Appraisal of Waste Management Practices and Sanitary Landfill Suitability at Ceremonial Spaces in Oyo Town, Nigeria

Appraisal of Waste Management Practices and Sanitary Landfill Suitability at Ceremonial Spaces in Oyo Town, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Appraisal of Waste Management Practices and Sanitary Landfill Suitability at Ceremonial Spaces in Oyo Town, Nigeria ABOLADE Olajoke, Joshua Abayomi Oladele, Oluwafifunmi Faith OSASONA This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473633/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Given the vital role of ceremonial spaces to social cohesion, celebration of life milestones and connection to collective values within the society, this study provides on-site appraisal of waste management practices at ceremonial spaces and suitability of sanitary land fill in Oyo town. Primary data on the socio-economic drivers, type and quantity of waste generated and disposal methods were sourced from 17 managers. Field observation and waste measurement over two peak periods via weighing scale was determined. Locations and areas of land occupied by the selected ceremonial spaces were obtained from Google Earth and ArcGIS environment respectively. Secondary data on Land use/Land Cover Raster resources as well as Digital Elevation Model Raster Data were accessed from the websites of ESRI Living Atlas and USGS Earth Explorer. Arc Map’s weighted overlay analysis was utilised in the production of Landfill suitability map for the integration and ranking of each criterion based on its importance to landfill siting. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socioeconomic drivers of ceremonial spaces managers, type and volume of waste generated and method employed for waste disposal. Findings reveals that food wastes (97.4%) generated at wedding receptions (56.9%) at school fields (52.3%) were disposed at nearby dumpsites (33.8%). Of the total volume of waste measured, 58.7kg, 52.8kg and 51.4kg respectively were generated at school fields, Government Organisation premises and Event centers. To address waste management deficits, the study recommends establishment of designated landfill sites at optimal locations to ceremonial spaces. Such interventions are essential to foster compliance with sustainable sanitation practices. Waste Waste generation Ceremony Ceremonial Spaces Landfill Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. INTRODUCTION In both theoretical and practical contexts, waste management inherently implies the existence of environmental degradation. Consequently, waste management emerges as a pivotal solution to address global garbage accentuation. Thus, in theory and practice, waste management is a concept that deals with collection, disposal, transportation and recycling of waste generated from human activities (Hajam, Kumar, and Kumar, 2023). Waste management has becomes the solution to the problem of waste coordination from its origin to its final destinations. Similarly, as opined by Jiang, Zhang, You, Van Fan, Tan, Klemes and You (2023), waste management practices are measures employed to prevent indiscriminate disposal of waste generated thereby reducing its harmful effects on the environment. Waste management practices at ceremonial spaces (WMPCS) is the process by which spaces of episodic gathering (i.e. for cultural, social, and religious events) are restored to an hygienic state, and by which some activities are required to collect, dispose-off, transport and recycle generated waste to enable suitable re-use of such spaces (United Nations Environment Programme, 2022 ). This constitutes the subject of this research. The International community is gearing efforts to achieving zero waste through efficient and sustainable waste management system (Bahl, Dua, Patro and Mahajan, 2018), however, in the developing nations, its realisation remained an illusion considering the persistent waste management crisis. Available data on waste generation reveals that as at 2012, 125 million tonnes of waste generated in the African region reached 244 million of tonnes in 2025 (Scarlat, Motola, Dallemand, Monforti-Ferrario and Mofor, 2015 ). The huge quantity of waste generated coupled with its management further justifies the need to adopt appropriate waste management practices at various waste sources including ceremonial spaces to reduce its hazardous environmental implication. Consequently, there have been some multinational and multilevel efforts from governments to address waste problem in the sub-Saharan Africa (Agyabeng, Mensah and Acquah, 224), however, it is still unclear how these efforts have translated into the action. The first waste recycling plant was established by South African Extrupet in 2015 and recently, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Target 11.6 aimed at reducing adverse impact of per capita waste in attaining environmental degradation neutral world by 2030 (United Nations, 2015 ; Yonli and Godfrey, 2018). While these actions are worthwhile for healthy environment, the challenge of poor waste management still persist particularly in Nigerian cities. In Nigeria, a few interventions in terms of initiatives, goals and targets were formulated and set up to address waste management deficiencies at the industrial estates, educational institutions and some residential areas especially in Nigerian major cities (Moses, Sigh and Rawat, 2024). Further to this, the Federal Government of Nigeria launched Sustainable Total Sanitation which seeks to improve access to water and sanitation as well as eradicating open defecation and health risks of the citizens (Abramovsky, Augsburg and Oteiza, 2019 ). Again, the State level, in June 2024, Oyo State Government launched Oyo Plastic Drive targeting awareness, plastic waste collection, recycling and promoting sustainable disposal of plastics (Amin, Ambali and Isiaq, 2024 ). This was essential for shifting waste mind-set of citizen from throw-away to resource or circular economy. Additionally, activities of Oyo State Waste Management Authority (OYOWMA) in the aspect of overseeing the activities of private waste collectors in the state are laudable. Amid the growing number of waste management efforts in the state, research on waste management practices at ceremonial spaces in missing in the literature. Although some isolated findings present evidences on the subject in some jurisdictions such as Ho (Kugbonu, Adzinyo, Asimah, and Borman, 2018 ), Iran (Rafiee, Gordi, Lu, Miyata, Shabani, Mortezazadeh and Hoseini, 2018) Eastern Himalayas (Wang, 2019 ), Ghana (Mahama, 2025 ), the studies only reported from the perspectives of regions with improved waste management practices and thus make the subject of waste management skewed towards Global North coupled with limited empirical literature. Little is therefore, established about existing waste management practices adopted at different ceremonial spaces in Nigeria. This leaves a knowledge gap in the literature which this study seeks to address. Earlier studies showed that waste management practices at event centres are effective compared to virtually all the known spaces of episodic gatherings in Nigeria. This study therefore, investigated waste management practices among ceremonial spaces and suitability of adopting landfill sites in Oyo West Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Profile of the Study Site Oyo West Local Government Area is one of the 33 LGAs in Oyo State. The LGA’s population is predicted to be 136,236 people, of which 68897 are male and 67560 are female (National Population Commission, 2006 ). The local government area lies precisely between latitudes 7.8°N and 8.3°N, and longitudes 3.2°E and 3.8°E (Fig. 1 ). Being a part of the historic Oyo Empire the local government area hosts numerous ceremonial spaces, including event halls, school fields, religious centers, and government premises, which are central to Yoruba cultural practices and generate substantial waste during social gatherings (Oyeweso, 2021 ). The region’s tropical climate, characterised by high rainfall (1200–1500 mm annually) and humidity (65–85%), exacerbates the environmental and health impacts of poor waste management, particularly in high-density areas near ceremonial venues (Popoola and Magidimisha, 2019 ). The study targeted four political wards Iseke, Akeetan, Opapa/Fatuke, and Owode were selected for their vibrant social and ceremonial activities. A map illustrating the spatial distribution of ceremonial spaces across these wards provides geographical context (Fig. 2 ). 2.2 Design of the Study A quantitative research method involving the use of structured questionnaire, waste measurement, survey and site validations were employed in the study. Questionnaire was structured into sections to capture variables needed on inventory of ceremonial spaces, types of waste generated and methods employed for disposal. A section of the questionnaire was also designated for recording the volume of waste at respective spaces were measured using weighing scale. The survey and site validations conducted using Google earth revealed a total of 33 ceremonial spaces within the 4 purposively selected political wards. Furthermore, a simple random sampling technique was employed to select 50% of managers in identified ceremonial spaces for the field survey (see Table 1 ). Table 1 Sampled Ceremonial Spaces for the Study LGA Political Wards Selected Wards Type of Ceremonial Space Available Ceremonial Spaces within the Political Wards Sampled Ceremonial Spaces (50%) Oyo West Ajokidero Iseke Event Halls 2 1 Akeetan School Fields 5 2 Fasola Religious center premises 2 1 Iseke Government Organizations premises 1 1 Isokun Akeetan Event Halls 2 1 Iyaji School Fields 3 2 Ojongbodu Religious center premises 0 0 Opapa Government Organizations premises 1 0 Owode Opapa / Fatuke Event Halls 1 0 Pakoyi School Fields 5 2 Religious center premises 1 1 Government Organizations premises 1 1 Owode Event Centers 7 4 School Fields 2 1 Religious center premises 0 0 Government Organizations premises 0 0 Total 33 17 2.3 Secondary Data Location of the selected ceremonial spaces were sourced from Google Earth. Area of land covered by the selected ceremonial spaces were measured in ArcGIS environment. Land use/Land Cover Raster resources were obtained from the ESRI Living Atlas website. Digital Elevation Model Raster Data was sourced from the USGS Earth Explorer website. The map considers several key factors: road networks, water bodies (rivers and streams), land use and land cover (LULC), and topographic features, specifically slope. The suitability analysis involved buffering each criterion according to the distances. This approach ensured that land parcels nearer to rivers, streams, roads, and settlements were appropriately classified according to their potential environmental and health risks. Areas within 200 meters of rivers or streams were categorized as “Highly Unsuitable,” given the high risk of water pollution from landfill leachate. Conversely, areas beyond 1500 meters from water sources were designated as “Highly Suitable.” Similarly, proximity to roads was evaluated, with areas between 500 and 1000 meters from major roads rated as “Highly Suitable” due to accessibility for waste transport. Each layer was processed by generating a multiple ring buffer for streams, roads, and settlements, then clipped to the study area extent and converted into raster format. The weighted overlay function in ArcMap allowed for the incorporation of the buffers, applying greater weight to critical criteria such as slope and proximity to rivers. The suitability classes were scaled, with slope and river proximity assigned higher rankings to reflect their influence on site selection for a landfill. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Socioeconomic Drivers of Waste Management Practices The results in Table 3 shows that more than half (76.5%) of sampled managers of ceremonial spaces were male, while 23.5% were female. This perhaps explains why less than half (47.1%) were aged between 40 and 59 years. This is because effective waste management at ceremonial spaces will require the service of active population to coordinate and monitor timely picking and effectual disposal of waste generated after every episodic gathering. Similarly, the breakdown of educational attainment among managers also shows that 82.4% were educated up to tertiary level, while 11.8% attained secondary education and 5.9% had only primary education. The observed level educational attainment among the managers is an indication that most of them are aware of inherent benefits of appropriate waste management practices towards promoting hygienic condition of the space as well as motivation for users’ patronage of ceremonial spaces. Table 2 Socio-economic Drivers of Waste Management Practices Gender Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Male 13 76.5 Female 04 23.5 Total 17 100 Age Groups (in years) 18–39 05 29.4 40–59 08 47.1 60–69 04 23.5 70 and above 0 0.0 Total 17 100 Educational Attainment Tertiary Education 14 82.4 Secondary Education 02 11.8 Primary Education 01 5.9 No Formal Education 0 0.0 Total 17 100.0 3.2 Types and Quantity of Waste Generated at Selected Ceremonial Spaces The measurements of various categories of waste generated across different ceremonial spaces, including event halls, school fields, religious center premises, and government organisation premises is presented in Table 3 . The measurements were taken on two different days: Friday and Saturday. As indicated in the data, waste generation varies significantly across the categories of ceremonial spaces, depending on the type and frequency of events held. For the event halls, the highest total quantity of waste generated was 98.4 kg, recorded on both Friday and Saturday, with food waste and disposables being the most prominent components of the waste, measuring 22.4 kg and 10.2 kg on Friday, respectively. The type of waste generated (food waste, disposables, and bottles,) reflected the nature of the events hosted in these spaces. The lowest quantity of waste was observed in event halls. This is because fewer or no events occurred during the period of field survey, leading to smaller waste volumes. In contrast, school fields exhibited varied waste generation patterns. For instance, no waste was recorded for some school fields on Friday, as there were no events on that day. However, on Saturday, the total quantity of waste generated measured 58.7 kg, with food waste being the largest component, reflecting events held. Similarly, other school fields showed a significant increase in quantity of waste generated on Saturday. Religious center premises, on the other hand, had moderate waste generation, with a total of 43.7 kg of waste measured, most of which was food waste and nylon. This suggests that religious ceremonies or gatherings may contribute to moderate levels of waste generated, especially in terms of disposable and consumable items used during the events. Similarly, government organisation premises had the highest total waste generation across all categories, with 109.5 kg of waste recorded. This was largely due to a combination of food waste, nylon, bottles, and ceramics, indicating that larger events or gatherings were held in these spaces, thus resulting in more diverse and substantial waste types. As presented in Table 3 , the data clearly demonstrates how the type and volume of waste vary across different ceremonial spaces, emphasising the need for specialised waste management approaches based on the unique characteristics of each space and the types of events they host. Table 3 Types and Quantity of Waste (in Kilograms) Ceremonial Space Friday Saturday Food Waste Nylon Disposables Bottles Glass Ceramics Total Food Waste Nylon Disposables Bottles Glass Ceramics Total Pristine Event Centre 11.5 3.6 5.5 4.2 1.8 0.9 27.5 7.8 2.7 4.3 3.8 0.9 0.7 20.2 Baptist Community High School Isokun Oyo, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.4 6.8 7.3 5.6 2.3 1.2 42.6 A.D.S Model College Akeetan Oyo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.6 8.1 6.9 5.8 7.2 3.4 45 Immanuel Baptist Church 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 8.5 7.1 6 5.9 3.2 43.7 Old Oyo National Park (Administrative Center) 14.5 10.2 8.1 7.5 6.7 4.6 51.6 15 10.8 7.9 7.8 6.5 4.8 52.8 Princess Court Event Centre 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.5 9.9 7.4 7.3 6 5.3 51.4 Baptist Primary School Alagbon Oyo 14 8.5 6.8 5.3 4.7 4 43.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Community High School(ADS Juniour Grammer Awumaro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 9.3 7.5 5.7 4.5 3.8 45.8 Isale Oyo Community Grammar School, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 12 9.5 8.3 5.7 4.2 58.7 Ojongbodu Grammer School 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 10.5 8.5 5.5 2.5 3 42.5 Atiba Town Hall 22 10 8 6 5 3 54 24 9.5 8.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 55.5 Akin Ogunniyi Hall, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.3 4.8 6 3.9 2.1 1.9 33 Labamba Hotels Limited 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.7 5.1 6.3 3.6 2.4 2 35.1 Begonia Hotel 18.5 6.2 8.1 4.3 3 2.5 42.6 17.3 5.9 7.4 4.1 2.7 2.4 39.8 Supreme Continental Hotels & Resorts 22.4 7.3 10.2 5.1 3.6 2.5 51.1 20.5 6.8 9.6 4.8 3.2 2.4 47.3 Total 270.1 613.4 (Note: 0 implies no functions at the time of visit) 3.3 Method of Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Open dumping 3 17.6 Burning 7 41.2 Use of waste collectors 7 41.2 Total 17 100.0 3.4 Landfill Suitability Analysis In addressing the challenges associated with waste disposal techniques employed within Oyo West Local Government Area, the establishment of designated landfill sites is essential for managing waste generated from ceremonial spaces. To achieve this, a landfill suitability map was developed as part of this study to identify optimal locations for waste disposal, minimizing environmental, social, and public health impacts. Three maps were generated to illustrate these criteria: the first shows existing road networks, rivers, and streams; the second displays the LULC of the study area; and the third depicts the final landfill suitability based on the combined criteria. Landfill suitability map employed ArcMap’s weighted overlay analysis, which allowed for the integration and ranking of each criterion based on its importance to landfill siting. The slope of the study area was the primary criterion, as it affects pollutant flow to groundwater and surface water. The slope constraint was derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to ensure areas prone to high water infiltration and contamination were minimized. Other essential constraints included proximity to roads, streams, and settlements, as well as the LULC classification, with each factor was ranked according to the suitability levels. The approach ensures that the designated landfill sites are not only environmentally and socially viable but also strategically located to mitigate potential adverse impacts. The Table summarises the criteria and variables employed and the ranking for suitability analysis. Table 4 Criteria, Variables, and Ranking for Suitability Analysis Criteria/Factor Buffer Radius (m) Suitability Class Rank Slope 0 to 2 Unsuitable 2 2 to 8 Highly Suitable 5 8 to 15 Suitable 4 15 to 30 Moderately Suitable 3 > 30 Highly Unsuitable 1 River 0-200 Highly Unsuitable 1 200–500 Unsuitable 2 500–1000 Moderately Suitable 3 1000–1500 Suitable 4 > 1500 Highly Suitable 5 Road 0-200 Not Suitable 1 200–500 Moderately Suitable 3 500–1000 Highly Suitable 5 1000–1500 Suitable 4 > 1500 Unsuitable 2 Settlement 0-200 Highly Unsuitable 1 200–500 Unsuitable 2 500–1000 Moderately Suitable 3 1000–1500 Suitable 4 > 1500 Highly Suitable 5 LULC Settlement Highly Unsuitable 1 Agricultural Land Moderately Suitable 3 Barren Land Highly Suitable 5 Vegetation Unsuitable 2 Water body Highly Unsuitable 1 3.5 Suitability Mapping Process The suitability analysis involved buffering each criterion according to the distances specified in Table. This approach ensured that land parcels nearer to rivers, streams, roads, and settlements were appropriately classified according to their potential environmental and health risks. Areas within 200 meters of rivers or streams were categorized as “Highly Unsuitable,” given the high risk of water pollution from landfill leachate. Conversely, areas beyond 1500 meters from water sources were designated as “Highly Suitable.” Similarly, proximity to roads was evaluated, with areas between 500 and 1000 meters from major roads rated as “Highly Suitable” due to accessibility for waste transport. Each layer was processed by generating a multiple ring buffer for streams, roads, and settlements, then clipped to the study area extent and converted into raster format. The weighted overlay function in ArcMap allowed for the incorporation of the buffers, applying greater weight to critical criteria such as slope and proximity to rivers. The suitability classes were scaled, with slope and river proximity assigned higher rankings to reflect their influence on site selection for a landfill. By evaluating these criteria holistically, the landfill suitability analysis provides a scientifically grounded recommendation for the establishment of waste disposal infrastructure in Oyo West Local Government Area. This analysis identifies areas that meet environmental safety standards and satisfy logistical requirements, thereby supporting sustainable waste management practices in ceremonial spaces and reducing the risk of environmental contamination. 3.6 Optimizing Waste Collection Routes The findings of this study reveals that waste collection services in Oyo West Local Government Area are infrequent, affecting the cleanliness and sanitation of ceremonial spaces and surrounding areas. Both government-provided and private waste collection services are impacted, with residents noting that collection services often fall behind due to logistical and operational challenges. This lack of regular service creates a buildup of waste, exacerbating environmental and public health concerns due to prolonged exposure to accumulated waste. To address these issues, an optimized route analysis for waste collection across the 33 ceremonial spaces within the study area was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology (ArcMap). The waste collection process is designed to commence at the local government office, traverse each of the 33 ceremonial spaces, and ultimately conclude at the designated dumpsite. This dumpsite was selected based on the landfill suitability mapping discussed in the "Establishing Proper Waste Disposal Infrastructure" subsection, ensuring that it meets the necessary environmental and logistical criteria. Through the application of GIS, the collection routes were strategically optimized to enhance efficiency, taking into account essential factors such as distance, accessibility, and prevailing traffic patterns. This optimization not only minimizes the time required for waste collection but also reduces fuel costs associated with the process. By implementing these optimized routes, waste collectors can improve the frequency and reliability of service delivery across ceremonial spaces and their surrounding neighborhoods. The resultant increase in collection frequency will mitigate the adverse effects of waste accumulation on public health and environmental quality within the study area. In summary, the optimized route framework presents a practical solution that enhances operational efficiency and sustainability in waste management practices. 4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION The study has appraised waste management practices at ceremonial spaces within Oyo West Local Government Area. Although, academic background is the not the major driver of waste management practices, other factors such as age and gender also played significant roles. This could be recommended for further investigation. The adopted waste disposal techniques (open dumping and burning) at ceremonial space are not eco-friendly thereby, impacting the environment adversely and also jeopardizing neighbouring residents’ health condition. These issues are aggravated by the lack of formal waste disposal systems, inadequate coordination between private collectors and authorities, and governance failures, including the sale of the public dump site. The absence of regulatory oversight and proper infrastructure has fostered unsafe waste management practices, compounding environmental degradation and posing systemic challenges. To address these issues, the study advocates for a holistic approach combining improved infrastructure, stringent regulations, and environmentally sustainable practices like recycling and waste sorting, alongside active government intervention in providing and maintaining waste disposal sites. Without these measures, the environmental and public health challenges associated with waste mismanagement will persist, jeopardizing the sustainability of affected communities. The establishment of a new dumpsite for waste management within Oyo West Local Government Area necessitates careful consideration of various planning implications to ensure that the site operates efficiently while minimizing negative environmental and social impacts. One of the primary considerations is the site’s location in relation to existing infrastructure, such as road networks, residential areas, and essential services. Proximity to major roads is crucial for facilitating the transportation of waste to the dumpsite; however, this must be balanced with the need to minimize the impact of truck traffic on local communities. The analysis conducted within this study indicated that sites too close to residential areas could exacerbate issues such as noise, air pollution, and traffic congestion, highlighting the need for a buffer zone to protect the health and well-being of nearby residents. In addition to infrastructure, environmental factors play a significant role in the planning of a dumpsite. The suitability analysis emphasized the importance of distance from water bodies, as proximity increases the risk of contaminating groundwater and surface water sources. Therefore, proposed dumpsite locations must be situated at a safe distance from rivers, streams, and other water bodies to mitigate the risk of leachate infiltration. Furthermore, topographic considerations, particularly slope, are critical in waste management planning. Areas with steep slopes can lead to increased runoff, enhancing the potential for pollution. Consequently, sites identified as having moderate to low slopes were prioritized in the suitability analysis to ensure effective drainage and reduce the likelihood of contaminating surrounding ecosystems. Social considerations also influence the acceptance and effectiveness of a new dumpsite. Engaging with local communities throughout the planning process is essential to address their concerns and expectations. Transparency in decision-making, along with the inclusion of community feedback, fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents regarding the waste management practices in their area. Furthermore, the planning phase should encompass strategies for ongoing monitoring and maintenance of the dumpsite to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and to address any emerging issues promptly. In conclusion, the planning implications for proposing a new dumpsite must holistically integrate infrastructural, environmental, and social considerations to create a sustainable waste management solution that serves the needs of the Oyo West Local Government Area. Declarations Ethics approval statement and consent to participate : It is hereby declared that all research ethics in accordance with Research Ethical Committee (under the leadership of Dr. M.A. Adetunji) in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso as contained in the Students’ Handbook for Undergraduate Research were followed in the course of the study. Informed consent of the management of the sampled event centres and the schools was sought and voluntary participation was granted before taking necessary measurement of waste as well as before questionnaire administration, as they were also guaranteed of absolute confidentiality of the information released and the fact that such information was for the purpose of research only. The study protocol was approved by the Departmental Board of Undergraduate Studies of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria in accordance with the National University Commission guidelines and policy for Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) empirical investigation. Clinical trial number Not Applicable Competing interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Funding: It is hereby declared that no funding was received from any organisation or individual apart from the contributions of the authors. Author Contribution O. conceptualized the whole idea, provided the required leadership and direction, problem definition, methodology and results presentation as well as supervised the entire process. J.A. wrote out the manuscript under the supervision, correction and guidance of O. O.F. supplied some technical information on the production of Figures 1 to 8. Acknowledgements: We hereby acknowledge the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria for providing an enabling environment to successfully conduct a B.Tech research for which this paper has emanated. Data Availability The datasets generated or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Abramovsky L, Augsburg B, Oteiza F. Sustainable total sanitation-Nigeria: final research report (No R156). The Institute for Fiscal Studies. IFS) Report; 2019. Agyabeng AN, Mensah JK, Acquah A. Waste management practices in the informal settlement: functionality of local assemblies. Informal Economy and Sustainable Deelopment Goals: Ideas, Interventions and Challenges. Emerald Publishing Limitied; 2024. pp. 203–24. Amin A, Ambali A, Isiaq TM. Strategies for the implementation of environmental protection regulations towards sustainable waste management in Oyo State. Global Int J Manage Social Sceince. 2024;7(2):1–10. Bahl M, Dua S, Patro A, Mahajan N. (2021). Don’t transfer waste, transform waste: a sustainable approach towards zero waste events initiative during hokey world cup in bhubaneshwar, india. In IOP Conference series: Earth and Environmental Science, 795 (1):012018. Hajan YA, Kumar R, Kumar A. Environmental waste management strategies and vermin transformation for sustainable development. Environ Challenges. 2023;13:100747. Jiang P, Zhang L, You S, Van Fan Y, Tan RR, Klemes JJ, You F. Blockchain technology applications in waste management: overview, challenges and Opportinities. J Clean Prod. 2023;421:138–466. Mahama AR. The impact of waste management on green spaces and community well-being. Ghana: a case study of Wa municipality, upper west; 2025. Moses JK, Singh G, Rawat KS. (2024). Factor militating against solid waste management in Africa, in 2024 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Materials (ICACCM), 1–7.IEEE. National Population Commission. (2006). Federal Government of Nigeria Gazette on National Population Data. Oyeweso S. Cultural Heritage and Urban Development in Oyo State. Ibadan University; 2021. Popoola A, Magidimisha HHM-C. Rural Energy Conditions in Oyo State: Present and Future Perspectives on the Untapped Resources. Int J Energy Econ Policy. 2019;9:419–32. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7558 . Scarlat N, Motola V, Dallemand JF, Monforti-Ferrario F, Mofor L. Evaluation of energy potential of municipal solid waste from African urban areas. Renew Sustainble Energy Reviews. 2015;50(0):1269–86. Rafiee A, Gordi E, Lu W, Miyata Y, Shabani H, Mortezazadeh S, Hoseini M. The impact of various festivals and events on recycling potential of municipal solid waste in Tehran, Iran. J Clean Prod. 2018;183:77–86. United Nations Environment Programme. (2022). Integrated waste management: Guidelines for sustainable practices. UNEP Publications. https://www.unep.org/resources/integrated-waste-management-guidelines United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda Kugbonu MA, Adzinyo OA, Asimah VK, Borman FK. Event waste management: a study of a religious event in Ho. J Tourism Hospitality Sports. 2018;33:40–6. Wang B. (2019). Sacred trash and personhood: living in daily waste-management infrastructures in the Eastern Himalayas. Cross-currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 8 (1), 224–248. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 26 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 18 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 06 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8473633","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":600578466,"identity":"653e1072-1644-4937-8d39-59777e6280c9","order_by":0,"name":"ABOLADE Olajoke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"ABOLADE","middleName":"","lastName":"Olajoke","suffix":""},{"id":600578469,"identity":"8aba65ca-2fa0-476c-9d59-5ab7a6141865","order_by":1,"name":"Joshua Abayomi Oladele","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYGNhCdwAAhbUBijQdI0ZIGFsOrBQiQtDAwHAaTeLUwt7c/e8xTY5fHPyP56IYHFeft1rYfBtpSYxON02E9Z8yNeY4lF0vcSEu7kXDmdvK2M4lALcfSchtwaZmRwybNw8ac2HAjx+xGYtvtZLMDQC2MDYfxaEl/Js3zrz5xPkTLuWSz8w8JaUkwk+ZtO5y4AaLlgB2QJKCl54yZ5Ny+48WGZ56B/JKcYHYDaEsCHr8YAkNM4s236jy548nHbv6osLM3O5/+8MGHGhvcWuASAglgKhEskIBDOQjIw1n8B8CUPR7Fo2AUjIJRMEIBAO2+at6BUK+UAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"AbdulRasaq Abubakar Toyin University, Oke-Ogba, Ganmo, Ilorin, Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joshua","middleName":"Abayomi","lastName":"Oladele","suffix":""},{"id":600578472,"identity":"febd4fab-baf5-452f-99fd-a077366e3cb9","order_by":2,"name":"Oluwafifunmi Faith OSASONA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluwafifunmi","middleName":"Faith","lastName":"OSASONA","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-29 13:53:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473633/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473633/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104021952,"identity":"720a0718-d753-45a1-872c-139fe172f811","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-05 18:46:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":184292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of Oyo West LGA, in Oyo State, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: Authors’ Compilation with ArcMap Software, 2024.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/4b49a963c6948c5424ae6136.jpeg"},{"id":104402071,"identity":"ef153aee-66a2-4354-8d74-53b4e81d52a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:14:11","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":388534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial Distribution of Ceremonial Spaces in the Study Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: Authors’ Compilation with ArcMap software, 2024.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/227811fb4f60d4c1b2b3c031.jpeg"},{"id":104021953,"identity":"5e10c545-055f-44e6-98bc-ed9d8db0c79e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-05 18:46:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":611023,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003ch4\u003eExisting Road Networks and Water Bodies within the Study Area\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: Authors’ Compilation with ArcMap Software, 2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/b1edefeac3faae8c4def5a8e.jpeg"},{"id":104402471,"identity":"a2e1b053-020c-4220-b95f-57cc023aaa9d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:15:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":809176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003ch4\u003eMultiple Buffer Radius around Rivers within the Study Area for Site Suitability Selection\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: Authors’ Compilation with ArcMap Software, 2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/56b600d4042c9ed2abb4b9c4.jpeg"},{"id":104021945,"identity":"4eac9a6d-52ff-45a2-827e-c6b2633d5a83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-05 18:46:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":440547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003ch4\u003eLand use/Land Cover of the Study Area\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: ESRI Living Atlas, 2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/14e52b08cd4100094d9a25e8.jpeg"},{"id":104021949,"identity":"2ae33b0f-568f-4ca8-b488-81e0f2c4399c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-05 18:46:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":717257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003ch4\u003eDumpsite Suitability Analysis Outcome for Waste Management within the Study Area\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: Authors’ Compilation with ArcMap Software, 2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/8ffad2a211242a0c92eee22d.jpeg"},{"id":104402650,"identity":"c00f3705-bfd0-482a-9b80-06b8657ac9f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:16:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":387747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003ch4\u003eOptimized Route for Waste Collection and Direction From the Local Government Office\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor’s Compilation with ArcMap Software, 2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/0b86eebcefd61d647d878fee.jpeg"},{"id":104021946,"identity":"151b1cb8-9a26-4a16-a461-5c9ab5ae389a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-05 18:46:54","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1058936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003ch4\u003eOptimized Waste Collection Route\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor’s Compilation with ArcMap Software, 2024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/a86523de6354cf99d870d751.png"},{"id":104408464,"identity":"92f43b4a-90d9-4de4-9991-f134fcf3afa4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:42:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5879256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473633/v1/c83d9662-75fa-4089-b69f-2c96edd78a19.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Appraisal of Waste Management Practices and Sanitary Landfill Suitability at Ceremonial Spaces in Oyo Town, Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn both theoretical and practical contexts, waste management inherently implies the existence of environmental degradation. Consequently, waste management emerges as a pivotal solution to address global garbage accentuation. Thus, in theory and practice, waste management is a concept that deals with collection, disposal, transportation and recycling of waste generated from human activities (Hajam, Kumar, and Kumar, 2023). Waste management has becomes the solution to the problem of waste coordination from its origin to its final destinations. Similarly, as opined by Jiang, Zhang, You, Van Fan, Tan, Klemes and You (2023), waste management practices are measures employed to prevent indiscriminate disposal of waste generated thereby reducing its harmful effects on the environment. Waste management practices at ceremonial spaces (WMPCS) is the process by which spaces of episodic gathering (i.e. for cultural, social, and religious events) are restored to an hygienic state, and by which some activities are required to collect, dispose-off, transport and recycle generated waste to enable suitable re-use of such spaces (United Nations Environment Programme, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This constitutes the subject of this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe International community is gearing efforts to achieving zero waste through efficient and sustainable waste management system (Bahl, Dua, Patro and Mahajan, 2018), however, in the developing nations, its realisation remained an illusion considering the persistent waste management crisis. Available data on waste generation reveals that as at 2012, 125\u0026nbsp;million tonnes of waste generated in the African region reached 244\u0026nbsp;million of tonnes in 2025 (Scarlat, Motola, Dallemand, Monforti-Ferrario and Mofor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The huge quantity of waste generated coupled with its management further justifies the need to adopt appropriate waste management practices at various waste sources including ceremonial spaces to reduce its hazardous environmental implication. Consequently, there have been some multinational and multilevel efforts from governments to address waste problem in the sub-Saharan Africa (Agyabeng, Mensah and Acquah, 224), however, it is still unclear how these efforts have translated into the action. The first waste recycling plant was established by South African Extrupet in 2015 and recently, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Target 11.6 aimed at reducing adverse impact of per capita waste in attaining environmental degradation neutral world by 2030 (United Nations, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Yonli and Godfrey, 2018). While these actions are worthwhile for healthy environment, the challenge of poor waste management still persist particularly in Nigerian cities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Nigeria, a few interventions in terms of initiatives, goals and targets were formulated and set up to address waste management deficiencies at the industrial estates, educational institutions and some residential areas especially in Nigerian major cities (Moses, Sigh and Rawat, 2024). Further to this, the Federal Government of Nigeria launched Sustainable Total Sanitation which seeks to improve access to water and sanitation as well as eradicating open defecation and health risks of the citizens (Abramovsky, Augsburg and Oteiza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Again, the State level, in June 2024, Oyo State Government launched Oyo Plastic Drive targeting awareness, plastic waste collection, recycling and promoting sustainable disposal of plastics (Amin, Ambali and Isiaq, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This was essential for shifting waste mind-set of citizen from throw-away to resource or circular economy. Additionally, activities of Oyo State Waste Management Authority (OYOWMA) in the aspect of overseeing the activities of private waste collectors in the state are laudable. Amid the growing number of waste management efforts in the state, research on waste management practices at ceremonial spaces in missing in the literature. Although some isolated findings present evidences on the subject in some jurisdictions such as Ho (Kugbonu, Adzinyo, Asimah, and Borman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Iran (Rafiee, Gordi, Lu, Miyata, Shabani, Mortezazadeh and Hoseini, 2018) Eastern Himalayas (Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), Ghana (Mahama, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), the studies only reported from the perspectives of regions with improved waste management practices and thus make the subject of waste management skewed towards Global North coupled with limited empirical literature. Little is therefore, established about existing waste management practices adopted at different ceremonial spaces in Nigeria. This leaves a knowledge gap in the literature which this study seeks to address. Earlier studies showed that waste management practices at event centres are effective compared to virtually all the known spaces of episodic gatherings in Nigeria. This study therefore, investigated waste management practices among ceremonial spaces and suitability of adopting landfill sites in Oyo West Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Profile of the Study Site\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOyo West Local Government Area is one of the 33 LGAs in Oyo State. The LGA\u0026rsquo;s population is predicted to be 136,236 people, of which 68897 are male and 67560 are female (National Population Commission, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The local government area lies precisely between latitudes 7.8\u0026deg;N and 8.3\u0026deg;N, and longitudes 3.2\u0026deg;E and 3.8\u0026deg;E (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Being a part of the historic Oyo Empire the local government area hosts numerous ceremonial spaces, including event halls, school fields, religious centers, and government premises, which are central to Yoruba cultural practices and generate substantial waste during social gatherings (Oyeweso, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The region\u0026rsquo;s tropical climate, characterised by high rainfall (1200\u0026ndash;1500 mm annually) and humidity (65\u0026ndash;85%), exacerbates the environmental and health impacts of poor waste management, particularly in high-density areas near ceremonial venues (Popoola and Magidimisha, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The study targeted four political wards Iseke, Akeetan, Opapa/Fatuke, and Owode were selected for their vibrant social and ceremonial activities. A map illustrating the spatial distribution of ceremonial spaces across these wards provides geographical context (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Design of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA quantitative research method involving the use of structured questionnaire, waste measurement, survey and site validations were employed in the study. Questionnaire was structured into sections to capture variables needed on inventory of ceremonial spaces, types of waste generated and methods employed for disposal. A section of the questionnaire was also designated for recording the volume of waste at respective spaces were measured using weighing scale. The survey and site validations conducted using Google earth revealed a total of 33 ceremonial spaces within the 4 purposively selected political wards. Furthermore, a simple random sampling technique was employed to select 50% of managers in identified ceremonial spaces for the field survey (see Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampled Ceremonial Spaces for the Study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLGA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolitical Wards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelected Wards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Ceremonial Space\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Ceremonial Spaces within the Political Wards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampled Ceremonial Spaces (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOyo West\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAjokidero\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIseke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvent Halls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkeetan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchool Fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFasola\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious center premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIseke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment Organizations premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsokun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkeetan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvent Halls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIyaji\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchool Fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOjongbodu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious center premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpapa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment Organizations premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpapa / Fatuke\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvent Halls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePakoyi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchool Fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious center premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment Organizations premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvent Centers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchool Fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious center premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment Organizations premises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Secondary Data\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocation of the selected ceremonial spaces were sourced from Google Earth. Area of land covered by the selected ceremonial spaces were measured in ArcGIS environment. Land use/Land Cover Raster resources were obtained from the ESRI Living Atlas website. Digital Elevation Model Raster Data was sourced from the USGS Earth Explorer website. The map considers several key factors: road networks, water bodies (rivers and streams), land use and land cover (LULC), and topographic features, specifically slope. The suitability analysis involved buffering each criterion according to the distances. This approach ensured that land parcels nearer to rivers, streams, roads, and settlements were appropriately classified according to their potential environmental and health risks. Areas within 200 meters of rivers or streams were categorized as \u0026ldquo;Highly Unsuitable,\u0026rdquo; given the high risk of water pollution from landfill leachate. Conversely, areas beyond 1500 meters from water sources were designated as \u0026ldquo;Highly Suitable.\u0026rdquo; Similarly, proximity to roads was evaluated, with areas between 500 and 1000 meters from major roads rated as \u0026ldquo;Highly Suitable\u0026rdquo; due to accessibility for waste transport.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach layer was processed by generating a multiple ring buffer for streams, roads, and settlements, then clipped to the study area extent and converted into raster format. The weighted overlay function in ArcMap allowed for the incorporation of the buffers, applying greater weight to critical criteria such as slope and proximity to rivers. The suitability classes were scaled, with slope and river proximity assigned higher rankings to reflect their influence on site selection for a landfill.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Socioeconomic Drivers of Waste Management Practices\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that more than half (76.5%) of sampled managers of ceremonial spaces were male, while 23.5% were female. This perhaps explains why less than half (47.1%) were aged between 40 and 59 years. This is because effective waste management at ceremonial spaces will require the service of active population to coordinate and monitor timely picking and effectual disposal of waste generated after every episodic gathering. Similarly, the breakdown of educational attainment among managers also shows that 82.4% were educated up to tertiary level, while 11.8% attained secondary education and 5.9% had only primary education. The observed level educational attainment among the managers is an indication that most of them are aware of inherent benefits of appropriate waste management practices towards promoting hygienic condition of the space as well as motivation for users\u0026rsquo; patronage of ceremonial spaces.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-economic Drivers of Waste Management Practices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge Groups (in years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Attainment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo Formal Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Types and Quantity of Waste Generated at Selected Ceremonial Spaces\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe measurements of various categories of waste generated across different ceremonial spaces, including event halls, school fields, religious center premises, and government organisation premises is presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The measurements were taken on two different days: Friday and Saturday. As indicated in the data, waste generation varies significantly across the categories of ceremonial spaces, depending on the type and frequency of events held.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the event halls, the highest total quantity of waste generated was 98.4 kg, recorded on both Friday and Saturday, with food waste and disposables being the most prominent components of the waste, measuring 22.4 kg and 10.2 kg on Friday, respectively. The type of waste generated (food waste, disposables, and bottles,) reflected the nature of the events hosted in these spaces. The lowest quantity of waste was observed in event halls. This is because fewer or no events occurred during the period of field survey, leading to smaller waste volumes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, school fields exhibited varied waste generation patterns. For instance, no waste was recorded for some school fields on Friday, as there were no events on that day. However, on Saturday, the total quantity of waste generated measured 58.7 kg, with food waste being the largest component, reflecting events held. Similarly, other school fields showed a significant increase in quantity of waste generated on Saturday.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious center premises, on the other hand, had moderate waste generation, with a total of 43.7 kg of waste measured, most of which was food waste and nylon. This suggests that religious ceremonies or gatherings may contribute to moderate levels of waste generated, especially in terms of disposable and consumable items used during the events. Similarly, government organisation premises had the highest total waste generation across all categories, with 109.5 kg of waste recorded. This was largely due to a combination of food waste, nylon, bottles, and ceramics, indicating that larger events or gatherings were held in these spaces, thus resulting in more diverse and substantial waste types.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the data clearly demonstrates how the type and volume of waste vary across different ceremonial spaces, emphasising the need for specialised waste management approaches based on the unique characteristics of each space and the types of events they host.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes and Quantity of Waste (in Kilograms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeremonial Space\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFriday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaturday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood Waste\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNylon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBottles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeramics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood Waste\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNylon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBottles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeramics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePristine Event Centre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaptist Community High School Isokun Oyo,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA.D.S Model College Akeetan Oyo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmanuel Baptist Church\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOld Oyo National Park (Administrative Center)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e52.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrincess Court Event Centre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaptist Primary School Alagbon Oyo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity High School(ADS Juniour Grammer Awumaro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsale Oyo Community Grammar School,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e58.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOjongbodu Grammer School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtiba Town Hall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkin Ogunniyi Hall,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLabamba Hotels Limited\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBegonia Hotel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupreme Continental Hotels \u0026amp; Resorts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e270.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e613.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"15\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Note: 0 implies no functions at the time of visit)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Method of Waste Disposal\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaste Disposal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpen dumping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of waste collectors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Landfill Suitability Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn addressing the challenges associated with waste disposal techniques employed within Oyo West Local Government Area, the establishment of designated landfill sites is essential for managing waste generated from ceremonial spaces. To achieve this, a landfill suitability map was developed as part of this study to identify optimal locations for waste disposal, minimizing environmental, social, and public health impacts. Three maps were generated to illustrate these criteria: the first shows existing road networks, rivers, and streams; the second displays the LULC of the study area; and the third depicts the final landfill suitability based on the combined criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLandfill suitability map employed ArcMap\u0026rsquo;s weighted overlay analysis, which allowed for the integration and ranking of each criterion based on its importance to landfill siting. The slope of the study area was the primary criterion, as it affects pollutant flow to groundwater and surface water. The slope constraint was derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to ensure areas prone to high water infiltration and contamination were minimized. Other essential constraints included proximity to roads, streams, and settlements, as well as the LULC classification, with each factor was ranked according to the suitability levels. The approach ensures that the designated landfill sites are not only environmentally and socially viable but also strategically located to mitigate potential adverse impacts. The Table summarises the criteria and variables employed and the ranking for suitability analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCriteria, Variables, and Ranking for Suitability Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCriteria/Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuffer Radius (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuitability Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlope\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 to 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 to 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 to 15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 to 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Unsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRiver\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Unsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026ndash;500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u0026ndash;1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoad\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026ndash;500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u0026ndash;1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSettlement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Unsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026ndash;500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u0026ndash;1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLULC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSettlement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Unsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgricultural Land\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBarren Land\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Suitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Unsuitable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Suitability Mapping Process\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe suitability analysis involved buffering each criterion according to the distances specified in Table. This approach ensured that land parcels nearer to rivers, streams, roads, and settlements were appropriately classified according to their potential environmental and health risks. Areas within 200 meters of rivers or streams were categorized as \u0026ldquo;Highly Unsuitable,\u0026rdquo; given the high risk of water pollution from landfill leachate. Conversely, areas beyond 1500 meters from water sources were designated as \u0026ldquo;Highly Suitable.\u0026rdquo; Similarly, proximity to roads was evaluated, with areas between 500 and 1000 meters from major roads rated as \u0026ldquo;Highly Suitable\u0026rdquo; due to accessibility for waste transport.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach layer was processed by generating a multiple ring buffer for streams, roads, and settlements, then clipped to the study area extent and converted into raster format. The weighted overlay function in ArcMap allowed for the incorporation of the buffers, applying greater weight to critical criteria such as slope and proximity to rivers. The suitability classes were scaled, with slope and river proximity assigned higher rankings to reflect their influence on site selection for a landfill.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBy evaluating these criteria holistically, the landfill suitability analysis provides a scientifically grounded recommendation for the establishment of waste disposal infrastructure in Oyo West Local Government Area. This analysis identifies areas that meet environmental safety standards and satisfy logistical requirements, thereby supporting sustainable waste management practices in ceremonial spaces and reducing the risk of environmental contamination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Optimizing Waste Collection Routes\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study reveals that waste collection services in Oyo West Local Government Area are infrequent, affecting the cleanliness and sanitation of ceremonial spaces and surrounding areas. Both government-provided and private waste collection services are impacted, with residents noting that collection services often fall behind due to logistical and operational challenges. This lack of regular service creates a buildup of waste, exacerbating environmental and public health concerns due to prolonged exposure to accumulated waste.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo address these issues, an optimized route analysis for waste collection across the 33 ceremonial spaces within the study area was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology (ArcMap). The waste collection process is designed to commence at the local government office, traverse each of the 33 ceremonial spaces, and ultimately conclude at the designated dumpsite. This dumpsite was selected based on the landfill suitability mapping discussed in the \u0026quot;Establishing Proper Waste Disposal Infrastructure\u0026quot; subsection, ensuring that it meets the necessary environmental and logistical criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrough the application of GIS, the collection routes were strategically optimized to enhance efficiency, taking into account essential factors such as distance, accessibility, and prevailing traffic patterns. This optimization not only minimizes the time required for waste collection but also reduces fuel costs associated with the process.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBy implementing these optimized routes, waste collectors can improve the frequency and reliability of service delivery across ceremonial spaces and their surrounding neighborhoods. The resultant increase in collection frequency will mitigate the adverse effects of waste accumulation on public health and environmental quality within the study area. In summary, the optimized route framework presents a practical solution that enhances operational efficiency and sustainability in waste management practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study has appraised waste management practices at ceremonial spaces within Oyo West Local Government Area. Although, academic background is the not the major driver of waste management practices, other factors such as age and gender also played significant roles. This could be recommended for further investigation. The adopted waste disposal techniques (open dumping and burning) at ceremonial space are not eco-friendly thereby, impacting the environment adversely and also jeopardizing neighbouring residents\u0026rsquo; health condition. These issues are aggravated by the lack of formal waste disposal systems, inadequate coordination between private collectors and authorities, and governance failures, including the sale of the public dump site. The absence of regulatory oversight and proper infrastructure has fostered unsafe waste management practices, compounding environmental degradation and posing systemic challenges. To address these issues, the study advocates for a holistic approach combining improved infrastructure, stringent regulations, and environmentally sustainable practices like recycling and waste sorting, alongside active government intervention in providing and maintaining waste disposal sites. Without these measures, the environmental and public health challenges associated with waste mismanagement will persist, jeopardizing the sustainability of affected communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe establishment of a new dumpsite for waste management within Oyo West Local Government Area necessitates careful consideration of various planning implications to ensure that the site operates efficiently while minimizing negative environmental and social impacts. One of the primary considerations is the site\u0026rsquo;s location in relation to existing infrastructure, such as road networks, residential areas, and essential services. Proximity to major roads is crucial for facilitating the transportation of waste to the dumpsite; however, this must be balanced with the need to minimize the impact of truck traffic on local communities. The analysis conducted within this study indicated that sites too close to residential areas could exacerbate issues such as noise, air pollution, and traffic congestion, highlighting the need for a buffer zone to protect the health and well-being of nearby residents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to infrastructure, environmental factors play a significant role in the planning of a dumpsite. The suitability analysis emphasized the importance of distance from water bodies, as proximity increases the risk of contaminating groundwater and surface water sources. Therefore, proposed dumpsite locations must be situated at a safe distance from rivers, streams, and other water bodies to mitigate the risk of leachate infiltration. Furthermore, topographic considerations, particularly slope, are critical in waste management planning. Areas with steep slopes can lead to increased runoff, enhancing the potential for pollution. Consequently, sites identified as having moderate to low slopes were prioritized in the suitability analysis to ensure effective drainage and reduce the likelihood of contaminating surrounding ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial considerations also influence the acceptance and effectiveness of a new dumpsite. Engaging with local communities throughout the planning process is essential to address their concerns and expectations. Transparency in decision-making, along with the inclusion of community feedback, fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents regarding the waste management practices in their area. Furthermore, the planning phase should encompass strategies for ongoing monitoring and maintenance of the dumpsite to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and to address any emerging issues promptly. In conclusion, the planning implications for proposing a new dumpsite must holistically integrate infrastructural, environmental, and social considerations to create a sustainable waste management solution that serves the needs of the Oyo West Local Government Area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval statement and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is hereby declared that all research ethics in accordance with Research Ethical Committee (under the leadership of Dr. M.A. Adetunji) in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso as contained in the Students\u0026rsquo; Handbook for Undergraduate Research were followed in the course of the study. Informed consent of the management of the sampled event centres and the schools was sought and voluntary participation was granted before taking necessary measurement of waste as well as before questionnaire administration, as they were also guaranteed of absolute confidentiality of the information released and the fact that such information was for the purpose of research only. The study protocol was approved by the Departmental Board of Undergraduate Studies of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria in accordance with the National University Commission guidelines and policy for Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) empirical investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is hereby declared that no funding was received from any organisation or individual apart from the contributions of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eO. conceptualized the whole idea, provided the required leadership and direction, problem definition, methodology and results presentation as well as supervised the entire process. J.A. wrote out the manuscript under the supervision, correction and guidance of O. O.F. supplied some technical information on the production of Figures 1 to 8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe hereby acknowledge the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria for providing an enabling environment to successfully conduct a B.Tech research for which this paper has emanated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbramovsky L, Augsburg B, Oteiza F. Sustainable total sanitation-Nigeria: final research report (No R156). The Institute for Fiscal Studies. IFS) Report; 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgyabeng AN, Mensah JK, Acquah A. Waste management practices in the informal settlement: functionality of local assemblies. Informal Economy and Sustainable Deelopment Goals: Ideas, Interventions and Challenges. Emerald Publishing Limitied; 2024. pp. 203\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmin A, Ambali A, Isiaq TM. Strategies for the implementation of environmental protection regulations towards sustainable waste management in Oyo State. Global Int J Manage Social Sceince. 2024;7(2):1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBahl M, Dua S, Patro A, Mahajan N. (2021). Don\u0026rsquo;t transfer waste, transform waste: a sustainable approach towards zero waste events initiative during hokey world cup in bhubaneshwar, india. In IOP Conference series: Earth and Environmental Science, 795 (1):012018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHajan YA, Kumar R, Kumar A. Environmental waste management strategies and vermin transformation for sustainable development. Environ Challenges. 2023;13:100747.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJiang P, Zhang L, You S, Van Fan Y, Tan RR, Klemes JJ, You F. Blockchain technology applications in waste management: overview, challenges and Opportinities. J Clean Prod. 2023;421:138\u0026ndash;466.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahama AR. The impact of waste management on green spaces and community well-being. Ghana: a case study of Wa municipality, upper west; 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoses JK, Singh G, Rawat KS. (2024). Factor militating against solid waste management in Africa, in 2024 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Materials (ICACCM), 1\u0026ndash;7.IEEE.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNational Population Commission. (2006). Federal Government of Nigeria Gazette on National Population Data.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOyeweso S. Cultural Heritage and Urban Development in Oyo State. Ibadan University; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePopoola A, Magidimisha HHM-C. Rural Energy Conditions in Oyo State: Present and Future Perspectives on the Untapped Resources. Int J Energy Econ Policy. 2019;9:419\u0026ndash;32. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7558\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.32479/ijeep.7558\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScarlat N, Motola V, Dallemand JF, Monforti-Ferrario F, Mofor L. Evaluation of energy potential of municipal solid waste from African urban areas. Renew Sustainble Energy Reviews. 2015;50(0):1269\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRafiee A, Gordi E, Lu W, Miyata Y, Shabani H, Mortezazadeh S, Hoseini M. The impact of various festivals and events on recycling potential of municipal solid waste in Tehran, Iran. J Clean Prod. 2018;183:77\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUnited Nations Environment Programme. (2022). Integrated waste management: Guidelines for sustainable practices. UNEP Publications. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.unep.org/resources/integrated-waste-management-guidelines\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.unep.org/resources/integrated-waste-management-guidelines\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUnited Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKugbonu MA, Adzinyo OA, Asimah VK, Borman FK. Event waste management: a study of a religious event in Ho. J Tourism Hospitality Sports. 2018;33:40\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang B. (2019). Sacred trash and personhood: living in daily waste-management infrastructures in the Eastern Himalayas. Cross-currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 8 (1), 224\u0026ndash;248.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Waste, Waste generation, Ceremony, Ceremonial Spaces, Landfill","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473633/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473633/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGiven the vital role of ceremonial spaces to social cohesion, celebration of life milestones and connection to collective values within the society, this study provides on-site appraisal of waste management practices at ceremonial spaces and suitability of sanitary land fill in Oyo town. Primary data on the socio-economic drivers, type and quantity of waste generated and disposal methods were sourced from 17 managers. Field observation and waste measurement over two peak periods via weighing scale was determined. Locations and areas of land occupied by the selected ceremonial spaces were obtained from Google Earth and ArcGIS environment respectively. Secondary data on Land use/Land Cover Raster resources as well as Digital Elevation Model Raster Data were accessed from the websites of ESRI Living Atlas and USGS Earth Explorer. Arc Map\u0026rsquo;s weighted overlay analysis was utilised in the production of Landfill suitability map for the integration and ranking of each criterion based on its importance to landfill siting. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socioeconomic drivers of ceremonial spaces managers, type and volume of waste generated and method employed for waste disposal. Findings reveals that food wastes (97.4%) generated at wedding receptions (56.9%) at school fields (52.3%) were disposed at nearby dumpsites (33.8%). Of the total volume of waste measured, 58.7kg, 52.8kg and 51.4kg respectively were generated at school fields, Government Organisation premises and Event centers. To address waste management deficits, the study recommends establishment of designated landfill sites at optimal locations to ceremonial spaces. Such interventions are essential to foster compliance with sustainable sanitation practices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Appraisal of Waste Management Practices and Sanitary Landfill Suitability at Ceremonial Spaces in Oyo Town, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-05 18:46:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473633/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-26T18:32:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258352597360797561118278316276611851933","date":"2026-03-20T22:48:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"253753113079022351884247606310103957123","date":"2026-03-19T10:23:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"318209093165493040836136018130562315136","date":"2026-03-18T19:19:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-17T11:45:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160470748836146581124734253994458731427","date":"2026-03-15T19:22:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T09:34:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-18T06:31:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-06T09:06:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T04:40:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Geoscience","date":"2026-02-05T04:32:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0cbef614-a545-4996-aedb-a87289ebe444","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-05T18:46:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-05 18:46:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8473633","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8473633","identity":"rs-8473633","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}