The Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process for Evaluation of the Relevance of Policy Measures Aimed at Addressing Them

The Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process for Evaluation of the Relevance of Policy Measures Aimed at Addressing Them | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 24 May 2025 V1 Latest version Share on The Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process for Evaluation of the Relevance of Policy Measures Aimed at Addressing Them Authors : Pavel Horák 0000-0001-5222-5082 [email protected] and Markéta Horáková Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174812597.78410630/v1 763 views 167 downloads Contents Abstract Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract This paper introduces and explains "The Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process." This analytical tool, developed through a comprehensive review of existing literature and research studies, holds significant potential. It enables the identification of all existing types of crimes and their causes and consequences within specific families and households. In this context, it allows for assessing whether existing policy measures to address these issues are in place, and if so, evaluates their comprehensiveness and effectiveness. If no measures currently exist, it facilitates the design of tailored interventions specifically targeting both perpetrators and their victims. Furthermore, if new variables emerge that are not yet included in the framework, they can be easily integrated. We illustrate its potential by using examples to assess the complexity of strategic goals and measures aimed at addressing different types of crime in selected regions of Czechia. The Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process for Evaluation of the Relevance of Policy Measures Aimed at Addressing Them Abstract: This paper introduces and explains ”The Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process.” This analytical tool, developed through a comprehensive review of existing literature and research studies, holds significant potential. It enables the identification of all existing types of crimes and their causes and consequences within specific families and households. In this context, it allows for assessing whether existing policy measures to address these issues are in place, and if so, evaluates their comprehensiveness and effectiveness. If no measures currently exist, it facilitates the design of tailored interventions specifically targeting both perpetrators and their victims. Furthermore, if new variables emerge that are not yet included in the framework, they can be easily integrated. We illustrate its potential by using examples to assess the complexity of strategic goals and measures aimed at addressing different types of crime in selected regions of Czechia. Keywords : family; functions and dysfunctions; positive and negative socialisation; social deviance; crime Introduction Currently, governments around the world are dealing with various types of crimes, such as theft, embezzlement, disorderly conduct, drug-related offences, bodily harm, rape, sexual abuse, endangering the welfare of a child, and more. These incidents are often hidden from the public and result from antisocial behaviour by individuals or groups, usually stemming from dysfunctional family environments. In most cases, this results from a poorly functioning socialisation process, often called ’negative socialisation’ (Crisogen, 2016; Darmon, 2023), and is caused by various factors. It is essential to address the consequences of these crimes by punishing the perpetrators and preventing them by identifying specific risk factors that can trigger them. Due to this, we have developed an analytical tool labelled the ”Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process”. In our opinion, this analytical tool has the potential to identify socially deviant behaviours, such as specific criminal acts, as well as their potential or real causes. This contribution aims to present the method of constructing and justifying this tool and to outline the possibilities of using it in the context of the primary socialisation process, which takes place in various family environments. They often differ mainly in terms of structure and composition, economic situation, culture, personality characteristics of family members, their education and learned patterns of behaviour, which are in the style of communication used, the emotionality of relationships, the degree of control over compliance with socially accepted values and norms reflected, and then in what life phase are located (especially if they are or are not taking care of a child or a sick family member of different ages) (cf. Widmer 2016; Kollár et al., 2023). At the same time, in the final part of the article, we present one of its possible uses in the example of determining the complexity and relevance of strategic policy goals and measures aimed at solving various types of crime in selected regions of Czechia. To achieve this goal, we structured the text into two parts. In the first part, we deal with the family, its functions, and dysfunctions during the members’ socialisation process. Specifically, we gradually present key insights that relate to (1) existing approaches to defining the family and their possible forms and types that we can identify in contemporary societies, (2) key functions of the family in the context of theories of family functioning, (3) the socialisation process, which the essence is the fulfilment of individual functions of the family in legitimate or illegitimate ways and (4) types of crime as manifestations of deviant behaviour as a result of the negative socialisation of their perpetrators and their current statistics in the Czechia. In the second part, we present and explain in detail and justify the aforementioned ”Framework of family functions and dysfunctions from the perspective of the socialisation process” and the possibilities of its use simultaneously. In conclusion, we briefly summarise key findings in the form of concrete proposals for the practical use of the methodological tool we have constructed in practice. The family and its key functions and dysfunctions arising during the socialisation of its members in the form of various types of crime The family, its possible definition and the forms and types of families found in contemporary societies The definition of family often varies among researchers and the general public, leading to a lack of consensus on its precise meaning. In particular, opinions regarding the decline of the family, or conversely, its resilience, significantly shape debates about how it should be defined (Miller, 2016). At the same time, some authors argue that a uniform definition of the family is unnecessary (Bernandes, 1999). As mentioned in the introduction, families can come in various forms and vary significantly from one another, especially in terms of organisation (extent and nature of unpaid work), culture (ethnic, political and religious affiliation), social class (availability of material and social resources), generations (experiences and attitudes individual family members) and the period of family life (childlessness, pre-school boy or girl, teenager, etc.) (Baker, 2020). Since the concept of family is ambiguous, as researchers from different disciplines look at it from their specific perspectives (most often psychological, sociological, legal or biological), there is no long-term agreement on how the family should be defined and studied (Rothausen, 1999; Kollár et al., 2023). In our opinion, differences can be between the existing definitions of family identified depending on whether the centre of interest (the so-called ”sorting variable”) of its creators is its structure and composition, functions, group relations, intra-family context or, for example, legislative definition (closer to Table A1 in Appendices). Even though there is no universal definition of family, it is often seen as the smallest cornerstone of society, consisting of a mother, father and children, and it thus represents the so-called nuclear family type (Arslan, 2023). From this perspective, the family represents a group of persons connected by marriage, blood, or adoption who form one household and influence each other in their social positions (usually as spouses, parents, children, and siblings). But sometimes the family includes not only parents and their unmarried children living at home but also children who have married, their spouses and their descendants, and possibly elderly dependents. This arrangement represents the extended family type , which persists in some states, localities or communities (Williams, 2011). At the same time, due to changes in its structure, composition and functions, the family has been defined much more loosely in recent decades: some authors consider family to be, for example, single parents , incomplete families with one parent, mixed families or domestic partnerships of lesbians and gays (Perales et al., 2020; Gabb 2022). Indeed, the lives of European and non-European families have significantly changed in recent decades as a result of changing social, political and economic conditions and their impact on families (Lück and Castrén, 2018), which has led to an increase in the diversity of family forms. In most developed countries, the most widespread traditional nuclear family, consisting of parents and at least one child, is declining, and new, alternative family forms are emerging (Miller, 2020). Specifically, there is often a decrease in the number of marriages and an increase in out-of-wedlock births, consensual unions in the form of unmarried cohabitation, or the emergence of surrogate families in the sense of surrogate family care, including children born to surrogate mothers (Furstenberg et al., 2020). For example, there are families with homosexual or transgender couples, families who donate conception, or surrogate families of transgender individuals, which have a significant and specific impact on parenting and the development of children in these families (Imrie and Golombok, 2020). The diversity of contemporary families thus refers to differences in the number and marital status of parents, their gender, sexual orientation and biological relationship to children (adoption) and the emergence of multicultural families and families created by surrogate motherhood (Adler and Lenz, 2023). In addition to the structure and composition of families, there has been a significant change in their functions over time (Arslan, 2023) and, simultaneously, the resources ensuring their achievement. The family ceases to be an independent, autonomous institution whose primary function is to produce children and ensure the continuation of the generation, as was the case in the past. In today’s (especially advanced) societies, a whole range of its functions is provided by external institutions, most often by the labour market and educational institutions (for more on family functions, see the following text). Key family functions and theories of family functioning From the above, it is clear that for the family and its members to survive and, ideally, further develop and successfully integrate into mainstream society, they must function well and fulfil their key functions. In this context, the problem is that just as there is no uniform definition of family, there is no agreement on the definition of family functions. To identify the broadest possible range of functions that the family can perform, it is possible to use two types of theories of family functioning that are currently mentioned by many authors (e.g. Ramaswami et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2024). The first is result-oriented and defines the functioning of the family according to its specific features. The second is process-oriented and describes the functions of the family according to the tasks the family needs to fulfil. A representative of the first type of theory is Olson’s Circumplex Model (1986) and Beavers’ System Theory (1981, 1985). Olson’s theory divides the function of the family into three dimensions that can take on different levels: (i) family ”intimacy” concerning the relationship between family members (indifference, detachment, connectedness, entanglement), (ii) family ”adaptability” based on the need to assign roles or the ability of family rules to cope with the pressure of the external environment or the development of the marital relationship in the context of changes in the current family (low to high) and (iii) family ”communication” necessary for the development of intimacy and adaptability (rigid, structured, flexible and chaotic). In contrast, Beavers’ theory focuses on the relationship between family functions and the load capacity of the family system. Specifically, it examines family functioning through two dimensions: (i) a ”rigid index” including family structure, family relationships, and family reaction strength (the more flexible the rigid index, the better the family functions) and (ii) a ”soft index” focused on communication style of a family member (with a centrifugal or centripetal family model consisting of communication only outside the family or only within the family, communication breakdown occurs). In the second case, McMaster’s Family Functioning Model Theory (Epstein et al., 1983) and Skinner’s Family Process Model Theory (Skinner et al., 1983) are the most often mentioned and used. The essence of McMaster’s theory is the ”process” of the family system, whereby the primary function of the family is to provide suitable environmental conditions for family members to develop physical, psychological, social and other aspects. To fulfil this primary function, the family system must accomplish many tasks, namely (i) ”basic” tasks consisting of satisfying the individual’s material needs such as food and clothing, (ii) ”developmental” tasks in the form of adaptation and support for the growth and development of family members, and (iii) ”crisis” tasks in solving all kinds of extraordinary events in the family. In the second case, Skinner’s theory uses McMaster’s theories to create a more systematic and transparent functional structure of the family, considering the family as a dynamic operating system and therefore taking into account family background factors such as the values and rules of family members. Specifically, this theory posits that family function is embodied by family members performing all kinds of daily tasks and solving all kinds of family problems in an orderly and flexible manner, thereby improving themselves. In this context, it examines the function of the family through the following seven dimensions: (i) ”accomplishing the task”, including identifying the problem, considering all kinds of solutions to the problem, choosing an appropriate solution and implementing it, and evaluating the effectiveness of the solution, (ii) assuming ”roles” and responsibilities in this task by family members, (iii) mutual ”communication” and coordination when assigning roles, (iv) „emotional display“ of support or refusal to assume a role, (v) ”involvement” and focus of each family member on the tasks at hand, (vi) „controls“ the behaviour of family members in the process of completing the task and (vii) the effect of family background on the ”rules” followed by family members in completing the task. Based on these findings, in our opinion, it is possible to identify a total of six key family functions that can be classified into three different dimensions, which differ in whether they ensure the survival of the family (primary function), its proper functioning and development (secondary function) or both (complex function). In the first case, it concerns (1) the sexual function ensuring the satisfaction of sexual needs and the procreation of children as a guarantee of the continuation of the family, (2) the physiological function related to food and sleep ensuring healthy physical and psychological development, and (3) the economic function ensuring sufficient funds through earning activities. In the second case, it is a psychological function focused on psychological support and help and protection of family members through communication, ensuring conforming behaviour and thus also a healthy mental state, and then an educational function ensuring the cognitive development of family members through education. In the last case, it is a caring function aimed at achieving the family´s primary and secondary functions, as mentioned above (see Table 1). Table 1. Key functions of the family differentiated according to the fulfilment of a primary, secondary or complex function Source: authors Socialisation as a process of fulfilling family functions in legitimate or illegitimate ways: positive and negative socialisation An essential process for fulfilling family functions, which can also be a source of family dysfunction, is the process of ”socialisation”. It has historically been the centre of interest for experts from various scientific disciplines, who (logically) look at it from the perspective of the field in question. They are usually sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists. Socialisation is most often defined as a multifaceted process through which an individual learns and internalises a given culture’s norms, beliefs, behaviours and values during childhood and adulthood and thus acquires (ideally) relevant social and cultural competencies. It is the result of interaction with members of the given social group in which he grows up and with other external institutions (most often educational and employment) and, at the same time, the need to respond to macro- and micro-socio-cultural contexts (especially the local community in the neighbourhood), thereby preparing him for membership in society (Šaraz and Perez-Felkner, 2018). Socialisation thus influences a person’s development in various social environments, with the family playing a pivotal role in early life, schooling, and peer groups. In contrast, the non-family environment plays a more significant role in adolescence and adulthood (Harris, 1995). In this context, it is possible to distinguish between different types of socialisation . The distinction between ”primary”, ”secondary”, and ”tertiary” socialisation is most often used, which is associated with different life phases and different contexts. While primary socialisation occurs from early childhood through family, siblings, and friends, secondary socialisation occurs in later childhood through school and classmates, organisations, and the media, and tertiary socialisation occurs throughout the rest of life (Darmon 2023). Some authors also use other classifications, most often distinguishing socialisation according to the degree of formality into ”formal” and ”informal”, according to the methods of its formation into ”planned”, ”spontaneous”, ”forced”, and ”participatory”, according to the evaluation of societies into ”positive” or ”negative” and depending on the extent of socialisation to ”full”, ”partial” or ”zero” (Crisogen, 2016). In the context mentioned above, it is possible to look at socialisation as a process of fulfilling family functions, which consists of passing on values, norms and specific procedures for fulfilling them in a legitimate or, conversely, illegitimate way . During this process and at its end, there can be behaviour consistent, or on the contrary, inconsistent with generally accepted social values and norms. The specific method (mechanism) of socialisation and its outputs are different in various countries and cultures, and at the same time, they can also differ within the same society. This process and its result can be regarding the extent of positive or negative socialisation and the resulting conforming or socially undesirable, socially deviant (asocial or antisocial) behaviour, specifically evaluated . In Czechia, any socially undesirable behaviour by natural persons who are mentally sane and have reached at least 15 years of age is usually classified as a criminal offence. The problem is that these actions, to a greater or lesser degree, overtly or latently threaten the stability of society, and it is, therefore, necessary to eliminate them promptly through the best possible targeted preventive activities implemented by a relatively wide variety of diverse actors. They include, most often, police officers, health professionals, psychologists and psychiatrists, social workers, educators, and judges. Deviant behaviour as a manifestation of family dysfunctions from the perspective of criminology: an example of crime types and their perpetrators in Czechia It follows from the above that the fulfilment of individual family functions in a socially undesirable manner represents deviant behaviour, often in the form of various criminal acts, which differ according to the type of crime involved. In the Czech legislation, crimes fall most often under the category of ”violent” (murder, bodily harm, human trafficking, abuse, threats, persecution), ”morality” (rape, sexual coercion, sexual abuse, seduction of a child, production of pornography, pimping), ”other” (disturbing, drug-related crime, obstructing the execution of an official decision, endangering the upbringing of a child), ”property” (theft, embezzlement, fraud) and ”economic” (criminal offences in the area of taxes and fees, accounting, counterfeiting money, corruption, cybercrime) (closer to Jelínek et al., 2022). In general, crime is committed mainly by men, which is also confirmed by the available statistics for Czechia, where, over the past ten years, women accounted for an average of 16% of all prosecuted and investigated persons (CZSO, 2023). More detailed data show that in recent years, most crimes have been registered in the capital city Prague (which also represents a region), followed by the Moravian-Silesian Region, the Central Bohemian Region, the South Moravian Region, and the Usti Region. In all these regions, in varying order, the highest rate of all the types of crime mentioned above prevails (CZSO, 2023; PCZR, 2024). However, more detailed data on the perpetrators of individual types of crime and their long-term trends are essential. In the case of ”violent crime”, the number of crimes has decreased by almost 30% over the last ten years (to more than 13 thousand in 2022). In connection with the changing age structure, the share of minors under the age of 18 increased by 2% at the same time, while women participated in this criminal activity from 9 to 10% (CZSO, 2023). Violent crimes with the highest year-on-year increase were abuse of a person living in a shared dwelling, abuse of a trusted person and violence and threats against an official person and public authority. At the same time, most murders are motivated by personal relationships, as has long been shown (PCZR, 2024). In the case of ”morality crime”, on the other hand, detected cases increased by 61% in the same ten-year period (to 3.3 thousand registered crimes in 2022), of which the number of persons prosecuted for morality crimes increased the most (by 33%). Offenders were predominantly men under 65 (66.9%), followed by juveniles (31.0%) and those over 65 (2.8%), with women committing this type of crime to a lesser extent (8.2%) (CZSO, 2023). Year-on-year, there was an increase mainly in rape, sexual seduction, commercial forms of sexual abuse and pimping (PCZR, 2024). The statistics of ”property crime” show its decrease in the last decade by 51% (to 100.2 thousand in 2022), while the vast majority were committed by men between 18 and 64 years old (the proportion of women ranged from 13.2% to 17.0%) (CZSO, 2023). The crimes with the highest year-on-year increase included shoplifting, fraud, unauthorised measures, forgery and alteration of means of payment, and pickpocketing (PCZR, 2024). Regarding the number of crimes, ”other crime” has been at the same level for a long time (around 27,000 registered crimes). Most often, it is disorderly conduct or drug-related criminal activity, where the perpetrators are again predominantly men (only 13.5% women) (CZSO, 2023). In recent years, the increasing availability and quality of cocaine in the street distribution network and the unregulated sale of psychomodulating substances such as Kratom and semi-synthetic cannabinoids have been a problem (PCZR, 2024). In the case of ”economic crime”, crimes have almost halved in the last decade (to 13.6 thousand in 2022). The perpetrators are adults between the ages of 18 and 64, with a significant proportion of prosecuted women (31%) (CZSO, 2023). The problem of recent years is the increasing crime committed in cyberspace, especially hacking and phishing through e-mail communication, social networks, fraudulent phone calls and SMS messages (PCZR, 2024). The possible causes of committing the types of crime mentioned above can be better understood if we use information about the specific regions of Czechia where they mainly occur. In this context, the available data for 2022 show that violent and immoral crimes prevailed exclusively in the Usti Region and the Moravian-Silesian Region, which are characterised by a higher proportion of the less educated population and a higher number of socially excluded localities. The remaining types of crime, i.e. ”property”, ”other”, and ”economic ”, are numerically predominant in the capital city of Prague, which is by a heterogeneous population characterised (i.e. both rich and poor and socially excluded groups of persons). However, the information that the second highest number of crimes of this type is also in the Usti and Moravian-Silesian Regions is significant (closer to CZSO, 2023). The Framework of family functions and dysfunctions from the perspective of the socialisation process: explanation and justification of its construction and possibilities of its use The reasons for committing the individual crimes presented in the previous part of the text, which follow the fulfilment of family functions illegitimately, can be diverse, and there can be more of them simultaneously. For this reason, we conducted a relatively thorough search of the existing foreign literature. Our goal was to identify all factors that directly or indirectly influence the fulfilment of individual family functions in illegitimate and legitimate ways. The result of our efforts is the identification of a total of eleven so-called ”causal factors”, which, together with individual family functions and the resulting possibilities for their fulfilment, are presented in Figure 1 below, entitled ”Framework of family functions and dysfunctions from the perspective of the socialisation process”. Figure 1. ”Framework of family functions and dysfunctions from the perspective of the socialisation process” as a tool for understanding, preventing and solving undesirable socially deviant phenomena Source: authors Note: substance dependence=alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking; process addiction=gaming, spending money, shopping, eating, sexual activities (Longe 2020); Undesirable ways of fulfilling family functions are classified according to types of crime, as follows: VC=violent crime (murder, bodily harm, human trafficking, abuse, threats, persecution), MC=morality crime (rape, sexual coercion, sexual abuse), the seduction of a child, production of pornography, pimping), PC=property crime (theft, embezzlement, fraud), OC=other crime (disorderly conduct, drug-related crime, obstructing the execution of an official decision, endangering the upbringing of a child), EC=economic crime (criminal acts from the field of taxes and fees, accounting, counterfeiting money, corruption, cybercrime) It can be seen from the Figure that the Framework created by us contains three interrelated areas, which are: (1) family functions ensuring the survival and possibly personal development of family members, (2) the process of transfer on socially recognised or unrecognised values and norms and (causal) factors, which affect it and (3) the resulting fulfilment of family functions in a desirable (functional) or undesirable (dysfunctional) manner. The first of these areas contains the primary, secondary and complex family functions presented in Table 1 above. Specifically, it is a function of sexual (sexual desires and childbearing), physiological (food and sleep), economic (financial resources), psychological (psychological support, help and protection), educational (mental development) and caring (focused on the above-mentioned partial primary and secondary functions of the family). The second of these areas contains individual causal factors that influence the performance of family functions in socially legitimate and/or illegitimate ways. Specifically, they are family structure and its composition, economic situation, cultural environment, the personality of family members, their education level, parental behaviour patterns learned in childhood, communication style and emotionality of relationships, control of compliance with values and norms, life stage of the family and health status of their members, addictions and the influence of the external environment. The operationalisation of these factors in the form of variants of possible answers is present in Table A2 in the Appendices. We grouped these factors based on an extensive search of mainly foreign professional literature and research studies (see Tables A3 to A6 in the Appendices). The third of these areas contains the resulting fulfilment of family functions either in a desirable way (which is a manifestation of ”positive socialisation”) or, conversely, in an undesirable way (which is a manifestation of ”negative socialisation”). The relevance of the manifestations of negative socialisation listed in the scheme for individual family functions is substantiated by a search of the relevant literature (closer to Tables A7 and A8 in the Appendices). The main benefit of this analytical tool is that it enables the identification of individual socially deviant phenomena (criminal acts) caused by the poor functioning of some of the family functions, while uncovering possible reasons for their occurrence. Furthermore, it makes it possible to determine and evaluate whether policy measures exist explicitly aimed at these phenomena and, if so, how comprehensive they are and how well they target their real causes. If some measures are absent, this deficiency can be solved by proposing adequate measures aimed at specific or potential causes, and possible dysfunctions can thus be mitigated or eliminated. An example of possible use of the Framework: finding out the complexity of strategic goals and measures aimed at solving various types of crime in selected regions of Czechia It follows from the above information that the Framework we proposed makes it possible to identify various criminal acts as a consequence of negative socialisation. Table 2 specifies the individual types of crimes classified according to Czech legislation, sorted according to the consequence of family dysfunction. Table 2. Criminal acts used to fulfil family functions in an undesirable way as a result of negative socialisation Note: VC=violent crime, MC=moral crime, PC=property crime, OC=other crime, EC=economic crime; Prejudiced hatred includes actions not classified in Czech legislation, which are motivated by intolerance and social prejudices and negative generalisations held towards a particular group of the population, which can be defined by race, nationality, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, political or another mindset, social origin etc.; Newly added crime based on the revalidation of our model In the following text, we demonstrate the practical use of the Framework to analyse the complexity of the goals and measures designed to deal with various types of crime in Czechia as whole and in two selected localities, which are by the highest crime rate characterised (closer to Table 3, which also records the capital Prague, which was not the focus of our analysis). Table 3. The most common types of crime and types of crimes identified in Czech legislation, regions with the highest crime index in 2022, their ten-year trend and predominant offenders (ranked from the least numerous to the most numerous types of crime) Notes: The crime index indicates the number of registered crimes per 100,000 inhabitants; PRG=capital Prague, UR=Usti Region, MSR=Moravian-Silesian Region Source: authors based on CZSO (2023) and PCZR (2024) For this analysis, we used all existing and currently valid strategic and conceptual documents created by relevant actors for Czechia and both investigated localities. Specifically, we analysed 4 national strategic documents of a systemic nature and 15 national strategic documents focused on a specific area, 9 documents created within the Usti Region and the statutory city of Usti nad Labem, and 10 documents created within the Moravian-Silesian Region and the statutory city of Ostrava. The analysis we carried out makes it possible to identify the degree of coverage of particular types of crime caused by family dysfunctions in both investigated localities (closer to Tables 4 and 5). The results show that almost all existing crimes are covered at the regional level (in the case of the first location) and the regional and municipal levels (in the case of the second location). The exception is the absence of explicitly set goals and measures aimed at economic crime, including crimes in the area of taxes and fees, accounting and morality crimes related to the production of pornography and pimping, and violent crimes related to human trafficking in both localities investigated. Table 4. Goals and measures aimed at preventing crimes used to fulfil family functions in an undesirable way contained in the strategic documents of the Usti Region and the statutory city of Usti nad Labem Note: UR=Usti Region, SCUL=statutory city of Usti nad Labem; black box=problem solution proposed, empty box=problem solution not proposed Source: authors Table 5. Goals and measures aimed at preventing crimes used to fulfil family functions in an undesirable way contained in the strategic documents of the Moravian-Silesian Region and the statutory city of Ostrava Note: MSR=Moravian-Silesian Region , SCO=statutory city of Ostrava ; black box=problem solution proposed, empty box=problem solution not proposed Source: authors Conclusion The potential of the ”Framework of family functions and dysfunctions from the perspective of the socialisation process” presented in this article lies in the fact that it can be used as an analytical and, simultaneously, as an evaluation tool to prevent undesirable social deviant phenomena. It makes it possible to identify individual family dysfunctions in the form of deviant behaviour (often classified as criminal acts representing various types of crime) in a selected state, region or locality or several states, regions or localities, to uncover their causes and to find out whether there are policy measures aimed at their solutions and, if so, then also evaluate how comprehensive these measures are and appropriately targeted at their real causes. In other words, it allows us to identify all existing types of crimes and their possible causes that occur in the environment of specific families and households and evaluate existing policy measures and, if necessary, propose new ones individual, tailor-made interventions focused on perpetrators and their victims. The advantage of this methodological tool is not only that it can be used to analyse and evaluate already existing measures, but also as a research tool to determine the degree and direction of the influence of the specific factors contained in it on the fulfilment of individual family functions or the emergence of particular dysfunctions. Moreover, quantitative, qualitative, or mixed research methods can be used. In addition, this type of research makes it possible to identify new variables that the Framework does not contain in its current form. Appendices Table A1. Definitions of the family frequently used abroad sorted according to the interest of their authors Source: authors Table A2. Factors influencing the socialisation process and variants of possible answers Source: authors Table A3. Studies that explore causal factors influencing the transmission of socially recognised and/or unrecognised values and norms. Source: authors based on a literature review Table A4. Studies that explore causal factors influencing the transmission of socially recognised and/or unrecognised values and norms (continuation) Source: authors based on a literature review Table A5. Studies that explore causal factors influencing the transmission of socially recognised and/or unrecognised values and norms (continuation) Source: authors based on a literature review Table A6. Studies that explore causal factors influencing the transmission of socially recognised and/or unrecognised values and norms (continuation) Source: authors based on a literature review Table A7. Studies explaining the fulfilment of family functions in an undesirable way Source: authors Table A8. Studies explaining the fulfilment of family functions in an undesirable way (continuation) Source: authors References Abdullah SH and Salim RMA (2020) Parenting style and empathy in children: The mediating role of family communication patterns. 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Development and psychopathology , 1-15. doi:10.1017/S0954579423000196 Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 24 May 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords crime family functions and dysfunctions positive and negative socialisation social deviance Authors Affiliations Pavel Horák 0000-0001-5222-5082 [email protected] Masarykova univerzita Fakulta socialnich studii View all articles by this author Markéta Horáková Masarykova univerzita Fakulta socialnich studii View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 763 views 167 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Pavel Horák, Markéta Horáková. The Framework of Family Functions and Dysfunctions from the Perspective of the Socialization Process for Evaluation of the Relevance of Policy Measures Aimed at Addressing Them. Authorea . 24 May 2025. 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