Effect of Different Fixed Lingual Retainers on Tooth Mobility: Prospective Clinical Study

Effect of Different Fixed Lingual Retainers on Tooth Mobility: Prospective Clinical Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Different Fixed Lingual Retainers on Tooth Mobility: Prospective Clinical Study Eyüp Burak KÜÇÜK, Özge ÇELİK GÜLER, Osman Fatih ARPAĞ, Hatice Kübra EREN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4527702/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the effect of different fixed lingual retainers (LRs) on tooth mobility after orthodontic treatment using a Periotest ® device. Materials and methods: A total of 82 patients (43 females and 39 males; mean age = 18.61 ± 3.71 years) with no missing teeth in the lower inter-canine region were treated with fixed orthodontic mechanics. At the completion of the orthodontic treatment, each patient was fitted with either Ortho FlexTech (Reliance; Group I), dead soft 8-braided (Bond-A-Braid, Reliance; Group II), or 5-stranded (PentaOne, Masel; Group III) LR wire. A control group consisting of people with a healthy periodontal condition and no bone loss was included (Control; Group C). The mobility of the lower anterior teeth on the right and left sides was measured using a Periotest ® device before (T 0 ), immediately after (T 1 ), and 10 months after (T 2 ) the application of the LR. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc LSD, repeated ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test, and Pearson χ 2 tests. Results: Tooth mobility was significantly lower at T 1 and T 2 compared to that at T 0 ( P 0.05). When the mobility measurements taken at the different times were compared, there was no statistical difference between the groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: In all the study groups, tooth mobility decreased immediately after LR application and did not change during the 10-month follow-up. There were no significant differences in tooth mobility among the study groups. Clinical relevance: Any of the studied types of retainer wires could be used by clinicians. Clinical Trial Number: NCT06284499 Mobility Lingual Retainer Retention Periotest® INTRODUCTION After orthodontic treatment is completed, any adverse change in the position of the teeth associated with a malocclusion correction is referred to as a relapse. Several factors influence the incidence of relapse, including the elastic property of gingival fibers, lip/tongue pressure, and jaw growth during the retention period [ 1 ]. Changes in tooth position are also observed to occur due to normal age-related factors [ 2 ]. Thus, action is often taken during the subsequent retention period to ensure that the teeth remain in their new positions after the conclusion of orthodontic treatment [ 3 ]. For a tooth to remain in a new position, sufficient periodontal tissue must form around the root, and the soft tissues around the tooth must adapt to the new tooth position. A lingual retainer (LR) can be used during the retention period to maintain the ideal alignment of teeth after orthodontic treatment and prevent relapse [ 4 ]. However, LRs must both prevent relapse and allow physiological tooth movements [ 5 ]. To date, various types of wire have been used in fixed LRs, and the most commonly used are round 6-strand coaxial wire [ 5 , 6 ], rectangular 8-strand braided wire [ 6 ], and flat braided chain wire [ 7 ]. Low-level tooth mobility is observed during the retention phase, and different LRs provide different levels of stability; thus, it is important to know the extent to which LRs affect tooth mobility. There are many methods available for measuring tooth mobility. The Miller mobility classification [ 8 ] is widely used in clinical settings to assess tooth mobility. While its use allows rapid decision-making, it is a relatively subjective method. In contrast, a Periotest ® device can be used to objectively evaluate tooth mobility in an easy manner without the need for any contact [ 9 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared the immediate and 10 months changes in lower anterior tooth mobility after LR application. Hence, this study was designed to investigate changes in tooth mobility during the retention phase after orthodontic treatment in patients with three different types of LR using a Periotest® device. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient Selection Ethical approval was granted by the human ethics committee of the University of XXX (2020/21). A signed informed consent form was obtained from each patient prior to starting the study. In the power analysis (G power program version 3.1.9.7), it was observed that the effect size calculated over the mobility averages among the groups was f = 0.42 and that the power of the study was 95% [10]. A total of 82 individuals (43 females and 39 males; mean age = 18.61 ± 3.71 years) who were treated with fixed orthodontic mechanics in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, XXX University were involved in this study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: aged between 14 and 20 years; successful completion of orthodontic treatment with optimum oral hygiene; a duration of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances of more than 12 months; no missing teeth, restorations, or morphological crown anomalies; and no radiological alveolar bone loss in the mandibular inter-canine region. Individuals with periodontal problems, such as gingival bleeding and recession, parafunctional habits (e.g., clenching and grinding), and any radiological pathology around the lower anterior teeth were excluded from the study. Fixed Orthodontic Treatment The fixed orthodontic treatments with or without extraction were carried out by orthodontic students at a university clinic. All patients were fitted with a prescribed pre-adjusted appliance that consisted of an 0.018" slot MBT bracket system (Gemini series, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). The fixed orthodontic treatments were started with .012” nickel-titanium wires and .014”, .016”, .016 x .016”, .016 x .022”, .017 x .025” nickel-titanium wires (AO, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were inserted, respectively. To provide torque and ideal angulations, 0.016 × 0.022" and 0.017 × 0.025" stainless steel wires (AO, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were used. Intermaxillary elastics (AO, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were used in the final stages to provide an interocclusal relationship. The fixed orthodontic treatments continued until the target occlusion and tooth alignment were achieved. Study Groups Initially, 158 patients were recruited for the study; however, we could only measure tooth mobility 10 months after the LR was applied (at T 2 ) in 82 patients. 102 patients, 20 of whom were assigned to the control group, were included in this study. The following groups were included in the study: Group 1 (n = 31), which contained patients fitted with 0.038 × 0.016" stainless steel wire (Ortho FlexTech ® chain, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA); Group 2 (n = 23), which contained patients fitted with 0.010 × 0.026" 8-braided dead soft wire (Bond-A-Braid ® , Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA); Group 3 (n = 28), which contained patients fitted with 0.0215" 5-stranded stainless steel wire (Penta-One ® , Masel Orthodontics, Carlsbad, CA, USA); and the control group (n = 20), which contained individuals who had not received any orthodontic treatment, had a healthy periodontal condition, and had no bone loss according to panoramic radiography results. Since the members of the control group were healthy, measurements were taken only once in this group. LR Wire Preparation and Application After the completion of their fixed orthodontic treatment, each patient was fitted with one of three different fixed LRs. In Group1, Orthoflex wire was applied directly to the tooth surfaces. For Group 2 and 3, a plaster model was prepared before the debonding procedure was performed, and an experienced technician bent the selected retention wire to fit the teeth between the canines on the plaster model. The retention wire was attached to the lower central incisor teeth with a silicone carrier after debonding. The tooth surfaces on which the LR was to be attached were cleaned using scaling and polishing, etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel (Reliance Orthodontic Products) for 30 s, rinsed with water, and dried sufficiently with air. When the lingual working surfaces of all the teeth to be treated were white and opaque, a thin layer of primer (3M Transbond XT Primer) was applied. Excess primer was removed with gently applied air, and polymerization was achieved in 10 s using an LED light device (Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Guilin, China). A silicon carrier was then applied to the canine teeth. Adhesive (3M™ Transbond™ LR Light Cure Adhesive) was applied to the teeth, and care was taken so that it did not overflow into the proximal areas; light was applied to each tooth for 30 s. After removing the silicon carrier, adhesive was applied to the other incisors. Then, the composite surfaces were polished with discs and rubbers. Each LR was placed on the lower jaw between two canines by an orthodontist (EBK). Measuring Tooth Mobility The mobility of the lower anterior teeth on both sides was measured using a Periotest ® device (Gulden, Modautal, Germany) before (T 0 ), immediately after (T 1 ), and 10 months after (T 2 ) the LR was fitted. After the device was calibrated, tooth mobility was evaluated using a standard protocol and by following the manufacturer’s instructions and the method of Berthold et al. [9] Mobility measurements were taken while the patient was sitting in the dental unit in an upright position. The measurements were taken by a periodontolog (OFA), who held the Periotest ® device at a right angle to the vestibule surface of the tooth to be measured. The tooth mobility was determined by taking three repeat measurements, as mentioned previously [10], from each tooth and calculating the average of these measurements. In this study, all the recorded mobility values were within physiological limit [11]. Statistical Analysis Groups that were found to be normally distributed using the Shapiro–Wilk test were compared using a one-way ANOVA, and post-op evaluations were performed using the post hoc LSD test. Repeated ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze features with normal distribution at different time points. Intergroup comparisons of categorical variables were conducted using the Pearson χ 2 test. The reliability of the measurements taken at different times was evaluated with the one-way random effects model intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Descriptive statistics are shown as means and standard deviations for numerical variables, and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and a P value 0.810) among all measurements. The general characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1 , and there were no statistically significant differences between the study groups in terms of sex and treatment time ( P > 0.05). However, the average age in the control group was found to be different from that in the other groups ( P < 0.05). Table 1 General characteristics of the participants. Group I II III C p Sex Male 18 (38.1) 10 (43.5) 11 (39.3) 10 (50) 0.860 Female 13 (61.9) 13 (56.5) 17 (60.7) 10 (50) Age (mean ± sd) A 17.33 ± 2.65 A 19.04 ± 3.01 A 17.32 ± 2.50 B 21.25 ± 5.25 0.001 Treatment Time (mean ± sd) 30.81 ± 10.13 32.61 ± 9.24 27.35 ± 9.28 - 0.141 sd: standard deviation. Within each row, different letters in superscript indicate differences (p < 0.05) according to the LSD test. When the average tooth mobility was compared within and among the groups (Table 2 ), it was found that the mobility at T 1 and T 2 was significantly lower than at T 0 ( P 0.05) in all study groups. In addition, no significant difference was observed among the study groups in terms of the average tooth mobility at the different time points ( P > 0.05; Table 2 ). As shown in Table 3 , no statistical differences ( P > 0.05) were observed when the changes in tooth mobility were examined in pairwise comparisons (T 0 –T 1 , T 0 – T 2 , and T 1 – T 2 ). Table 2 Comparison of tooth mobility averages within and between groups. Group T 0 T 1 T2 mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd p§ I B 5.01 ± 3.03 * 0.13 ± 1.93 † 0.14 ± 1.40 † < 0.001 II B 5.91 ± 4.79 * 0.24 ± 2.38 † 0.90 ± 2.89 † < 0.001 III B 4.84 ± 3.58 * 0.85 ± 2.25 † 0.96 ± 2.06 † < 0.001 C A 1.63 ± 1.65 1.63 ± 1.65 1.63 ± 1.65 - p* 0.001 0.089 0.169 * ANOVA test. § : Repated measures ANOVA, sd: Standard Deviation, p < 0.05. Within each column, different letters in supersicript indicate differences (p < 0.05) according to the LSD test. Within each row, different symbol (*, † ) in supersicript indicate differences (p < 0.05) according to the Bonferroni corrected post hoc test. Table 3 Examination of tooth mobility changes (T 0 -T 1 , T 0 -T 2 and T 1 -T 2 ) between groups. T 0 − T 1 T 0 − T 2 T 1 − T 2 mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd Group N I 21 4.88 ± 2.32 4.87 ± 2.33 -0.01 ± 1.33 II 23 5.66 ± 3.41 5.01 ± 3.77 -0.65 ± 1.98 III 28 3.98 ± 2.09 3.87 ± 2.55 -0.11 ± 1.60 Total 72 4.78 ± 2.70 4.52 ± 2.95 -0.25 ± 1.66 p* 0.084 0.327 0.382 ANOVA test, sd: standard deviation In Tables 4 and 5 , the mobility values of each tooth at each different time point (T 0 , T 1 and T 2 ) are compared. The results showed that the mobility of tooth 43 significantly decreased over time in Groups I and II ( P 0.05; Table 4 ). The mobility of teeth 41 and 42 significantly decreased in Group I over time ( P < 0.05); however, the mobility of these same teeth increased in Groups II and III from T 1 to T 2 ( P < 0.05; Table 4 ). Table 4 Post hoc test results in repeated measurements within the group for teeth of 41,42 and 43. 41 42 43 T 0 T 1 T 2 T 0 T 1 T 2 T 0 T 1 T 2 Group mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd p§ mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd p§ mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd p§ I 9.07 ± 4.42 ‡ 1.82 ± 2.33 † 1.64 ± 1.70 * < 0.001 5.50 ± 3.68 ‡ 0.67 ± 2.22 † 0.56 ± 1.99 * < 0.001 0.69 ± 2.06 ‡ -0.89 ± 2.34 † -1.43 ± 1.73 * 0.001 II 10.50 ± 7.12 ‡ 1.66 ± 2.75 * 2.80 ± 3.92 † < 0.001 6.28 ± 5.70 ‡ 0.21 ± 2.45 * 1.13 ± 3.14 † < 0.001 1.02 ± 3.33 ‡ -1.12 ± 2.67 † -1.17 ± 2.60 * 0.001 III 9.04 ± 5.89 ‡ 2.52 ± 2.96 * 3.42 ± 2.58 † < 0.001 5.51 ± 4.34 ‡ 1.12 ± 2.30 * 1.35 ± 2.45 † < 0.001 0.24 ± 2.17 † -1.25 ± 1.78 * -1.65 ± 2.14 * 0.001 C 4.48 ± 2.61 - - 1.73 ± 2.14 - - -1.30 ± 2.04 - - p* 0.003 0.488 0.109 0.003 0.384 0.563 0.017 0.858 0.741 *: ANOVA test, § : Repated measures ANOVA, sd: standard deviation. Within each row, different symbol (*, †, ‡) in superscript indicates differences (p < 0.05) according to the Bonferroni corrected post hoc test. Table 5 Post hoc test results in repeated measurements within the group for teeth of 31, 32, and 33. 31 32 33 T 0 T 1 T 2 T 0 T 1 T 2 T 0 T 1 T 2 Group mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd p§ mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd p§ mean ± sd mean ± sd mean ± sd p§ I 8.50 ± 5.03 † 0.89 ± 2.24 * 1.48 ± 1.90 * < 0.001 5.95 ± 3.36 † 0.02 ± 2.15 * 0.35 ± 1.56 * < 0.001 0.36 ± 2.48 ‡ -1.73 ± 2.09 † -1.74 ± 1.99 * 0.001 II 10.84 ± 7.30 ‡ 1.23 ± 3.14 * 2.57 ± 3.71 † < 0.001 5.88 ± 5.46 † 0.47 ± 2.62 * 1.03 ± 2.89 * < 0.001 0.92 ± 2.94 ‡ -0.98 ± 2.61 † -0.98 ± 2.81 * 0.001 III 8.68 ± 5.75 ‡ 2.65 ± 2.61 * 3.29 ± 2.68 † < 0.001 5.33 ± 4.04 ‡ 1.36 ± 2.79 † 1.15 ± 1.99 * < 0.001 0.24 ± 2.70 ‡ -1.27 ± 2.57 † -1.77 ± 2.09 * 0.001 C 4.29 ± 1.96 - - 2.31 ± 1.79 - - -1.73 ± 2.15 - - p* 0.002 0.055 0.101 0.011 0.182 0.430 0.009 0.594 0.422 *: ANOVA test. § : Repated measures ANOVA, sd: Standard Deviation, C: Control group, P < 0.05. Within each row, different symbol (*, †, ‡ ) in superscript indicates differences (p < 0.05) according to the Bonferroni corrected post hoc test. In all the groups, the mobility of tooth 33 significantly decreased over time ( P < 0.05; Table 5 ). There was a significant decrease in mobility at T 1 ( P 0.05; Table 5 ). There was a significant decrease in the mobility of tooth 32 in Group III across all the time points ( P < 0.05; Table 5 ). The mobility of tooth 31 was found to be significantly lower at T 1 when compared to T 0 ( P 0.05; Table 5 ). In Groups II and III, the mobility of tooth 31 was significantly lower at T 1 when compared to T 0 ( P < 0.05), and it was found to be higher at T 2 than at T 1 ( P < 0.05; Table 5 ). DISCUSSION It is important that the new tooth positions are maintained after lengthy and effective orthodontic treatment. Nowadays, patients are more demanding during the treatment process because they view content on social media platforms that influences their perceptions of potential outcomes and increases their awareness of the risk of relapse occurring [ 12 ]. The possibility that treated teeth may return to their original state is alarming for the patient and orthodontist alike, and treated teeth are very prone to relapse in the first weeks after debonding [ 12 ]. Therefore, in this study, we compared the mobility of the six lower anterior teeth, which were retained with three different types of wire, before and after retainer application and 10 months later, using a Periotest® device. To our knowledge, no other study has examined tooth mobility in patients with different retainer wires 10 months after retainer application. The results showed that the use of the tested retainer wires led to similar tooth mobility values after bonding and at the 10-month follow-up and that these changes were within physiological limits. To date, many approaches have been applied to develop a precise method for assessing tooth mobility. For example, Mühlemann[ 13 ] utilized two different methods to examine the degree of mobility, O’Leary and Rudd[ 14 ] designed a device to measure tooth mobility in healthy individuals, and Burstone et al. [ 15 ] used laser holography to measure tooth mobility. These studies involved various tools and procedures that are difficult or impractical to perform routinely. In contrast, we evaluated tooth mobility using a Periotest® device, which is a simple and effective method[ 9 ]. LRs used on the lower teeth can be divided into two types: those that involve all the lower anterior teeth and those that involve only the lower canine teeth[ 16 ]. In this study, we only utilized LRs that involved the lower anterior six teeth to standardize the mobility evaluation. Since cylindrical and flattened flexible stranded wires are most commonly used in LRs [ 17 ], here, we used flattened wire in two groups and cylindrical wire in one group. Previous studies [ 18 , 19 and 20 ] stated that the retainer wire thickness does not make a difference in the survival rates of mandibular fixed retainers. Engeler et al. [ 21 ] stated that effective torsional load transfer depends on the size, shape, and type of retainer wire and that plain and braided LRs have more predictable results in terms of torsional load transfer than multistrand LRs. Kucera et al. [ 22 ] compared the immediate effect that LRs have on tooth mobility after fixed orthodontic treatment; in their study, four different retainer wires were tested. They [ 22 ] found that tooth mobility after orthodontic treatment was three times greater in the study groups than in the control group. In our study, after orthodontic treatment, the tooth mobility of the lower incisors was three times higher in the study groups than in the control group, and there was much less change in the mobility of the canines. In Kucera et al.’s [ 22 ] study, the incisors exhibited greater mobility after orthodontic treatment than in our study. They [ 22 ] also found that the four tested types of wire significantly reduced tooth mobility, that the mobility was very close to the physiological mobility found in the control group, and that the type of wire used did not significantly impact the mobility. These results coincide with our results. They [ 22 ]used four different wires (0.0175" coaxial, 0.0150" twist, 0.016 × 0.022" rectangular flat dead, and 0.0215" coaxial) and found that using 0.0150" twist and 0.016 × 0.022" rectangular flat dead wires reduced tooth mobility more than using the other two wires. Compared to the values reported by Kucera et al. [ 22 ], the mobility values recorded in our study before and after the application of the LR were considerably lower. In our study, the type of wire used did not significantly affect tooth mobility; however, the highest level of and greatest change in tooth mobility were recorded in the patients fitted with 0.010 × 0.026" dead wire (Group II). The mobility of teeth 31, 41, and 42 decreased after the LR was applied, but it was found to have increased at the 10-month follow-up. Local anatomical factors or occlusal factors may have been responsible for this change within the physiological movement limits, which was not clinically significant. Hwang et al. [ 10 ] evaluated changes in tooth mobility at quarterly intervals for two years after orthodontic treatment using a Periotest® device and found that tooth mobility decreased rapidly in the first six months and at a slower rate in the following six months. In the current study, tooth mobility decreased immediately after the LR was applied, and there was no significant difference in mobility among all the study groups 10 months later. The difference in the findings may be due to the fact that Hwang et al. [ 10 ] measured the mobility of the upper teeth and that no LR was applied. Tanaka et al. [ 23 ] measured the mobility of the central and lateral teeth in both arches using a Periotest® device immediately before and after orthodontic treatment and after retention. They [ 23 ] used 0.0175" flexible multistrand wires in a lower canine-to-canine arrangement and found that tooth mobility increased after orthodontic treatment and decreased significantly over a 28-month retention period. We did not measure tooth mobility before orthodontic treatment. Nevertheless, our results aligned with theirs [ 23 ] in that i) the tooth mobility values recorded in all three test groups after orthodontic treatment (T 0 ) significantly differed from those of the control group, and ii) tooth mobility was significantly lower 10 months after LR application (T 2 ) compared to immediately after orthodontic treatment (T 1 ). Watted et al. [ 11 ] used a Periotest® device to evaluate and compare the mobility of the incisors six months after a canine–canine LR was bonded to two or six teeth. Their [ 11 ] participants consisted of patients fitted with either flexible multistrand wire (0.0175") that was bonded to all six anterior teeth, semi-round wire that was only bonded to the canines, or removable uni-maxillary appliances. The mobility values recorded in our study are similar to those recorded by Watted et al. [ 11 ], in patients fitted with 0.0175" wire bonded to six teeth; the mobility values for the incisors and canines are similar. They [ 11 ] suggested that the use of an LR may lead to atrophy of periodontal tissues by limiting physiological tooth movements. On this same issue, Baysal et al. [ 24 ] stated that LR wires should be flexible enough to allow a certain amount of physiological tooth movement to protect periodontal health and reduce the stress in the composite. Similar to previous studies [ 23 , 23 ], in our study, the tooth movement observed immediately after and 10 months after LR application was within physiological limits. In the current study, patients were fitted with one of three different types of retainer wire after the completion of fixed orthodontic treatment, and tooth mobility was measured just before and after the LR application. Hence, the tooth mobility measurements were indicative of the stability created by applying the retainer wire to the teeth. In addition, comparing the tooth mobility values obtained at T 1 and T 2 allowed us to assess the 10 months effects of each type of wire. As a result, the data we evaluated in this study were independent of the type of treatment or other variables. Additional studies must be conducted to confirm our findings and further evaluate the effects of retention wires on tooth mobility (e.g., studies with longer follow-up periods). CONCLUSION The three types of retention wire assessed in this study were found to have similar effects on tooth mobility immediately after application and at the 10-month follow-up. All the tested types of wire significantly reduced tooth mobility within physiological movement limits. Since there was no difference in terms of mobility between the three types of wire, clinicians can select the wire to be used on the basis of cost and ease of use. Declarations Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics approval: Ethical approval was granted by the human ethics committee of the University of XXX (2020/21). Informed Consent: A signed informed consent form was obtained from each patient prior to starting the study. Funding: No funding was received for this study. Acknowledgement: The authors have no conflict interest related to this research. Author contributions: EBK designed the study and treated the patients and performed statistical analysis. HKE treated the patients and collected the data. OFA performed periodontal measurements and statistical analysis. OCG reviewed the literature, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: No funding was received for this study. Availability of data and materials: Data from this study will be shared with the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Angle Orthod 75:101–105. https://doi:10.1043/00033219(2005)0752.0.CO;2 Baysal A, Uysal T, Gul N, Alan MB, Ramoglu SI (2012) Comparison of three different orthodontic wires for bonded lingual retainer fabrication. Korean J Orthod 42:39–46. https://doi:10.4041/kjod.2012.42.1.39 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4527702","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":317251952,"identity":"9809bbdf-3d2c-4b4c-97a5-6c46d60e7815","order_by":0,"name":"Eyüp Burak KÜÇÜK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hatay Mustafa Kemal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eyüp","middleName":"Burak","lastName":"KÜÇÜK","suffix":""},{"id":317251953,"identity":"0fa5c298-a707-41d4-a255-7f091805bdb5","order_by":1,"name":"Özge ÇELİK GÜLER","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAyCiQMIAzPkAxGzshLQcAxEGEC2MM0BamInTwgDWwswDJgno4LvfwPjhg4GFMT//8YuPbX5tk+djZmD88DEHtxbJYwzMkjMMJMwkG84UG+f23TZsYwaKzNyGW4vBMaDjeQwkbAwO9qRJ5/bcZgRqYWPmJaTlD0jLYZ7035Y9t+2J0wIMMTODY+zHmBl+3E4kqEXyWGKzZI+BhLFkDw+zZG/D7eQ2ZsZmvH7hO3z44IcfFXWG/fzHH3748ee27fz25oMfPuLRAoy/BiiDx4CBsQ1FhCBgf8DA8IdYxaNgFIyCUTCSAAB/rErnWgXnWQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Özge","middleName":"ÇELİK","lastName":"GÜLER","suffix":""},{"id":317251954,"identity":"76c5067b-7589-49bb-8027-7b54f68eed1f","order_by":2,"name":"Osman Fatih ARPAĞ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hatay Mustafa Kemal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osman","middleName":"Fatih","lastName":"ARPAĞ","suffix":""},{"id":317251956,"identity":"51c7c614-c3c7-4f4a-8503-397c791644d2","order_by":3,"name":"Hatice Kübra EREN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hatay Mustafa Kemal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hatice","middleName":"Kübra","lastName":"EREN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-04 11:32:50","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4527702/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4527702/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":65731871,"identity":"149847fa-777c-41e8-9d14-bfd3c247ea40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-01 21:16:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":700347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4527702/v1/301a8351-b945-4a30-abe5-3025870ffc20.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Different Fixed Lingual Retainers on Tooth Mobility: Prospective Clinical Study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfter orthodontic treatment is completed, any adverse change in the position of the teeth associated with a malocclusion correction is referred to as a relapse. Several factors influence the incidence of relapse, including the elastic property of gingival fibers, lip/tongue pressure, and jaw growth during the retention period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Changes in tooth position are also observed to occur due to normal age-related factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, action is often taken during the subsequent retention period to ensure that the teeth remain in their new positions after the conclusion of orthodontic treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. For a tooth to remain in a new position, sufficient periodontal tissue must form around the root, and the soft tissues around the tooth must adapt to the new tooth position.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA lingual retainer (LR) can be used during the retention period to maintain the ideal alignment of teeth after orthodontic treatment and prevent relapse [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. However, LRs must both prevent relapse and allow physiological tooth movements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. To date, various types of wire have been used in fixed LRs, and the most commonly used are round 6-strand coaxial wire [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], rectangular 8-strand braided wire [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], and flat braided chain wire [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow-level tooth mobility is observed during the retention phase, and different LRs provide different levels of stability; thus, it is important to know the extent to which LRs affect tooth mobility. There are many methods available for measuring tooth mobility. The Miller mobility classification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] is widely used in clinical settings to assess tooth mobility. While its use allows rapid decision-making, it is a relatively subjective method. In contrast, a Periotest \u0026reg; device can be used to objectively evaluate tooth mobility in an easy manner without the need for any contact [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared the immediate and 10 months changes in lower anterior tooth mobility after LR application. Hence, this study was designed to investigate changes in tooth mobility during the retention phase after orthodontic treatment in patients with three different types of LR using a Periotest\u0026reg; device.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient Selection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was granted by the human ethics committee of the University of XXX (2020/21). A signed informed consent form was obtained from each patient prior to starting the study. In the power analysis (G power program version 3.1.9.7), it was observed that the effect size calculated over the mobility averages among the groups was f = 0.42 and that the power of the study was 95% [10].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 82 individuals (43 females and 39 males; mean age = 18.61 \u0026plusmn; 3.71 years) who were treated with fixed orthodontic mechanics in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, XXX University were involved in this study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: aged between 14 and 20 years;\u0026nbsp;successful completion of orthodontic treatment with optimum oral hygiene;\u0026nbsp;a duration of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances of more than 12 months; no missing teeth, restorations, or morphological crown anomalies; and no radiological alveolar bone loss in the mandibular inter-canine region. Individuals with periodontal problems, such as gingival bleeding and recession, parafunctional habits (e.g., clenching and grinding), and any radiological pathology around the lower anterior teeth were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFixed Orthodontic Treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fixed orthodontic treatments with or without extraction were carried out by orthodontic students at a university clinic. All patients were fitted with a prescribed pre-adjusted appliance that consisted of\u0026nbsp;an 0.018\u0026quot; slot MBT bracket system (Gemini series, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). The fixed orthodontic treatments were started with .012\u0026rdquo; nickel-titanium wires and .014\u0026rdquo;, .016\u0026rdquo;, .016 x .016\u0026rdquo;, .016 x .022\u0026rdquo;, .017 x .025\u0026rdquo; nickel-titanium wires (AO, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were inserted, respectively. To provide torque and ideal angulations, 0.016 \u0026times; 0.022\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;and 0.017 \u0026times; 0.025\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;stainless steel wires (AO, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were used. Intermaxillary elastics (AO, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were used in the final stages to provide an interocclusal relationship. The fixed orthodontic treatments continued until the target occlusion and tooth alignment were achieved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Groups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitially, 158 patients were recruited for the study; however, we could only measure tooth mobility 10 months after the LR was applied (at T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) in 82 patients. 102 patients, 20 of whom were assigned to the control group, were included in this study. The following groups were included in the study:\u0026nbsp;Group 1 (n = 31), which contained patients fitted with\u0026nbsp;0.038\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;stainless steel wire\u0026nbsp;(Ortho FlexTech\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e chain, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA); Group 2 (n = 23), which contained patients fitted with\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e0.010\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;0.026\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;8-braided dead soft wire\u0026nbsp;(Bond-A-Braid\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA); Group 3 (n = 28), which contained patients fitted with\u0026nbsp;0.0215\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;5-stranded stainless steel wire\u0026nbsp;(Penta-One\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e, Masel Orthodontics,\u0026nbsp;Carlsbad, CA, USA); and the\u0026nbsp;control group\u0026nbsp;(n = 20), which contained individuals who had not received any orthodontic treatment, had a healthy periodontal condition, and had no bone loss according to panoramic radiography results. Since the members of the control group were healthy, measurements were taken only once in this group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLR Wire Preparation and Application\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the completion of their fixed orthodontic treatment, each patient was fitted with one of three different fixed LRs. In Group1, Orthoflex wire was applied directly to the tooth surfaces. For Group 2 and 3, a plaster model was prepared before the debonding procedure was performed, and an experienced technician bent the selected retention wire to fit the teeth between the canines on the plaster model. The retention wire was attached to the lower central incisor teeth with a silicone carrier after debonding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tooth surfaces on which the LR was to be attached were cleaned using scaling and polishing, etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel (Reliance Orthodontic Products) for 30 s, rinsed with water, and dried sufficiently with air. When the lingual working surfaces of all the teeth to be treated were white and opaque, a thin layer of primer (3M Transbond XT Primer) was applied. Excess primer was removed with gently applied air, and polymerization was achieved in 10 s using an LED light device (Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Guilin, China). A silicon carrier was then applied to the canine teeth. Adhesive (3M\u0026trade; Transbond\u0026trade; LR Light Cure Adhesive) was applied to the teeth, and care was taken so that it did not overflow into the proximal areas; light was applied to each tooth for 30 s. After removing the silicon carrier, adhesive was applied to the other incisors. Then, the composite surfaces were polished with discs and rubbers.\u0026nbsp;Each LR\u0026nbsp;was placed on the lower jaw between two canines by an orthodontist (EBK).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasuring Tooth Mobility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mobility of the lower anterior teeth on both sides was measured using a Periotest\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e device (Gulden, Modautal, Germany) before (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), immediately after (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), and 10 months after (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) the LR was fitted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the device was calibrated, tooth mobility was evaluated using a standard protocol and by following the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions and the method of Berthold et al. [9]\u0026nbsp;Mobility measurements\u0026nbsp;were taken\u0026nbsp;while the patient was sitting in the dental unit in an upright position. The measurements were taken\u0026nbsp;by a periodontolog (OFA), who held\u0026nbsp;the Periotest\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e device at a right angle to the vestibule surface of the tooth to be measured. The tooth mobility was determined by taking three repeat measurements, as mentioned previously [10], from each tooth and calculating the average of these measurements. In this study, all the recorded mobility values were within physiological limit\u0026nbsp;[11].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGroups that were found to be normally distributed using the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test were compared using a one-way ANOVA, and post-op evaluations were performed using the post hoc LSD test. Repeated ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze features with normal distribution at different time points. Intergroup comparisons of categorical variables were conducted using the Pearson \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test. The reliability of the measurements taken at different times was evaluated with the one-way random effects model intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Descriptive statistics are shown as means and standard deviations for numerical variables, and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and a \u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ICC for all measurements was 0.948\u0026ndash;0.989, which indicated that there was almost perfect agreement (ICC\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.810) among all measurements. The general characteristics of the participants are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and there were no statistically significant differences between the study groups in terms of sex and treatment time (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, the average age in the control group was found to be different from that in the other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral characteristics of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (38.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (61.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (56.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (60.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e17.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e19.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e17.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e21.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTreatment Time\u003c/b\u003e (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003esd: standard deviation. Within each row, different letters in superscript indicate differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) according to the LSD test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the average tooth mobility was compared within and among the groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), it was found that the mobility at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was significantly lower than at T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); however, there was no difference in the mobility between T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in all study groups. In addition, no significant difference was observed among the study groups in terms of the average tooth mobility at the different time points (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, no statistical differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were observed when the changes in tooth mobility were examined in pairwise comparisons (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash; T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash; T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of tooth mobility averages within and between groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e5.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.03\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.93\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e5.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.79\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.38\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e4.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.25\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003eANOVA test. \u003cem\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e: Repated measures ANOVA, sd: Standard Deviation, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Within each column, different letters in supersicript indicate differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) according to the LSD test. Within each row, different symbol (*,\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e) in supersicript indicate differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) according to the Bonferroni corrected post hoc test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamination of tooth mobility changes (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e-T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e-T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e-T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) between groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0 \u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003e T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0 \u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003e T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1 \u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003e T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eANOVA test, sd: standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the mobility values of each tooth at each different time point (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) are compared. The results showed that the mobility of tooth 43 significantly decreased over time in Groups I and II (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) but that there was no change in its mobility from T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e to T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in Group III (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The mobility of teeth 41 and 42 significantly decreased in Group I over time (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); however, the mobility of these same teeth increased in Groups II and III from T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e to T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost hoc test results in repeated measurements within the group for teeth of 41,42 and 43.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.42\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.70\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.22\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.12\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.70\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.14\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.60\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.89\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.96\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.34\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e*: ANOVA test, \u003cem\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e: Repated measures ANOVA, sd: standard deviation. Within each row, different symbol (*,\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;,\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026Dagger;) in superscript indicates differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) according to the Bonferroni corrected post hoc test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost hoc test results in repeated measurements within the group for teeth of 31, 32, and 33.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGroup\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.03\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.36\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.56\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.48\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.30\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.14\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.46\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.62\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.94\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.81\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.75\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.68\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.04\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e*: ANOVA test. \u003cem\u003e\u0026sect;\u003c/em\u003e: Repated measures ANOVA, sd: Standard Deviation, C: Control group, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Within each row, different symbol (*, \u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;, \u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e) in superscript indicates differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) according to the Bonferroni corrected post hoc test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn all the groups, the mobility of tooth 33 significantly decreased over time (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). There was a significant decrease in mobility at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but no difference in mobility at T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in Groups I and II for tooth 32 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). There was a significant decrease in the mobility of tooth 32 in Group III across all the time points (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The mobility of tooth 31 was found to be significantly lower at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e when compared to T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and found to be similar at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in Group I (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In Groups II and III, the mobility of tooth 31 was significantly lower at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e when compared to T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and it was found to be higher at T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e than at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is important that the new tooth positions are maintained after lengthy and effective orthodontic treatment. Nowadays, patients are more demanding during the treatment process because they view content on social media platforms that influences their perceptions of potential outcomes and increases their awareness of the risk of relapse occurring [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The possibility that treated teeth may return to their original state is alarming for the patient and orthodontist alike, and treated teeth are very prone to relapse in the first weeks after debonding [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, in this study, we compared the mobility of the six lower anterior teeth, which were retained with three different types of wire, before and after retainer application and 10 months later, using a Periotest\u0026reg; device. To our knowledge, no other study has examined tooth mobility in patients with different retainer wires 10 months after retainer application. The results showed that the use of the tested retainer wires led to similar tooth mobility values after bonding and at the 10-month follow-up and that these changes were within physiological limits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo date, many approaches have been applied to develop a precise method for assessing tooth mobility. For example, M\u0026uuml;hlemann[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] utilized two different methods to examine the degree of mobility, O\u0026rsquo;Leary and Rudd[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] designed a device to measure tooth mobility in healthy individuals, and Burstone et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] used laser holography to measure tooth mobility. These studies involved various tools and procedures that are difficult or impractical to perform routinely. In contrast, we evaluated tooth mobility using a Periotest\u0026reg; device, which is a simple and effective method[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLRs used on the lower teeth can be divided into two types: those that involve all the lower anterior teeth and those that involve only the lower canine teeth[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, we only utilized LRs that involved the lower anterior six teeth to standardize the mobility evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince cylindrical and flattened flexible stranded wires are most commonly used in LRs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], here, we used flattened wire in two groups and cylindrical wire in one group. Previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] stated that the retainer wire thickness does not make a difference in the survival rates of mandibular fixed retainers. Engeler et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] stated that effective torsional load transfer depends on the size, shape, and type of retainer wire and that plain and braided LRs have more predictable results in terms of torsional load transfer than multistrand LRs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKucera et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] compared the immediate effect that LRs have on tooth mobility after fixed orthodontic treatment; in their study, four different retainer wires were tested. They [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] found that tooth mobility after orthodontic treatment was three times greater in the study groups than in the control group. In our study, after orthodontic treatment, the tooth mobility of the lower incisors was three times higher in the study groups than in the control group, and there was much less change in the mobility of the canines. In Kucera et al.\u0026rsquo;s [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] study, the incisors exhibited greater mobility after orthodontic treatment than in our study. They [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] also found that the four tested types of wire significantly reduced tooth mobility, that the mobility was very close to the physiological mobility found in the control group, and that the type of wire used did not significantly impact the mobility. These results coincide with our results. They [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]used four different wires (0.0175\" coaxial, 0.0150\" twist, 0.016 \u0026times; 0.022\" rectangular flat dead, and 0.0215\" coaxial) and found that using 0.0150\" twist and 0.016 \u0026times; 0.022\" rectangular flat dead wires reduced tooth mobility more than using the other two wires. Compared to the values reported by Kucera et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], the mobility values recorded in our study before and after the application of the LR were considerably lower. In our study, the type of wire used did not significantly affect tooth mobility; however, the highest level of and greatest change in tooth mobility were recorded in the patients fitted with 0.010 \u0026times; 0.026\" dead wire (Group II).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mobility of teeth 31, 41, and 42 decreased after the LR was applied, but it was found to have increased at the 10-month follow-up. Local anatomical factors or occlusal factors may have been responsible for this change within the physiological movement limits, which was not clinically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHwang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] evaluated changes in tooth mobility at quarterly intervals for two years after orthodontic treatment using a Periotest\u0026reg; device and found that tooth mobility decreased rapidly in the first six months and at a slower rate in the following six months. In the current study, tooth mobility decreased immediately after the LR was applied, and there was no significant difference in mobility among all the study groups 10 months later. The difference in the findings may be due to the fact that Hwang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] measured the mobility of the upper teeth and that no LR was applied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanaka et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] measured the mobility of the central and lateral teeth in both arches using a Periotest\u0026reg; device immediately before and after orthodontic treatment and after retention. They [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] used 0.0175\" flexible multistrand wires in a lower canine-to-canine arrangement and found that tooth mobility increased after orthodontic treatment and decreased significantly over a 28-month retention period. We did not measure tooth mobility before orthodontic treatment. Nevertheless, our results aligned with theirs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] in that i) the tooth mobility values recorded in all three test groups after orthodontic treatment (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) significantly differed from those of the control group, and ii) tooth mobility was significantly lower 10 months after LR application (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) compared to immediately after orthodontic treatment (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWatted et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] used a Periotest\u0026reg; device to evaluate and compare the mobility of the incisors six months after a canine\u0026ndash;canine LR was bonded to two or six teeth. Their [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] participants consisted of patients fitted with either flexible multistrand wire (0.0175\") that was bonded to all six anterior teeth, semi-round wire that was only bonded to the canines, or removable uni-maxillary appliances.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mobility values recorded in our study are similar to those recorded by Watted et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], in patients fitted with 0.0175\" wire bonded to six teeth; the mobility values for the incisors and canines are similar. They [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] suggested that the use of an LR may lead to atrophy of periodontal tissues by limiting physiological tooth movements. On this same issue, Baysal et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] stated that LR wires should be flexible enough to allow a certain amount of physiological tooth movement to protect periodontal health and reduce the stress in the composite. Similar to previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], in our study, the tooth movement observed immediately after and 10 months after LR application was within physiological limits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, patients were fitted with one of three different types of retainer wire after the completion of fixed orthodontic treatment, and tooth mobility was measured just before and after the LR application. Hence, the tooth mobility measurements were indicative of the stability created by applying the retainer wire to the teeth. In addition, comparing the tooth mobility values obtained at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e allowed us to assess the 10 months effects of each type of wire. As a result, the data we evaluated in this study were independent of the type of treatment or other variables. Additional studies must be conducted to confirm our findings and further evaluate the effects of retention wires on tooth mobility (e.g., studies with longer follow-up periods).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe three types of retention wire assessed in this study were found to have similar effects on tooth mobility immediately after application and at the 10-month follow-up. All the tested types of wire significantly reduced tooth mobility within physiological movement limits. Since there was no difference in terms of mobility between the three types of wire, clinicians can select the wire to be used on the basis of cost and ease of use.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEthical approval was granted by the human ethics committee of the University of XXX (2020/21).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent:\u003c/strong\u003e A signed informed consent form was obtained from each patient prior to starting the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding: No funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no conflict interest related to this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEBK designed the study and treated the patients and performed statistical analysis. HKE treated the patients and collected the data. OFA performed periodontal measurements and statistical analysis. OCG reviewed the literature, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData from this study will be shared with the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEthical approval was granted by the human ethics committee of the University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal (2020/21). A signed informed consent form was obtained from each patient prior to starting the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll Authors consent to publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone to declare.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLittlewood SJ, Kandasamy S, Huang G (2017) Retention and relapse in clinical practice. 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Eur J Orthod 44:178\u0026ndash;186. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi:10.1093/ejo/cjab038\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://doi:10.1093/ejo/cjab038\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTanaka E, Ueki K, Kikuzaki M, Yamada E, Takeuchi M, Dalla-Bona D, Tanne K (2005) Longitudinal measurements of tooth mobility during orthodontic treatment using a Periotest. Angle Orthod 75:101\u0026ndash;105. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi:10.1043/00033219(2005)075\u0026lt;0101:LMOTMD\u0026gt;2.0.CO;2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://doi:10.1043/00033219(2005)075%3C0101:LMOTMD%3E2.0.CO;2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaysal A, Uysal T, Gul N, Alan MB, Ramoglu SI (2012) Comparison of three different orthodontic wires for bonded lingual retainer fabrication. Korean J Orthod 42:39\u0026ndash;46. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi:10.4041/kjod.2012.42.1.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://doi:10.4041/kjod.2012.42.1.39\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mobility, Lingual Retainer, Retention, Periotest®","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4527702/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4527702/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective:\u003c/strong\u003e The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the effect of different fixed lingual retainers (LRs) on tooth mobility after orthodontic treatment using a Periotest\u003csup\u003e® \u003c/sup\u003edevice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and methods:\u003c/strong\u003e A total of 82 patients (43 females and 39 males; mean age = 18.61 ± 3.71 years) with no missing teeth in the lower inter-canine region were treated with fixed orthodontic mechanics. At the completion of the orthodontic treatment, each patient was fitted with either Ortho FlexTech (Reliance; Group I), dead soft 8-braided (Bond-A-Braid, Reliance; Group II), or 5-stranded (PentaOne, Masel; Group III) LR wire. A control group consisting of people with a healthy periodontal condition and no bone loss was included (Control; Group C). The mobility of the lower anterior teeth on the right and left sides was measured using a Periotest\u003csup\u003e® \u003c/sup\u003edevice before (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), immediately after (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), and 10 months after (T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) the application of the LR. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc LSD, repeated ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test, and Pearson χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Tooth mobility was significantly lower at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e compared to that at T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05); however, there were no differences in the mobility at T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in all study groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05). When the mobility measurements taken at the different times were compared, there was no statistical difference between the groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e In all the study groups, tooth mobility decreased immediately after LR application and did not change during the 10-month follow-up. There were no significant differences in tooth mobility among the study groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical relevance: \u003c/strong\u003eAny of the studied types of retainer wires could be used by clinicians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical Trial Number: NCT06284499\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Different Fixed Lingual Retainers on Tooth Mobility: Prospective Clinical Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-26 06:01:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4527702/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c17d4edc-7cb6-404b-9f3f-3b7acf5c2a41","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-01T21:08:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-26 06:01:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4527702","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4527702","identity":"rs-4527702","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}