology and Epidemiology of \u003cem\u003eHaemonchus contortus\u003c/em\u003e Infection in Small Ruminants. \u003cem\u003eAdvances in Parasitology\u003c/em\u003e 93:95\u0026ndash;143. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/BS.APAR.2016.02.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/BS.APAR.2016.02.022\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeutler E (1969) DrugInduced Hemolytic Anemia. \u003cem\u003ePharmacological Reviews\u003c/em\u003e 21(1):73\u0026ndash;103. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-6997(25)06872-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0031-6997(25)06872-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCharlier J, Rinaldi L, Musella V, Ploeger HW, Chartier C, Vineer HR, Hinney B, von SamsonHimmelstjerna G, Băcescu B, Mickiewicz M, Mateus TL, MartinezValladares M, Quealy S, Azaizeh H, Sekovska B, Akkari H, Petkevicius S, Hektoen L, H\u0026ouml;glund J, \u0026hellip; Claerebout E (2020) Initial Assessment of the Economic Burden of Major Parasitic Helminth Infections to the Ruminant Livestock Industry in Europe. \u003cem\u003ePreventive Veterinary Medicine\u003c/em\u003e 182. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105103\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105103\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eColes GC, Bauer C, Borgsteede FHM, Geerts S, Klei TR, Taylor MA, Waller PJ (1992) World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) 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Twenty-four healthy animals were randomly allocated into four groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6): CNB270 (270 mg/kg), CNB360 (360 mg/kg), levamisole (0.5 ml/2kg), and a negative control. Periodically, blood sampling quantified liver enzymes (ALT, AST), renal markers (creatinine, urea), and hematological indices (PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, platelets). Results showed excellent hepatic tolerability for both CNB doses, with similar ALT values (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and minimal AST fluctuations compared to levamisole (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009). CNB270 showed improved renal profiles with much lower creatinine (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0007) and similar urea values. CNB360 and levamisole induced severe anemia (decrease in PCV: 32.1\u0026ndash;20.8%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0025; and 30.9\u0026ndash;23.1%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014, respectively), while CNB270 exhibited consistent erythrocyte indices (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). All the therapies preserved platelet counts (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but CNB360 and levamisole caused leukopenia (decline in WBC to 5.2 and 3.5\u0026times;10⁹/L respectively, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These findings render CNB270 the optimum formulation, providing equilibrium between anthelmintic efficacy and optimal margins of safety. The 270 mg/kg fell within hematological tolerance and maintained renal function without the hepatic stress or immunosuppression caused by elevated doses or levamisole. This study provides critical evidence supporting the inclusion of CNB270 in small ruminant parasite control programs, particularly in nutritionally challenged herds in which the maintenance of erythrocyte mass and immune status is vital.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Safety Profiles of Chitosan Nano-encapsulated Bromelain Formulations with Levamisole in Goats Under Tropical Smallholder Systems","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-10 12:49:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7411235/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b720d38c-54bd-4f71-807f-5e94573ad970","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-23T16:52:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-10 12:49:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7411235","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7411235","identity":"rs-7411235","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}