Effects of AOT, AES on Swelling Factor and Interfacial Tension for Carbonated Water Solution, Synthetic Resinous, Asphaltenic Oil and crude oil; Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions

Effects of AOT, AES on Swelling Factor and Interfacial Tension for Carbonated Water Solution, Synthetic Resinous, Asphaltenic Oil and crude oil; Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Effects of AOT, AES on Swelling Factor and Interfacial Tension for Carbonated Water Solution, Synthetic Resinous, Asphaltenic Oil and crude oil; Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions Milad Samaeili, Seyednooroldin Hosseini, Mohammad Abdideh, Elias Ghaleh Golab This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8232903/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In recent years, the application of gas injection, particularly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) dissolved in water, known as carbonated water (CW), has gained increasing attention. This technique has been employed in a miscible form to activate several mechanisms, such as wettability alteration, interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, and the swelling of crude oil. Although these mechanisms can be triggered, it is possible to enhance those using surfactants in conjunction with CW. The combination can optimize IFT reduction and wettability alteration due to the presence of surfactants, while the swelling effect still originates from the CO 2 in the solution. In this context, the current study is designed to examine the effect of CO 2 dissolution in water under pressures ranging from 500 psi to 4500 psi, covering subcritical to supercritical conditions, and at temperatures between 25°C-65°C. Additionally, the synergistic effects of surfactants, namely dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and sodium dodecyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES), were examined at concentrations ranging from 0 to 700 ppm, along with the dissolved CO2 on IFT and swelling factors. The measurements revealed that as the pressure increased, the swelling factor reached a maximum value of 19.3% when it was contacted with crude oil, while the maximum swelling factor for the solutions contacted with synthetic mixed resinous and asphaltenic oil (SMRAO) was reached at a value of 22.3%. The second oil type was selected as SMRAO since crude oil comprises thousands of components, making it hard to extract any generalized conclusions based on the obtained results. In this way, using only one or two specific fractions, especially resin and asphaltene which acts as natural surfactants, providing the chance to examine the generalized interactions between chemicals and oil fractions. The measurements revealed that the presence of surfactant in the carbonated water (CW) reduced the swelling factor up to 50% for AOT and 38% for AES as the pressure and temperature and surfactant concentration increases. The reason of this observed trend was correlated to the bulky structure of AOT compared with the linear chain-like structure of AES. Besides, the measurements revealed the positive impact of pressure and temperature on a higher swelling factor regardless of the used surfactants, which can be due to the higher dissolution of CO 2 under higher pressures and better movement and migration of CO 2 molecules, which means a penetration of higher amount of CO 2 into the oil drop leading to higher swelling factors. In the next stage, the IFT of different solutions under different temperatures (25 o C-65 o C) and pressures (0-4500 psi) was measured. The obtained IFT values showed that using SMRAO instead of crude oil has a reducing impact on the IFT values with minimum value of 19.2 mN/m, while the IFT value for similar thermodynamic condition and crude oil was 23.1 mN/m. Besides, further IFT measurements revealed that although increasing pressure has a reducing impact on the IFT, increasing temperature increases the IFT values regardless of the presence of surfactant or even the type of surfactant. The measurements also revealed that the effect of AES on the IFT reduction was better than AOT, leading to a minimum IFT value of 1.1 mN/m for AES concentration of 700 ppm dissolved in CW with pressure and temperature of 4500 psi and 65 o C, respectively due to longer alkyl chain length and easier packing in the interface compared with AOT which has a bulky structure prevents the high number of AOT molecules to be packed in the interface. The measured IFT values revealed the linear IFT variation behavior for the systems were in contact with SMRAO compared with crude oil due to this fact that the SMRAO has less complexities than crude oil comprises of thousands of components makes the IFT variations more straightforward for SMRAO. Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Materials science Swelling factor dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and sodium dodecyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES) synthetic oil IFT reduction carbonated water Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8232903","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":560149668,"identity":"8ab48dc4-cd19-48f9-abac-913680dbf586","order_by":0,"name":"Milad Samaeili","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Milad","middleName":"","lastName":"Samaeili","suffix":""},{"id":560149669,"identity":"6b6220e7-0e29-4ef0-a3be-b902d415cf03","order_by":1,"name":"Seyednooroldin 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Interfacial Tension for Carbonated Water Solution, Synthetic Resinous, Asphaltenic Oil and crude oil; Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions ","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Swelling factor, dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and sodium dodecyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES), synthetic oil, IFT reduction, carbonated water","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8232903/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8232903/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the application of gas injection, particularly carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) dissolved in water, known as carbonated water (CW), has gained increasing attention. This technique has been employed in a miscible form to activate several mechanisms, such as wettability alteration, interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, and the swelling of crude oil. Although these mechanisms can be triggered, it is possible to enhance those using surfactants in conjunction with CW. The combination can optimize IFT reduction and wettability alteration due to the presence of surfactants, while the swelling effect still originates from the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the solution. In this context, the current study is designed to examine the effect of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e dissolution in water under pressures ranging from 500 psi to 4500 psi, covering subcritical to supercritical conditions, and at temperatures between 25\u0026deg;C-65\u0026deg;C. Additionally, the synergistic effects of surfactants, namely dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and sodium dodecyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES), were examined at concentrations ranging from 0 to 700 ppm, along with the dissolved CO2 on IFT and swelling factors. The measurements revealed that as the pressure increased, the swelling factor reached a maximum value of 19.3% when it was contacted with crude oil, while the maximum swelling factor for the solutions contacted with synthetic mixed resinous and asphaltenic oil (SMRAO) was reached at a value of 22.3%. The second oil type was selected as SMRAO since crude oil comprises thousands of components, making it hard to extract any generalized conclusions based on the obtained results. In this way, using only one or two specific fractions, especially resin and asphaltene which acts as natural surfactants, providing the chance to examine the generalized interactions between chemicals and oil fractions. The measurements revealed that the presence of surfactant in the carbonated water (CW) reduced the swelling factor up to 50% for AOT and 38% for AES as the pressure and temperature and surfactant concentration increases. The reason of this observed trend was correlated to the bulky structure of AOT compared with the linear chain-like structure of AES. Besides, the measurements revealed the positive impact of pressure and temperature on a higher swelling factor regardless of the used surfactants, which can be due to the higher dissolution of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e under higher pressures and better movement and migration of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e molecules, which means a penetration of higher amount of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e into the oil drop leading to higher swelling factors. In the next stage, the IFT of different solutions under different temperatures (25 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC-65 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) and pressures (0-4500 psi) was measured. The obtained IFT values showed that using SMRAO instead of crude oil has a reducing impact on the IFT values with minimum value of 19.2 mN/m, while the IFT value for similar thermodynamic condition and crude oil was 23.1 mN/m. Besides, further IFT measurements revealed that although increasing pressure has a reducing impact on the IFT, increasing temperature increases the IFT values regardless of the presence of surfactant or even the type of surfactant. The measurements also revealed that the effect of AES on the IFT reduction was better than AOT, leading to a minimum IFT value of 1.1 mN/m for AES concentration of 700 ppm dissolved in CW with pressure and temperature of 4500 psi and 65 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, respectively due to longer alkyl chain length and easier packing in the interface compared with AOT which has a bulky structure prevents the high number of AOT molecules to be packed in the interface. The measured IFT values revealed the linear IFT variation behavior for the systems were in contact with SMRAO compared with crude oil due to this fact that the SMRAO has less complexities than crude oil comprises of thousands of components makes the IFT variations more straightforward for SMRAO.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of AOT, AES on Swelling Factor and Interfacial Tension for Carbonated Water Solution, Synthetic Resinous, Asphaltenic Oil and crude oil; Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-18 14:29:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8232903/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-30T21:08:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T22:05:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-14T21:06:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"198357626418480685305366277662895413960","date":"2025-12-13T09:11:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"113296853882125136925121665843496984917","date":"2025-12-13T07:33:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"237329729287450895018233991078083810860","date":"2025-12-12T20:45:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"217929636207115288133449318880887653794","date":"2025-12-12T20:12:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-12T19:56:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-29T06:21:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-29T06:20:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-28T19:10:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"555fba4d-058b-4249-af59-25ce27e7b9ca","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":59628758,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":59628759,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":59628760,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":59628761,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":59628762,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-25T06:10:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-18 14:29:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8232903","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8232903","identity":"rs-8232903","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}