Ultrasonic Irradiation in the Synthesis of Nanohydroxyapatite: A Chemically Friendly Technique for Improving Hemocompatibility and Antibiofilm Applications

chemistry Medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry Nano- and molecular-scale electronics Nano-biomaterials and bioscience Nanomagnetics Nanomaterials, thin films and nanointerfaces Nanomedicine Nanometrology and nanomechanics Nano-optics Nanopatterning, self-assembly and nanofabrication Nanostructures for energy and sensing applications Natural products chemistry Organo main group chemistry Other nanotechnology (unclassified) Other organic chemistry (unclassified) Photochemistry and photovoltaics Physical organic chemistry Supramolecular chemistry This study explores the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) using high-frequency ultrasonic irradiation (UI), a chemically friendly technique aligned with green chemistry principles. Synthesis was achieved by varying the UI time (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) and the reaction medium. Water-based mixtures were used: water/acetone (W/ACET), water/tetrahydrofuran (W/THF), and water/ethanol (W/ETOH). The resulting nHA was characterized structurally using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM. These analyses revealed the formation of carbonated nHA similar to biological apatite, with distinct morphologies and particle sizes dependent on the solvent used. All synthesized materials exhibited high thermal stability and yields exceeding 80%. Hemocompatibility studies showed that nHA samples obtained in the W/THF mixture presented low hemotoxicity (1-2 % hemolysis), and did not affect platelet ADP aggregation processes. Microbiological assays showed a significant reduction in P. aeruginosa biomass production (p<0.05) after 24 hours, particularly for nHA synthesized with the W/ETOH mixture. There was also a less bacterial colonization, cellular aggregates or formation of specialized structures when was treated with this bioceramic, compared to the commercial hydroxyapatite, suggesting potential antibiofilm properties. This research presents an original and efficient method for producing nHA as a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering and bone replacement applications.

antibiofilm properties; hemocompatibility; nanohydroxyapatite; ultrasonic irradiation When a peer-reviewed version of this preprint is available, this information will be updated in the information box above. If no peer-reviewed version is available, please cite this preprint using the following information: Mendoza Turmero, J.; Parra Pantoja, C.; Sabino Gutiérrez, M.; Fernández-Delgado, M.; Alvarado-Castillo, C.; Soto Gil, D.; Gomes Gomes, M. E.; Gutiérrez Barrios, Y.; Suárez Arteaga, D. Beilstein Arch. 2025, 202561. doi:10.3762/bxiv.2025.61.v1 Citation data can be downloaded as file using the "Download" button or used for copy/paste from the text window below. Citation data in RIS format can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Zotero. © 2025 Mendoza Turmero et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut. This is an open access work licensed under the terms of the Beilstein-Institut Open Access License Agreement (https://www.beilstein-archives.org/xiv/terms), which is identical to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). The reuse of material under this license requires that the author(s), source and license are credited. Third-party material in this work could be subject to other licenses (typically indicated in the credit line), and in this case, users are required to obtain permission from the license holder to reuse the material.