Grid Reliability and Capacity Utilization Methods: A Systematic Mapping of Research, Software Tools, and Industry Adoption

Grid Reliability and Capacity Utilization Methods: A Systematic Mapping of Research, Software Tools, and Industry Adoption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Grid Reliability and Capacity Utilization Methods: A Systematic Mapping of Research, Software Tools, and Industry Adoption Stig Simonsen, Sambeet Mishra, Thomas Øyvang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8708564/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study systematically maps scientific trends, software implementation, and user adoption related to methods and approaches for capacity utilization and grid reliability and identifies the main impediments in current practices and barriers in adopting advanced methods in Norwegian power grid companies. Unlike previous work, which typically focuses on individual methods or isolated surveys, this study links literature, software implementations and industry practices within a coherent framework. Empirical data are collected and analyzed in this study by combining classical structured literature review with NLP- and AI-based mapping of temporal research trends and by conducting an industry survey comprising 11 interviews and 24 questionnaire responses from 35 representatives of Norwegian grid companies. The review covers 32,980 papers, 321 identified methods and approaches, 47 software tools. Although 31.0% of the 271 methods have a level three software implementation and 50.9% of methods have at least level two implementation in two or more software tools, only 5.2% of the methods have been adopted by more than 33.3% while 80.1% are not used at all. Optimization, probabilistic and ML/AI methods are either not adopted or only partially adopted in stark contrast to the scientific community that focuses primarily on ML/AI methods. Probabilistic methods are adopted by the most innovative companies, but not by the majority. The main impediments reported by Norwegian users as moderate or critical barrier are time consuming and complicated approaches (54%), internal and external communication (54%), insufficient tool support (52%) and data quality issues (50%). This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of art in science and software tools and contrasts this with the actual user adoption and perceived barriers. These insights support strategic research planning, innovation strategies and software development and the proposed methodology may be used by organizations to assess their current adoption level and guide future research and innovation decisions. Energy Engineering Power system reliability Capacity utilization Machine learning Probabilistic methods Systematic review Technology adoption Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: The authors declare no competing interests. The main author (Stig Simonsen) is employed by Lede AS, a grid company in Norway, while pursuing an industrial PhD. This research was conducted independently and does not involve proprietary data or commercial interests of the employer. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8708564","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":581076721,"identity":"53050863-c9d1-45eb-85c0-bd6965b7ee60","order_by":0,"name":"Stig Simonsen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYQYmCDcuUI62BD02JMhBaIRXCQ2IBDIRzIz29ufsG4g8GeT+zwsYc/Ku6kbzh/9gBzQQVuLQbHGNssGM8wJLZJp6Ub85x5lrvhRl4C84wzeLSwMbYZMLYxJLBJ55hJM7YdBmrhMWDmbcPjsDaIFnuQFsmf/w6nG5w/g18LwzHG5gdALYxtQC0SvA2HEwwO5ODXYnAssQ3oEQmQX9KkeY4dNpx5I8fgMA8ev8g3H3/84WObjb387ORjkj9qDsvznT9j+JgHT4gBAZtEAoMEqtABvBoYGJg/EFAwCkbBKBgFIx0AALbdS6dpM9K2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6350-2219","institution":"University of South-Eastern Norway","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stig","middleName":"","lastName":"Simonsen","suffix":""},{"id":581076722,"identity":"b377f270-2a01-4ce5-bbc0-372c59290c12","order_by":1,"name":"Sambeet Mishra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of South-Eastern Norway","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sambeet","middleName":"","lastName":"Mishra","suffix":""},{"id":581076723,"identity":"d8cafc87-1d6c-4cc0-9505-62ca83dc5cff","order_by":2,"name":"Thomas Øyvang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of South-Eastern Norway","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thomas","middleName":"","lastName":"Øyvang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-27 10:00:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8708564/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8708564/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101291271,"identity":"b96fdf09-d78d-4c37-9f09-8165987c47f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-28 08:10:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2182962,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GridReliabilityandCapacityUtilizationMethodsASystematicMappingofResearchSoftwareToolsandIndustryAdoption.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8708564/v1_covered_8e05abf3-895e-4dd4-ab3a-e26ba5fcc090.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: The authors declare no competing interests. The main author (Stig Simonsen) is employed by Lede AS, a grid company in Norway, while pursuing an industrial PhD. This research was conducted independently and does not involve proprietary data or commercial interests of the employer.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eGrid Reliability and Capacity Utilization Methods: A Systematic Mapping of Research, Software Tools, and Industry Adoption\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"e2b5f0a2-3017-48a7-82dd-4904a25fae45","identifier":"10.13039/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsråd","awardNumber":"346444","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of South-Eastern Norway","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Power system reliability,Capacity utilization, Machine learning, Probabilistic methods, Systematic review, Technology adoption","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8708564/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8708564/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study systematically maps scientific trends, software implementation, and user adoption related to methods and approaches for capacity utilization and grid reliability and identifies the main impediments in current practices and barriers in adopting advanced methods in Norwegian power grid companies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike previous work, which typically focuses on individual methods or isolated surveys, this study links literature, software implementations \u0026nbsp;and industry practices within a coherent framework.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmpirical data are collected and analyzed in this study by combining classical structured literature review with NLP- and AI-based mapping of temporal research trends and by conducting an industry survey comprising 11 interviews and 24 questionnaire responses from 35 representatives of Norwegian grid companies. The review covers 32,980 papers, 321 identified methods and approaches, 47 software tools.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough 31.0% of the 271 methods have a level three software implementation and 50.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eof methods have at least level two implementation in two or more software tools, only 5.2% of the methods have been adopted by more than 33.3% while 80.1% are not used at all. Optimization, probabilistic and ML/AI methods are either not adopted or only partially adopted in stark contrast to the scientific community that focuses primarily on ML/AI methods. Probabilistic methods are adopted by the most innovative companies, but not by the majority. The main impediments reported by Norwegian users as moderate or critical barrier are time consuming and complicated approaches (54%), internal and external communication (54%), insufficient tool support (52%) and data quality issues (50%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of art in science and software tools and contrasts this with the actual user adoption and perceived barriers. These insights support strategic research planning, innovation strategies and software development and the proposed methodology may be used by organizations to assess their current adoption level and guide future research and innovation decisions. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Grid Reliability and Capacity Utilization Methods: A Systematic Mapping of Research, Software Tools, and Industry Adoption","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-28 08:09:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8708564/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b9fc8d28-294a-4cd7-aa3f-c231a57a8fa6","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":61813219,"name":"Energy Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-28T08:09:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-28 08:09:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8708564","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8708564","identity":"rs-8708564","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}