Integrated Methodological Analysis of Internal and International Migration

Integrated Methodological Analysis of Internal and International Migration | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Integrated Methodological Analysis of Internal and International Migration Mohammed Taukeer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9064686/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract There is the richest colonial history of study of both internal and international migration in South Asia, especially in India, where the colonial framework of study of migration is being reflected in post –colonial aspect of internal and international migration. In these consequences, the present paper analyses the integrated methodological approach regarding the study of internal and international migration into a single framework under the approach of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implications of the integrated approach of the study of internal and international migration. Findings of the study show that there is a cordial nexus between internal and international migration in the context of the study of documented and undocumented South Asian migration under the interpretation of migration through an integrated approach with limitations of contradiction, discrimination and challenges. Therefore, the present paper encourages researchers and policy makers for conducting study of both internal and international migration into a single framework in the context of the colonial to post-colonial framework from the perspective of South Asian migration. Behavioral Geography Colonial migration post –colonial migration South Asia Integrated Approach SDGs 2030 Introduction According to the report of the International Organization of Migration (2024), there are 763 million internal migrants and 281 million international migrants across the globe due to rural-urban shifts, where the function of rural to urban migration enhances the pathway of both internal and international migration. According to a report of the International Organization for Migration (2015), the matter of migration is related to urban interaction. Both internal and international migrants move to cities and urban areas to bring diversity and integrated to community within and across the border to create a new linkage with localities. Migration is a strategy of survival and economic opportunities for the developing countries. The geography of the stream of migration is being changed with the changing global economy. Globally, 54 per cent of the world’s population lives in urban areas. Nearly 120,000 people are migrating to cities in the Asia-Pacific region every day. It is predicted that it would reach up to 63 per cent by 2050 (UN ESCAP, 2014). Internal and international migration is the result of uneven socio-economic development, environmental and climatic instability within a country and between countries across the globe and the process of social network work as pull factors in the migration (Skeldon, 2013 ,p.1–40). Internal and international migration are related to each other and occur due to the same set of reasons, like inequalities in development, employment prospects, and differences in living conditions between origin and destination (King et al. 2008 , p.4). Both internal and international migration is subject matter of sustainable study in the context of an integrated approach where internal and international migration is being considered as similar socio-economic and cultural sustainable scales. Therefore, both internal and international migration can be defined as the mobility of people within nation boundary and beyond them in the form of voluntary and involuntary forced migration. These consequences can be analysed in the context of an integrated approach from the perspective of trajectories of migration, likewise internal to international and international migration. It is also important to discuss that internal and international migration are being caused by the same set of socio-economic and cultural phenomena, where a migrant migrates in phases of migration through the function of trajectories of migration, like intra-state migration, followed by inter-state migration and international migration. Review of Literature Study of both internal and international migration can be understood in the framework of the system approach, integrated approach and nexus of migration and development approach. The system approach is propounded by Nigerian geographer Mabogunje ( 1970 ), based on a system approach study of rural-urban migration in West Africa. This approach advocates the function of rural-urban migration through structural conditions, migrant flows, control subsystems, adjustment mechanism and feedback loops. This approach is widely based on the study of rural-urban migration in the context of socio-economic and cultural factors, about the study of the shifting paradigm of rural-urban migration. In the case of methodological approachable of study of migration, the findings of the study of King & Skeldon ( 2010 ) give a base for developing an understanding about the integrated approach for the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, because both types of migrations are positively associated with globalization of factors of migration. Findings of this study also sketch socio-economic and cultural factors in the context of trajectories of migration from single-step to multi-step migration. Study of Internal and International Migration into Single Framework in Global Perspective In the context of the Asian region, the study of Skeldon ( 1997 ; 2006 ) presents a theoretical framework about the study of inter-linkages between internal and international migration under the approach of an integrated methodological framework, where consequence of integration between internal and international migration are subject matter of the integrated methodology under the approach of cause–and–effect technique. Consequence of cause–and–effect technique provides a base for developing an understanding about the micro analysis of trajectories of migration in the framework of socio-economic and cultural studies of migration. In the case of the study of migration from Sri Lanka to Australia, the findings of the study of Gunatilleke ( 1995 ) provide a base for a systematic-integrated approach for the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, where rural-urban migration shifted toward international migration to Australia. From the perspective of the study of internal to international migration from Nepal to India, findings of the study of Poertner (2009) give an empirical-based approach in the study of step-wise trajectories of migration in the context of the geo-spatial regional dimension of internal and international migration into a single framework. Likewise, similar types of phenomena are noted in the study of Arnold & Abad ( 1985 ), give a integrated approach in the study of both internal and international migration into single framework in the case of migration from Philippines to United States of America in study design of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future aspect of study of migration. In the case of integrated study of both internal and international migration in the case of migration from Mexico to United States of America, findings of the study of Lindstrom and Lauster ( 2001 ) & Zabin ( 1997 ) broadly sketch the geo-spatial systematic regional integrated study of both internal and international migration into single framework in the perspective of cultural study of internal to international migration by similarities, differences and connection. Likewise, a similar study is given by Vullnetari ( 2012 ) in the case of an integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework in the context of European migration. Findings of this study adopted the system approach, integration approach and nexus of migration and development approach for an exploratory study of internal and international migration in the context of a geo-spatial framework. From the perspective of an integrated approach to the study of migration, the methodological framework of the study is based on empirical analysis of findings in the theoretical framework through a debate of the discourse of trajectories of migration. In the case of Africa, findings of the study of Zohry ( 2007 ) present a base for developing an understanding of the concept of shifting paradigm of internal to international migration into the function of trajectories of phases of migration in the framework of an integrated approach. Therefore, it can be emphasized that the matter of both internal and international migration can be explained by ethno-discourse-based narration under the technique of generalization of both internal and international migration into a single framework. These perspectives are helpful in developing an understanding of the factor analysis of both types of migration through interaction between independent and dependent variables. In the case of geo-spatial historical function of migration, it is important to discuss that both types of migration should be studied through a systematic functional approach under the study design of retrospective to prospective manner in the case of analysis of methodological framework of internal and international migration into a single framework. Therefore, the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations ensures the sustainable methodological framework of the study of migration as a global aspect of the holistic study of migration. Study of Internal and International Migration into Single Framework in India Colonial Framework According to Yang ( 1979 ), there was explicit depth penetration of the nexus of migration and development in the mobility of peasants from rural Bihar to undivided Bengal in colonial India, where internal migrant labourers migrated toward European colonies. Therefore, this paper broadly emphasises the system-based approach in the integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. Likewise, similar phenomena were given in the study of Taukeer ( 2022 ), in the context of a colonial methodological framework about the study of both internal and international migration into an integrated approach by analysis of colonial rules, regulations and acts of internal migration with shifting of internal migration into international migration. This paper also broadly sketches the retrospective to prospective study design from its past to present, with future implications of the integrated approach of the study of migration. Therefore, this paper is based on the colonial debate about the methodological framework of the study of both internal and international migration in the nexus of migration and development. In these perspectives, findings of the study of Shirras ( 1931 ), the colonial function of the “Indian Emigration Act 1922” gives a base for developing an understanding about the integrated approach of the study of internal and international migration into a single framework by rules, regulations and acts of migration. In the case of an integrated approach to the study of internal and international migration in a historical colonial framework, the study of Zachariah & Rajan ( 2012 ) gives a historical fact of an integrated approach to the study of migration where colonial internal migration was positively associated with international migration from Kerala to Gulf countries via internal migration to Mumbai. Therefore, this paper broadly sketches the historical approach in the study of Kerala-based Gulf migration in India in the context of the shifting paradigm of internal to international migration. Likewise, findings of the study of Seccombe and Lawless ( 1986 ) give a base for developing an understanding of the colonial function in the integrated study of internal and international migration under the concessional labour agreement, where internal migrant labourers migrated to oil-producing Gulf countries via Bombay (Mumbai) due to integration between internal and international migration in colonial India. Therefore, there was an explicit function of the system, integrated and a nexus of migration and development approach in the colonial study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. In the context of an integrated approach to the study of migration, findings of the study of Awasthi and Chandra ( 1994 ) give similar phenomena in the study of historical facts in trajectories of migration from India to Australia through a colonial to post-colonial framework. According to the findings of the study of Amrita (2010), a mechanism was developed for the function of both colonial internal and international migration in British colonial India. This study provided a concise, systematic and regional approach for the study of both internal and international migration in an integrated approach. Therefore, findings of the study provide a base for the study of both internal and international migration according to the geo-spatial technique in a historical perspective from its past to present, with future implications of the study of internal and international migration in twenty first century, taking lessons from its past. The author also sketched the dynamics of migration from the perspective of a deep analysis of internal and international migration as a debate of a systematic approach with an analytical review of colonial literatures of migration in the post-colonial debate of migration. Therefore, the study broadly established a link between methodological frameworks in sustainable historical study of both internal and international migration by process, determinants and consequences. Post- Colonial Framework In the context of a post-colonial framework of integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, it is well known that there is a different systematic regional trajectory of Gulf migration in the context of north India and South India. In these perspectives, findings of the study of Zachariah & Rajan ( 2018 ) give a broad sense about the historical perspective of both internal and international migration in the context of Kerala under the approach of Kerala based migration model. There is the richest history of study of both internal and international migration into a single framework; it was propounded by Prakash ( 1978 ) in Chavakkad village of Thrissur district of Kerala, where both internal and international migration function well. Therefore, this study also broadly sketched the phases of trajectories of migration in the context of internal to international migration from the perspective of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators. In these perspectives, findings of the study of Nair ( 1983 ) give an innovative approach in the study of the shifting of the paradigm of internal migration into international migration due to the beginning of phase-wise internal to international migration from Kerala to Gulf countries. This study also emphasises the systematic regional approach in the study of both internal and international migration from the 1970s, where internal migration was replaced by international migration. Therefore, this study gives a base for developing an understanding of the role of historical facts in the integrated study of both internal and international migration. In the perspective of Kerala Migration Surveys (KMS) from 1998 to 2023, various surveys of Kerala migration, it is realised that KMS included both internal and international migration into an integrated approach in a similar way on the basis of similar socio-economic indicators. Therefore, reports of the Kerala Migration Survey presents realistic based phenomena in the context of systematic micro and macro aspects of the debate about both internal and international migration into single framework. Likewise, similar types of findings are found in the study of Kurien ( 2002 ) gives a analysis based study about Gulf migration with focused on internal migration in the context of better interpretation of international migration according to well –developed parameters of socio-economic and cultural indicators of migration under the study design of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implication of study of migration. In the context of the impact of COVID-19 on the study of both internal and international migration in Kerala, the findings of the study of Rajan (2023) measured both types of internal and international migration based on similar socio-economic and cultural indicators in the context of the influence of COVID-19 in Kerala. In the context of integrated study of both internal and international migration, North India is well known for depth penetration of internal migration (Census, 2011, GoI) and international Gulf migration (Overseas Employment Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, 2014), where findings of the study of Majumder and Taukeer (2019) gives an integrated approach of study of both internal and international migration in “Inayat-Patti” village of Prayagraj district in Uttar Pradesh with aspect of systematic-regional approach for better interpretation of shifting paradigm of internal to international migration in the frame of “dual-step” migration. The function of “dual-step” migration is being considered as an integrated approach to the study of both internal and international migration in a similar way under the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. From the perspective of an integrated study of both internal and international migration, as similarities, differences and connections on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators, findings of the study of Taukeer ( 2020 ) show that there are methodological similarities in the study of both internal and international migration according to trajectories of migration in a systematic way. In these consequences, the studies of Taukeer ( 2023 ; 2024 & 2025 ) also presents an integrated approach in the framework of both internal and international migration in a systematic way under the approach of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. Therefore, it is also important to discuss that this study also emphasises the impact of international migration on internal migration with a largely sustainable impact of migration on the environment and health of “Parosee” tribal migrants in rural North India. In the context of internal and international migration on a similar socio-economic and cultural scale, findings of the study of Rahman et al. ( 2024 ) show that there is a crucial study of “transit” migration as a role of internal migration in facilitating international migration. Therefore, this study gives a mechanism-based approach in the study of the nexus between internal and international migration under the mixed method approach, where the study's cross-sectional study design of international migration includes internal migration on similar socio-economic and cultural indicators in the context sustainable approach to the study of migration. Study of both internal and international migration are emphasized during the era of COVID-19 because study of both types of migration are covered on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators under the study design of sustainable approach because findings of the study of Majumder ( 2022 ) gives a similar facts of both internal and international migration on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators of influence of COVID-19. Therefore, the impact of COVID-19 opened a new door for the study of both types of internal and international migration into an integrated approach in a systematic way in rural North India. Based on the above concise analysis of the post-colonial framework of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, it can be realised that the study of both types of migration can be realised in a similar study design by process, determinants and consequences of migration from its past to present with future aspects. Firstly, it can be understood that both types of internal and international migration can be underpinned in the way of exploring the colonial study design of both types of migration in an integrated approach and its post-colonial reflection in the form of a sustainable discourse of a systematic regional approach to the study of migration. Secondly, the debate of the systematic–regional approach of the study of both types of migration gives regional trajectories of migration in the case study of migration in North and South India in the context of the study of the shifting paradigm of internal to international migration. Thirdly, it is important to discuss that both types of internal and international migration are based on similar functions of the theoretical underpinning of the discourse of migration in the macro and micro aspects of the study of migration. Therefore, it can be realised that both types of internal and international migration work in a similar way in the context of process, determinants and consequences of migration as a sustainable approachable study design of migration. Finally, it can also be emphasised that the study of both types of internal and international migration gives a base for developing a theoretical and conceptual debate of exploring a sustainable approach in the functional study of internal and international migration. Methodology Based on the above concise review of literature, major argument of the research paper is focused on sustainable analysis of integrated study of both internal and international migration in the context of Gulf based Indian migration system under the approach of retrospective to prospective from its past to present with future implication of the study under the agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of United Nation. Therefore, the argument of the present study suggests a sustainable methodology for the integrated study of Gulf migration, considering geo-spatial variation across different time-space dimensions. Therefore, the objective of the present study is based on an analysis of sustainable methodology according to the justification of the following objectives of the study: To find the sustainable integrated factors in the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. To analyse the geo-spatial function in the integrated study of migration in different time and space dimensions under a sustainable approach. To find out the emerging sustainable methodological challenges in conducting an integrated study of internal and international migration into a single framework. To give recommended policies about the development of a sustainable methodological framework in the integrated study of internal and international migration into a single framework. Sampling: Covered Study Zone and Sample Size Sampling of the study zone covered a varied geo-spatial study zone in different time and space contexts according to the nature of the study. The entire study is completed in different time and space contexts in the framework of origin, transit and destinations in the environment of South Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Therefore, sampling of the respondents is based on both documented and undocumented migrants by nature of the study in different time and space contexts (Table 1 ). Table 1 Covered Varied Study Zone and Sample Size Serial Number Study Zone Origin /Transit/Destination Sample Size Year of Completed Field Survey Year Respondents 1. Inayat Patti village in Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh, India Origin 25 February- March 2015 Return Migrants 2. Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India Origin 180 November 2017-March 2018 Return Migrants 3. Athens, Greece Destination 150 August 2017 Pakistani /Bangladeshi Undocumented Migrants 4. Mumbai city Transit 180 February 2019 Migrant Workers 5. UAE Destination 180 December 2019 Indian Migrant Workers 6. Inayat Patti village in Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh, India Origin 75 October 2023 to November 2023 (Supplementary field survey). Return Migrants Source: Taukeer, 2024 ,pp. 29–32; Taukeer, 2025 ,p.31. Data Collection and Sampling Technique a. Technique for Data Collection and Sampling at Origin Both qualitative and quantitative data are collected under a mixed method approach through conducting multiple round field surveys in the context of different time and space contexts in Inayat Patti 2 village in 2015, followed by Lucknow district from 2017 to 2018. Apart from a supplementary field survey was completed in Inayat Patti village from October 2023 to November 2023 regarding the reliability of the previous objectives in the current phenomena of a cross-sectional longitudinal study design. In the context of sampling, stratified random sampling was adopted for the collection of data in the Lucknow 3 district of Uttar Pradesh, India, while qualitative data was collected until the saturation stage of information in Inayat Patti village, Uttar Pradesh, India. The entire primary data was collected on the basis of sustainable socio-economic and cultural indicators of migration under SDGs 2030 of the United Nations. b. Study Design for Data Collection at Transit Destination Mumbai 4 city was selected as a transit destination where internal migration leads to international migration from rural North India to the Gulf countries. Therefore, a single-phase field survey was conducted in Mumbai in February 2019, where primary data were collected by stratified random sampling under a mixed method approach. c. Study Design for Data Collection at Destination Athens 5 city was selected purposively due to its status as a hub of undocumented Pakistani and Bangladeshi migrants in Greece, Europe, in August 2017. Qualitative data was collected until the saturation stage of information under accidental and convenience sampling, where primary data was collected on the street, parks, metro-stations and a famous Pakistani restaurant named Roti-Boti in Omonia Square in Athens. Apart from primary data, information about migrant workers was collected through conducting single phase field survey in the UAE 6 in December 2019, using stratified random sampling under mixed method approach. Data Analysis Technique Both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed by the cause-effect technique, where quantitative data was analysed by quantitative technique while qualitative data was analysed by narrative, description and case studies under ethnographic generalisation. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative data were also analysed in the framework of a mixed method approach to ensure a better methodological balance in the study of documented and undocumented migration in the context of different time and space contexts, according to the varied nature of the objectives. In these consequences, the analysis part of the present study is based on indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. Based on the above-explained methodological framework, the present paper emphasises the sustainable methodological approach in the integrated study of both internal and international migration into single framework. This study also underlined the study design of a retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implications as an aspect of the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. It also gives a base for developing an understanding about the phenomena of integrated study of both internal and international migration under S.W.O.T. analysis with its contradiction, discrimination and challenges of handling methodological tools in the study of documented and undocumented migration in different time and space contexts of varied geo-spatial dimensions. Therefore, this study provided an analytical aspect in the context of a systematic-regional integrated approach of the study of both internal and international migration in the context of previous conducted studies in various parts of the world. Result and Discussion Based on the above concise description, result and discussion part of the paper is structured into following sections: Sustainable Integrated Factors in the Study of both Internal and International Migration into a single framework. In this study, it is realised that studies of both internal and international exist in different socio-economic and geographical perspectives in the context of time and space contexts. From the perspective of adopting a sustainable methodology for the integrated study of both internal and international migration, entire methodological strategies were integrated into a single framework within the context of a systematic regional approach, focusing on the geo-spatial dimension of studying both internal and international migration. Methodological framework of the study of internal and international migration covered both internal and international migration by trajectories of migration within India, and beyond it, according to the following framework: Internal migration Internal to international migration International migration In the case of adopted methodological framework of study of internal migration, it is realized that functional approach of the study of internal migration was so complex compared to study of international migration in India due to complexity of demographic factors in the function of internal migration. Study of internal migration follows an explicit methodological framework in layers of socio-economic and cultural segmentation of migrant labourers on the basis of analysis of previously conducted studies in the area of internal migration. It is also important to discuss that the entire study adopted a well –developed theoretical framework for the study of internal migration because the theoretical methodological approach provided sustainable indicators in the study of internal migration in this study in the context of the study of international migration. In the case of the study of internal to international migration, it is realised that there is a well–developed culture of internal and international migration in India. Therefore, it is noticed to shifting paradigm of internal to international migration in India in the context of globalisation of internal migration toward international migration. Therefore, the study adopted a cross-sectional study design in the context of a comparative study between internal and international migration from the perspective of similarities, differences and linkages between internal and international migration. Therefore, entire field surveys were conducted in the framework of an open-ended structure. Adopted methodological approach of the study was based on integrated study on the basis of previous conducted studies on global level in the context of study of migration from Mexico to United States of America (Lindstrom & Lauster, 2001 ; Zabin &Huges, 1997), study of migration from Albania to Greece ( Vullenetari, 2012), In the case of migration from Egypt to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Zohry, 2005), study of migration from Nepal to India (Poertres, 2009), study of migration from Sri-Lanka to Australia (Gunatilleke, 1997), study of internal to international into integrated approach (King & Skeldon, 2010 ). Therefore, the methodological framework adopted the exploratory approach in the study of internal to international migration on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators because it was observed that the integrated methodological framework gave a base for developing an understanding about the interconnected factors in the study of internal to international migration in Indian perspective. Therefore, the study followed a global approach in the study of internal to international migration in Indian perspective by process, determinants and consequences of trajectories of migration. In the context of the study of international migration, the entire methodological framework was based on the study of both documented and undocumented migrants in the context of global occurring phenomena from the perspective Gulf based Indian labour migration, and undocumented forced migration. Therefore, it was very difficult to handle both voluntary labour migration and involuntary forced migration in the context of different time and space contexts through mapping of varied socio-economic and cultural sustainable indicators of migration in a similar way. In the context of the South Asian migration system, it is well known that there is depth penetration of internal migration, voluntary international labour migration and involuntary forced migration in South Asian countries. Therefore, the study adopted an integrated systematic-regional approach in the study of both internal and international migration into micro and macro aspects in the context of a geo-spatial perspective in different time-space contexts. Analysis of geo-spatial function in the integrated study of migration in different time and space dimensions under a sustainable approach. In the context of geo-spatial analysis about study of both internal and international migration into single framework, it is observed that there is an important role of the geo-spatial factors in the analytical based study of both internal and international migration into single framework. Therefore, entire study was based on origin, transit and destinations based study for internal and international migration into single framework. Methodological Approach of Migration at Origin The present study encompassed a broad range of internal and international migration at the origin of migrants in rural north India, adopting the approach of sustainable indicators of migration. Therefore, the methodological framework of origin-based study of migration covered an integrated study of both internal and international migration into an integrated framework through door-to-door household surveys by using stratified random sampling in a probability framework and accidental and snowball sampling in a non-probability sampling framework through a cross-sectional longitudinal study design into phase-wise field surveys from 2015 to 2023. In these perspectives, the base of the entire study is based on the study of migration on the origin of migrants in the context of an exploratory study of the process, determinants and consequences of both internal and international migration on grass-root level. In these consequences, the methodological framework of the study considerably adopted the integrated methodological approach for the study of migration as explored by factors of internal migration leading to international migration by socio-economic and cultural indicators. It is also observed that the entire study shifted toward destination based study due to the depth penetration of the culture of internal migration before international migration; therefore study explored such kinds of socio-economic and cultural factors of migration into similar way in both internal and international migration at the origin of migrants. Study of Migration at Transit Destination between Internal and International Migration In the context of a methodological framework for the study of the role of internal migration in leading to international migration, the study was focused on Mumbai Urban Agglomeration (MUs) because Mumbai is a hub for internal migrant labourers of the North Indian state, namely Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, Mumbai Urban Agglomeration (MUs) was selected as a “transit” destination because migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh migrated to Mumbai before migrating to Gulf countries to gain skills in their occupation, according to the demand of the labour market in the Gulf countries. According to the Overseas Employment Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India (2018), Mumbai is a transit destination for migration to Gulf countries because migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh got emigration clearance from Mumbai before migration to Gulf countries. In these consequences, a concise field survey was conducted in Mumbai in February 2019. It was used to mixed method approach for the collection of primary data until the saturation stage of information. Both probability and non-probability sampling were used in a cross-sectional study design with an approach of working and living conditions of migrant labourers under the indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. Entire transit based study was completed in the context of designing a comparative study with international migration in the UAE by similarities, differences and connections between internal and international migration. Study of International Migration: UAE and Greece In the context of the study of international migration, the study was also focused on international destinations in the United Arab Emirates and Greece. It is well known that Dubai is a hub for South Asian migrants. Therefore, a concise field survey was completed in December, 2019 for the collection of primary data until the saturation stage of information among 180 Indian migrant labourers. In this study, both probability and non-probability sampling were used under the cross-sectional study design as an international standard according to the indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. In the context of the study of international migration, a well –developed mechanism was used for the study of the reflection of internal migration in the process of formation of building the capacity of international migration from India to Dubai via Mumbai. In the context of the study of undocumented forced migration from South Asia (Pakistan and Bangladesh) to Athens in Greece, it was observed that there was a well–developed mechanism of cultural forced migration from rural South Asia to Greece via Iran and Turkiye. In the case of the study of undocumented forced migration, there were different types of methodological approaches used compared to the study of documented migration using the “man on the street” technique under accidental sampling in single phase field survey in “Omonia Square” in Athens in August 2017. The entire methodological approach of the study followed the “open framework” study design under the ethnographic discourse of process, determinants and consequences of undocumented forced migration from rural South Asia (Pakistan and Bangladesh) to Athens via Iran and Turkiye. Journey of Migrants from Inayat Patti Village to Dubai via Internal Migration to Mumbai Inayat Patti village is well known for its rich culture of migration to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Dubai via internal migration to Mumbai. Therefore, the entire study focused on a base study in Inayat Patti village in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh, in India. Therefore, a multi-phase field survey was conducted under a cross-sectional longitudinal study design in two phases, where the first phase of the field survey was conducted in February 2015 and the second round of the field survey was conducted from October 2023 to November 2023. In the context of the entire study, a total of 25 return migrant households were selected in the first round of the field survey, and 75 return migrant households were selected in the second round of the field survey on origin based study. In the context of transit based study, it was found that there was a greater socio-economic and cultural space for migrants of Inayat Patti village in Mumbai, where 50 migrants were purposively selected until the saturation stage of information. These migrants lived and worked in Mumbai as temporary migrant labourers with the purpose of migrating to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Dubai due to the availability of better jobs with higher wages compared to Mumbai. These migrants developed a cultural region of migration from Inayat Patti village to the Gulf countries via internal migration to Mumbai. In the context of the journey of migrants from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai, it was found that 10 migrants from Inayat Patti village worked in the UAE. Therefore, a short, concise field survey was conducted in the UAE in December 2019 for the collection of primary data until the saturation stage of information. In the study, it was found that there was a very interesting migration story of 28-year-old Saddam and 34-year-old Ahamed because both migrants were from Inayat Patti village, who worked in the UAE. Both migrants were being taken as main respondents in the UAE, where both migrants described the entire journey of migration from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai. Therefore, findings of the study indicate that there was an important role of the socio-economic and cultural factors in the process of internal to international migration within the function of a well-developed cultural region of migration from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai. Emerging sustainable methodological challenges in conducting an integrated study of internal and international migration into a single framework In the context of methodological challenges about the study of both internal and international migration within a single framework, it is realised that the consequences of globalisation of both internal and international migration give a new base for developing an understanding of the sustainable integrated approach in the study of both internal and international migration on the basis of similar indicators. Therefore, it is found that it is difficult to handle both internal and international migration into similar way because of the complexity of the study of migration on the micro level in the context of different time and space contexts. In these perspectives, the time-space dimension plays a crucial role in the formation of building capacity of a sustainable methodological framework about the study of both internal and international migration on similar indicators, where internal to international migration is a complex factor in the study of migration in the context of India. Therefore, a concise methodological approach is adopted from the perspective of an exploratory study under the approach of systematic-regional approach under a cross-sectional longitudinal study design. In the context of India, it is well known that there is regional inequality in the socio-economic development of India, and these consequences lead to rural-urban migration in a scattered way. The large impact of rural-urban migration created a complexity in the study of internal migration, where internal migration is being continuously shifted toward international migration, but there is a lack of such a methodological framework in the integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework from an Indian perspective. Therefore, the entire methodological framework adopted a retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implications of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework but it also important to discussing that matter of internal to international migration where both internal and international migration work together as well as lead to each other by reciprocal linear correlation. In the context of the present study, major methodological challenges can be underpinned in the way of handle to sustainable methodological approach in the study of geo-spatial formation of migration on origin, transit, destination and international destination. In the case of the study of both internal and international migration in Inayat Patti village in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh, it was very difficult to define the aspect of migration under the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 due to the Islamic reflection of the process, determinants and consequences of both internal and international migration on similar way. Therefore, the conducted study followed the well-developed methodological framework through a cross-sectional longitudinal study design in the study of migration on a sustainable cultural scale because the entire function of migration from Inayat Patti village to Gulf countries via Mumbai was based on cultural reflection according to the dynamics of wishes and abilities of migrants toward the function of internal to international migration. Therefore, the methodology adopted a well-developed structured integrated methodological approach in the study of migration with little bit limitation of contradiction, discrimination and challenges around conducting a sustainable approach for the study of migration. In the context of an individual case study of migrants, the story was so interesting due to the positive intention of migrants to express their story of the journey of migration as part of cultural amusement. In the case of Ahmad and Saddam, both migrants were from Inayat Patti village and had lots of stories of their journey of migration from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai. Both migrants were being taken as main respondents in Inayat Patti village, and both promised to meet in the destinations where the study adopted a different methodological framework for taking personal interviews from Saddam and Ahamad in different time and space contexts in India and the UAE. Therefore, an integrated methodological framework was developed for observing the working and living conditions of migrants on both transit and international destinations on the basis of a similar scale by similarities, differences and connections between internal and international migration. There were socio-economic and cultural challenges that occurred in the function of the methodological framework due to managing balancing in the function of a systematic–regional approach of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. Therefore, the study developed a well-developed structured methodological framework with a narrative and discourse-based study of the journey of migration from Inayat Patti village to Gulf countries via Mumbai. Therefore, it can be emphasised that an integrated methodological framework gives an innovative approach in the study of internal and international migration into a single framework on micro level study of Gulf migration in the context of internal migration under the approach of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations in rural India. Concluding Remarks Based on the above concise description of the debate of an integrated methodological approach of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, it can be concluded that there is a reciprocal relationship between internal and international migration in the context of the study of South Asian migration. In the context of the study of South Asian migration, both internal and international migration work together in a similar way due to the largely functional aspect of globalisation of rural –urban migration, and the mechanism of shifting of internal migration toward international migration gives a new base for developing an understanding about the study of migration under an integrated approach. In the context of India, there is an explicit mechanism of trajectories of migration in the perspective of colonial reflection of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. In these consequences, post-colonial literature also broadly underlined the nexus between internal and international migration under the generalisation of empirical analysis into a theoretical perspective. Therefore, in the context of the present study, both internal and international migration are being studied by an integrated approach through a systematic-regional approach in different time-space geo-spatial contexts. Both internal and international migration led to each other in the context of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries via internal migration to Mumbai. These consequences are based on the colonial framework of internal migration from rural North India to Mumbai (Bombay), where the colonial reflection of internal migration is being reflected in the context of post-colonial internal migration from rural North India to Mumbai, with a shifting paradigm of internal to international migration due to the globalisation of internal migration in the context of international migration. Therefore, it is recommended that there is need to mapping the both internal and international migration into single framework in India in the context of colonial to post-colonial framework under the approach of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implication of study of migration in integrated approach through agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs ) 2030 of United Nation. Declarations Disclosure statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author. Ethical Approval The entire study was based on the author’s own responsibility under the research ethics of the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India. The author obtained ethical approval for the research degree committee of the University of Allahabad, with approval number 59/RES/17/870 on the D.Phil topic “Cross-Border Migration: An Analysis of Migration from India to Gulf Countries by Processes and Consequences” in the G B Pant Social Science Institute, University of Allahabad. Funding: Present research work was sponsored by UGC JRF fellowship with UGC-Ref. No: 4674/ (NET-JUNE 2012). Consent: All the participants agreed with the research process. Data availability statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Mohammed Taukeer, upon reasonable request. References Amritha, S. S. (2011). Migration and Diaspora in Modern Asia. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. Annual Report2014-15 .Ministry of Overseas Affairs Government of India (at Present merged by Minsitry of External Affairs Govt.of India ) . (2015). Retrieved 2015, from http//:www.moia.gov.in Arnold, F., & Abad, R. J. (1985). Linakges Between Internal and Ineternational Migration: The iLocos Norte Experiances. Philippine Population Journal , 1-17. Awasthi, S. P., & Chandra, A. (1994). Migration from India to Australia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal , 3 (2-3), 393-409. Census survey of India (2011). Accessed from: www.census.gov.in Gunatilleke, G. (1995). The economic, demographic, sociocultural and political setting for emigration from Sri Lanka. International migration (Geneva, Switzerland) , 33 (3-4), 667-697. International Orgainisation for Migration (2015). World Migration Report: Migrants and Cities: New Partnerships to Manage Mobility . Retrieved 2016 , from publications.iom.int/system/files/wmr2015_en.pdf. King, R., Skeldon, R., & Vullnetari, J. (2008). Internal and international migration: Bridging the theoretical divide. Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex. Working paper no.52 , 1- 49. King, R., & Skeldon, R. (2010). ‘Mind the gap!’Integrating approaches to internal and international migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 36 (10), 1619-1646. Kurien, P. A. (2002). Kaleidoscopic ethnicity: International migration and the reconstruction of community identities in India . Rutgers University Press. Lindstrom, D. P., & Lauster, N. (2001). Local Economic Opportunity and the Competing Risks of Internal and US Migration in Zacatecas, Mexico 1. International migration review , 35 (4), 1232-1256. Mabogunje, A. L. (1970). Systems approach to a theory of rural‐urban migration. Geographical analysis , 2 (1), 1-18. Majumder, B. (2022). Impact of Lockdown on Returnee Migrant Workers: A Study in Two Villages in Uttar Pradesh. Productivity , 62 (4). Majumder, B. H. A. S. K. A. R., & Taukeer, M. (2019). Dual-Step migration from a village in Uttar Pradesh: Causes, process and consequences. Productivity , 60 (2), 162-174. Nair, P. (1983). Asian Emigration to the Middle East: Emigration From India. Working Paper no.180. Centre for Development Studies, Kerala , 1-110. Poertner, E., Junginger, M., & Mueller-Boeker, U. Intergenerational linkages between internal and international migration of rural-to-urban migrants in Far West Nepal. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/server/api/core/bitstreams/838baf55-2ed6-4a84-b2e7-2b139c36eb83/content Prakash, B. A. (1978). Impact of foreign remittances: A case study of Chavakkad village in Kerala. Economic and Political weekly , 1107-1111. Rahman, A., Taukeer, M., & Shahnawaz, S. (2024). Gulf migration, remittances and progress: The experience from North India. Journal of West Asian Studies , 36 , 01-27. Rajan, S. I. (2024). Migration and development: New evidence from the Kerala Migration Survey 2023. Migration and Development , 13 (2), 139-175. Seccombe, I. J., & Lawless, R. I. (1986). Foreign worker dependence in the Gulf, and the international oil companies: 1910-50. International Migration Review , 20 (3), 548-574. Shirras, G. F. (1931). Indian Migration. In W. F. Willcox, International Migrations, Volume II: Interpretations (pp. 591-616). National Bureau of Economic Research. URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5120. Skeldon, R. (2013). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs .Technical Paper no.2013/6. Accessed from: Available from www.un.org/esa/population/migration Global Migration: Demographic Aspects and Its Relevance for Development . New York: United Nation. Skeldon, R. (1997). Rural-to-urban migration and its implications for poverty alleviation. Asia Pacific Population Journal , 12 , 3-16. Skeldon, R. (2006). Interlinkages between internal and international migration and development in the Asian region. Population, space and place , 12 (1), 15-30. Taukeer, M. (2020). Process and determinants of labour migration from selected rural areas of Uttar Pradesh to Gulf Countries. Man and Development , 42 (4), 123-138. Taukeer, M. (2022). Trend, Pattern and Analysis of Internal Labour Migration in Colonial India to Post Colonial India. IASSI Quarterly , 41 . Taukeer, M. (2023). Ethnographic Analysis of Nexus about Migration and Culture in Global Perspective. Border Crossing , 13 (2), 115-131. Taukeer, M. (2024). An Analysis of In-Migration of “Parosee” Tribal in Rural Uttar Pradesh, India in the Context of International Gulf Migration. Migration and Diversity , 3 (3), 269-284. Taukeer, M. (2024). Contemporary Indian migration in the Gulf . Transnational Press London. Taukeer, M. (2025). Ethnographic Analysis of South Asian Forced Migration. Critical South Asian Studies , 3 (1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.33182/csas.v3i1.3496 Vullnetari, J. (2012). Albania on the move: Links between internal and international migration . Amsterdam University Press. Yang, A. A. (1979). Peasants on the move: A study of internal migration in India. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History , 10 (1), 37-58. Zabin, C. (1997). US-Mexico Economic integration: Labor relations and the organization of work in California and Baja California agriculture. Economic Geography , 73 (3), 337-355. Zachariah, K., & Rajan, S. (2012). Kerala's Gulf Connection , 1998-2011 . Economic and Social Impact of Migration. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Limited. Zachariah, K. C., & Rajan, S. I. (2018). Emigration from Kerala: End of An Era. Kochi: RedInk: Nalanda Book. Zohry, A. (2007). Migration and development in Egypt. document préparer pour le Project on Migration as a Potential and Risk, Institute for Migration and Cultural Studies (IMIS), Osnabrück University, Berlin . https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ESCAP-Annual-Report-2014.pdf Footnotes Inayat Patti village is well known for its labour migration to Gulf countries in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Source: Taukeer, M. (2017). Nature and consequences of migration to Gulf Countries: A study of selected rural areas of Allahabad District in India. In TMC2017 Conference Proceedings (pp. 554–567). Transnational Press London. Lucknow district is ranked in top five districts of India in migration for employment in Gulf countries. Source: www.emigrate.gov.in Mumbai urban agglomeration (MUs) is largest hub for internal migrants in India. Source: www.census.gov.in Athens was selected purposively for study of undocumented migration during author participation in The Migration Conference (TMC) 2017 at Harkopio University, Athens, Greece. UAE is considered as largest hub for global migrants. Source: www.undesa.org Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9064686","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":602607441,"identity":"c3e0cdc4-4aab-4f9f-871c-077edb191ecb","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammed Taukeer","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACZgYGNhsgzdh4gCj1PBAtaSAtDSRpOQzmEKfFnv2MsdGNsvN2a9sPA22psYkmbAtPjnFyzrnbydvOJAK1HEvLbSDssBzjw7ltt5PNDgC1MDYcJkIL/xuQlnPJZucfEqtFAuiw3LYDdmY3iLblxrNi45xzyQlmN4C2JBDjF/b+5M3SOWV29mbn0x8++FBjQ1gLDCSCVSYQqxwE7ElRPApGwSgYBSMMAAA6OUQZog32ugAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5593-7760","institution":"International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala India","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"","lastName":"Taukeer","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-08 14:00:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9064686/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9064686/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104652288,"identity":"1d5626d6-c897-43d8-92c0-4263de451553","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-15 08:41:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":942093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9064686/v1/752b13d9-561c-46bc-912a-fb8470f470b4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated Methodological Analysis of Internal and International Migration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the report of the International Organization of Migration (2024), there are 763\u0026nbsp;million internal migrants and 281\u0026nbsp;million international migrants across the globe due to rural-urban shifts, where the function of rural to urban migration enhances the pathway of both internal and international migration. According to a report of the International Organization for Migration (2015), the matter of migration is related to urban interaction. Both internal and international migrants move to cities and urban areas to bring diversity and integrated to community within and across the border to create a new linkage with localities. Migration is a strategy of survival and economic opportunities for the developing countries. The geography of the stream of migration is being changed with the changing global economy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, 54 per cent of the world\u0026rsquo;s population lives in urban areas. Nearly 120,000 people are migrating to cities in the Asia-Pacific region every day. It is predicted that it would reach up to 63 per cent by 2050 (UN ESCAP, 2014). Internal and international migration is the result of uneven socio-economic development, environmental and climatic instability within a country and between countries across the globe and the process of social network work as pull factors in the migration (Skeldon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e,p.1\u0026ndash;40). Internal and international migration are related to each other and occur due to the same set of reasons, like inequalities in development, employment prospects, and differences in living conditions between origin and destination (King et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e, p.4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth internal and international migration is subject matter of sustainable study in the context of an integrated approach where internal and international migration is being considered as similar socio-economic and cultural sustainable scales. Therefore, both internal and international migration can be defined as the mobility of people within nation boundary and beyond them in the form of voluntary and involuntary forced migration. These consequences can be analysed in the context of an integrated approach from the perspective of trajectories of migration, likewise internal to international and international migration. It is also important to discuss that internal and international migration are being caused by the same set of socio-economic and cultural phenomena, where a migrant migrates in phases of migration through the function of trajectories of migration, like intra-state migration, followed by inter-state migration and international migration.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Review of Literature","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy of both internal and international migration can be understood in the framework of the system approach, integrated approach and nexus of migration and development approach. The system approach is propounded by Nigerian geographer Mabogunje (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e), based on a system approach study of rural-urban migration in West Africa. This approach advocates the function of rural-urban migration through structural conditions, migrant flows, control subsystems, adjustment mechanism and feedback loops. This approach is widely based on the study of rural-urban migration in the context of socio-economic and cultural factors, about the study of the shifting paradigm of rural-urban migration. In the case of methodological approachable of study of migration, the findings of the study of King \u0026amp; Skeldon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) give a base for developing an understanding about the integrated approach for the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, because both types of migrations are positively associated with globalization of factors of migration. Findings of this study also sketch socio-economic and cultural factors in the context of trajectories of migration from single-step to multi-step migration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy of Internal and International Migration into Single Framework in Global Perspective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of the Asian region, the study of Skeldon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) presents a theoretical framework about the study of inter-linkages between internal and international migration under the approach of an integrated methodological framework, where consequence of integration between internal and international migration are subject matter of the integrated methodology under the approach of cause\u0026ndash;and\u0026ndash;effect technique. Consequence of cause\u0026ndash;and\u0026ndash;effect technique provides a base for developing an understanding about the micro analysis of trajectories of migration in the framework of socio-economic and cultural studies of migration. In the case of the study of migration from Sri Lanka to Australia, the findings of the study of Gunatilleke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) provide a base for a systematic-integrated approach for the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, where rural-urban migration shifted toward international migration to Australia. From the perspective of the study of internal to international migration from Nepal to India, findings of the study of Poertner (2009) give an empirical-based approach in the study of step-wise trajectories of migration in the context of the geo-spatial regional dimension of internal and international migration into a single framework. Likewise, similar types of phenomena are noted in the study of Arnold \u0026amp; Abad (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e), give a integrated approach in the study of both internal and international migration into single framework in the case of migration from Philippines to United States of America in study design of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future aspect of study of migration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the case of integrated study of both internal and international migration in the case of migration from Mexico to United States of America, findings of the study of Lindstrom and Lauster (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026amp; Zabin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) broadly sketch the geo-spatial systematic regional integrated study of both internal and international migration into single framework in the perspective of cultural study of internal to international migration by similarities, differences and connection. Likewise, a similar study is given by Vullnetari (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) in the case of an integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework in the context of European migration. Findings of this study adopted the system approach, integration approach and nexus of migration and development approach for an exploratory study of internal and international migration in the context of a geo-spatial framework. From the perspective of an integrated approach to the study of migration, the methodological framework of the study is based on empirical analysis of findings in the theoretical framework through a debate of the discourse of trajectories of migration. In the case of Africa, findings of the study of Zohry (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) present a base for developing an understanding of the concept of shifting paradigm of internal to international migration into the function of trajectories of phases of migration in the framework of an integrated approach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, it can be emphasized that the matter of both internal and international migration can be explained by ethno-discourse-based narration under the technique of generalization of both internal and international migration into a single framework. These perspectives are helpful in developing an understanding of the factor analysis of both types of migration through interaction between independent and dependent variables. In the case of geo-spatial historical function of migration, it is important to discuss that both types of migration should be studied through a systematic functional approach under the study design of retrospective to prospective manner in the case of analysis of methodological framework of internal and international migration into a single framework. Therefore, the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations ensures the sustainable methodological framework of the study of migration as a global aspect of the holistic study of migration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy of Internal and International Migration into Single Framework in India\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eColonial Framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Yang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e), there was explicit depth penetration of the nexus of migration and development in the mobility of peasants from rural Bihar to undivided Bengal in colonial India, where internal migrant labourers migrated toward European colonies. Therefore, this paper broadly emphasises the system-based approach in the integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. Likewise, similar phenomena were given in the study of Taukeer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), in the context of a colonial methodological framework about the study of both internal and international migration into an integrated approach by analysis of colonial rules, regulations and acts of internal migration with shifting of internal migration into international migration. This paper also broadly sketches the retrospective to prospective study design from its past to present, with future implications of the integrated approach of the study of migration. Therefore, this paper is based on the colonial debate about the methodological framework of the study of both internal and international migration in the nexus of migration and development. In these perspectives, findings of the study of Shirras (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1931\u003c/span\u003e), the colonial function of the \u0026ldquo;Indian Emigration Act 1922\u0026rdquo; gives a base for developing an understanding about the integrated approach of the study of internal and international migration into a single framework by rules, regulations and acts of migration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the case of an integrated approach to the study of internal and international migration in a historical colonial framework, the study of Zachariah \u0026amp; Rajan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) gives a historical fact of an integrated approach to the study of migration where colonial internal migration was positively associated with international migration from Kerala to Gulf countries via internal migration to Mumbai. Therefore, this paper broadly sketches the historical approach in the study of Kerala-based Gulf migration in India in the context of the shifting paradigm of internal to international migration. Likewise, findings of the study of Seccombe and Lawless (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e) give a base for developing an understanding of the colonial function in the integrated study of internal and international migration under the concessional labour agreement, where internal migrant labourers migrated to oil-producing Gulf countries via Bombay (Mumbai) due to integration between internal and international migration in colonial India. Therefore, there was an explicit function of the system, integrated and a nexus of migration and development approach in the colonial study of both internal and international migration into a single framework.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of an integrated approach to the study of migration, findings of the study of Awasthi and Chandra (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) give similar phenomena in the study of historical facts in trajectories of migration from India to Australia through a colonial to post-colonial framework. According to the findings of the study of Amrita (2010), a mechanism was developed for the function of both colonial internal and international migration in British colonial India. This study provided a concise, systematic and regional approach for the study of both internal and international migration in an integrated approach. Therefore, findings of the study provide a base for the study of both internal and international migration according to the geo-spatial technique in a historical perspective from its past to present, with future implications of the study of internal and international migration in twenty first century, taking lessons from its past. The author also sketched the dynamics of migration from the perspective of a deep analysis of internal and international migration as a debate of a systematic approach with an analytical review of colonial literatures of migration in the post-colonial debate of migration. Therefore, the study broadly established a link between methodological frameworks in sustainable historical study of both internal and international migration by process, determinants and consequences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePost- Colonial Framework\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the context of a post-colonial framework of integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, it is well known that there is a different systematic regional trajectory of Gulf migration in the context of north India and South India. In these perspectives, findings of the study of Zachariah \u0026amp; Rajan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) give a broad sense about the historical perspective of both internal and international migration in the context of Kerala under the approach of Kerala based migration model. There is the richest history of study of both internal and international migration into a single framework; it was propounded by Prakash (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e) in Chavakkad village of Thrissur district of Kerala, where both internal and international migration function well. Therefore, this study also broadly sketched the phases of trajectories of migration in the context of internal to international migration from the perspective of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators. In these perspectives, findings of the study of Nair (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e) give an innovative approach in the study of the shifting of the paradigm of internal migration into international migration due to the beginning of phase-wise internal to international migration from Kerala to Gulf countries. This study also emphasises the systematic regional approach in the study of both internal and international migration from the 1970s, where internal migration was replaced by international migration. Therefore, this study gives a base for developing an understanding of the role of historical facts in the integrated study of both internal and international migration. In the perspective of Kerala Migration Surveys (KMS) from 1998 to 2023, various surveys of Kerala migration, it is realised that KMS included both internal and international migration into an integrated approach in a similar way on the basis of similar socio-economic indicators. Therefore, reports of the Kerala Migration Survey presents realistic based phenomena in the context of systematic micro and macro aspects of the debate about both internal and international migration into single framework. Likewise, similar types of findings are found in the study of Kurien (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) gives a analysis based study about Gulf migration with focused on internal migration in the context of better interpretation of international migration according to well \u0026ndash;developed parameters of socio-economic and cultural indicators of migration under the study design of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implication of study of migration. In the context of the impact of COVID-19 on the study of both internal and international migration in Kerala, the findings of the study of Rajan (2023) measured both types of internal and international migration based on similar socio-economic and cultural indicators in the context of the influence of COVID-19 in Kerala.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of integrated study of both internal and international migration, North India is well known for depth penetration of internal migration (Census, 2011, GoI) and international Gulf migration (Overseas Employment Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, 2014), where findings of the study of Majumder and Taukeer (2019) gives an integrated approach of study of both internal and international migration in \u0026ldquo;Inayat-Patti\u0026rdquo; village of Prayagraj district in Uttar Pradesh with aspect of systematic-regional approach for better interpretation of shifting paradigm of internal to international migration in the frame of \u0026ldquo;dual-step\u0026rdquo; migration. The function of \u0026ldquo;dual-step\u0026rdquo; migration is being considered as an integrated approach to the study of both internal and international migration in a similar way under the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. From the perspective of an integrated study of both internal and international migration, as similarities, differences and connections on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators, findings of the study of Taukeer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) show that there are methodological similarities in the study of both internal and international migration according to trajectories of migration in a systematic way. In these consequences, the studies of Taukeer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) also presents an integrated approach in the framework of both internal and international migration in a systematic way under the approach of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. Therefore, it is also important to discuss that this study also emphasises the impact of international migration on internal migration with a largely sustainable impact of migration on the environment and health of \u0026ldquo;Parosee\u0026rdquo; tribal migrants in rural North India. In the context of internal and international migration on a similar socio-economic and cultural scale, findings of the study of Rahman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) show that there is a crucial study of \u0026ldquo;transit\u0026rdquo; migration as a role of internal migration in facilitating international migration. Therefore, this study gives a mechanism-based approach in the study of the nexus between internal and international migration under the mixed method approach, where the study's cross-sectional study design of international migration includes internal migration on similar socio-economic and cultural indicators in the context sustainable approach to the study of migration. Study of both internal and international migration are emphasized during the era of COVID-19 because study of both types of migration are covered on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators under the study design of sustainable approach because findings of the study of Majumder (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) gives a similar facts of both internal and international migration on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators of influence of COVID-19. Therefore, the impact of COVID-19 opened a new door for the study of both types of internal and international migration into an integrated approach in a systematic way in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise analysis of the post-colonial framework of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, it can be realised that the study of both types of migration can be realised in a similar study design by process, determinants and consequences of migration from its past to present with future aspects. Firstly, it can be understood that both types of internal and international migration can be underpinned in the way of exploring the colonial study design of both types of migration in an integrated approach and its post-colonial reflection in the form of a sustainable discourse of a systematic regional approach to the study of migration. Secondly, the debate of the systematic\u0026ndash;regional approach of the study of both types of migration gives regional trajectories of migration in the case study of migration in North and South India in the context of the study of the shifting paradigm of internal to international migration. Thirdly, it is important to discuss that both types of internal and international migration are based on similar functions of the theoretical underpinning of the discourse of migration in the macro and micro aspects of the study of migration. Therefore, it can be realised that both types of internal and international migration work in a similar way in the context of process, determinants and consequences of migration as a sustainable approachable study design of migration. Finally, it can also be emphasised that the study of both types of internal and international migration gives a base for developing a theoretical and conceptual debate of exploring a sustainable approach in the functional study of internal and international migration.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise review of literature, major argument of the research paper is focused on sustainable analysis of integrated study of both internal and international migration in the context of Gulf based Indian migration system under the approach of retrospective to prospective from its past to present with future implication of the study under the agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of United Nation. Therefore, the argument of the present study suggests a sustainable methodology for the integrated study of Gulf migration, considering geo-spatial variation across different time-space dimensions. Therefore, the objective of the present study is based on an analysis of sustainable methodology according to the justification of the following objectives of the study:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo find the sustainable integrated factors in the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo analyse the geo-spatial function in the integrated study of migration in different time and space dimensions under a sustainable approach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo find out the emerging sustainable methodological challenges in conducting an integrated study of internal and international migration into a single framework.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo give recommended policies about the development of a sustainable methodological framework in the integrated study of internal and international migration into a single framework.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling: Covered Study Zone and Sample Size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling of the study zone covered a varied geo-spatial study zone in different time and space contexts according to the nature of the study. The entire study is completed in different time and space contexts in the framework of origin, transit and destinations in the environment of South Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Therefore, sampling of the respondents is based on both documented and undocumented migrants by nature of the study in different time and space contexts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovered Varied Study Zone and Sample Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerial Number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin /Transit/Destination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear of Completed Field\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvey Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInayat Patti village in Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFebruary- March 2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn Migrants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovember 2017-March 2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn Migrants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAthens, Greece\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDestination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAugust 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePakistani /Bangladeshi Undocumented Migrants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMumbai city\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFebruary 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigrant Workers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUAE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDestination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecember 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndian Migrant Workers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInayat Patti village in Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctober 2023 to November\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023 (Supplementary field survey).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReturn Migrants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: Taukeer, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e,pp. 29–32; Taukeer, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e,p.31.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Collection and Sampling Technique\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ea. Technique for Data Collection and Sampling at Origin\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth qualitative and quantitative data are collected under a mixed method approach through conducting multiple round field surveys in the context of different time and space contexts in Inayat Patti\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e village in 2015, followed by Lucknow district from 2017 to 2018. Apart from a supplementary field survey was completed in Inayat Patti village from October 2023 to November 2023 regarding the reliability of the previous objectives in the current phenomena of a cross-sectional longitudinal study design. In the context of sampling, stratified random sampling was adopted for the collection of data in the Lucknow\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e district of Uttar Pradesh, India, while qualitative data was collected until the saturation stage of information in Inayat Patti village, Uttar Pradesh, India. The entire primary data was collected on the basis of sustainable socio-economic and cultural indicators of migration under SDGs 2030 of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eb. Study Design for Data Collection at Transit Destination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMumbai\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e city was selected as a transit destination where internal migration leads to international migration from rural North India to the Gulf countries. Therefore, a single-phase field survey was conducted in Mumbai in February 2019, where primary data were collected by stratified random sampling under a mixed method approach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ec. Study Design for Data Collection at Destination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAthens\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e city was selected purposively due to its status as a hub of undocumented Pakistani and Bangladeshi migrants in Greece, Europe, in August 2017. Qualitative data was collected until the saturation stage of information under accidental and convenience sampling, where primary data was collected on the street, parks, metro-stations and a famous Pakistani restaurant named Roti-Boti in Omonia Square in Athens. Apart from primary data, information about migrant workers was collected through conducting single phase field survey in the UAE\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e in December 2019, using stratified random sampling under mixed method approach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis Technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth qualitative and quantitative data were analysed by the cause-effect technique, where quantitative data was analysed by quantitative technique while qualitative data was analysed by narrative, description and case studies under ethnographic generalisation. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative data were also analysed in the framework of a mixed method approach to ensure a better methodological balance in the study of documented and undocumented migration in the context of different time and space contexts, according to the varied nature of the objectives. In these consequences, the analysis part of the present study is based on indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the above-explained methodological framework, the present paper emphasises the sustainable methodological approach in the integrated study of both internal and international migration into single framework. This study also underlined the study design of a retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implications as an aspect of the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. It also gives a base for developing an understanding about the phenomena of integrated study of both internal and international migration under S.W.O.T. analysis with its contradiction, discrimination and challenges of handling methodological tools in the study of documented and undocumented migration in different time and space contexts of varied geo-spatial dimensions. Therefore, this study provided an analytical aspect in the context of a systematic-regional integrated approach of the study of both internal and international migration in the context of previous conducted studies in various parts of the world.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise description, result and discussion part of the paper is structured into following sections:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSustainable Integrated Factors in the Study of both Internal and International Migration into a single framework.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, it is realised that studies of both internal and international exist in different socio-economic and geographical perspectives in the context of time and space contexts. From the perspective of adopting a sustainable methodology for the integrated study of both internal and international migration, entire methodological strategies were integrated into a single framework within the context of a systematic regional approach, focusing on the geo-spatial dimension of studying both internal and international migration. Methodological framework of the study of internal and international migration covered both internal and international migration by trajectories of migration within India, and beyond it, according to the following framework:\u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal migration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal to international migration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational migration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the case of adopted methodological framework of study of internal migration, it is realized that functional approach of the study of internal migration was so complex compared to study of international migration in India due to complexity of demographic factors in the function of internal migration. Study of internal migration follows an explicit methodological framework in layers of socio-economic and cultural segmentation of migrant labourers on the basis of analysis of previously conducted studies in the area of internal migration. It is also important to discuss that the entire study adopted a well –developed theoretical framework for the study of internal migration because the theoretical methodological approach provided sustainable indicators in the study of internal migration in this study in the context of the study of international migration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the case of the study of internal to international migration, it is realised that there is a well–developed culture of internal and international migration in India. Therefore, it is noticed to shifting paradigm of internal to international migration in India in the context of globalisation of internal migration toward international migration. Therefore, the study adopted a cross-sectional study design in the context of a comparative study between internal and international migration from the perspective of similarities, differences and linkages between internal and international migration. Therefore, entire field surveys were conducted in the framework of an open-ended structure. Adopted methodological approach of the study was based on integrated study on the basis of previous conducted studies on global level in the context of study of migration from Mexico to United States of America (Lindstrom \u0026amp; Lauster, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Zabin \u0026amp;Huges, 1997), study of migration from Albania to Greece ( Vullenetari, 2012), In the case of migration from Egypt to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Zohry, 2005), study of migration from Nepal to India (Poertres, 2009), study of migration from Sri-Lanka to Australia (Gunatilleke, 1997), study of internal to international into integrated approach (King \u0026amp; Skeldon, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the methodological framework adopted the exploratory approach in the study of internal to international migration on the basis of similar socio-economic and cultural indicators because it was observed that the integrated methodological framework gave a base for developing an understanding about the interconnected factors in the study of internal to international migration in Indian perspective. Therefore, the study followed a global approach in the study of internal to international migration in Indian perspective by process, determinants and consequences of trajectories of migration. In the context of the study of international migration, the entire methodological framework was based on the study of both documented and undocumented migrants in the context of global occurring phenomena from the perspective Gulf based Indian labour migration, and undocumented forced migration. Therefore, it was very difficult to handle both voluntary labour migration and involuntary forced migration in the context of different time and space contexts through mapping of varied socio-economic and cultural sustainable indicators of migration in a similar way. In the context of the South Asian migration system, it is well known that there is depth penetration of internal migration, voluntary international labour migration and involuntary forced migration in South Asian countries. Therefore, the study adopted an integrated systematic-regional approach in the study of both internal and international migration into micro and macro aspects in the context of a geo-spatial perspective in different time-space contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of geo-spatial function in the integrated study of migration in different time and space dimensions under a sustainable approach.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the context of geo-spatial analysis about study of both internal and international migration into single framework, it is observed that there is an important role of the geo-spatial factors in the analytical based study of both internal and international migration into single framework. Therefore, entire study was based on origin, transit and destinations based study for internal and international migration into single framework.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethodological Approach of Migration at Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study encompassed a broad range of internal and international migration at the origin of migrants in rural north India, adopting the approach of sustainable indicators of migration. Therefore, the methodological framework of origin-based study of migration covered an integrated study of both internal and international migration into an integrated framework through door-to-door household surveys by using stratified random sampling in a probability framework and accidental and snowball sampling in a non-probability sampling framework through a cross-sectional longitudinal study design into phase-wise field surveys from 2015 to 2023. In these perspectives, the base of the entire study is based on the study of migration on the origin of migrants in the context of an exploratory study of the process, determinants and consequences of both internal and international migration on grass-root level. In these consequences, the methodological framework of the study considerably adopted the integrated methodological approach for the study of migration as explored by factors of internal migration leading to international migration by socio-economic and cultural indicators. It is also observed that the entire study shifted toward destination based study due to the depth penetration of the culture of internal migration before international migration; therefore study explored such kinds of socio-economic and cultural factors of migration into similar way in both internal and international migration at the origin of migrants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy of Migration at Transit Destination between Internal and International Migration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the context of a methodological framework for the study of the role of internal migration in leading to international migration, the study was focused on Mumbai Urban Agglomeration (MUs) because Mumbai is a hub for internal migrant labourers of the North Indian state, namely Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, Mumbai Urban Agglomeration (MUs) was selected as a “transit” destination because migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh migrated to Mumbai before migrating to Gulf countries to gain skills in their occupation, according to the demand of the labour market in the Gulf countries. According to the Overseas Employment Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India (2018), Mumbai is a transit destination for migration to Gulf countries because migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh got emigration clearance from Mumbai before migration to Gulf countries. In these consequences, a concise field survey was conducted in Mumbai in February 2019. It was used to mixed method approach for the collection of primary data until the saturation stage of information. Both probability and non-probability sampling were used in a cross-sectional study design with an approach of working and living conditions of migrant labourers under the indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. Entire transit based study was completed in the context of designing a comparative study with international migration in the UAE by similarities, differences and connections between internal and international migration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy of International Migration: UAE and Greece\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the context of the study of international migration, the study was also focused on international destinations in the United Arab Emirates and Greece. It is well known that Dubai is a hub for South Asian migrants. Therefore, a concise field survey was completed in December, 2019 for the collection of primary data until the saturation stage of information among 180 Indian migrant labourers. In this study, both probability and non-probability sampling were used under the cross-sectional study design as an international standard according to the indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. In the context of the study of international migration, a well –developed mechanism was used for the study of the reflection of internal migration in the process of formation of building the capacity of international migration from India to Dubai via Mumbai.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the context of the study of undocumented forced migration from South Asia (Pakistan and Bangladesh) to Athens in Greece, it was observed that there was a well–developed mechanism of cultural forced migration from rural South Asia to Greece via Iran and Turkiye. In the case of the study of undocumented forced migration, there were different types of methodological approaches used compared to the study of documented migration using the “man on the street” technique under accidental sampling in single phase field survey in “Omonia Square” in Athens in August 2017. The entire methodological approach of the study followed the “open framework” study design under the ethnographic discourse of process, determinants and consequences of undocumented forced migration from rural South Asia (Pakistan and Bangladesh) to Athens via Iran and Turkiye.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eJourney of Migrants from Inayat Patti Village to Dubai via Internal Migration to Mumbai\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eInayat Patti village is well known for its rich culture of migration to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Dubai via internal migration to Mumbai. Therefore, the entire study focused on a base study in Inayat Patti village in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh, in India. Therefore, a multi-phase field survey was conducted under a cross-sectional longitudinal study design in two phases, where the first phase of the field survey was conducted in February 2015 and the second round of the field survey was conducted from October 2023 to November 2023. In the context of the entire study, a total of 25 return migrant households were selected in the first round of the field survey, and 75 return migrant households were selected in the second round of the field survey on origin based study. In the context of transit based study, it was found that there was a greater socio-economic and cultural space for migrants of Inayat Patti village in Mumbai, where 50 migrants were purposively selected until the saturation stage of information. These migrants lived and worked in Mumbai as temporary migrant labourers with the purpose of migrating to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Dubai due to the availability of better jobs with higher wages compared to Mumbai. These migrants developed a cultural region of migration from Inayat Patti village to the Gulf countries via internal migration to Mumbai. In the context of the journey of migrants from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai, it was found that 10 migrants from Inayat Patti village worked in the UAE. Therefore, a short, concise field survey was conducted in the UAE in December 2019 for the collection of primary data until the saturation stage of information. In the study, it was found that there was a very interesting migration story of 28-year-old Saddam and 34-year-old Ahamed because both migrants were from Inayat Patti village, who worked in the UAE. Both migrants were being taken as main respondents in the UAE, where both migrants described the entire journey of migration from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai. Therefore, findings of the study indicate that there was an important role of the socio-economic and cultural factors in the process of internal to international migration within the function of a well-developed cultural region of migration from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEmerging sustainable methodological challenges in conducting an integrated study of internal and international migration into a single framework\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the context of methodological challenges about the study of both internal and international migration within a single framework, it is realised that the consequences of globalisation of both internal and international migration give a new base for developing an understanding of the sustainable integrated approach in the study of both internal and international migration on the basis of similar indicators. Therefore, it is found that it is difficult to handle both internal and international migration into similar way because of the complexity of the study of migration on the micro level in the context of different time and space contexts. In these perspectives, the time-space dimension plays a crucial role in the formation of building capacity of a sustainable methodological framework about the study of both internal and international migration on similar indicators, where internal to international migration is a complex factor in the study of migration in the context of India. Therefore, a concise methodological approach is adopted from the perspective of an exploratory study under the approach of systematic-regional approach under a cross-sectional longitudinal study design. In the context of India, it is well known that there is regional inequality in the socio-economic development of India, and these consequences lead to rural-urban migration in a scattered way. The large impact of rural-urban migration created a complexity in the study of internal migration, where internal migration is being continuously shifted toward international migration, but there is a lack of such a methodological framework in the integrated study of both internal and international migration into a single framework from an Indian perspective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the entire methodological framework adopted a retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implications of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework but it also important to discussing that matter of internal to international migration where both internal and international migration work together as well as lead to each other by reciprocal linear correlation. In the context of the present study, major methodological challenges can be underpinned in the way of handle to sustainable methodological approach in the study of geo-spatial formation of migration on origin, transit, destination and international destination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the case of the study of both internal and international migration in Inayat Patti village in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh, it was very difficult to define the aspect of migration under the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 due to the Islamic reflection of the process, determinants and consequences of both internal and international migration on similar way. Therefore, the conducted study followed the well-developed methodological framework through a cross-sectional longitudinal study design in the study of migration on a sustainable cultural scale because the entire function of migration from Inayat Patti village to Gulf countries via Mumbai was based on cultural reflection according to the dynamics of wishes and abilities of migrants toward the function of internal to international migration. Therefore, the methodology adopted a well-developed structured integrated methodological approach in the study of migration with little bit limitation of contradiction, discrimination and challenges around conducting a sustainable approach for the study of migration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the context of an individual case study of migrants, the story was so interesting due to the positive intention of migrants to express their story of the journey of migration as part of cultural amusement. In the case of Ahmad and Saddam, both migrants were from Inayat Patti village and had lots of stories of their journey of migration from Inayat Patti village to the UAE via Mumbai. Both migrants were being taken as main respondents in Inayat Patti village, and both promised to meet in the destinations where the study adopted a different methodological framework for taking personal interviews from Saddam and Ahamad in different time and space contexts in India and the UAE. Therefore, an integrated methodological framework was developed for observing the working and living conditions of migrants on both transit and international destinations on the basis of a similar scale by similarities, differences and connections between internal and international migration. There were socio-economic and cultural challenges that occurred in the function of the methodological framework due to managing balancing in the function of a systematic–regional approach of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. Therefore, the study developed a well-developed structured methodological framework with a narrative and discourse-based study of the journey of migration from Inayat Patti village to Gulf countries via Mumbai. Therefore, it can be emphasised that an integrated methodological framework gives an innovative approach in the study of internal and international migration into a single framework on micro level study of Gulf migration in the context of internal migration under the approach of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations in rural India.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Concluding Remarks","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise description of the debate of an integrated methodological approach of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework, it can be concluded that there is a reciprocal relationship between internal and international migration in the context of the study of South Asian migration. In the context of the study of South Asian migration, both internal and international migration work together in a similar way due to the largely functional aspect of globalisation of rural –urban migration, and the mechanism of shifting of internal migration toward international migration gives a new base for developing an understanding about the study of migration under an integrated approach. In the context of India, there is an explicit mechanism of trajectories of migration in the perspective of colonial reflection of the study of both internal and international migration into a single framework. In these consequences, post-colonial literature also broadly underlined the nexus between internal and international migration under the generalisation of empirical analysis into a theoretical perspective. Therefore, in the context of the present study, both internal and international migration are being studied by an integrated approach through a systematic-regional approach in different time-space geo-spatial contexts. Both internal and international migration led to each other in the context of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries via internal migration to Mumbai. These consequences are based on the colonial framework of internal migration from rural North India to Mumbai (Bombay), where the colonial reflection of internal migration is being reflected in the context of post-colonial internal migration from rural North India to Mumbai, with a shifting paradigm of internal to international migration due to the globalisation of internal migration in the context of international migration. Therefore, it is recommended that there is need to mapping the both internal and international migration into single framework in India in the context of colonial to post-colonial framework under the approach of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implication of study of migration in integrated approach through agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs ) 2030 of United Nation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisclosure statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthical Approval The entire study was based on the author’s own responsibility under the research ethics of the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India. The author obtained ethical approval for the research degree committee of the University of Allahabad, with approval number 59/RES/17/870 on the D.Phil topic “Cross-Border Migration: An Analysis of Migration from India to Gulf Countries by Processes and Consequences” in the G B Pant Social Science Institute, University of Allahabad. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunding: Present research work was sponsored by UGC JRF fellowship with UGC-Ref. No: 4674/ (NET-JUNE 2012). Consent: All the participants agreed with the research process. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData availability statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Mohammed Taukeer, upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmritha, S. S. 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Migration and development in Egypt. \u003cem\u003edocument pr\u0026eacute;parer pour le Project on Migration as a Potential and Risk, Institute for Migration and Cultural Studies (IMIS), Osnabr\u0026uuml;ck University, Berlin\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ESCAP-Annual-Report-2014.pdf \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Inayat Patti village is well known for its labour migration to Gulf countries in Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Source: Taukeer, M. (2017). Nature and consequences of migration to Gulf Countries: A study of selected rural areas of Allahabad District in India. In \u003cem\u003eTMC2017 Conference Proceedings\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 554\u0026ndash;567). Transnational Press London.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Lucknow district is ranked in top five districts of India in migration for employment in Gulf countries. Source: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ewww.emigrate.gov.in\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.emigrate.gov.in\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Mumbai urban agglomeration (MUs) is largest hub for internal migrants in India. Source: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ewww.census.gov.in\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.census.gov.in\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Athens was selected purposively for study of undocumented migration during author participation in The Migration Conference (TMC) 2017 at Harkopio University, Athens, Greece.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e UAE is considered as largest hub for global migrants. Source: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ewww.undesa.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.undesa.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"IIMAD","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Colonial migration, post –colonial migration, South Asia, Integrated Approach, SDGs 2030","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9064686/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9064686/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThere is the richest colonial history of study of both internal and international migration in South Asia, especially in India, where the colonial framework of study of migration is being reflected in post \u0026ndash;colonial aspect of internal and international migration. In these consequences, the present paper analyses the integrated methodological approach regarding the study of internal and international migration into a single framework under the approach of retrospective to prospective manner of the study design from its past to present with future implications of the integrated approach of the study of internal and international migration. Findings of the study show that there is a cordial nexus between internal and international migration in the context of the study of documented and undocumented South Asian migration under the interpretation of migration through an integrated approach with limitations of contradiction, discrimination and challenges. Therefore, the present paper encourages researchers and policy makers for conducting study of both internal and international migration into a single framework in the context of the colonial to post-colonial framework from the perspective of South Asian migration.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Integrated Methodological Analysis of Internal and International Migration","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-15 08:39:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9064686/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eb5e161a-22f6-4b10-8c8e-6c813f54ff82","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 15th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":64124284,"name":"Behavioral Geography"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-15T08:39:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-15 08:39:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9064686","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9064686","identity":"rs-9064686","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}