Factors associated with the risk of malaria among children: Analysis of Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey, 2021

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It is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Nigeria. Thoughdifferent environmental factors have been assessedto influence the distribution and transmission of malaria vectors, there is a shortage of information on how they may influence malaria transmission among under-fives in Nigeria. Methods This study was based on thesecondary data analysis of the Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2021. The study sample comprised 10,645 women (aged 15–49) who delivered a child in the 2 years preceding the survey. The studywas restricted to under-fives. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with the risk of malaria. Results There was a positive association between the risk of malaria and Heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months (AOR:1.45, 95%CI: 1.23-1.70), houses with walls built using rudimentary materials (AOR=1.44, 95%CI: 1.09-1.91), at least six children living in the house (AOR:1.23, 95%CI: 1.01-1.49), children being 1 or more years old was associated with increased odds (AOR:1.92, 95%CI: 1.52-2.41 and AOR:1.91, 95%CI: 1.54-2.38), children from households with only treated nets (AOR:1.23, 95%CI: 1.04-1.46) and those from the North West or South East regions (AOR:1.56, 95%CI: 1.15-2.11 and AOR:1.51, 95%CI:1.04-2.19), respectively. All other predictors were not associated with the risk of malaria. Conclusion The factorsassociated with the risk of malaria in this study included sleeping under treated mosquito nets, the age of the children, residing in the northwest and southeast regions, wall construction material, six children and above in the household and heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months. Continuous health education and public health interventions,such as the provision of LLITNs and a portable water supply, will reduce the risk of malaria and improve the health and well-being of children under five years of age. Children under five years Family Malaria Nigeria Malaria risk Introduction Malaria has been a serious global public health problem for several decades, especially in Africa and other endemic regions [ 8 ]. It is a fatal disease that is preventable and treatable and is transmitted to humans by the anopheles mosquito species [ 9 ]. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by five protozoan species namely; Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi. Among these species, P. falciparum has been reported to be the most lethal pathogen and is found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [ 10 , 11 ]. Generally, severe outcomes of malaria in children could result in seizures and/or coma, anaemia due to repeated infection and low birth weight during pregnancy, increasing the risk of death in the first month of life [ 12 ]. Malaria has continued to be the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in childrenn under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa [ 13 ]. In 2020, according to the World Health. Organization reports, that 627,000 people were estimated to have died of malaria, among whom most were young children in sub-Saharan Africa [ 14 ]. Under-five children are more vulnerable to malaria infection than adults due to their lower immunity, thereby making them more susceptible to severe malaria due to repeated malaria infections [ 10 ]. A study in Nigeria showed that age, mosquito bed net usage, availability of health infrastructure, source of drinking water, distance to waste disposal points and window protection were significant determinants of malaria infection in children under five years of age [ 11 ]. In 2020, 95% of all malaria cases and 96% of malaria deaths were reported in the African region with 80% of these deaths reported in Children younger than five years. Six sub-Saharan African countries, namely, Nigeria (27%), the Democratic Republic of Congo (12%), Uganda (5%), Mozambique (4%), Angola (3.4%), and Burkina Faso (3.4%), bore 55% of the global malaria burden [ 15 ]. Nigeria has a high incidence of malaria mortality in children under five years, which is largely attributable to a health financing system that ignores uninsured individuals. This results in high out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenditures that discourage healthcare-seeking behaviour, especially among these individuals [ 16 ]. The rate of care-seeking for suspected cases of malaria in Nigeria is among the lowest globally, as just under 20% of all children under five years with fever are taken for clinical consultation and parasitological testing in health facilities [ 16 ]. According to the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) 2021 in Nigeria, 22% of children tested positive for malaria parasites within 6–59 months according to microscopy results [ 17 ]. In the last two decades, many policies and interventions have been implemented to control malaria at the global and regional levels. which have resulted in a significant reduction in malaria-related morbidity and mortality [ 8 ]. The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030 (GTS), the complementing Roll Back Malaria (RBM), and the Action and Investment to Defeat Malaria 2016–2030 (AIM) are notable malaria control initiatives that have been put into place in Nigeria and other malaria-endemic countries [ 18 ]. By 2030, they hope to eradicate malaria in 35 countries, decrease malaria mortality and case incidence by 90%, and stop the reintroduction of the disease into previously malaria-free areas [ 18 ]. However, despite these remarkable successes, there is still a high disease burden and mortality among children under five years of age [ 19 ]. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the risk of Malaria and to determine the predictors of malaria among children under five years in Nigeria. Methods and Materials Study setting and design Nigeria is a country located in the western part of sub-Saharan Africa. The country is composed of 36 geopolitical regions, which include 36 states and one federal capital territory [ 20 ]. The country is divided into North Central, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, South and Southwest regions, each with several states. Nigeria is neighbored by Benin to the west, Chad and Cameroon to the east, Niger to the north and the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The 2021 Nigeria Malaria Survey Indicator (2021NMIS) was constructed by the National Malaria Elimination Program assisted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and National Population Commission (NPC) was implemented by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM)[ 20 ]. The data were collected from 13/10/2021 to 4/12/2021. The Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) data were collected in urban and rural areas from all 36 states, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria is one of the tropical countries in West Africa and has the highest incidence of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa [ 20 ]. This study analyzed data from the Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) 2021, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Sampling and Participants The 2021 NMIS is the third malaria indicator survey conducted in Nigeria, with the first occurring in 2010 and the second occurring in 2015. The 2021 survey is unique in three ways. First, it was conducted in the first year of implementation of the current national malaria strategic plan. A two-stage sampling strategy was adopted for the 2021 NMIS. In the first stage, 568 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with a probability proportional to the EA size. The EA size is the number of households residing in the EA. The sample was selected in such a way that the sample was representative of each state. A total of 568 clusters were detected throughout the country, 195 in urban areas and 373 in rural areas. A complete listing of households in these clusters was conducted between 26 August and 18 September 2021, with the resulting lists of households serving as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. GPS dongles were used to capture coordinates during household listing in the 2021 NMIS sample clusters. In the second stage of the selection process, 25 households were selected in each cluster via equal probability systematic sampling [ 20 ]. For the 2021 NMIS computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) was used for data collection. The study included women (15–49) years, and each respondent provided informed consent to participate in the survey and understood the liberty of opting out any time she wished [ 20 ]. Description of variables Dependent Variable/outcome variable The outcome variable was malaria status in a child, which was generated from the H71 (the respondent was told that the child had malaria) and H22 (the respondent had a fever in the last two weeks) variables in the Women’s Health Questionnaire. Malaria was coded “has malaria” if the respondent was told that the child had malaria and “no malaria” if the respondent was told neither by a healthcare provider nor about the malaria status of the child. Covariates The covariates selected in the study included socio-ddemographic characteristics namely,floor material (“natural floor”, “rudimentary floor”, “finished floor”, “other” and “not dejure”), wall material (“natural wall”, “rudimentary wall”, “finished wall”, “other” and “not dejure”), roofing material (“natural roofing”, “rudimentary roofing”, “finished roofing”, “other”, and “not dejure”), mother’s age group (“15–24”, “25–34” and “35–49”), main source of drinking water (“improved source”, “open source”, “other” and “not a dejure resident”), number of under five children in Household (“none”, “1–3”, “4–7” and “8–14”), mother’s number of living children (“0”, “1–5”, “6 and above”), type of mosquito net in household (“no net”, “only treated nets ”and “only untreated nets”), sex of child (“male” and “female”), child age in years (“0”, “1”, “2”, “3” and “4”) and type of place of residence (“urban” and “rural”). In this study, mothers with secondary or higher education were merged as “secondary+”; mothers with no education and mothers with primary education were retained as “no education” and “primary” respectively. The combined wealth indices for the poorest and poorer individuals were merged as “poor”, the richest and richer were merged as “rich”, and the middle was retained as “middle”. Awareness of malaria prevention methods was a composite variable generated by combining various methods in which malaria can be prevented. After examining the frequency distribution of the responses, we coded it as “none” if women did not know any malaria prevention methods, “1–2” if women knew at most two malaria prevention methods and “3 or more” if women knew at least three malaria prevention methods. Results Characteristics of participants A total of 10,645 children under five years of age were included in this analysis (Table 1 ). The majority were from households with improved sources of drinking water (71.93%), finished roofing (83.17%), finished walls (59.15%) and residences in rural areas (69.98%). More than half of the children under 5 years of age did not use a mosquito net (56.92%) and were from the northern region (66.16%). Slightly more boys (51.24%) than girls (48.76%) were included in this study. Most mothers of these children had a maximum of five living children (81.32%), were between 25- and 34-years age (51.48%), and did not have access to the Internet the previous month (83.25%). Additionally, more than half of the young children under five were mothers who had not received malaria messages in the last six months (56.24%). However, most of these children were with mothers who knew at least one way to prevent malaria (88.85%) and had completed at least one primary education (57.54%). Most children under five years old were at least two years of age (61.33%). In most households, there were at most three children under five (85.03%), and most of these children were infected via a mosquito net (63.57%). Malaria risk according to sociodemographic factors among children under five years of age. As shown in the table below, the overall weighted percentage of contracting malaria was 16.57% among children aged five years. Remarkable differences were observed according to sociodemographic characteristics. The risk of contracting malaria was greater in rural areas (17.71%) than in urban areas (13.66%). This scenario was most risky in the “Northwest” (21.57%), “South East” (17.69%), “North East” (16.32%), “North Central” (12.91%), and “South-South” (12.53%) regions and least risky in the “South West” (9.05%) region. The risk of malaria was greater among mothers who had no education (18.14%) or had completed only primary education (19.23%) than among those whose mothers had attained at least secondary education (13.66%). The results also revealed that malaria risk was higher among mothers who were not aware of any malaria prevention method (18.52%) than among mothers whose mothers knew about at least three malaria prevention methods (16.52%). The analysis also revealed that the risk of malaria among children aged less than five years decreased with increasing age from 15–24 years (17.18%), 25–34 years (16.89%), to 35–49 years (15.33%). Households that reported other sources (24.84%) and open sources (19.4%) as sources of drinking water were significantly more likely to be associated with high malaria risk among children aged under five years than those who reported an improved source (15.52%). Age 2 years and younger was significantly associated with a high risk of malaria (50.85%) compared to age at least 3 years (32.07%). The study also revealed highly significant malaria risk cases among mothers who did not use the Internet throughout the month (17.06%) compared to those whose mothers reported “less than once a week” (10.96%), “at least once a week” (15.82%) or “almost every day” (13.55%). Households with at least 6 living children were significantly more strongly associated with high malaria risk (20.09%) than were those with “1–5” (15.68%) children. Additionally, chi-square tests showed that the associations between malaria risk and the covariates heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months, maternal education, main source of drinking water, mosquito bed net for sleeping in household, floor material, wall material, frequency of using the internet last month, number of living children, child age in years, type of mosquito net, region, combined wealth index and type of place of residence were statistically significant. Table 1 Malaria risk by socio-demographic factors among children under five years of age. Variable Frequency (%), N = 10645 Malaria n (%), total weighted%=16.57 P-Value Heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months < 0.001 No 5987(56.24) 890(14.87) Yes 4,658 (43.76) 874(18.75) Awareness of malaria prevention methods 0.122 None 2,251(21.15) 417(18.52) 1–2 6,501(61.07) 1035(15.92) 3 or more 1,893(17.78) 313(16.52) Mother's age group 0.296 15–24 2,437(22.89) 419(17.18) 25–34 5,475(51.48) 924(16.89) 35–49 2,733(25.67) 419(15.33) Mother's education < 0.001 No education 4,519(42.45) 820(18.14) Primary 1,579(14.83) 304(19.23) Secondary+ 4,547(42.71) 621(13.66) The main source of drinking Water < 0.05 Improved source 7,657(71.93) 1188(15.52) Open source 2,888(27.13) 560(19.40) Other 29(0.27) 7(24.84) Not a dejure resident 71(0.67) 8(11.48) Have mosquito bed net for sleeping in household < 0.001 No 3,878(36.43) 496(12.80) Yes 6,767(63.57) 1251(18.48) Floor material < 0.001 Natural Floor 4,497(42.25) 867(19.28) Rudimentary Floor 85(0.80) 7 (8.43) Finished floor 5,978(56.16) 860(14.38) Other 14(0.13) 5(32.88) Not dejure 71(0.67) 8(11.48) Wall Material < 0.001 Natural Wall 905(8.50) 144(15.90) Rudimentary Wall 3,211(30.16) 723(22.53) Finished wall 6,296(59.15) 848(13.48) Other 162(1.52) 8(5.09) Not dejure 71(0.67) 8(11.48) Main roofing material 0.58 Natural roofing 1,031(9.69) 164(15.91) rudimentary roofing 597(5.61) 109(18.23) finished roofing 8,853(83.17) 1472(16.63) Other 93(0.87) 7(7.32) Not Dejure member 71(0.67) 8(11.48) Number of Under five children in Household 0.496 None 120(1.13) 15(12.65) 1–3 9,051(85.03) 1488(16.44) 4–7 1,415(13.29) 252(17.83) 8–14 59(0.55) 7(11.22) Frequency of using the internet last month < 0.05 Not at all 8,862(83.25) 1512(17.06) Less than once a week 205(1.93) 22(10.96) At least once a week 439(4.12) 69(15.82) Almost every day 1,139(10.70) 154(13.55) Number of living children < 0.01 1–5 8,656(81.32) 1357(15.68) 6 and above 1,989(18.68) 400(20.09) Sex of Child 0.212 Male 5,454(51.24) 934(17.12) Female 5,191(48.76) 830(15.98) Child age in years < 0.001 0 1,919(18.03) 225(11.73) 1 1,969(18.50) 381(19.37) 2 2,025(19.02) 400(19.75) 3 2,095(19.68) 328(15.64) 4 2,409(22.63) 396(16.43) Type of mosquito net < 0.001 No net 6,059(56.92) 860(14.19) Only treated nets 4,281(40.22) 856(20.0) Only untreated nets 129(1.21) 25(19.25) Region < 0.001 North Central 2,024(19.01) 261(12.91) North East 1,976(18.56) 322(16.32) North West 3,043(28.59) 650(21.37) South East 1,162(10.92) 205(17.69) South South 1,396(13.11) 175(12.53) South West 1,044(9.81) 95(9.05) Combined wealth index < 0.001 Poor 4,267(40.08) 798(18.70) Middle 2,178(20.46) 394(18.11) rich 4,200(39.46) 552(13.15) Type of place of residence < 0.01 Urban 3,196(30.02) 437(13.66) Rural 7,449(69.98) 1415(17.71) Factors associated with malaria risk among children under five years of age. The results of the bivariate analysis are detailed in Table 3, with factors individually associated with malaria risk highlighted. According to the final multiple logistic regression model, the factors significantly associated with malaria risk were heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months, wall material, number of living children, child age in years, type of mosquito net, and region. Children whose mothers had received malaria messages in the last six months (AOR: 1.45,95% Cl: 1.23–1.70) were more likely to face malaria risk than those whose mothers had not received such messages during that time. Those living in homes with rudimentary walls (AOR = 1.44, 95% Cl = 1.09–1.91) had greater odds of succumbing to malaria than those in homes with natural walls. Additionally, children of mothers with at least six living children (AOR: 1.23 95% Cl: 1.01–1.49) were more likely to be at risk of malaria than were those with 1–5 living children. Age 1 or 2 years was associated with increased odds (AOR:1.92 95% Cl: 1.52–2.41; AOR: 1.91, 95% Cl: 1.54–2.38) of contracting malaria compared to being a new-born (0 years old). Moreover, children from households with only treated nets (AOR:1.23,95% Cl: 1.04–1.46) and those from the North West or South East regions (AOR:1.56,95% Cl: 1.15–2.11 and AOR:1.51,95% Cl:1.04–2.19) had greater odds of facing malaria risk than did their counterparts from the Northcentral region. Table 2 Factors associated with malaria risk among children under five years of age. Variable crude odds ratio, COR (95% CI) P- Value Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 95% CI Heard/seen malaria messages in last six months * Yes 1 1.445* 1.229–1.700 Ref = No 1.32 (1.14–1.54) Awareness of malaria prevention methods ns None 1 1.17 0.902–1.528 1–2 0.83 (0.69–0.99) 0.83 0.676–1.009 Ref = 3 or more 0.87 (0.69–1.10) Mother's age group ns 25–34 1 1.01 0.850–1.197 35–49 0.98 (0.84–1.15) 0.85 0.678–1.067 Ref = 15–24 0.87 (0.71–1.07) Mother's education * Primary 1 1.18 0.886–1.562 Secondary+ 1.07 (0.84–1.15) 0.95 0.732–1.242 Ref = No education 0.71 (0.61–0.84) The main source of drinking ns Open source 1 1.17 0.911–1.500 Other 1.31 (1.05–1.64) 2.79 0.633–12.33 Not a dejure resident 1.79 (0.33–9.77) 1.35 0.298–6.111 Ref = Improved source 0.71 (0.23–2.15) Have mosquito bed net for sleeping * Yes 1 1.16 0.941–1.422 Ref = No 1.54 (1.29–1.85) Floor material * Rudimentary Floor 1 0.60 0.183–1.979 Finished floor 0.39 (0.13–1.13) 1.03 0.801–1.311 Other 0.70 (0.59–0.83) 2.10 0.718–6.145 Not dejure 2.05 (0.46–9.26) 1.00 Ref = Natural floor 0.54 (0.18–1.67) Wall material * Rudimentary Wall 1 1.441** 1.087–1.910 Finished wall 1.54 (1.16–2.04) 0.79 0.579–1.087 Other 0.82 (0.63–1.08) 0.386** 0.157–0.953 Not dejure 0.28 (0.11–0.71) 1.00 Ref = Natural Wall 0.69 (0.22–2.10) Main roofing material ns rudimentary roofing 1 0.97 0.577–1.622 finished roofing 1.18 (0.67–2.08) 1.15 0.762–1.724 Other 1.05 (0.72–1.55) 0.67 0.221–2.015 Not Dejure member 0.42 (0.14–1.23) 1.00 Ref = Natural roofing 0.69 (0.21–2.24) Number of Under five children in Household ns None 1 0.33 0.0574–1.892 1–3 1.36 (0.69–2.69) 1.05 0.812–1.351 8–14 1.49 (0.73–3.09) 0.62 0.292–1.296 Ref = 4–7 0.87 (0.28–2.72) Frequency of using Internet last month ns Less than once a week 1 0.85 0.462–1.550 At least once a week 0.59 (0.34–1.04) 1.29 0.936–1.767 Almost every day 0.91 (0.68–1.22) 1.22 0.901–1.648 Ref = Not at all 0.76 (0.58–0.99) Number of living children * 6 and above 1 1.228** 1.013–1.488 Ref = 1–5 1.352 (1.13–1.62) Sex of Child ns Female 1 0.94 Ref = Male 0.92 (0.81–1.05) Child age in years * 1 1 1.917* 1.524–2.410 2 1.81 (1.43–2.28) 1.912* 1.537–2.379 3 1.85 (1.49–2.29) 1.454* 1.175–1.801 4 1.39 (1.13–1.73) 1.505* 1.206–1.879 Ref = 0 1.48 (1.19–1.84) Type of Mosquito net * Only treated nets 1 1.233** 1.040–1.463 Only untreated nets 1.51 (1.31–1.75) 1.30 0.745–2.280 Ref = No net 1.44 (0.82–2.54) Region * North East 1 1.18 0.783–1.783 North West 1.32 (0.88–1.96) 1.558* 1.151–2.110 South East 1.83 (1.35–2.49) 1.507** 1.039–2.187 South South 1.45 (1.01–2.07) 1.11 0.767–1.604 South West 0.97 (0.67–1.39) 0.79 0.547–1.146 Ref = North Central 0.67 (0.46–0.99) Combined wealth index * Middle 1 1.25 0.939–1.652 rich 0.96 (0.78–1.18) 1.10 0.749–1.613 Ref = Poor 0.66 (0.55–0.79) Type of place of residence * Rural 1 1.02 0.839–1.247 Ref = Urban 1.36 (1.13–1.63) Note: * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, ns not significant Discussion This study identified factors associated with the risk of malaria among children under five years of age. Children whose mothers had been exposed to malaria messaging within six months before the study showed a heightened risk of contracting malaria compared to those whose mothers hadn't received such information. This paradox highlights the complex interplay between information dissemination, health literacy, and disease prevention. While access to information is crucial for empowering parents to protect their children from malaria, this study suggests that the timing or content of the message may have unintended consequences. Additionally, the study revealed a correlation between housing quality and malaria risk among children. Those residing in homes with rudimentary wall materials faced elevated risks compared to those in dwellings with natural materials, emphasizing the critical role of housing standards in disease transmission, particularly for malaria. This finding echoes similar observations from studies conducted in Uganda, emphasizing the broader implications for malaria control strategies [ 21 ]. Improving housing conditions not only addresses individual health but also contributes to broader public health objectives by reducing malaria transmission rates within communities. Furthermore, the study identified an unexpected association between malaria risk and the use of treated mosquito nets. Contrary to expectations based on previous studies demonstrating significant protection conferred by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), children who exclusively used treated nets showed higher chances of malaria infection [ 22 ]. This suggests a potential over-reliance on ITNs as the sole preventive measure, neglecting other malaria prevention strategies. It underscores the importance of comprehensive malaria prevention education, emphasizing the complementary nature of various preventive measures. Targeted efforts to educate the public on adopting multi-pronged approaches to malaria prevention are crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of interventions and reducing the malaria burden in vulnerable populations. This study further unveils additional factors intertwined with the risk of malaria, providing crucial insights with significant public health implications. Among these factors are the number of living children in a household and the age of the child. Households with six or more living children were found to have an increased risk of malaria compared to those with one to five children. This finding underscores the intricate relationship between family size, household dynamics, and malaria transmission [ 23 ]. Larger families may experience heightened population density and overcrowding, potentially leading to challenges in implementing effective malaria control measures. The strain on basic amenities in such households could contribute to environmental neglect, creating more breeding grounds for mosquitoes and amplifying the risk of malaria transmission. This highlights the importance of tailored interventions addressing the specific needs of larger families, including enhanced access to and compliance with malaria prevention measures. This increased risk associated with larger families aligns with findings from studies examining the impact of urbanization and population density on childhood Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence rates in Africa [ 23 ]. The correlation between household size and malaria risk underscores the broader implications of socio-demographic factors in shaping malaria transmission dynamics within communities. Addressing these underlying socio-economic determinants is essential for developing holistic malaria control strategies that effectively target vulnerable populations and reduce transmission rates. In a contrasting observation, children aged 1 and 2 years were found to have an increased risk of malaria compared to those younger than one year old. This phenomenon may be attributed to the possession of immunity acquired from mothers during infancy, as well as the increased care and attention typically given to newborns. However, as children grow older, this acquired immunity wanes, leaving them more susceptible to malaria infection. This highlights the importance of age-specific interventions in malaria control efforts, ensuring that preventive measures are tailored to the unique vulnerabilities and immunity profiles of different age groups. This study sheds light on a complex of factors influencing malaria risk in children under five, unveiling both anticipated and surprising associations [ 21 ]. While access to information and preventative measures like treated mosquito nets are crucial, their timing, content, and implementation require meticulous approaches to maximize effectiveness. The study underscores the interplay between social, environmental, and demographic factors, emphasizing the need for holistic and multifaceted interventions that address not only individual risk but also underlying socio-economic determinants within communities. Tailored interventions for larger families, age-specific strategies, and comprehensive education fostering multi-pronged approaches are key to reducing the malaria burden and empowering vulnerable populations [ 22 ]. This study's insights, echoing similar observations from broader contexts, pave the way for evolving malaria control strategies that effectively target risk factors and ultimately break the cycle of transmission, safeguarding the health and well-being of children. Declarations Acknowledgement The 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (2021 NMIS) was implemented by the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) of the Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria, in collaboration with the National Population Commission (NPC). The funding for the 2021 NMIS was provided by the United States Agency for International (USAID) and The Global Fund. ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, a USAID-funded project that provides support and technical assistance in the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide. Competing interests All the authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding There was no funding for this research Authors’ contributions II conceived the idea and drafted the manuscript, II and NS performed the analysis, interpreted the results and drafted the subsequent versions of the manuscript. OLN, ENA, AO and BNG wrote the introduction and discussion. AMJ, DKB and all the other authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript. Availability of Data The dataset used is openly available upon permission from the MEASURE DHS website. (URL: https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm) Ethics and approval We sought permission to use the NMIS datasets from the DHS Program website https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm. The Demographic and Health Survey also anonymized all data before making them accessible to the public. The ICF IRB reviewed and approved the 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator survey. The ORC MACRO, ICF Macro, and ICF IRBs complied with the United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human research subjects (45 CFR 46). All participants provided informed verbal consent to participate in the study and for minors, their parents or guardians consented on their behalf. References Ahmed A, Mulatu K, Elfu B. Prevalence of malaria and associated factors among under-five children in Sherkole refugee camp, Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16(2 February 2021):1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246895 . Sarfo JO, Amoadu M, Kordorwu PY, Adams AK, Gyan TB, Osman AG et al. Malaria amongst children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions. Eur J Med Res [Internet]. 2023;28(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01046-1 . Gaston RT, Ramroop S. Prevalence of and factors associated with malaria in children under five years of age in Malawi, using malaria indicator survey data. Heliyon [Internet]. 2020;6(5):e03946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03946 . Obasohan PE, Walters SJ, Jacques R, Khatab K. Individual and contextual factors associated with malaria among children 6–59 months in Nigeria: A multilevel mixed-effect logistic model approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021;18(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111234 . Abossie A, Yohanes T, Nedu A, Tafesse W, Damitie M. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among febrile children under five years: A cross-sectional study in arba minch zuria district, south Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist [Internet]. 2020;13:363–72. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S223873 . Aychiluhm SB, Gelaye KA, Angaw DA, Dagne GA, Tadesse AW, Abera A et al. Determinants of malaria among children under five years of age in Ethiopia: Bayesian multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2020;20(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09560-1 . Tsegaye AT, Ayele A, Birhanu S. Prevalence and associated factors of malaria in children under the age of five years in Wogera district, northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16(10 October):1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257944 . Sarfo JO, Amoadu M, Kordorwu PY, Adams AK, Gyan TB, Osman AG et al. Malaria amongst children under five in sub Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions. Eur J Med Res [Internet]. 2023;28(80):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01046-1 . Malaria [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 23]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria . Abossie A, Yohanes T, Nedu A, Tafesse W, Damitie M. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among febrile children under five years: A cross-sectional study in arba minch zuria district, south Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:363–72. Bayode T, Siegmund A. Social determinants of malaria prevalence among children under five years: A cross-sectional analysis of Akure, Nigeria. Sci African [Internet]. 2022;16:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01196 . Tsegaye AT, Ayele A, Birhanu S. Prevalence and associated factors of malaria in children under the age of five years in Wogera district, northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16(10 October):1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257944 . Ibadin O, Ofili N, Momodu R, Oaikhena E, Oba I. Some economic and sociocultural factors associated with cerebral malaria among underfives in Benin City, Nigeria. Niger J Paediatr. 2012;39(4):168–73. CDC. Malaria ’ s Impact Worldwide. Cent Dis Control Prev [Internet]. 2020;1–3. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/impact.html . Anjorin S, Okolie E, Yaya S. Malaria profile and socioeconomic predictors among children under five years: an analysis of 11 sub-Saharan African countries. Malar J [Internet]. 2023;22(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04484-8 . Dasgupta RR, Mao W, Ogbuoji O. Addressing child health inequity through case management of underfive malaria in Nigeria: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Malar J [Internet]. 2022;21(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04113-w . NPC-NMCP. Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS). 2021;1–137. Morakinyo OM, Balogun FM, Fagbamigbe AF. Housing type and risk of malaria among underfive children in Nigeria: Evidence from the malaria indicator survey. Malar J [Internet]. 2018;17(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2463-6 . Roberts D, Matthews G. Risk factors for malaria in children under the age of five years old in Uganda. Malar J. 2016;15(1):1–11. National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP). [Nigeria], National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria], and ICF. 2022. Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2021 Final Report. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NMEP, NPC, and ICF. Roberts D, Matthews G. Risk factors of malaria in children under the age of five years old in Uganda. Malar J. 2016;15(1):1–37. Killeen GF, Smith TA, Ferguson HM, Mshinda H, Abdulla S, Lengeler C, et al. Preventing childhood malaria in Africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets. PLoS Med. 2007;4(7):1246–58. Kabaria CW, Gilbert M, Noor AM, Snow RW, Linard C. The impact of urbanization and population density on childhood Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence rates in Africa. Malar J. 2017. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Submission checks completed at journal 24 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 24 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 22 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3979081","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274650094,"identity":"f11dfa1a-969f-4347-81d9-9728bd52174d","order_by":0,"name":"Isaac Isiko","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNjBpwMAjwcDY+OADSISdeC3MzYYzQCLMxFonwcDeJs0DYhHSwsd/+OGHHwV1MpLtjQ3SNr+2yfMxMzB++JiDx2ESacaSPQaHeaR5DjYY5/bdNmxjZmCWnLkNnxYGA2kGgwM8chKJDcm5PbcZgVrYmHnxaeE//vk3g0EdWMthy57b9oS1MOSYAW1h5pGWSGxsZvhxO5GwFomcMkuQXyR7DjYz9jbcTm5jZmzG6xf5/uObb/z4U2cvcbz9+Y8ff27bzm9vPvjhIx4tqICxDUw2EKseBP6QongUjIJRMApGCgAAnbJJOO7foVUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Nims University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isaac","middleName":"","lastName":"Isiko","suffix":""},{"id":274650095,"identity":"2d5abb7b-bd5c-4cb8-84be-793868ec7553","order_by":1,"name":"Simon Nyegenye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simon","middleName":"","lastName":"Nyegenye","suffix":""},{"id":274650096,"identity":"4fd16c20-4e62-41f3-9665-68b50fc1e6b0","order_by":2,"name":"Daniel Kiprotich Bett","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nims University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"Kiprotich","lastName":"Bett","suffix":""},{"id":274650097,"identity":"c48f6a6f-2e14-43df-8e55-b3df6b832d5e","order_by":3,"name":"Asingwire Micheal Jackson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Marwadi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asingwire","middleName":"Micheal","lastName":"Jackson","suffix":""},{"id":274650098,"identity":"418d6ba0-ee7f-447a-909c-da353b9c1012","order_by":4,"name":"Okoro Lenz Nwachinemere","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"David Umahi Federal University Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Okoro","middleName":"Lenz","lastName":"Nwachinemere","suffix":""},{"id":274650099,"identity":"a3e3bdb4-1509-4ebf-8077-13566899554b","order_by":5,"name":"Emeribe Nana Awaya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jos University Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emeribe","middleName":"Nana","lastName":"Awaya","suffix":""},{"id":274650100,"identity":"1e3299a5-5305-40a3-ad71-b4fa4fd8fdd8","order_by":6,"name":"Koech Catherine","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maseno University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Koech","middleName":"","lastName":"Catherine","suffix":""},{"id":274650101,"identity":"b1ae7f8c-11fd-4a69-8b63-6466af2ea4fc","order_by":7,"name":"Ahgu Ovye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Medical Center Keffi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahgu","middleName":"","lastName":"Ovye","suffix":""},{"id":274650102,"identity":"d2bc687c-bf72-43d4-b1ae-cbd3be7a4e5a","order_by":8,"name":"Bulus Naya Gadzama","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bulus","middleName":"Naya","lastName":"Gadzama","suffix":""},{"id":274650103,"identity":"74c78291-fca2-4e0f-8db5-6b7e23e857cc","order_by":9,"name":"Aaron Mwesigwa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Marwadi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aaron","middleName":"","lastName":"Mwesigwa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-22 15:52:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979081/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979081/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51671978,"identity":"f28bb97e-a3d6-4af0-b6a0-af9b86f419dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-27 03:02:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":747670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3979081/v1/2495c598-5cdd-4b28-af94-611bd76e99f3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Factors associated with the risk of malaria among children: Analysis of Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey, 2021","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMalaria has been a serious global public health problem for several decades, especially in Africa and other endemic regions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. It is a fatal disease that is preventable and treatable and is transmitted to humans by the anopheles mosquito species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by five protozoan species namely; Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi. Among these species, P. falciparum has been reported to be the most lethal pathogen and is found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Generally, severe outcomes of malaria in children could result in seizures and/or coma, anaemia due to repeated infection and low birth weight during pregnancy, increasing the risk of death in the first month of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria has continued to be the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in childrenn under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2020, according to the World Health. Organization reports, that 627,000 people were estimated to have died of malaria, among whom most were young children in sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Under-five children are more vulnerable to malaria infection than adults due to their lower immunity, thereby making them more susceptible to severe malaria due to repeated malaria infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. A study in Nigeria showed that age, mosquito bed net usage, availability of health infrastructure, source of drinking water, distance to waste disposal points and window protection were significant determinants of malaria infection in children under five years of age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2020, 95% of all malaria cases and 96% of malaria deaths were reported in the African region with 80% of these deaths reported in Children younger than five years. Six sub-Saharan African countries, namely, Nigeria (27%), the Democratic Republic of Congo (12%), Uganda (5%), Mozambique (4%), Angola (3.4%), and Burkina Faso (3.4%), bore 55% of the global malaria burden [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria has a high incidence of malaria mortality in children under five years, which is largely attributable to a health financing system that ignores uninsured individuals. This results in high out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenditures that discourage healthcare-seeking behaviour, especially among these individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The rate of care-seeking for suspected cases of malaria in Nigeria is among the lowest globally, as just under 20% of all children under five years with fever are taken for clinical consultation and parasitological testing in health facilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) 2021 in Nigeria, 22% of children tested positive for malaria parasites within 6\u0026ndash;59 months according to microscopy results [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the last two decades, many policies and interventions have been implemented to control malaria at the global and regional levels. which have resulted in a significant reduction in malaria-related morbidity and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016\u0026ndash;2030 (GTS), the complementing Roll Back Malaria (RBM), and the Action and Investment to Defeat Malaria 2016\u0026ndash;2030 (AIM) are notable malaria control initiatives that have been put into place in Nigeria and other malaria-endemic countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. By 2030, they hope to eradicate malaria in 35 countries, decrease malaria mortality and case incidence by 90%, and stop the reintroduction of the disease into previously malaria-free areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these remarkable successes, there is still a high disease burden and mortality among children under five years of age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the risk of Malaria and to determine the predictors of malaria among children under five years in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and Materials","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy setting and design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria is a country located in the western part of sub-Saharan Africa. The country is composed of 36 geopolitical regions, which include 36 states and one federal capital territory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The country is divided into North Central, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, South and Southwest regions, each with several states. Nigeria is neighbored by Benin to the west, Chad and Cameroon to the east, Niger to the north and the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean to the south.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2021 Nigeria Malaria Survey Indicator (2021NMIS) was constructed by the National Malaria Elimination Program assisted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and National Population Commission (NPC) was implemented by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The data were collected from 13/10/2021 to 4/12/2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) data were collected in urban and rural areas from all 36 states, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria is one of the tropical countries in West Africa and has the highest incidence of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This study analyzed data from the Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) 2021, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling and Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2021 NMIS is the third malaria indicator survey conducted in Nigeria, with the first occurring in 2010 and the second occurring in 2015. The 2021 survey is unique in three ways. First, it was conducted in the first year of implementation of the current national malaria strategic plan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA two-stage sampling strategy was adopted for the 2021 NMIS. In the first stage, 568 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with a probability proportional to the EA size. The EA size is the number of households residing in the EA. The sample was selected in such a way that the sample was representative of each state. A total of 568 clusters were detected throughout the country, 195 in urban areas and 373 in rural areas. A complete listing of households in these clusters was conducted between 26 August and 18 September 2021, with the resulting lists of households serving as the sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. GPS dongles were used to capture coordinates during household listing in the 2021 NMIS sample clusters. In the second stage of the selection process, 25 households were selected in each cluster via equal probability systematic sampling [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. For the 2021 NMIS computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) was used for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included women (15\u0026ndash;49) years, and each respondent provided informed consent to participate in the survey and understood the liberty of opting out any time she wished [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDependent Variable/outcome variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable was malaria status in a child, which was generated from the H71 (the respondent was told that the child had malaria) and H22 (the respondent had a fever in the last two weeks) variables in the Women\u0026rsquo;s Health Questionnaire. Malaria was coded \u0026ldquo;has malaria\u0026rdquo; if the respondent was told that the child had malaria and \u0026ldquo;no malaria\u0026rdquo; if the respondent was told neither by a healthcare provider nor about the malaria status of the child.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCovariates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe covariates selected in the study included socio-ddemographic characteristics namely,floor material (\u0026ldquo;natural floor\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;rudimentary floor\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;finished floor\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;other\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;not dejure\u0026rdquo;), wall material (\u0026ldquo;natural wall\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;rudimentary wall\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;finished wall\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;other\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;not dejure\u0026rdquo;), roofing material (\u0026ldquo;natural roofing\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;rudimentary roofing\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;finished roofing\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;other\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;not dejure\u0026rdquo;), mother\u0026rsquo;s age group (\u0026ldquo;15\u0026ndash;24\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;25\u0026ndash;34\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;35\u0026ndash;49\u0026rdquo;), main source of drinking water (\u0026ldquo;improved source\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;open source\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;other\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;not a dejure resident\u0026rdquo;), number of under five children in Household (\u0026ldquo;none\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;3\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;4\u0026ndash;7\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;8\u0026ndash;14\u0026rdquo;), mother\u0026rsquo;s number of living children (\u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;5\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;6 and above\u0026rdquo;), type of mosquito net in household (\u0026ldquo;no net\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;only treated nets \u0026rdquo;and \u0026ldquo;only untreated nets\u0026rdquo;), sex of child (\u0026ldquo;male\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;female\u0026rdquo;), child age in years (\u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;2\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;3\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;4\u0026rdquo;) and type of place of residence (\u0026ldquo;urban\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;rural\u0026rdquo;). In this study, mothers with secondary or higher education were merged as \u0026ldquo;secondary+\u0026rdquo;; mothers with no education and mothers with primary education were retained as \u0026ldquo;no education\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;primary\u0026rdquo; respectively. The combined wealth indices for the poorest and poorer individuals were merged as \u0026ldquo;poor\u0026rdquo;, the richest and richer were merged as \u0026ldquo;rich\u0026rdquo;, and the middle was retained as \u0026ldquo;middle\u0026rdquo;. Awareness of malaria prevention methods was a composite variable generated by combining various methods in which malaria can be prevented. After examining the frequency distribution of the responses, we coded it as \u0026ldquo;none\u0026rdquo; if women did not know any malaria prevention methods, \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;2\u0026rdquo; if women knew at most two malaria prevention methods and \u0026ldquo;3 or more\u0026rdquo; if women knew at least three malaria prevention methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 10,645 children under five years of age were included in this analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The majority were from households with improved sources of drinking water (71.93%), finished roofing (83.17%), finished walls (59.15%) and residences in rural areas (69.98%). More than half of the children under 5 years of age did not use a mosquito net (56.92%) and were from the northern region (66.16%). Slightly more boys (51.24%) than girls (48.76%) were included in this study. Most mothers of these children had a maximum of five living children (81.32%), were between 25- and 34-years age (51.48%), and did not have access to the Internet the previous month (83.25%). Additionally, more than half of the young children under five were mothers who had not received malaria messages in the last six months (56.24%). However, most of these children were with mothers who knew at least one way to prevent malaria (88.85%) and had completed at least one primary education (57.54%). Most children under five years old were at least two years of age (61.33%). In most households, there were at most three children under five (85.03%), and most of these children were infected via a mosquito net (63.57%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMalaria risk according to sociodemographic factors among children under five years of age.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in the table below, the overall weighted percentage of contracting malaria was 16.57% among children aged five years. Remarkable differences were observed according to sociodemographic characteristics. The risk of contracting malaria was greater in rural areas (17.71%) than in urban areas (13.66%). This scenario was most risky in the \u0026ldquo;Northwest\u0026rdquo; (21.57%), \u0026ldquo;South East\u0026rdquo; (17.69%), \u0026ldquo;North East\u0026rdquo; (16.32%), \u0026ldquo;North Central\u0026rdquo; (12.91%), and \u0026ldquo;South-South\u0026rdquo; (12.53%) regions and least risky in the \u0026ldquo;South West\u0026rdquo; (9.05%) region. The risk of malaria was greater among mothers who had no education (18.14%) or had completed only primary education (19.23%) than among those whose mothers had attained at least secondary education (13.66%). The results also revealed that malaria risk was higher among mothers who were not aware of any malaria prevention method (18.52%) than among mothers whose mothers knew about at least three malaria prevention methods (16.52%). The analysis also revealed that the risk of malaria among children aged less than five years decreased with increasing age from 15\u0026ndash;24 years (17.18%), 25\u0026ndash;34 years (16.89%), to 35\u0026ndash;49 years (15.33%). Households that reported other sources (24.84%) and open sources (19.4%) as sources of drinking water were significantly more likely to be associated with high malaria risk among children aged under five years than those who reported an improved source (15.52%). Age 2 years and younger was significantly associated with a high risk of malaria (50.85%) compared to age at least 3 years (32.07%). The study also revealed highly significant malaria risk cases among mothers who did not use the Internet throughout the month (17.06%) compared to those whose mothers reported \u0026ldquo;less than once a week\u0026rdquo; (10.96%), \u0026ldquo;at least once a week\u0026rdquo; (15.82%) or \u0026ldquo;almost every day\u0026rdquo; (13.55%). Households with at least 6 living children were significantly more strongly associated with high malaria risk (20.09%) than were those with \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;5\u0026rdquo; (15.68%) children. Additionally, chi-square tests showed that the associations between malaria risk and the covariates heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months, maternal education, main source of drinking water, mosquito bed net for sleeping in household, floor material, wall material, frequency of using the internet last month, number of living children, child age in years, type of mosquito net, region, combined wealth index and type of place of residence were statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMalaria risk by socio-demographic factors among children under five years of age.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%), N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria n (%), total weighted%=16.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeard/seen malaria messages in the last six months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5987(56.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e890(14.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,658 (43.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e874(18.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAwareness of malaria prevention methods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,251(21.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e417(18.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,501(61.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1035(15.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 or more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,893(17.78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313(16.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother's age group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,437(22.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419(17.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,475(51.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924(16.89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,733(25.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419(15.33)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother's education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,519(42.45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e820(18.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,579(14.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304(19.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,547(42.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e621(13.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe main source of drinking Water\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,657(71.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1188(15.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,888(27.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560(19.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(0.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(24.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot a dejure resident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(0.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHave mosquito bed net for sleeping in household\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,878(36.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e496(12.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,767(63.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1251(18.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFloor material\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Floor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,497(42.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e867(19.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRudimentary Floor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85(0.80)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (8.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinished floor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,978(56.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e860(14.38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(0.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(32.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot dejure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(0.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWall Material\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e905(8.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144(15.90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRudimentary Wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,211(30.16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e723(22.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinished wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,296(59.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e848(13.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162(1.52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(5.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot dejure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(0.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMain roofing material\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural roofing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,031(9.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164(15.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erudimentary roofing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e597(5.61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109(18.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinished roofing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,853(83.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1472(16.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(0.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(7.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Dejure member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(0.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Under five children in Household\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120(1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(12.65)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,051(85.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1488(16.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,415(13.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252(17.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(0.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(11.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of using the internet last month\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,862(83.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1512(17.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205(1.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(10.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e439(4.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(15.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost every day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,139(10.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154(13.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of living children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,656(81.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1357(15.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,989(18.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400(20.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex of Child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,454(51.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e934(17.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,191(48.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830(15.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild age in years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,919(18.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225(11.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,969(18.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381(19.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,025(19.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400(19.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,095(19.68)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e328(15.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,409(22.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396(16.43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of mosquito net\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo net\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,059(56.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e860(14.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly treated nets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,281(40.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e856(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly untreated nets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129(1.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(19.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth Central\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,024(19.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261(12.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth East\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,976(18.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322(16.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth West\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,043(28.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e650(21.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth East\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,162(10.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205(17.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth South\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,396(13.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175(12.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth West\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,044(9.81)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95(9.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined wealth index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,267(40.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e798(18.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,178(20.46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394(18.11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,200(39.46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552(13.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,196(30.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e437(13.66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,449(69.98)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1415(17.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFactors associated with malaria risk among children under five years of age.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the bivariate analysis are detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;3, with factors individually associated with malaria risk highlighted. According to the final multiple logistic regression model, the factors significantly associated with malaria risk were heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months, wall material, number of living children, child age in years, type of mosquito net, and region. Children whose mothers had received malaria messages in the last six months (AOR: 1.45,95% Cl: 1.23\u0026ndash;1.70) were more likely to face malaria risk than those whose mothers had not received such messages during that time. Those living in homes with rudimentary walls (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.44, 95% Cl\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.09\u0026ndash;1.91) had greater odds of succumbing to malaria than those in homes with natural walls. Additionally, children of mothers with at least six living children (AOR: 1.23 95% Cl: 1.01\u0026ndash;1.49) were more likely to be at risk of malaria than were those with 1\u0026ndash;5 living children. Age 1 or 2 years was associated with increased odds (AOR:1.92 95% Cl: 1.52\u0026ndash;2.41; AOR: 1.91, 95% Cl: 1.54\u0026ndash;2.38) of contracting malaria compared to being a new-born (0 years old). Moreover, children from households with only treated nets (AOR:1.23,95% Cl: 1.04\u0026ndash;1.46) and those from the North West or South East regions (AOR:1.56,95% Cl: 1.15\u0026ndash;2.11 and AOR:1.51,95% Cl:1.04\u0026ndash;2.19) had greater odds of facing malaria risk than did their counterparts from the Northcentral region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with malaria risk among children under five years of age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrude odds ratio, COR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP- Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeard/seen malaria messages in last six months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.445*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.229\u0026ndash;1.700\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32 (1.14\u0026ndash;1.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAwareness of malaria prevention methods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902\u0026ndash;1.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83 (0.69\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.676\u0026ndash;1.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 or more\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.69\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother's age group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.850\u0026ndash;1.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.84\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.678\u0026ndash;1.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.71\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother's education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.886\u0026ndash;1.562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.84\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.732\u0026ndash;1.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.61\u0026ndash;0.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe main source of drinking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.911\u0026ndash;1.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31 (1.05\u0026ndash;1.64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.633\u0026ndash;12.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot a dejure resident\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79 (0.33\u0026ndash;9.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.298\u0026ndash;6.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Improved source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.23\u0026ndash;2.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHave mosquito bed net for sleeping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.941\u0026ndash;1.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54 (1.29\u0026ndash;1.85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFloor material\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRudimentary Floor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u0026ndash;1.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinished floor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39 (0.13\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.801\u0026ndash;1.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.59\u0026ndash;0.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.718\u0026ndash;6.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot dejure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05 (0.46\u0026ndash;9.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Natural floor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.18\u0026ndash;1.67)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWall material\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRudimentary Wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.441**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.087\u0026ndash;1.910\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinished wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54 (1.16\u0026ndash;2.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.579\u0026ndash;1.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.63\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.386**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.157\u0026ndash;0.953\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot dejure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28 (0.11\u0026ndash;0.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Natural Wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.22\u0026ndash;2.10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMain roofing material\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erudimentary roofing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.577\u0026ndash;1.622\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efinished roofing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18 (0.67\u0026ndash;2.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.762\u0026ndash;1.724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.72\u0026ndash;1.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.221\u0026ndash;2.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Dejure member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42 (0.14\u0026ndash;1.23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Natural roofing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.21\u0026ndash;2.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Under five children in Household\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0574\u0026ndash;1.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36 (0.69\u0026ndash;2.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.812\u0026ndash;1.351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49 (0.73\u0026ndash;3.09)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.292\u0026ndash;1.296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.28\u0026ndash;2.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of using Internet last month\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.462\u0026ndash;1.550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59 (0.34\u0026ndash;1.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.936\u0026ndash;1.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost every day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91 (0.68\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.901\u0026ndash;1.648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Not at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.58\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of living children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.228**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.013\u0026ndash;1.488\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.352 (1.13\u0026ndash;1.62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex of Child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.81\u0026ndash;1.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild age in years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.917*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.524\u0026ndash;2.410\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81 (1.43\u0026ndash;2.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.912*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.537\u0026ndash;2.379\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85 (1.49\u0026ndash;2.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.454*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.175\u0026ndash;1.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39 (1.13\u0026ndash;1.73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.505*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.206\u0026ndash;1.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48 (1.19\u0026ndash;1.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of Mosquito net\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly treated nets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.233**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.040\u0026ndash;1.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly untreated nets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51 (1.31\u0026ndash;1.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.745\u0026ndash;2.280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No net\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44 (0.82\u0026ndash;2.54)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth East\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.783\u0026ndash;1.783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorth West\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32 (0.88\u0026ndash;1.96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.558*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.151\u0026ndash;2.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth East\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83 (1.35\u0026ndash;2.49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.507**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.039\u0026ndash;2.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth South\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45 (1.01\u0026ndash;2.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.767\u0026ndash;1.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth West\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.67\u0026ndash;1.39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.547\u0026ndash;1.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;North Central\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.46\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombined wealth index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.939\u0026ndash;1.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.78\u0026ndash;1.18)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.749\u0026ndash;1.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Poor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66 (0.55\u0026ndash;0.79)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u0026ndash;1.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Urban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36 (1.13\u0026ndash;1.63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote: * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, ns not significant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study identified factors associated with the risk of malaria among children under five years of age. Children whose mothers had been exposed to malaria messaging within six months before the study showed a heightened risk of contracting malaria compared to those whose mothers hadn't received such information. This paradox highlights the complex interplay between information dissemination, health literacy, and disease prevention. While access to information is crucial for empowering parents to protect their children from malaria, this study suggests that the timing or content of the message may have unintended consequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the study revealed a correlation between housing quality and malaria risk among children. Those residing in homes with rudimentary wall materials faced elevated risks compared to those in dwellings with natural materials, emphasizing the critical role of housing standards in disease transmission, particularly for malaria. This finding echoes similar observations from studies conducted in Uganda, emphasizing the broader implications for malaria control strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Improving housing conditions not only addresses individual health but also contributes to broader public health objectives by reducing malaria transmission rates within communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the study identified an unexpected association between malaria risk and the use of treated mosquito nets. Contrary to expectations based on previous studies demonstrating significant protection conferred by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), children who exclusively used treated nets showed higher chances of malaria infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This suggests a potential over-reliance on ITNs as the sole preventive measure, neglecting other malaria prevention strategies. It underscores the importance of comprehensive malaria prevention education, emphasizing the complementary nature of various preventive measures. Targeted efforts to educate the public on adopting multi-pronged approaches to malaria prevention are crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of interventions and reducing the malaria burden in vulnerable populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study further unveils additional factors intertwined with the risk of malaria, providing crucial insights with significant public health implications. Among these factors are the number of living children in a household and the age of the child. Households with six or more living children were found to have an increased risk of malaria compared to those with one to five children. This finding underscores the intricate relationship between family size, household dynamics, and malaria transmission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Larger families may experience heightened population density and overcrowding, potentially leading to challenges in implementing effective malaria control measures. The strain on basic amenities in such households could contribute to environmental neglect, creating more breeding grounds for mosquitoes and amplifying the risk of malaria transmission. This highlights the importance of tailored interventions addressing the specific needs of larger families, including enhanced access to and compliance with malaria prevention measures. This increased risk associated with larger families aligns with findings from studies examining the impact of urbanization and population density on childhood Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence rates in Africa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The correlation between household size and malaria risk underscores the broader implications of socio-demographic factors in shaping malaria transmission dynamics within communities. Addressing these underlying socio-economic determinants is essential for developing holistic malaria control strategies that effectively target vulnerable populations and reduce transmission rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a contrasting observation, children aged 1 and 2 years were found to have an increased risk of malaria compared to those younger than one year old. This phenomenon may be attributed to the possession of immunity acquired from mothers during infancy, as well as the increased care and attention typically given to newborns. However, as children grow older, this acquired immunity wanes, leaving them more susceptible to malaria infection. This highlights the importance of age-specific interventions in malaria control efforts, ensuring that preventive measures are tailored to the unique vulnerabilities and immunity profiles of different age groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study sheds light on a complex of factors influencing malaria risk in children under five, unveiling both anticipated and surprising associations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. While access to information and preventative measures like treated mosquito nets are crucial, their timing, content, and implementation require meticulous approaches to maximize effectiveness. The study underscores the interplay between social, environmental, and demographic factors, emphasizing the need for holistic and multifaceted interventions that address not only individual risk but also underlying socio-economic determinants within communities. Tailored interventions for larger families, age-specific strategies, and comprehensive education fostering multi-pronged approaches are key to reducing the malaria burden and empowering vulnerable populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This study's insights, echoing similar observations from broader contexts, pave the way for evolving malaria control strategies that effectively target risk factors and ultimately break the cycle of transmission, safeguarding the health and well-being of children.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (2021 NMIS) was implemented by the National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) of the Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria, in collaboration with the National Population Commission (NPC). The funding for the 2021 NMIS was provided by the United States Agency for International\u0026nbsp;(USAID) and The Global Fund. ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, a USAID-funded project that provides support and technical assistance in the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding for this research\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eII\u0026nbsp;conceived\u0026nbsp;the idea and drafted the manuscript, II and NS performed\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;analysis, interpreted the results and drafted the subsequent versions of the manuscript. OLN, ENA, AO and BNG wrote the introduction and discussion. AMJ, DKB and all\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;other authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof Data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;dataset\u0026nbsp;used is openly available upon permission from\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;MEASURE DHS website.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(URL: https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics and approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe sought permission to use the NMIS datasets from the DHS Program website https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm. The Demographic and Health Survey also anonymized all data before making them accessible to the public. The ICF IRB reviewed and approved the 2021 Nigeria Malaria Indicator survey. The ORC MACRO, ICF Macro, and ICF IRBs complied with the United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human research subjects (45 CFR 46). All participants provided informed verbal consent to participate in the study and for minors, their parents or guardians consented on their behalf.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmed A, Mulatu K, Elfu B. Prevalence of malaria and associated factors among under-five children in Sherkole refugee camp, Benishangul-Gumuz region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e [Internet]. 2021;16(2 February 2021):1\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246895\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.pone.0246895\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSarfo JO, Amoadu M, Kordorwu PY, Adams AK, Gyan TB, Osman AG et al. 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Prevalence of and factors associated with malaria in children under five years of age in Malawi, using malaria indicator survey data. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e [Internet]. 2020;6(5):e03946. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03946\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03946\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eObasohan PE, Walters SJ, Jacques R, Khatab K. 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Eur J Med Res [Internet]. 2023;28(80):1\u0026ndash;14. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01046-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40001-023-01046-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMalaria [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 23]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbossie A, Yohanes T, Nedu A, Tafesse W, Damitie M. 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Malar J. 2016;15(1):1\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKilleen GF, Smith TA, Ferguson HM, Mshinda H, Abdulla S, Lengeler C, et al. Preventing childhood malaria in Africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets. PLoS Med. 2007;4(7):1246\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKabaria CW, Gilbert M, Noor AM, Snow RW, Linard C. The impact of urbanization and population density on childhood Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence rates in Africa. Malar J. 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"malaria-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"malj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Malaria Journal](http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12936","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12936/3","title":"Malaria Journal","twitterHandle":"@malariajournal","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Children under five years, Family, Malaria, Nigeria, Malaria risk","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979081/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979081/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose \u003c/strong\u003eMalaria remains a burden globally, with the African region accounting for 94% of the overall disease burden and deaths in 2019. It is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Nigeria. Thoughdifferent environmental factors have been assessedto influence the distribution and transmission of malaria vectors, there is a shortage of information on how they may influence malaria transmission among under-fives in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003eThis study was based on thesecondary data analysis of the Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2021. The study sample comprised 10,645 women (aged 15–49) who delivered a child in the 2 years preceding the survey. The studywas restricted to under-fives. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with the risk of malaria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eThere was a positive association between the risk of malaria and Heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months (AOR:1.45, 95%CI: 1.23-1.70), houses with walls built using rudimentary materials (AOR=1.44, 95%CI: 1.09-1.91), at least six children living in the house (AOR:1.23, 95%CI: 1.01-1.49), children being 1 or more years old was associated with increased odds (AOR:1.92, 95%CI: 1.52-2.41 and AOR:1.91, 95%CI: 1.54-2.38), children from households with only treated nets (AOR:1.23, 95%CI: 1.04-1.46) and those from the North West or South East regions (AOR:1.56, 95%CI: 1.15-2.11 and AOR:1.51, 95%CI:1.04-2.19), respectively. All other predictors were not associated with the risk of malaria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e The factorsassociated with the risk of malaria in this study included sleeping under treated mosquito nets, the age of the children, residing in the northwest and southeast regions, wall construction material, six children and above in the household and heard/seen malaria messages in the last six months. Continuous health education and public health interventions,such as the provision of LLITNs and a portable water supply, will reduce the risk of malaria and improve the health and well-being of children under five years of age.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors associated with the risk of malaria among children: Analysis of Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey, 2021","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-27 03:01:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3979081/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-24T10:51:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-24T10:51:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Malaria Journal","date":"2024-02-22T15:37:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"malaria-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"malj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Malaria Journal](http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12936","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12936/3","title":"Malaria Journal","twitterHandle":"@malariajournal","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5899e086-e760-4712-ae40-47d678f02ae1","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-09T07:41:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-27 03:01:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3979081","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3979081","identity":"rs-3979081","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}