The effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative sleep of elderly patients with colorectal cancer

The effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative sleep of elderly patients with colorectal cancer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative sleep of elderly patients with colorectal cancer Liqin Deng, Xiaomei Wang, Yanan Wu, Lu Wang, Yuxue Qiu, Haitao Hou This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1457867/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Postoperative sleep disturbance (POSD) in patients with colorectal cancer is a key factor affecting their rapid postoperative recovery. Studies have confirmed that perioperative use of opioids can disturb postoperative sleep, and perioperative oligoopioids or no opioid in elderly patients can promote postoperative recovery. To reduce the use of opioids, this study was to investigate the effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine analgesia on the postoperative sleep of elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer. Methods 63 patients aged 65-80 years with body mass index (BMI) values of 20-30 kg/m 2 and American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) grades of II-III, who underwent elective laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer, were selected. The patients were divided into the lidocaine group (group L, n = 32) and the control group (group C, n = 31) by using a random number table. Patients in both groups received total intravenous anesthesia. In group L, a dose of 1.5 mg/kg of lidocaine was injected intravenously during induction of anesthesia, and lidocaine (1.0 mg·kg -1 ·h -1 ) was injected intravenously during surgery and for 24 hours after surgery. In Group C, the same volume of normal saline was injected, and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (Sufentanil 1.5-1.8 μg/kg) was given after surgery. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the sleep function 1 d before surgery, 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery. The incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance (POSD) at 1 d, 2 d and 3 d after surgery was calculated. The pain intensity of the two groups at different time points after surgery was evaluated. The intraoperative consumption of opioids and propofol and the incidence of postoperative complications and lidocaine adverse reactions in 2 groups were recorded. Results Compared with group C, sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction scores, and total PSQI score was improved significantly in group L at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery (P <0.05). Compared with group C, the incidence of POSD in group L was lower, and the difference was statistically significant (P 0.05) Compared with group C, the consumption of opioids and propofol in group L decreased significantly (P <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications. No patient in group L had side effects of lidocaine. Conclusions For elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer, perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can improve the early postoperative sleep quality, reduce the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance, and promote the recovery of postoperative sleep function. colorectal cancer lidocaine sleep disturbance analgesia elderly Figures Figure 1 Introduction Postoperative sleep disturbance (POSD) is a key factor affecting the rapid postoperative recovery of patients with colorectal cancer [ 1 ] , and poor postoperative pain control often leads to POSD [ 2 ] . Opioids are the most commonly used analgesics during the perioperative period, but they have side effects such as nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation, urinary retention, and delayed recovery of gastrointestinal function, and can also disturb postoperative sleep [ 3 ] . Epidural analgesia is the most reliable method for postoperative pain control after abdominal surgery, but its management is troublesome and is limited by postoperative anticoagulation therapy. Studies have shown that perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can produce the same analgesic effect as epidural analgesia [ 4 ] , and can reduce the application of perioperative opioids [ 5 ] . However, whether perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can improve postoperative sleep in elderly patients by relieving postoperative pain is not yet confirmed. We hypothesized that perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can reduce the perioperative dose of opioids, relieve postoperative pain, and improve postoperative sleep in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer. Methods This study was approved by the hospital ethics committee (No. 2020 − 312), was registered in the Chinese clinical trial (ChiCTR2000038184), and informed consent forms were signed by the patient or family members. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations in our present study. The inclusion criteria of our trial included elderly patients aged 65–80 years with BMI values of 20–30 kg/m 2 and ASA grades of II-III, who underwent elective laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer in Ningxia Medical University from October 2020 to April 2021. The exclusion criteria included those who are allergic to lidocaine, have preoperative sleep disorder or obstructive sleep apnea, have preoperative atrioventricular block and bradycardia, have kidney or liver function impaired, have severe respiratory diseases and neurological or mental disorders, have long-term use of opioids or tranquilizers, have excessive anxiety and depression. Patients with the following states were excluded during the study: conversion to laparotomy, operation time > 4 hours, postoperative delivery to ICU, and incomplete follow-up data. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups based on computer-generated codes that were maintained in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes. Allocation envelopes were opened by a pharmacy staff member who then prepared either 2% lidocaine or saline in coded 50-ml syringes. The anesthesiologist in charge of the case was unaware of the patient’s group assignment; the study was thus fully double blinded. Patients in L group received intravenous injection of lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg at the time of anesthesia induction according to ideal body weight, and continued intravenous infusion of lidocaine 1.0 mg·kg − 1 ·h − 1 to maintain postoperative analgesia 24 h after surgery. Group C was given equal volume normal saline and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after surgery. General anesthesia was induced with 0.02 mg/kg midazolam, 0.3–0.5 µg/kg sufentanil, 0.2–0.4 mg/kg etomidate, and 0.06 mg/kg rocuronium. After 3 minutes, tracheal intubation was performed, and mechanical ventilation was carried out after confirming the position of the tracheal tube. Ventilator parameters: VT was 6–8 mL/kg, RR was 12–16 times/min, I: E was 1:2, FiO2 was 60%, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 5 cmH2O; PETCO2 was maintained at 35–45 mmHg. Anaesthesia was maintained by continuous infusion of propofol (4–6 mg·kg-1·h-1) and remifentanil (0.05–0.2 µg·kg-1·min-1), and 10–20 mg/h of rocuronium was administered intermittently during surgery to maintain the bispectral Index (BIS) value between 40 and 60. Muscle relaxants were stopped 30 minutes prior to the end of the surgery, and medication for the maintenance of general anesthesia was stopped at the end of surgery. After the patient's consciousness and protective reflexes were restored, VT was > 6 mL/kg, respiratory rate (RR) was 12–20 times/min, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) was > 95%, the tracheal tube was removed and the patient was sent to post anesthesia care unit (PACU). In addition, patients in group L received an intravenous injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) during induction of anesthesia according to their ideal body weight, and lidocaine (1.0 mg·kg-1·h-1) was injected intravenously during surgery and for 24 hours after surgery. In Group C, the same volume of normal saline was injected, and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia was given after surgery. The formula was that 1.5–1.8 µg/kg of sufentanil was diluted with normal saline to 100 mL, the background dose was 2 mL/h, the single infusion volume was 0.5 mL, and the lock time was 15 minutes. Intravenous injection of 40 mg parecoxib sodium was provided for remedial analgesia after surgery, for patients with contraindications to parecoxib sodium, intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium injection 50 mg. The primary endpoints in our study included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the occurrence of sleep disturbance on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day after surgery. The PSQI scale includes 7 components: sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. In scoring the PSQI, seven component scores are derived, each scored 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty), the component scores are summed to produce a global score (range 0 to 21), higher scores indicate worse sleep quality; good sleep is < 7 points, while sleep disturbance is ≥ 7 points [ 6 ] . The incidences of sleep disturbance at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery were calculated in the two groups. The secondary endpoints included the visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain-at-rest and pain-on-movement of patients at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery (0: no pain; 1–3: mild pain; 4–6: moderate pain; 7–10: severe pain). The consumption of intraoperative propofol and remifentanil. Postoperative intestinal function recovery index included the first time to get out of bed, the first time to exhaust, the first time to defecate, and the first time to eat. The postoperative complications including postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), respiratory and circulatory system complications, intestinal obstruction, and side effects of lidocaine (dizziness, drowsiness, tinnitus, convulsions,) were observed. Sample size calculation The incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance was taken as the main observation indicator. Our pre-experiment showed that intravenous lidocaine infusion could improve postoperative sleep function, the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance in group C was 71%, and the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance in group L was 35% (α = 0.05, 1-β = 0.8, two-sided test). PASS 15 software was used to calculate the sample size, N1 = N2, which showed that at least 27 cases should be included for each group. The expected dropout rate was 15%, so 31 cases were eventually included in each group. Statistical analysis SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Normally distributed measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ‾x ±s), and the t-test was used for group comparison; skewed measurement data were expressed by the median and interquartile range [M (IQR)], and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison between groups. Count data were expressed as the number of cases or percentage (%), and the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison between groups to calculate the exact probability. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In this study, 113 patients were enrolled according to the inclusion criteria, 38 patients were excluded according to the exclusion criteria (including 21 patients with preoperative vital organ dysfunction, 4 patients with a severe mental disorder, and 13 patients with sinus bradycardia), and 12 patients were excluded during the study (including 4 patients requiring conversion to open surgery, 2 patients in each group; 2 patients whose operation time was > 4 hours, 1 patient in each group; 4 patients who were sent to ICU after surgery, 2 patients in each group; 2 patients with incomplete follow-up data, 1 patient in each group), finally, 32 patients in the group L and 31 patients in group C were analyzed (Fig. 1 ). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in gender, age, BMI, ASA classification, duration of anesthesia, operation time, intraoperative fluid infusion, intraoperative blood loss, and urine output (P > 0.05, Table 1 ). Table 1 Comparison of general information of the two groups of patients (cases or ‾x ±s) Groups Cases Gender (M/F) Age (years) BMI (kg/m) ASA (Ⅱ/Ⅲ) Duration of anesthesia (h) Operation time (h) Intraoperative fluid infusion (mL) Intraoperative blood loss (mL) Urine output (mL) Group C 31 18/13 18/13 0.439 608 ± 8.3 24.0 ± 2.5 18/14 4.2 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.4 2046.9 ± 464.2 120.6 ± 89.3 503.4 ± 264.1 Group L 32 22/10 68 ± 8.1 24.9 ± 3.0 17/14 4.1 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.5 2140.0 ± 386.5 122.6 ± 63.0 521.0 ± 359.8 t/Z value 0.776 -0.484 0.177 0.013 -1.551 -0.430 0.855 0.100 0.220 P value 0.439 0.976 0.934 0.910 0.126 0.830 0.396 0.921 0.827 Note: ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists classification BMI: Body Mass Index Compared with group C, the amount of propofol and remifentanil used during surgery in group L was significantly reduced (P < 0.05, Table 2 ). Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative propofol and remifentanil consumption between two groups of patients ( ‾x ±s) Groups Cases Propofol consumption (mg) Sufentanil consumption (µg) Group C 31 1601.2 ± 241.2 3146.0 ± 356.0 Group L 32 1376.8 ± 247.1 2695.2 ± 380.4 t value 3.647 4.864 P value 0.001 0.000 Note: Compared with the group C, P < 0.05 Compared with the preoperative data, the sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction scores, and total PSQI scores were significantly increased at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery in the two groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the data obtained 1 d after surgery and that obtained 2 d after surgery in the sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and daytime dysfunction scores of patients in the group L (P > 0.05), while the sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, daytime dysfunction scores, and total PSQI score of patients in the group, C was significantly increased 2 d after surgery compared with the data obtained 1 d after surgery (P < 0.05). 3 days after surgery, the sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance scores, and total PSQI scores of patients in the two groups were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the data obtained 2 d after surgery and that obtained 3 d after surgery in the sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbance scores of patients in the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with group C, the sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction scores, and PSQI score of patients in the group, L was significantly reduced 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery (P < 0.05, Table 3 ). Compared with the preoperative data, the incidence of sleep disturbance at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery in group C was significantly increased, and the incidence of sleep disturbance at 1 d after surgery in group L was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the data obtained at 1 d after surgery, the sleep of patients in group L returned to the preoperative level at 2 d and 3 d after surgery (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, the incidence of sleep disturbance was significantly decreased at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery in group L (P < 0.05, Table 4 ). Table 3 Comparison of scores of different items of PSQI scale and total PSQI score between two groups of patients at different time points [Min, M (IQR) ] Items Groups Cases Before surgery 1 d after surgery 2 d after surgery 3 d after surgery Sleep quality score Group C 31 1(0–1) 2(1–3) ad 2(1–2) ad 2(1–2) ad Group L 32 1(0–1) 1(1–1) a 1(1–1) a 1(1–1) a Sleep latency score Group C 25 0(0–1) 2(1–3) ad 2(2–3) ad 1(0–1) abc Group L 25 0(0–1) 1(1–1) a 1(1-1.75) a 1(0.25-1) ab Sleep duration score Group C 25 0(0–1) 2(1–3) ad 1(1–2) ad 1(1–2) a Group L 25 1(1–2) 1(1–1) 1(1–1) 1(1–1) Sleep efficiency score Group C 31 1(1–1) 2(1–3) ad 1(1–2) ad 1(1–2) ad Group L 32 1(1–1) 1(1–1) a 1(1–1) a 1(0–1) abc Sleep disturbance score Group C 31 0(0–1) 2(1–3) ad 1(0–3) ab 1(0–2) abd Group L 32 0(0–1) 1(1–1) a 1(0–1) a 0(0–1) ab Sleep medication score Group C 31 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0(0–0) Group L 32 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0(0–0) 0(0–0) Daytime dysfunction score Group C 31 0(0–0) 2(1–3) ad 1(1–2) abd 1(1–2) abd Group L 32 0(0–0) 1(1–1) a 1(1–1) a 1(0–1) abc Total PSQI score Group C 31 3(2–6) 10(6–16) ad 6(6–10) abd 6(6–12) abd Group L 32 3(2–4) 6(5–7) a 4(4–6) ab 4(4–5) ab Note: PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; compared with preoperative data, a P < 0.05; compared with the data obtained 1 day after surgery, b P < 0.05; compared with the data obtained 2 days after surgery, c P < 0.05; compared with group C, d P < 0.05. Table 4 Comparison of the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance between the two groups [cases (%)] Groups Cases Before surgery 1 d after surgery 2 d after surgery 3 d after surgery Group C 31 4(12.90) 16(48.39) 12(38.71) 12(38.71) Group L 32 4(12.50) 7(22.58) 4(15.63) 4(15.63) X 2 value 0.002 6.007 5.709 5.709 P value 0.962 0.014 0.017 0.017 Note: Compared with group C, P < 0.05 Compared with group C, the first time to get out of bed, the first time to exhaust, the first time to defecate, and the first time to eat were significantly shortened in group L (P < 0.05, Table 5 ). Table 5 Comparison of postoperative rapid recovery index between two groups (‾x±s) Groups Cases First time of out bed (d) First exhaust time (d) First defecation time (d) First eating time (d) Group C 31 0.91 ± 0.16 1.91 ± 0.17 2.62 ± 0.31 3.30 ± 0.33 Group L 32 0.81 ± 0.17 1.80 ± 0.16 2.44 ± 0.32 3.13 ± 0.34 t value -2.388 -2.502 2.192 2.041 P value 0.200 0.015 0.032 0.046 Note: Compared with group C, P < 0.05 Compared with group C, the VAS scores in group L at rest and on movement 2 h after surgery were significantly reduced (P 0.05, Tables 6 , 7 ). Table 6 Comparison of the VAS scores at rest between the two groups of patients at different time points [Min, M (IQR)] State Groups Cases T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 At rest Group C Group L 31 1(0–3) a 3(2–4) a 2(1–3) 3(2–4) 2(1–3) 3(2–3) 2(1–3) 2(1.75-3) 3(1-3.5) 2(1–3) 2(1–3) 2(1–3) 2(1–2) 2(1–3) Z value -2.594 -1.922 -0.996 -0.148 -0.434 -0.368 -1.332 P value 0.009 0.055 0.319 0.883 0.664 0.713 0.183 Table 7 Comparison of the VAS scores on movement between the two groups of patients at different time points [Min, M (IQR)] State Groups Cases T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 On movement Group C Group L 32 3(1.5–5.5) a 4.5(3.75–6.25) a 4(2-5.5) 4(3–6) 4(2–5) 4(3.75-6) 4(3–6) 4(3–6) 5(3–6) 4(3–6) 4(3.5-6) 4(3–6) 4(3-4.5) 4(3–6) Z value -2.406 -1.102 -1.378 -0.578 -1.117 -0.385 -1.291 P value 0.016 0.271 0.168 0.564 0.264 0.700 0.197 Note: T1: 2h after surgery, T2: 4h after surgery, T3: 8h after surgery, T4: 12h after surgery, T5: 24h after surgery, T6: 48h after surgery, T7: 72h after surgery; compared with group C, a P < 0.05. In group C, remedial analgesia was carried out for 3 cases 1 day after surgery, 4 cases 2 days after surgery, and 2 cases 3 days after surgery. In group L, remedial analgesia was carried out for 2 patients on the 1st day after surgery, 6 patients on the 2nd day after surgery, and 2 patients on the 3rd day after surgery. In group C, 8 patients had PONV, 1 had intestinal obstruction, 1 had a lung infection, and 1 had arrhythmia; in group L, 3 patients had PONV, 1 had a lung infection, and 1 had arrhythmia. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the incidences of PONV, ileus, intestinal obstruction, and respiratory and circulatory system complications. No patients in group L had side effects of lidocaine. Discussion The prevalence of sleep disturbance in elderly patients increases with increasing age [ 7 ] . Surgical factors and postoperative pain are the key factors affecting the postoperative sleep of patients undergoing surgery [ 1 ] . This study evaluated for the first time the effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on the postoperative sleep in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer. The results showed that the perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion was as effective as the postoperative intravenous analgesia pump, which improved the quality of early postoperative sleep reduced the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance and promoted the recovery of postoperative sleep function. Patient factors, anesthesia factors, surgical factors, postoperative pain, environmental factors, psychological factors, etc. all affect the postoperative sleep of patients undergoing surgery. Therefore, this study only included elderly patients, and the general conditions and preoperative comorbidities of the two groups of patients were comparable. The two groups of patients were treated by the same group of anesthesiologists and surgeons, and the anesthesia management and surgical procedure for the two groups of patients were comparable. We excluded patients with severe neurological, mental, and psychological disorders before surgery. In this study, the PSQI scale was used to assess sleep status. This scale is the most commonly used tool for domestic and foreign scholars to study sleep disturbance. The sensitivity of this scale to diagnose sleep disturbance is 89.6% and the specificity is 86% [ 6 ] . Sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction are 7 components to evaluate sleep, but the results may be disturbed by subjective factors. In this study, patients in the lidocaine group received an intravenous injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) during induction of anesthesia and lidocaine (1.0 mg·kg − 1 ·h − 1 ) was injected intravenously during surgery and for 24 hours after surgery. This administration protocol is based on international expert consensus of intravenous lidocaine infusion [ 8 ] . Studies have shown that perioperative continuous infusion of lidocaine has the highest incidence of adverse reactions affecting the nervous system of patients [ 9 ] . Therefore, in consideration of the possible impact of this on our observational indicators, we adopt continuous infusion of low-dose lidocaine. In addition, we randomly selected 5 patients and obtained their arterial blood to test the highest level of plasma lidocaine (4.0 ± 0.5 µg/mL) at 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, and 5 min after the intravenous injection of lidocaine, 1 h, and 2 h during surgery, and 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after surgery. The plasma lidocaine levels of all patients were lower than the reported toxic dose level of lidocaine (5 µg/mL) [ 8 ] , which were in the safe dose range, so no side effects were observed in patients in the lidocaine group. The results of this study show that intravenous lidocaine infusion can improve the early postoperative sleep quality of elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer, reduce the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance, and promote the recovery of postoperative sleep function. The possible reason is that the perioperative intravenous application of lidocaine effectively relieves the postoperative pain-at-rest and pain-on-movement. The relationship between pain and sleep involves a variety of one-way or two-way interactions. Postoperative pain can lead to difficulty in falling asleep and easy awakening during sleep, which can lead to sleep disorders; on the contrary, postoperative pain is affected by sleep disorders and leads to hyperalgesia [ 11 ] , which increases pain and forms a vicious cycle. Acute and chronic pain are associated with sleep disruption, and sleep disruption or shortening will in turn change pain perception [ 12 ] . Studies [ 4 , 13 , 14 ] have shown that for patients with abdominal surgery, the postoperative analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion is satisfactory, and the effect is consistent with epidural analgesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. This study also confirmed that both pain-at-rest and pain-on-movement can be effectively controlled in the two groups of patients. Intravenous lidocaine infusion may be used to improve postoperative sleep by reducing opioids. Recently, many studies [ 15 – 18 ] have shown that perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can significantly reduce the demand for opioids during abdominal surgery. Opioids have a wide range of physiological effects, including significant analgesia [ 19 ] and sleep disturbance [ 20 , 21 ] , which indicates that opioids can affect sleep while reducing pain and even exaggerate postoperative sleep disturbance [ 12 ] . A large amount of evidence indicates that opioids have potentially harmful effects on sleep, which may impair sleep and sleep structure [ 20 , 22 ] . There are four types of endogenous opioid receptors in central nervous system: µ, δ, κ and σ receptors. Three types of opioids, enkephalins, endorphins, and kephalins, have been shown to play a role in the initiation and maintenance of sleep, and the attenuation of arousal and wakefulness [ 23 ] , but the mechanisms by which opioids act on sleep control remain unclear. It has been hypothesized that opioids bind to the peptide neurohormone vasopressin and participate in the induction and maintenance of sleep state through the complex and modifiable circadian mechanism driven by the suprataccipital nucleus (SCN) [ 24 ] . Vasopressin is a neurohormone in the pacemaker suprascial nucleus (SCN) of circadian rhythm, which has been proved to be closely related to circadian rhythm [ 25 ] . There is growing evidence that opioids affect sleep by acting on systems that promote sleep and wake up. Studies have shown that opioid-induced sleep disorders may be related to local adenosine levels in pons network (PRF) and basal forebrain (BF) [ 26 ] . In addition, the improvement of postoperative sleep in the lidocaine group is also related to the anti-inflammatory effect of lidocaine [ 27 ] . Postoperative pain can lead to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators in the body, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, C-reactive protein, etc. The increase of plasma interleukin-6 level can increase the incidence of sleep disorders by reducing sleep time and increasing fatigue [ 28 ] . However, the increase of TNF and C-reactive protein levels may be related to the activation of sympathetic effector pathways, leading to postoperative sleep disorder [ 29 , 30 ] . Ortiz et al. [ 31 ] showed that intravenous lidocaine reduced IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- α levels. Siqi Xu1 et al. [ 32 ] also confirmed that perioperative addition of lidocaine can significantly reduce plasma Levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- α. Therefore, intravenous lidocaine infusion during the perioperative period can improve the postoperative sleep of patients through its anti-inflammatory effect too. Although the results of this study show that intravenous lidocaine infusion can significantly improve the postoperative sleep of elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer, this study also has the following limitations: (1) PSQI assessment of sleep quality may be affected by subjective factors, if this study had been combined with polysomnography to objectively assess the patient's perioperative sleep quality, the results would have been more reliable. However, polysomnography is temporarily not available for postoperative patients in our hospital. (2) There are many factors that affect postoperative sleep function. Postoperative mental status may also affect postoperative sleep function. This study only evaluated the preoperative mental state of the two groups of patients and excluded patients with severe mental disorders before surgery. However, the postoperative mental status of the patients was not evaluated. (3) This study did not thoroughly explore the specific mechanism of intravenous lidocaine infusion that improves postoperative sleep, which should be further studied in the future. (4) This is a single-center study with small sample size, and the results of the study should be confirmed by multi-center studies with large samples. Conclusions In conclusion, for elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer, perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion may improve the early postoperative sleep quality, reduce the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance, and promote the recovery of postoperative sleep function by effective postoperative analgesia, reducing the opioid dosage. Abbreviations Postoperative sleep disturbance (POSD), body mass index (BMI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), visual analog scale (VAS), bispectral Index (BIS), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), post anesthesia care unit (PACU ) Declarations Acknowledgements Not applicable Authors’ contributions Xiaomei Wang contributed to study design, data collection, statistical analysis, drafting the manuscript. Liqin Deng contributed to study design and revised the manuscript. Yanan Wu and Lu Wang contributed to data collection and statistical analysis. Haitao Hou and Yuxue Qiu were participated in the design of the study and was responsible for clinical coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Our own money. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Institutional Medical Ethics Committee of The Ningxia Medical University General Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ((ChiCTR2000038184). Initial registration date was 12/09/2020. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author details 1 Department of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, China; 2 Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, China. References Klemann N, Hansen MV, Gögenur I. Factors affecting post-operative sleep in patients undergoing colorectal surgery – a systematic review[J]. Dan Med J, 2015, 62(4): A5053. Frohnhofen H. Pain and sleep : A bidirectional relationship[J]. Z Gerontol Geriatr, 2018, 51(8): 871-4. Eacret D, Veasey SC, Blendy JA. 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The use of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain and recovery: international consensus statement on efficacy and safety[J]. Anaesthesia, 2021, 76(2): 238-50. Schuler BR, Lupi KE, Szumita PM, Kovacevic MP. Evaluating the Safety of Continuous Infusion Lidocaine for Postoperative Pain[J]. Clin J Pain, 2021, 37(9): 657-63. Carabalona J-F, Delwarde B, Duclos A, Le Goff M-C, Moulsma M, Citterio-Quentin A, et al. Serum Concentrations of Lidocaine During Bariatric Surgery[J]. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2020, 130(1): e5-e8. Schuh-Hofer S, Wodarski R, Pfau DB, Caspani O, Magerl W, Kennedy JD, et al. One night of total sleep deprivation promotes a state of generalized hyperalgesia: a surrogate pain model to study the relationship of insomnia and pain[J]. Pain, 2013, 154(9): 1613-21. Chouchou F, Khoury S, Chauny J-M, Denis R, Lavigne GJ. Postoperative sleep disruptions: a potential catalyst of acute pain?[J]. Sleep Med Rev, 2014, 18(3): 273-82. Terkawi AS, Tsang S, Kazemi A, Morton S, Luo R, Sanders DT, et al. A Clinical Comparison of Intravenous and Epidural Local Anesthetic for Major Abdominal Surgery[J]. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine, 2016, 41(1): 28-36. Kikuchi S, Kuroda S, Nishizaki M, Matsusaki T, Kuwada K, Kimura Y, et al. Comparison of the Effects of Epidural Analgesia and Patient-controlled Intravenous Analgesia on Postoperative Pain Relief and Recovery After Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer[J]. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech, 2019, 29(5): 405-8. Sakata RK, de Lima RC, Valadao JA, Leal PC, Moura EC, Cruz VP, et al. Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Effect of Intraoperative Intravenous Lidocaine on the Opioid Consumption and Criteria for Hospital Discharge After Bariatric Surgery[J]. Obes Surg, 2020, 30(4): 1189-93. Estebe J-P. Intravenous lidocaine[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2017, 31(4): 513-21. Reyes-Pérez A, Sánchez-Aguilar H, Velázquez-Fernández D, Rodríguez-Ortíz D, Mosti M, Herrera MF. Analysis of Causes and Risk Factors for Hospital Readmission After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass[J]. Obesity surgery, 2016, 26(2): 257-60. Yanfeng Zhao，Jianshu Zhao. Effect of intravenous infusion of lidocaine on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy. Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology. 2017;33(12):1159-62. Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, Buenaventura R, Adlaka R, Sehgal N, et al. Opioid complications and side effects[J]. Pain Physician, 2008, 11(2 Suppl): S105-S20. Shaw IR, Lavigne G, Mayer P, Choinière M. Acute intravenous administration of morphine perturbs sleep architecture in healthy pain-free young adults: a preliminary study[J]. Sleep, 2005, 28(6): 677-82. Cao M, Javaheri S. Effects of Chronic Opioid Use on Sleep and Wake[J]. Sleep Med Clin, 2018, 13(2): 271-81. Dimsdale JE, Norman D, DeJardin D, Wallace MS. The effect of opioids on sleep architecture[J]. J Clin Sleep Med, 2007, 3(1): 33-6. Piper BJ, Alinea AA, Wroblewski JR, Graham SM, Chung DY, McCutcheon LRM, et al. A Quantitative and Narrative Evaluation of Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics[J]. Pharmacy (Basel), 2019, 8(1). Wilson L, Dorosz L. Possible role of the opioid peptides in sleep[J]. Med Hypotheses, 1984, 14(3): 269-80. Reppert SM, Artman HG, Swaminathan S, Fisher DA. Vasopressin exhibits a rhythmic daily pattern in cerebrospinal fluid but not in blood[J]. Science, 1981, 213(4513): 1256-7. Nelson AM, Battersby AS, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R. Opioid-induced decreases in rat brain adenosine levels are reversed by inhibiting adenosine deaminase[J]. Anesthesiology, 2009, 111(6): 1327-33. Fragiadaki K, Tektonidou MG, Konsta M, Chrousos GP, Sfikakis PP. Sleep disturbances and interleukin 6 receptor inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. J Rheumatol, 2012, 39(1): 60-2. Huang C, Alamili M, Nielsen CH, Rosenberg J, Gögenur I. Rapid eye movement-sleep is reduced in patients with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis-an observational study[J]. PeerJ, 2015, 3: e1146. Meier-Ewert HK, Ridker PM, Rifai N, Regan MM, Price NJ, Dinges DF, et al. Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2004, 43(4): 678-83. Dolsen MR, Soehner AM, Harvey AG. Proinflammatory Cytokines, Mood, and Sleep in Interepisode Bipolar Disorder and Insomnia: A Pilot Study With Implications for Psychosocial Interventions[J]. Psychosom Med, 2018, 80(1): 87-94. Ortiz MP, Godoy MC, Schlosser RS, Ortiz RP, Godoy JP, Santiago ES, et al. Effect of endovenous lidocaine on analgesia and serum cytokines: double-blinded and randomized trial[J]. J Clin Anesth, 2016, 35: 70-7. Xu S, Hu S, Ju X, Li Y, Li Q, Wang S. Effects of intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination on IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial[J]. BMC anesthesiology, 2021, 21(1): 3. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files CONSORT2010Checklist.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1457867","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":95933984,"identity":"e3c7a39b-e8f8-4025-8b77-806513b65798","order_by":0,"name":"Liqin Deng","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0D8wICBh0H+YeNjsAgzcwNhLQkgLQzJzcYMDAZALYzEaAGz0tukwVoYCGjhO957+EVCgbWMOcPBtuqCij/R/O1ALT8qtuHUInnmXJpFgkE6j2VjY9vtGWcMcmccZmxg7DlzG6cWgxs5ZgYJBod5DA4ztt3mbTPIbQBqYQaycWu5/waq5RhjWzFIy3yCWm7wGD8AaznD2MYM0rKBkBbJMzlmDCC/GNxgbJbmOWOcuxGo5SA+v/AdP2P84cMfa3uDG+wPP/NUyOXOO3/44IMfFbi1AAGbBDD6UIUO4FMPBMwfMLSMglEwCkbBKEAGAE2+W7jMzwkEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia Medical University General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liqin","middleName":"","lastName":"Deng","suffix":""},{"id":95933983,"identity":"edb7a6b3-a1ac-48b1-bcc6-c87e7c677d4a","order_by":1,"name":"Xiaomei Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaomei","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":95933985,"identity":"be5305ae-b81b-45d4-8895-ab2358db0d4f","order_by":2,"name":"Yanan Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":95933986,"identity":"d8e10429-bfeb-461e-b7b4-b9437716de82","order_by":3,"name":"Lu Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":95933987,"identity":"ee568441-4d31-4328-89e3-ca01a69caf81","order_by":4,"name":"Yuxue Qiu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia Medical University General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuxue","middleName":"","lastName":"Qiu","suffix":""},{"id":95933988,"identity":"06dbb4da-2d4f-420a-b942-aca8983a1356","order_by":5,"name":"Haitao Hou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ningxia Medical University General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haitao","middleName":"","lastName":"Hou","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-03-16 11:14:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1457867/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1457867/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":20030578,"identity":"27e402ac-a8cd-48af-995f-68bc822337b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-04-06 16:21:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\t\u003cstrong\u003eFlow chart of case screening\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1457867/v1/1ed7c37ef121ebe32bca67d0.png"},{"id":20050850,"identity":"b6fda40d-e2d3-43f8-961e-3e12685d1c5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-04-07 07:14:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":418073,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1457867/v1/8c1d24e2-b933-491a-9fbe-3e0a83b39ad5.pdf"},{"id":20030574,"identity":"b1ec2c66-aa07-4b4c-b5aa-a5c863b1837c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-04-06 16:21:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":67087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CONSORT2010Checklist.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1457867/v1/60f6303197533900671a7573.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative sleep of elderly patients with colorectal cancer","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePostoperative sleep disturbance (POSD) is a key factor affecting the rapid postoperative recovery of patients with colorectal cancer \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, and poor postoperative pain control often leads to POSD\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Opioids are the most commonly used analgesics during the perioperative period, but they have side effects such as nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation, urinary retention, and delayed recovery of gastrointestinal function, and can also disturb postoperative sleep\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Epidural analgesia is the most reliable method for postoperative pain control after abdominal surgery, but its management is troublesome and is limited by postoperative anticoagulation therapy. Studies have shown that perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can produce the same analgesic effect as epidural analgesia\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, and can reduce the application of perioperative opioids\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, whether perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can improve postoperative sleep in elderly patients by relieving postoperative pain is not yet confirmed. We hypothesized that perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can reduce the perioperative dose of opioids, relieve postoperative pain, and improve postoperative sleep in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the hospital ethics committee (No. 2020\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;312), was registered in the Chinese clinical trial (ChiCTR2000038184), and informed consent forms were signed by the patient or family members. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations in our present study. The inclusion criteria of our trial included elderly patients aged 65\u0026ndash;80 years with BMI values of 20\u0026ndash;30 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and ASA grades of II-III, who underwent elective laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer in Ningxia Medical University from October 2020 to April 2021. The exclusion criteria included those who are allergic to lidocaine, have preoperative sleep disorder or obstructive sleep apnea, have preoperative atrioventricular block and bradycardia, have kidney or liver function impaired, have severe respiratory diseases and neurological or mental disorders, have long-term use of opioids or tranquilizers, have excessive anxiety and depression. Patients with the following states were excluded during the study: conversion to laparotomy, operation time\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4 hours, postoperative delivery to ICU, and incomplete follow-up data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients were randomly allocated to two groups based on computer-generated codes that were maintained in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes. Allocation envelopes were opened by a pharmacy staff member who then prepared either 2% lidocaine or saline in coded 50-ml syringes. The anesthesiologist in charge of the case was unaware of the patient\u0026rsquo;s group assignment; the study was thus fully double blinded. Patients in L group received intravenous injection of lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg at the time of anesthesia induction according to ideal body weight, and continued intravenous infusion of lidocaine 1.0 mg\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026middot;h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to maintain postoperative analgesia 24 h after surgery. Group C was given equal volume normal saline and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after surgery. General anesthesia was induced with 0.02 mg/kg midazolam, 0.3\u0026ndash;0.5 \u0026micro;g/kg sufentanil, 0.2\u0026ndash;0.4 mg/kg etomidate, and 0.06 mg/kg rocuronium. After 3 minutes, tracheal intubation was performed, and mechanical ventilation was carried out after confirming the position of the tracheal tube. Ventilator parameters: VT was 6\u0026ndash;8 mL/kg, RR was 12\u0026ndash;16 times/min, I: E was 1:2, FiO2 was 60%, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 5 cmH2O; PETCO2 was maintained at 35\u0026ndash;45 mmHg. Anaesthesia was maintained by continuous infusion of propofol (4\u0026ndash;6 mg\u0026middot;kg-1\u0026middot;h-1) and remifentanil (0.05\u0026ndash;0.2 \u0026micro;g\u0026middot;kg-1\u0026middot;min-1), and 10\u0026ndash;20 mg/h of rocuronium was administered intermittently during surgery to maintain the bispectral Index (BIS) value between 40 and 60. Muscle relaxants were stopped 30 minutes prior to the end of the surgery, and medication for the maintenance of general anesthesia was stopped at the end of surgery. After the patient\u0026apos;s consciousness and protective reflexes were restored, VT was \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;6 mL/kg, respiratory rate (RR) was 12\u0026ndash;20 times/min, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) was \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;95%, the tracheal tube was removed and the patient was sent to post anesthesia care unit (PACU). In addition, patients in group L received an intravenous injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) during induction of anesthesia according to their ideal body weight, and lidocaine (1.0 mg\u0026middot;kg-1\u0026middot;h-1) was injected intravenously during surgery and for 24 hours after surgery. In Group C, the same volume of normal saline was injected, and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia was given after surgery. The formula was that 1.5\u0026ndash;1.8 \u0026micro;g/kg of sufentanil was diluted with normal saline to 100 mL, the background dose was 2 mL/h, the single infusion volume was 0.5 mL, and the lock time was 15 minutes. Intravenous injection of 40 mg parecoxib sodium was provided for remedial analgesia after surgery, for patients with contraindications to parecoxib sodium, intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium injection 50 mg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary endpoints in our study included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the occurrence of sleep disturbance on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day after surgery. The PSQI scale includes 7 components: sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. In scoring the PSQI, seven component scores are derived, each scored 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty), the component scores are summed to produce a global score (range 0 to 21), higher scores indicate worse sleep quality; good sleep is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7 points, while sleep disturbance is \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7 points\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The incidences of sleep disturbance at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery were calculated in the two groups. The secondary endpoints included the visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain-at-rest and pain-on-movement of patients at 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery (0: no pain; 1\u0026ndash;3: mild pain; 4\u0026ndash;6: moderate pain; 7\u0026ndash;10: severe pain). The consumption of intraoperative propofol and remifentanil. Postoperative intestinal function recovery index included the first time to get out of bed, the first time to exhaust, the first time to defecate, and the first time to eat. The postoperative complications including postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), respiratory and circulatory system complications, intestinal obstruction, and side effects of lidocaine (dizziness, drowsiness, tinnitus, convulsions,) were observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSample size calculation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance was taken as the main observation indicator. Our pre-experiment showed that intravenous lidocaine infusion could improve postoperative sleep function, the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance in group C was 71%, and the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance in group L was 35% (\u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, 1-\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.8, two-sided test). PASS 15 software was used to calculate the sample size, N1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;N2, which showed that at least 27 cases should be included for each group. The expected dropout rate was 15%, so 31 cases were eventually included in each group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Normally distributed measurement data were expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u0026oline;x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026plusmn;s), and the t-test was used for group comparison; skewed measurement data were expressed by the median and interquartile range [M (IQR)], and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison between groups. Count data were expressed as the number of cases or percentage (%), and the \u0026chi;2 test or Fisher\u0026apos;s exact test was used for the comparison between groups to calculate the exact probability. P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 113 patients were enrolled according to the inclusion criteria, 38 patients were excluded according to the exclusion criteria (including 21 patients with preoperative vital organ dysfunction, 4 patients with a severe mental disorder, and 13 patients with sinus bradycardia), and 12 patients were excluded during the study (including 4 patients requiring conversion to open surgery, 2 patients in each group; 2 patients whose operation time was \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4 hours, 1 patient in each group; 4 patients who were sent to ICU after surgery, 2 patients in each group; 2 patients with incomplete follow-up data, 1 patient in each group), finally, 32 patients in the group L and 31 patients in group C were analyzed (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in gender, age, BMI, ASA classification, duration of anesthesia, operation time, intraoperative fluid infusion, intraoperative blood loss, and urine output (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of general information of the two groups of patients (cases or \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u0026oline;x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026plusmn;s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(M/F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Ⅱ/Ⅲ)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of anesthesia (h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOperation time (h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative fluid infusion (mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntraoperative blood loss (mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrine output (mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Taba\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18/13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18/13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e608\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2046.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;464.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;89.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e503.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;264.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2140.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;386.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e521.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;359.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et/Z\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eNote: ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists classification BMI: Body Mass Index\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with group C, the amount of propofol and remifentanil used during surgery in group L was significantly reduced (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of intraoperative propofol and remifentanil consumption between two groups of patients (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u0026oline;x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026plusmn;s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropofol consumption (mg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSufentanil consumption (\u0026micro;g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1601.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;241.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3146.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;356.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1376.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;247.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2695.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;380.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNote: Compared with the group C, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;'\u003eCompared with the preoperative data, the sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction scores, and total PSQI scores were significantly increased at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery in the two groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). There were no significant differences between the data obtained 1 d after surgery and that obtained 2 d after surgery in the sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and daytime dysfunction scores of patients in the group L (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while the sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, daytime dysfunction scores, and total PSQI score of patients in the group, C was significantly increased 2 d after surgery compared with the data obtained 1 d after surgery (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). 3 days after surgery, the sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance scores, and total PSQI scores of patients in the two groups were significantly reduced (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). There were no significant differences between the data obtained 2 d after surgery and that obtained 3 d after surgery in the sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbance scores of patients in the two groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared with group C, the sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction scores, and PSQI score of patients in the group, L was significantly reduced 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\" style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;'\u003e).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with the preoperative data, the incidence of sleep disturbance at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery in group C was significantly increased, and the incidence of sleep disturbance at 1 d after surgery in group L was significantly increased (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared with the data obtained at 1 d after surgery, the sleep of patients in group L returned to the preoperative level at 2 d and 3 d after surgery (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared with group C, the incidence of sleep disturbance was significantly decreased at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery in group L (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of scores of different items of PSQI scale and total PSQI score between two groups of patients at different time points [Min, \u003cem\u003eM (IQR)\u003c/em\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 d after surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 d after surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 d after surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep quality score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep latency score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1-1.75)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.25-1)\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep duration score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep efficiency score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep disturbance score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003eabd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep medication score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaytime dysfunction score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003eabd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003csup\u003eabd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0\u0026ndash;0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;1)\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal PSQI score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(6\u0026ndash;16)\u003csup\u003ead\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(6\u0026ndash;10)\u003csup\u003eabd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(6\u0026ndash;12)\u003csup\u003eabd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(5\u0026ndash;7)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4\u0026ndash;6)\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4\u0026ndash;5)\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; compared with preoperative data, \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; compared with the data obtained 1 day after surgery, \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; compared with the data obtained 2 days after surgery, \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; compared with group C, \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance between the two groups [cases (%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 d after surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 d after surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 d after surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(12.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(48.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(38.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(38.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(12.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(22.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(15.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(15.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: Compared with group C, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eCompared with group C, the first time to get out of bed, the first time to exhaust, the first time to defecate, and the first time to eat were significantly shortened in group L (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabb\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003eComparison of postoperative rapid recovery index between two groups (\u0026oline;x\u0026plusmn;s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst time of out bed (d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst exhaust time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst defecation time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst eating time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: Compared with group C, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with group C, the VAS scores in group L at rest and on movement 2 h after surgery were significantly reduced (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). There were no significant differences in the VAS scores between the two groups of patients at rest and on movement at 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 72 h after surgery (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab6\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of the VAS scores at rest between the two groups of patients at different time points [Min, M (IQR)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt rest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0\u0026ndash;3)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2\u0026ndash;4)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.75-3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1-3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab7\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of the VAS scores on movement between the two groups of patients at different time points [Min, M (IQR)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn movement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.5\u0026ndash;5.5)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5(3.75\u0026ndash;6.25)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(2-5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3.75-6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3.5-6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3-4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: T1: 2h after surgery, T2: 4h after surgery, T3: 8h after surgery, T4: 12h after surgery, T5: 24h after surgery, T6: 48h after surgery, T7: 72h after surgery; compared with group C, \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn group C, remedial analgesia was carried out for 3 cases 1 day after surgery, 4 cases 2 days after surgery, and 2 cases 3 days after surgery. In group L, remedial analgesia was carried out for 2 patients on the 1st day after surgery, 6 patients on the 2nd day after surgery, and 2 patients on the 3rd day after surgery. In group C, 8 patients had PONV, 1 had intestinal obstruction, 1 had a lung infection, and 1 had arrhythmia; in group L, 3 patients had PONV, 1 had a lung infection, and 1 had arrhythmia. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the incidences of PONV, ileus, intestinal obstruction, and respiratory and circulatory system complications. No patients in group L had side effects of lidocaine.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of sleep disturbance in elderly patients increases with increasing age\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Surgical factors and postoperative pain are the key factors affecting the postoperative sleep of patients undergoing surgery\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This study evaluated for the first time the effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on the postoperative sleep in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer. The results showed that the perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion was as effective as the postoperative intravenous analgesia pump, which improved the quality of early postoperative sleep reduced the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance and promoted the recovery of postoperative sleep function.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient factors, anesthesia factors, surgical factors, postoperative pain, environmental factors, psychological factors, etc. all affect the postoperative sleep of patients undergoing surgery. Therefore, this study only included elderly patients, and the general conditions and preoperative comorbidities of the two groups of patients were comparable. The two groups of patients were treated by the same group of anesthesiologists and surgeons, and the anesthesia management and surgical procedure for the two groups of patients were comparable. We excluded patients with severe neurological, mental, and psychological disorders before surgery. In this study, the PSQI scale was used to assess sleep status. This scale is the most commonly used tool for domestic and foreign scholars to study sleep disturbance. The sensitivity of this scale to diagnose sleep disturbance is 89.6% and the specificity is 86%\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction are 7 components to evaluate sleep, but the results may be disturbed by subjective factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, patients in the lidocaine group received an intravenous injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) during induction of anesthesia and lidocaine (1.0 mg\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026middot;h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was injected intravenously during surgery and for 24 hours after surgery. This administration protocol is based on international expert consensus of intravenous lidocaine infusion \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies have shown that perioperative continuous infusion of lidocaine has the highest incidence of adverse reactions affecting the nervous system of patients\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, in consideration of the possible impact of this on our observational indicators, we adopt continuous infusion of low-dose lidocaine. In addition, we randomly selected 5 patients and obtained their arterial blood to test the highest level of plasma lidocaine (4.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 \u0026micro;g/mL) at 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, and 5 min after the intravenous injection of lidocaine, 1 h, and 2 h during surgery, and 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after surgery. The plasma lidocaine levels of all patients were lower than the reported toxic dose level of lidocaine (5 \u0026micro;g/mL)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, which were in the safe dose range, so no side effects were observed in patients in the lidocaine group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study show that intravenous lidocaine infusion can improve the early postoperative sleep quality of elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer, reduce the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance, and promote the recovery of postoperative sleep function. The possible reason is that the perioperative intravenous application of lidocaine effectively relieves the postoperative pain-at-rest and pain-on-movement. The relationship between pain and sleep involves a variety of one-way or two-way interactions. Postoperative pain can lead to difficulty in falling asleep and easy awakening during sleep, which can lead to sleep disorders; on the contrary, postoperative pain is affected by sleep disorders and leads to hyperalgesia \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, which increases pain and forms a vicious cycle. Acute and chronic pain are associated with sleep disruption, and sleep disruption or shortening will in turn change pain perception \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e have shown that for patients with abdominal surgery, the postoperative analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion is satisfactory, and the effect is consistent with epidural analgesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. This study also confirmed that both pain-at-rest and pain-on-movement can be effectively controlled in the two groups of patients. Intravenous lidocaine infusion may be used to improve postoperative sleep by reducing opioids. Recently, many studies\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003ehave shown that perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can significantly reduce the demand for opioids during abdominal surgery. Opioids have a wide range of physiological effects, including significant analgesia\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and sleep disturbance\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, which indicates that opioids can affect sleep while reducing pain and even exaggerate postoperative sleep disturbance\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA large amount of evidence indicates that opioids have potentially harmful effects on sleep, which may impair sleep and sleep structure\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. There are four types of endogenous opioid receptors in central nervous system: \u0026micro;, δ, κ and σ receptors. Three types of opioids, enkephalins, endorphins, and kephalins, have been shown to play a role in the initiation and maintenance of sleep, and the attenuation of arousal and wakefulness\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, but the mechanisms by which opioids act on sleep control remain unclear. It has been hypothesized that opioids bind to the peptide neurohormone vasopressin and participate in the induction and maintenance of sleep state through the complex and modifiable circadian mechanism driven by the suprataccipital nucleus (SCN)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Vasopressin is a neurohormone in the pacemaker suprascial nucleus (SCN) of circadian rhythm, which has been proved to be closely related to circadian rhythm\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. There is growing evidence that opioids affect sleep by acting on systems that promote sleep and wake up. Studies have shown that opioid-induced sleep disorders may be related to local adenosine levels in pons network (PRF) and basal forebrain (BF)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the improvement of postoperative sleep in the lidocaine group is also related to the anti-inflammatory effect of lidocaine\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Postoperative pain can lead to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators in the body, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor, C-reactive protein, etc. The increase of plasma interleukin-6 level can increase the incidence of sleep disorders by reducing sleep time and increasing fatigue\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the increase of TNF and C-reactive protein levels may be related to the activation of sympathetic effector pathways, leading to postoperative sleep disorder\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Ortiz et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e showed that intravenous lidocaine reduced IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- α levels. Siqi Xu1 et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e also confirmed that perioperative addition of lidocaine can significantly reduce plasma Levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- α. Therefore, intravenous lidocaine infusion during the perioperative period can improve the postoperative sleep of patients through its anti-inflammatory effect too.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the results of this study show that intravenous lidocaine infusion can significantly improve the postoperative sleep of elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer, this study also has the following limitations: (1) PSQI assessment of sleep quality may be affected by subjective factors, if this study had been combined with polysomnography to objectively assess the patient's perioperative sleep quality, the results would have been more reliable. However, polysomnography is temporarily not available for postoperative patients in our hospital. (2) There are many factors that affect postoperative sleep function. Postoperative mental status may also affect postoperative sleep function. This study only evaluated the preoperative mental state of the two groups of patients and excluded patients with severe mental disorders before surgery. However, the postoperative mental status of the patients was not evaluated. (3) This study did not thoroughly explore the specific mechanism of intravenous lidocaine infusion that improves postoperative sleep, which should be further studied in the future. (4) This is a single-center study with small sample size, and the results of the study should be confirmed by multi-center studies with large samples.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusions","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, for elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer, perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion may improve the early postoperative sleep quality, reduce the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance, and promote the recovery of postoperative sleep function by effective postoperative analgesia, reducing the opioid dosage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePostoperative sleep disturbance (POSD), body mass index (BMI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), visual analog scale (VAS), bispectral Index (BIS), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), post anesthesia care unit (PACU )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXiaomei Wang contributed to study design, data collection, statistical analysis, drafting the manuscript. Liqin Deng contributed to study design and revised the manuscript. Yanan Wu and Lu Wang contributed to data collection and statistical analysis. Haitao Hou and Yuxue Qiu were participated in the design of the study and was responsible for clinical coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur own money.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Medical Ethics Committee of The Ningxia Medical University General Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ((ChiCTR2000038184). Initial registration date was 12/09/2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, China; \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Yinchuan 750004, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Klemann N, Hansen MV, G\u0026ouml;genur I. 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Sleep disturbances and interleukin 6 receptor inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. J Rheumatol, 2012, 39(1): 60-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Huang C, Alamili M, Nielsen CH, Rosenberg J, G\u0026ouml;genur I. Rapid eye movement-sleep is reduced in patients with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis-an observational study[J]. PeerJ, 2015, 3: e1146.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Meier-Ewert HK, Ridker PM, Rifai N, Regan MM, Price NJ, Dinges DF, et al. Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2004, 43(4): 678-83.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Dolsen MR, Soehner AM, Harvey AG. Proinflammatory Cytokines, Mood, and Sleep in Interepisode Bipolar Disorder and Insomnia: A Pilot Study With Implications for Psychosocial Interventions[J]. Psychosom Med, 2018, 80(1): 87-94.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Ortiz MP, Godoy MC, Schlosser RS, Ortiz RP, Godoy JP, Santiago ES, et al. Effect of endovenous lidocaine on analgesia and serum cytokines: double-blinded and randomized trial[J]. J Clin Anesth, 2016, 35: 70-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e Xu S, Hu S, Ju X, Li Y, Li Q, Wang S. Effects of intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination on IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-\u0026alpha; in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial[J]. BMC anesthesiology, 2021, 21(1): 3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"colorectal cancer, lidocaine, sleep disturbance, analgesia, elderly","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1457867/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1457867/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Postoperative sleep disturbance (POSD) in patients with colorectal cancer is a key factor affecting their rapid postoperative recovery. Studies have confirmed that perioperative use of opioids can disturb postoperative sleep, and perioperative oligoopioids or no opioid in elderly patients can promote postoperative recovery. To reduce the use of opioids, this study was to investigate the effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine analgesia on the postoperative sleep of elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e 63 patients aged 65-80 years with body mass index (BMI) values of 20-30 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) grades of II-III, who underwent elective laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer, were selected. The patients were divided into the lidocaine group (group L, n = 32) and the control group (group C, n = 31) by using a random number table. Patients in both groups received total intravenous anesthesia.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eIn group L, a dose of 1.5 mg/kg of lidocaine was injected intravenously during induction of anesthesia, and lidocaine (1.0 mg·kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e·h\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was injected intravenously during surgery and for 24 hours after surgery. In Group C, the same volume of normal saline was injected, and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (Sufentanil 1.5-1.8 μg/kg) was given after surgery. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the sleep function 1 d before surgery, 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery. The incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance (POSD) at 1 d, 2 d and 3 d after surgery was calculated. The pain intensity of the two groups at different time points after surgery was evaluated. The intraoperative consumption of opioids and propofol and the incidence of postoperative complications and lidocaine adverse reactions in 2 groups were recorded. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e Compared with group C, sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, daytime dysfunction scores, and total PSQI score was improved significantly in group L at 1 d, 2 d, and 3 d after surgery (P \u0026lt;0.05). Compared with group C, the incidence of POSD in group L was lower, and the difference was statistically significant (P \u0026lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative pain intensity between the two groups (P \u0026gt; 0.05)\u0026nbsp;Compared with group C, the consumption of opioids and propofol in group L decreased significantly (P \u0026lt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications. No patient in group L had side effects of lidocaine. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e For elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer, perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion can improve the early postoperative sleep quality, reduce the incidence of postoperative sleep disturbance, and promote the recovery of postoperative sleep function.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative sleep of elderly patients with colorectal cancer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-04-06 16:21:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1457867/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"908d1d25-d420-4389-a41f-16f44b40f8ff","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 6th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-04-07T07:14:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-04-06 16:21:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1457867","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1457867","identity":"rs-1457867","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"pf3fE39SIOqb-0xH_OWvX","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}