Evaluating the Efficiency of Iran Handmade Carpet Export by Using Gravity Model with Stochastic Frontier Approach

Evaluating the Efficiency of Iran Handmade Carpet Export by Using Gravity Model with Stochastic Frontier Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluating the Efficiency of Iran Handmade Carpet Export by Using Gravity Model with Stochastic Frontier Approach Nooshin Khani Garie Gapy, Meysam Mosayee, Effat Hajian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7196629/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Persian carpet has been known as one of the most prominent manifestations of Iranian art and culture over years, and has always had a unique position in the export basket of Iran. This art possesses a significant share of the value of non-oil exports. In this research, we have estimated the efficiency of Iran's carpet export market by using gravity model with a stochastic boundary and spatial regression approach from 1973 to 2023. Research findings show that Gross Domestic Product (GDP)of Iran and major importing countries, and a common border with Iranian carpet importer countries have a positive significant effect on exports. Moreover, a statistically significant negative relation was obtained between China's carpet export and that of Iran. In addition to the negative effects of competitor countries on exports, exchange rate fluctuations are considered as a serious threat to Iranian carpet exports. As a final result, Iran's carpet exports have a low level of efficiency, which can be attributed to global sanctions, the use of inferior materials, increasing rivals, plagiarism of Iranian designs, and the inconsistency of production with market demand JEL: F14, F19, F31, E58 Agricultural Economics & Policy International Economics Iranian Handmade Carpet Export Export Efficiency Gravity Model Stochastic Frontier Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7196629","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":489770235,"identity":"089f9a03-d690-4802-bf71-1ac01c8699c4","order_by":0,"name":"Nooshin Khani Garie Gapy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYDBgYJCSAroQLEZW4gRcsZEJeRGC0MUC2MbSAmAS3m7M2HPxcU3GGQnN387MHDebXR/O1ALT8qtuHUYtlzLE16hsEzBmmZY+YGiduO5844zNjA2HPmNk4tBjdyzJh5DA4zyEkkmEkkbjuW2wDUwszYhleL8WeIlvRvEolzjuXOJ0KLgTRIi7REDtCWhprcDQS1nAH6BaiFR3JGTplEwrEDuRuBWg7i9ctxYIjx/DksJ3EjfZvkj5q63HnnDx988KMCtxYY4IHSh8HkAYLqkUAdKYpHwSgYBaNghAAAo+lX1mvq/6AAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4815-5442","institution":"sadjad university","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nooshin","middleName":"Khani Garie","lastName":"Gapy","suffix":""},{"id":489770484,"identity":"89432412-1710-49d6-8ba6-37954ed9080c","order_by":1,"name":"Meysam Mosayee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meysam","middleName":"","lastName":"Mosayee","suffix":""},{"id":489770485,"identity":"45b55331-d9d5-4faf-b478-1bf5123eca2d","order_by":2,"name":"Effat Hajian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Education and training ministry of Iran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Effat","middleName":"","lastName":"Hajian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-23 12:58:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7196629/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7196629/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87454760,"identity":"db9f87bf-91e9-4cc2-8930-dbf132bd8921","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-24 04:01:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":576682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"final.Carpet.article.2025.khani.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7196629/v1_covered_8efe59dd-6c89-449a-a641-e6be438538e0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluating the Efficiency of Iran Handmade Carpet Export by Using Gravity Model with Stochastic Frontier Approach\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Sadjad University of Technology","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Iranian Handmade Carpet Export, Export Efficiency, Gravity Model, Stochastic Frontier","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7196629/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7196629/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePersian carpet has been known as one of the most prominent manifestations of Iranian art and culture over years, and has always had a unique position in the export basket of Iran. This art possesses a significant share of the value of non-oil exports. In this research, we have estimated the efficiency of Iran's carpet export market by using gravity model with a stochastic boundary and spatial regression approach from 1973 to 2023. Research findings show that Gross Domestic Product (GDP)of Iran and major importing countries, and a common border with Iranian carpet importer countries have a positive significant effect on exports. Moreover, a statistically significant negative relation was obtained between China's carpet export and that of Iran. In addition to the negative effects of competitor countries on exports, exchange rate fluctuations are considered as a serious threat to Iranian carpet exports. 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