Spatiotemporal differentiation and conservation of intangible cultural heritage in China: A spatial analysis approach

Spatiotemporal differentiation and conservation of intangible cultural heritage in China: A spatial analysis approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Spatiotemporal differentiation and conservation of intangible cultural heritage in China: A spatial analysis approach Zhenwei Wang, Xiaochun Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025633/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the acceleration of globalization and modernization, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is facing unprecedented challenges. As a product of human civilization, ICH embodies the precious spiritual wealth and unique cultural connotations of China. Clarifying the spatiotemporal differentiation of ICH and its driving factors is conducive to providing a basis for realizing sustainable development goals and formulating conservation paths based on local conditions. Taking five batches of ICH as the research object, this study combined multi-source data and various spatial and mathematical statistical analysis methods to understand the causes of ICH spatial distribution and proposed a path for ICH conservation. The key findings are as follows. China’s national ICH resources are rich, and the proportion of traditional skills is the largest at 17.4%. Overall, the distribution characteristics were primarily distributed in eastern China, and some ICH are scattered in the western capital city. The areas with high kernel density were primarily distributed in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, the border areas of provinces, and economically and culturally developed areas in China. The spatial autocorrelation results demonstrated that ICH had significant spatial clustering characteristics at multiple scales. The geographically weighted regression model demonstrated that the spatiotemporal differentiation of national ICH in China resulted from various influencing factors. Overall, the regression coefficients of each geographical factor were positive or negative; however, the difference in the proportion of positive and negative regression coefficients of different factors and the spatial heterogeneity of high and low values reflected large spatial differences in the direction, degree, and scope of influence of each factor. The findings can provide useful decision-making support for implementing ICH conservation and inheritance. Humanities/Cultural and media studies Social science/Cultural and media studies Social science/Development studies Social science/Environmental studies Scientific community and society/Geography Social science/Geography Intangible cultural heritage spatiotemporal differentiation conservation geographically weighted regression China Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is the traditional cultural expression form and related objects and places that interact, learn from, identify with each other, and accumulate in the long-term historical development process but retain their national characteristics 1 – 3 . The important standards of intangible cultural identity and the essence of national culture are the symbols of national cultural deposits, sources of national spiritual beliefs, and the continuation of historical culture. However, for a long time, under the impact of the cultural crisis of the market economy and the process of globalization, the uniqueness and heterogeneity of ICH have been weakened by problems such as insufficient exploration of connotations and the grafting of local culture. Consequently, people’s awareness of ICH has declined. Therefore, the inheritance and development of ICH are facing great challenges 4 . With a 5,000-year history and a splendid ancient civilization, China has many rich types of ICH. Compared with tangible culture, ICH easily disappears because of inheritors’ scarcity, fewer channels of transmission, and the impact of the development of modern fragmented culture. Therefore, scientifically revealing the factors that influence ICH distribution is necessary to improve the management and conservation level of ICH in China. This is conducive to further excavating traditional Chinese culture, stimulating the cultural innovation vitality of the whole nation, further promoting the construction of a strong socialist culture, and consolidating the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 5 , 6 . In recent years, ICH has gradually become a research hotspot 7 – 12 . Regarding research content, scholars in different periods focused on different aspects of ICH. For example, in the early stages, they mainly focused on the connotation, concept definition, type division, characteristics and value, conservation, and utilization of ICH 13 . Since then, the scope of ICH research has been expanding. Research now covers ICH conservation, cultural expression and cultural identity, inheritance and development, inheritors, cultural heritage, ICH tourism, rural revitalization and ICH, digital conservation, living inheritance, ICH stakeholders’ responsibility capabilities and demands, intangible culture of ethnic minorities 14 , 15 , and re-innovation of ICH 7 , 11 , 14 – 22 . Subsequently, the scope of the research continued to expand and be refined. Existing studies have explored various ICH types, such as traditional dance, traditional art, Quyi, folk literature, traditional music, traditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics 23 – 27 . A large body of research also reveals the impact of ICH on local socioeconomic development, national cultural identity, and public life 11 , 17 . The ICH is an important carrier of human history and culture and has strong regional characteristics. Therefore, many scholars have used geographic information system (GIS) analysis and mathematical statistics to study the geographical characteristics of ICH, focusing mainly on the geographical determinants of ICH distribution 2 , 26 , 28 – 30 . The inheritance of ICH is closely related to the diversity and uniqueness of regional culture and reveals the comprehensive effect of natural socioeconomic factors. In terms of research methods, research theories and methods of folklore and cultural anthropology are mostly adopted, and it is common to discuss specific ICH using the theories and methods of folklore, culturology, and psychology 7 , 11 , 12 , 16 . Considering quantitative analysis, most scholars use GIS analysis, mathematical statistics, and other methods to process and analyze the spatial distribution types, spatial agglomeration, spatial equilibrium, and factors influencing ICH elements using geographical statistical methods. For example, the nearest neighbor index, location entropy, Lorentz curve, and other methods are commonly used to describe the geographical characteristics of ICH 2 , 26 , 28 , 30 . Additionally, hotspot analyses, spatial autocorrelation, kernel density estimation, and other methods have been used to identify ICH clusters 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 . Previous studies have systematically sorted and assessed the determinants of ICH distribution and inheritance from multiple dimensions, such as physical geography, social economy, cultural identity, and policy environment, using geographical detectors, geographically weighted regression (GWR) models, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and buffer zone analysis 25 , 26 , 28 – 30 . For example, in terms of physical geography, the impact of topography, rivers, and climatic conditions on the types and distribution of ICH have been discussed. In terms of the social economy, it analyzes the role of economic development level, industrial structure, population flow, and other factors 2 , 8 , 25 , 26 , 28 – 30 . In terms of cultural identity, the promotion or restriction of ethnic identity, religious beliefs, and customs regarding the inheritance of ICH have been investigated 11 . The policy environment focuses on the impact of government actions such as policies and regulations, financial support, and educational popularization on the conservation of ICH 28 – 30 . Among them, the geographical environment, as the natural basis, has a basic impact on forming ICH. Socioeconomic elements, such as the population flow and economic development level, affect the survival inheritance of ICH. Policy support and cultural inheritance mechanisms are directly related to the conservation and inheritance of ICH. Cultural exchange and integration in the process of globalization bring new opportunities and challenges to its development. Previous research on ICH was mainly conducted on national, provincial, and watershed scales, and few studies have revealed the ICH distribution and determining factors in China at the national grid scale. As an important carrier of human history and culture, ICH distribution not only relates to the diversity and uniqueness of regional culture but also reflects the comprehensive effects of physical, socioeconomic, and other factors. Revealing the distribution patterns of ICH and exploring its determining factors have become the focus of current ICH research 31 . This study attempts to reveal the distribution feature of ICH using kernel density and spatial autocorrelation methods and to identify the factors that influence ICH distribution using the GWR model in China. This study then puts forward suggestions for ICH conservation and inheritance to provide more scientific theoretical support and guidance for the conservation and inheritance of ICH. This study proposes using a grid analysis method to divide national territorial space into microspaces that break through administrative boundaries. Using a 50×50 km grid as the base unit, we extracted the ICH quantity and value of each geographical factor in the grid, built the influencing factors database of the ICH in China, and incorporated the spatial distribution of ICH and its influencing factors into the GWR model. This study aimed to solve the following three problems: (1) how to identify the distribution features of ICH in China; (2) how to incorporate the research of ICH influencing factors into the GWR model analysis; and (3) how to understand the objective geographical environment and socioeconomic development characteristics around ICH to put forward a practical basis for the conservation and inheritance of ICH. Research objects and data sources ICH datasets involved in this study are based on the 3,610 national ICH representative item lists issued by the State Council five times in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2021 and were developed according to the spatial and geographical locations of the declared regions or units 32 (Fig. 1 ). According to the classification criteria of the Second Batch of National ICH List in China in 2008, ICH is divided into ten categories 32 . Other data involved in this study included 30 ×30 m resolution land-use data and 1,000 m resolution elevation, gross domestic product (GDP), and population grid data from RESDC ( http://www.resdc.cn ). Road network data were obtained from OpenStreetMap ( https://www.openstreetmap.org ). Materials and methods Kernel density estimation In this study, a kernel density tool was employed to detect local density changes and spatial hotspots in the ICH 33 – 35 . This study used the kernel density model to calculate point element density around each output grid to show the degree of concentration and dispersion of ICH. The calculation equations are as follows: where f(x i , y i ) represents the kernel density value of the ICH at position (x i , y i ) and r denotes the search radius. n denotes the number of points whose distance from the position (x i , y i ) is less than or equal to the radius r . k represents the spatial weight function, and d is the distance between the current point element and (x i , y i ) . Spatial autocorrelation analysis In this study, a spatial exploration analysis was used to determine whether ICH in China demonstrated spatial clustering and spatial anomalies 33 – 35 . Specifically, global Moran’s I was conducted to verify the aggregation of the ICH across the entire region 37 , 38 . Local spatial autocorrelation was conducted to measure the degree of spatial differences between a specific region and its surrounding areas 37 , 38 . According to local Moran’s I index, there are four types in the calculation results. The calculation equations are as follows: where x i and x j are the observed values of the spatial elements, ᵡ is the average of x i , and w ij is the spatial weight connection matrix of space units i and j . Geographically weighted regression model The GWR model was introduced to explore the heterogeneous features of ICH drivers in China. This model can effectively incorporate the spatial characteristics of data and more objectively and practically detect the heterogeneous features of factors influencing ICH39. The GWR model is a spatial extension of the ordinary least squares regression model, and the geographical location of the data is embedded into the regression parameters so that they can be locally estimated 35 , 39 . The model equation is as follows: where (S i , T i ) is the spatial geographical position coordinate of the i -th observation point, α j (S i , T i ) is the regression parameter of the observation point, x ij represents the value of the observational explanatory variable, and ε i is a random error. The final spatial data involved in modeling included the ICH in China and topographic, ecological, population, economic, traffic, and urban factors 35 . Specifically, elevation was chosen to represent topographic factors. The proportions of forestland, grassland, and water area in each grid were used to characterize the ecological factors in this study. Population and GDP densities were selected to characterize the population and economic factors, respectively. Traffic density and distance from prefecture-level cities were selected to represent traffic and urban factors, respectively. These factors comprehensively consider the impact of natural and human elements on ICH distribution, including terrain, ecology, population, economy, transportation, and cities 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 . Before constructing the GWR model, a collinearity test of standardized variables was conducted using SPSS 23.0 to avoid the multicollinearity of each index. The test results showed that the variance inflation factor of the selected variables was less than 10 and that these three indicators could be used as explanatory variables. The GWR model was constructed as follows: ICH i = β 0 ( u i , v j ) +β 1 ( u i , v j )( X 1i ) +β 2 ( u i , v j )( X 2i ) +β 3 ( u i , v j )( X 3i )+ β 4 ( u i , v j )( X 4i ) +β 5 ( u i , v j )( X 5i ) +β 6 ( u i , v j )( X 6i ) +ε i (10) where β i (u i , v j ) is the regression coefficient of each influencing factor, X ki ( k = 1,2,3) is the explanatory variable matrix, and ε i is a constant term and follows a normal distribution with constant variance. Results Spatial patterns of ICH in China The number of national ICH in China was 3,610, of which the second batch had the largest number (1352), accounting for 37.45% of the total number of ICH, followed by the first and third batches, with 763 items accounting for 21.36% and 567 items accounting for 15.71%. The numbers in the fourth and fifth batches were relatively small, with 463 and 465 items, respectively (Figs. 2 and 3 ). Among different national ICH in China, “traditional skills” had the largest number (629), accounting for approximately 17.4% of the total. This was followed by “folk customs” and “traditional dramas,” which accounted for 13.6% and 13.1% of the total, respectively. This was followed by traditional music and art, the proportions of which were 11.9% and 11.6% of the total, respectively. Traditional sports, recreation, acrobatics, and traditional medicine were the least common, with 166 and 182 items, accounting for only 4.6% and 5.0% of the total, respectively (Figs. 3 and 4 ). The spatial feature of ICH in China is unbalanced. Generally, ICH is concentrated in eastern China. As shown in Fig. 5 , Zhejiang has the largest number of ICH items (257), followed by Shandong and Shanxi, with 186 and 182 items, respectively. The ICH in Jiangsu, Hebei, Beijing, and Guangdong exceeded 160; in Sichuan and Guizhou, it exceeded 150; and in the other regions, it was lower than 150. Specifically, for all types of ICH, the ICH in China has evident regionalism, and the structure of ICH types in the provinces is quite different. Most provinces had ten ICH types, but evident differences exist in the number of ICH types among the provinces. For example, Zhejiang, Shandong, Shanxi, Beijing, Guangdong, Hebei, Jiangsu, and Guizhou were not only rich in ICH types but also large in quantity, whereas Hong Kong, Macao, and Ningxia not only had fewer types of ICH but also a smaller number. As shown in Fig. 6 , the kernel density distribution features of the five batches of ICH were similar. Specifically, the kernel density of ICH in the first batch formed a number of first-level dense areas, including the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTHR), Yangtze River Delta region (YRDR), eastern Fujian Province, Pearl River Delta region (PRDR), southeastern Guizhou, the border area of Qinghai and Gansu, and the Lhasa region. Sub-dense areas were formed around the core areas. The second batch of ICH formed a contiguous core area in the BTHR and the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the YRDR; the eastern part of Zhejiang; the eastern part of Fujian; the border areas of Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi; and the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei. Some primary core areas are located in the middle of Sichuan, and the border areas of Lhasa, Qinghai, and Gansu, as well as sub-dense areas, are widely distributed around these core areas. The first-level dense area of the third batch of ICH is distributed in the BTHR, YRDR, and southeast region of Shanxi, while the secondary area is widely distributed in North China, PRDR, border areas of Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi, and border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei. The core dense areas of the fourth batch of ICH were also distributed in the BTHR and the YRDR, and the sub-dense areas were distributed in the surrounding areas of the core areas, the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei, and the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. The fifth batch of ICH dense areas is in the BTHR, and the sub-dense areas are distributed in the YRDR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Hunan; the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei; and the PRDR. Overall, the national ICH in eastern China was evidently higher than that in central and western China, with a multi-core distribution model forming two high-density core areas, namely, the BTHR and the YRDR. Several sub-density core areas and a few small core areas were scattered in the western capital cities, the three provinces in Northeast China, and other provinces. Using kernel density analysis tools, we further drew the kernel density distribution characteristics of the various ICH items (Fig. 7 ). Quyi. The ICH kernel density of Quyi formed several high-density core areas and two sub-density core areas. The high-density core areas are the BTHR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei; the central part of Liaoning; the YRDR; and the surrounding areas. Several sub-density core areas, including the northeast and Chengdu-Chongqing border areas and the Qinghai and Gansu border areas, radiate to the surrounding areas. Folk custom. Folk custom ICH is widely distributed, forming sub-density core areas, including the BTHR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the YRDR; the eastern part of Fujian; the Hunan-Guizhou border region; the Qinghai and Gansu border regions; and the PRDR, with a high core density area as the core. Folk literature. Folk literature is primarily located in the North China Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, with high-density core areas, including the YRDR and the border area between Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan, radiating to the surrounding areas. The sub-density core areas include the BTHR, Urumqi, the Hunan-Jiangxi-Hubei border region, the southeast of Yunnan, and the Guizhou-Sichuan border region, showing contiguous distribution. Traditional dance. The ICH of traditional dance is widely distributed and forms multiple gathering points. Several high-density areas have been formed in the BTHR, the border area between Jinjin-Hebei-Shandong-Henan, Lhasa, the southeastern Guizhou region, the YRDR, the PRDR, and the regions along the Hunan-Hubei-Guizhou region; the surrounding areas of high-density areas and southern Gansu are the core areas that form sub-density core areas, which are widely distributed. Traditional music. Similarly, traditional music ICH items have clear spatial agglomeration characteristics and are mainly distributed in the central and eastern regions of China, forming multiple high-density and sub-density core areas. Among them, the high-density areas include the BTHR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the YRDR; the border areas of Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi; the border areas of Qinghai and Gansu; the western region of Xinjiang; and the central part of Hainan. The sub-density area was mainly distributed in the area surrounding the core area. Traditional music items are widely distributed throughout China, forming several small core areas. Traditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics. The ICH of traditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics mainly formed a high-density core area, including the BTHR, the border area of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan, and the YRDR. In addition, a secondary core area, including east of Fuzhou and the PRDR, was formed. Traditional medicine. The high-density core areas of traditional medicine ICH items were distributed in the BTHR and the YRDR, and the sub-density areas were widely distributed in the surrounding areas of the core area, the border areas of Jinjing-Jing-Shandong-Henan, Guizhou, Hunan, and other areas along the line, the PRDR, and the Lhasa region. Traditional drama. The high-density core areas and several sub-density core areas formed by the traditional drama are mainly distributed in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It can be found that continuous high-density areas are distributed from the border area of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan to the areas along the YRDR; the border area of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei; the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong; Yunnan; and Lhasa. The secondary core areas are primarily distributed in the surrounding areas of these regions, and there is also sporadic distribution in the capital cities of western regions (such as Urumqi and Gansu). Traditional skills. ICH has the largest number of traditional skills, forming several high-density regions, including the BTHR, the YRDR, the border area between Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong, Sichuan, Guizhou, and the PRDR; the border area between Hunan and Jiangxi; the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong; and Lhasa. Simultaneously, secondary density areas were found in the surrounding core area and parts of Xinjiang and Liaoning. Traditional art. Traditional art ICH presents a multi-core distribution pattern, including high-density core areas, such as the BTHR; the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the junction of Hunan and Jiangxi; the YRDR; the PRDR; the border areas of Guizhou and Hunan; the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong; the central region of Sichuan; and the eastern region of Qinghai and Lhasa. Multiple secondary high-density regions with one high-density region were used as the cores. In summary, the spatial feature of ICH in China is characterized by diversity and complexity. There were evident differences in the number, type, and distribution of ICH items across the different regions. These differences not only reflect the uniqueness and diversity of regional culture but also the deep-seated laws of cultural inheritance and development. Spatial agglomeration patterns of ICH in China To further reveal the clustering features of ICH, we analyzed the clustering features of ICH at global and local scales using Moran’s I index. We created a global spatial autocorrelation index at the provincial, prefecture, county, and grid levels. The global Moran’s I indices at the provincial, prefecture-level city, county, and 50×50 km grid scales were − 0.032, 0.155, 0.200, and 0.217, respectively, with a p -value of 0.001. It can be found that ICH presents prominent agglomeration characteristics (Fig. 8 ). The local spatial autocorrelation results demonstrated that the high-high region was distributed in Henan, and the low-high region was distributed in Anhui and Shanghai (Fig. 9 ). At the county level, the high-high region is distributed in YRDR, BTHR, and Lhasa. Simultaneously, we also found many low-low regions distributed in Northeast China, and Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, and Guizhou. On the grid scale, the high-high regions were primarily distributed in BTHR, YRDR, PRDR, southeastern Guizhou region, and the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. Influencing factors of ICH A comparative analysis of Tables 1 and 2 shows that the GWR regression results were significantly better than the global regression results, and the R 2 value and modified R 2 value of the GWR regression model were significantly higher than those of the global regression. Using the GWR regression model, the AIC and AICc values were significantly reduced compared to the global regression, and the reduction amplitude was much greater than three. In addition, the likelihood of -2 log-likelihood was reduced by 1389.826 in the GWR regression model (when the two models were compared, the likelihood of -2 log-likelihood was better). Therefore, comparing the R 2 , AIC, and AICc values, as well as the 2 log-likelihood, we found that the fitting effect of the GWR regression model was much higher than that of the global regression model. The GWR model simulated the spatial heterogeneity of the degree of influence of different factors on the spatial distribution of ICH in China and drew a spatial distribution map of the regression coefficients of different factors using ArcGIS 10.2. This software was used to visualize the regression coefficients of each factor in different spatial locations of the grid (Figs. 10 ) to analyze the influence of various geographical factors on the spatial distribution of ICH in China. Table 1 Global regression parameter results of ICH in China Number Parameter Index 1 Residual sum of squares 2.459 2 Number of parameters 7 3 ML-based global sigma estimate 0.024 4 Unbiased global sigma estimate 0.024 5 -2 log-likelihood -18820.960 6 Classic AIC -18804.960 7 AICc -18804.925 8 BIC/MDL -18754.396 9 CV 0.0006 10 R 2 0.334 11 Adjusted R 2 0.333 Table 2 Geographically weighted regression results of ICH in China Bandwidth size 1.638 (m) Coordinate Min Max Range X-coord 73.573 135.063 61.490 Y-coord 18.244 53.382 35.138 Number Parameter Index 1 Residual sum of squares 1.753 2 Effective number of parameters (model: trace(S)) 318.389 3 Effective number of parameters (variance: trace(S’S)) 197.071 4 Degree of freedom (model: n - trace(S)) 3788.611 5 Degree of freedom (residual: n − 2trace(S) + trace(S’S)) 3667.294 6 ML-based global sigma estimate 0.021 7 Unbiased global sigma estimate 0.0219 8 -2 log-likelihood -20210.786 9 Classic AIC -19572.008 10 AICc -19517.961 11 BIC/MDL -17553.328 12 CV 0.0006 13 R 2 0.525 14 Adjusted R 2 0.468 We found that the regression coefficients were positive in most regions, especially in the PRDR and the vast area of western China, where topographic factors had a positive influence on ICH (Fig. 10 a). The negative regression coefficient was mainly distributed in southwest, eastern, and Northeast China, especially in the YRDR, where an increase in elevation seriously affects the ICH quantity. From the perspective of spatial differences, high-value regions of positive values appeared in the border regions of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Shaanxi, western Hubei, western Hunan, and the YRDR (Fig. 10 b). In addition, many positive regions were distributed in the surrounding areas of high-value regions: western Qinghai, southeastern Tibet, parts of Gansu, and most of Northeast China. Low negative values were observed in the PRDR, surrounding areas, and the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan, in addition to the surrounding core area and most western areas of Xinjiang and Tibet. The higher the proportion of ecological spaces in these areas, the lower the ICH value. The high-value region of positive values covered most of China, and only a small part of the region was covered by the negative values (Fig. 10 c). The low-value areas with negative values were mainly distributed in Xinjiang, western Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Qinghai. Areas with high positive values were primarily distributed in Tibet, parts of western Qinghai, and most other areas. The regression results demonstrated that areas with high positive values were mainly distributed in northwest China, including most parts of Xinjiang, central Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Ningxia, northern Sichuan, and Chongqing. Other regions, including southwest, southeast, northeast, and most of Tibet, had negatively distributed areas (Fig. 10 d). Overall, most areas were positive areas, and only a few areas were distributed in the central part of Inner Mongolia, indicating that traffic density can promote ICH inheritance (Fig. 10 e). In addition, we found that in southern China, the southeast part of Tibet and the western part of Xinjiang, the traffic density could promote ICH inheritance. The positive influence of urban factors on ICH was primarily distributed in the western region, including most areas of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai as well as parts of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Zhejiang (Fig. 10 f). Other areas were covered by negative areas, especially in the southwest and border areas of Henan, Shandong, Anhui, and Jiangsu, where the closer these areas were to urban centers, the lower the number of ICH. Discussion Interpretation of the spatiotemporal features of ICH in China ICH in eastern China was clearly higher than that in western China, mainly because ICH was born among people and is closely related to human activities. The eastern region of China has a relatively flat terrain, suitable climate, dense population distribution, frequent human activities, and a developed economy that provides suitable natural and economic conditions for the generation and development of ICH 4 . The population of the western region is relatively small, and the level of socioeconomic development is relatively low, which is not conducive to the generation or development of ICH to a certain extent 4 , 41 , 42 . For example, in Lhasa and Xining in the western region, which are affected by the plateau environment and cultural characteristics, ICH is primarily distributed in relatively flat terrain and populated areas, and an agglomeration trend is evident. We found that traditional arts were evidently greater than other types, while the proportion of traditional medicine, traditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics was relatively small, possibly owing to the uniqueness of non-genetic inheritance. The inheritance mode was mostly oral transmission, which was not easy to retain. Traditional medicine, sports, recreation, and acrobatics have a certain degree of inheritance difficulty 25 . Traditional art is the product of human production and lifestyle, reflects socioeconomic levels in different historical periods, and is widely retained because of its “usefulness.” The ICH in China can be found to form several different high-value regions, including the BTHR, YRDR, southeast Guizhou, PRDR, Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and other regions. These areas not only have a superior natural environment but also have a long history and profound cultural accumulation, providing fertile soil for the generation and development of ICH. Taking the BTHR as an example, Beijing has been the political and cultural center of China since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the profound cultural heritage of this region has resulted in significant ICH 2 . The YRDR is also relatively rich in ICH, mainly because of its high level of economic development, long history, China’s four ancient capitals, and the first batch of national historical and cultural cities, with a history of more than 7,000 years of civilization, approximately 2,600 years of urban history, and nearly 500 years of capital history 8 , 15 , 43 . In minority areas, such as Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, a unique ethnic culture has become the basis for ICH 29 , 44 . As an important Chinese economic center, the PRDR, with its profound historical deposits and strong economic foundation, has injected vitality into the generation and development of ICH 18 . Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan are the border areas of the provinces and the gathering areas of ICH items. The cultures of these areas have regional characteristics and are integrated with the environment within a specific range. The cultural fusion phenomenon in the border areas of provinces is more evident, and cultural agglomeration easily occurs 26 . For example, the junction of Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, and Hebei provinces is not only one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization but also the political, economic, and cultural center of several dynasties in history. The clusters of ICH in these regions are clear, and all types of ICH items are highly concentrated in space, forming a unique cultural landscape. For example, ICH items such as traditional drama, dance, and skills in the region are not only large in number and variety but also have high artistic and cultural values. These areas, with their unique geographical locations, historical and cultural backgrounds, and economic development, form several dense ICH distribution areas. Human activities are the carriers of ICH; therefore, the form of ICH spreads with human activities and integrates with different regional characteristics to form a continuous distribution feature, spreading around areas with intensive human activities as the center. From a historical perspective, the non-legacy middle class of China was born in the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties 43 , 45 . The spatial distribution of ICH varies greatly across different historical periods, mainly in the Yellow River, Yangtze River Basin, coastal areas, and minority-inhabited areas 1 . The border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Hunan; Guizhou; and Guangxi are affected by the distribution of ethnic minorities and the frequent cultural exchange activities in the border areas of provinces, which are conducive to the formation and survival of rich ICH items 29 , 44 . The eastern coastal areas, including Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, Fujian, and Guangdong, were typical areas of ICH distribution. This region is characterized by its rich marine culture, fishing tradition, trade history, and economic development, and it has nurtured many unique ICH items 3 . For example, the Yue opera and dragon boat race in Zhejiang, Nanyin, and Mazu religions in Fujian, and the Cantonese opera and canton embroidery in Guangdong are widely distributed in this region and have formed a unique cultural landscape 3 , 18 . The coastal areas of Guangdong and Fujian have been mainly affected by historical population migration; resultantly, residents attach great importance to cultural inheritance, and ICH items have been fully protected and promoted 3 , 18 . These ICH items are not only numerous but also diverse in type, covering many fields such as traditional drama, music, dance, and arts. On the one hand, the formation of its zonal distribution features benefits from superior geographical conditions and rich natural resources in coastal areas; on the other hand, it is also closely related to frequent maritime trade and cultural exchanges throughout history. These factors jointly promote the generation, dissemination, and development of the ICH. The formation of this cluster distribution is closely related to the long historical and cultural traditions of the region as well as the frequent cultural exchanges, integration, and innovation in the region. These factors jointly promote the generation, inheritance, and development of ICH, forming unique cultural ecology and regional characteristics. In addition to these typical areas, China’s borders have rich ICH resources. Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Xinjiang, and Tibet, along with their unique geographical locations, natural environments, ethnic cultures, and religious beliefs, have developed many ICH items with distinct regional and ethnic characteristics 46 , 47 . For example, the Peacock Dance and Water-splashing Festival in Yunnan, the epic of King Gesar, and the Regong culture in Tibet are all ICH items with high artistic value and national characteristics. The distribution of these items not only reflects the uniqueness and diversity of the culture in the border areas but also shows the cultural pattern of the pluralistic integration of the Chinese nation. Most central and western regions are sparsely populated and limited by natural environmental conditions and economic development levels. The ICH items in these regions are sparse, and forming a centralized cluster of contiguous ICH items is difficult. However, as the longstanding regional political, economic, and cultural center, the capital and downtown areas of the central and western provinces and cities have a substantial gathering effect on ICH items within the scope of the provinces and cities and often form a relatively independent ICH item-dense area. Explanation of the causes of the spatiotemporal features of ICH in China The development of humans and society has always been closely related to the geographical environment. The natural environment provides the material basis for cultural reproduction as well as limits the formation and distribution characteristics of ICH to a certain extent 42 . Natural environments are important for the survival and development of ICH. Globally, the ICH is closely related to natural environmental factors, such as terrain, geomorphology, and climatic conditions 42 . For example, plateaus, mountains, and other areas with relatively harsh natural environments often give birth to unique ICH items such as Tibetan songs and dances and Mongolian equestrians. These ICH items not only reflect the local people’s ability to adapt to the natural environment but also their wisdom and creativity. As a fundamental element of the physical environment, topography significantly affects ICH 26 , 28 , 30 . For example, in areas with complex terrains, such as plateaus and mountains, a relatively independent cultural ecology is formed owing to inconvenient transportation and blocked information, and rich ICH is often preserved in these areas 26 . Taking the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example, its unique geographical environment has nurtured unique ICHs, such as Tibetan songs and dances and Thangka art, which have gradually formed distinct regional characteristics throughout history. Similarly, in mountainous areas such as Sichuan and Guizhou, owing to the closed terrain, the impact of foreign cultures has been effectively reduced, and the uniqueness of local culture has been maintained, such as the silver jewelry-making skills of the Miao nationality and the big song of the Dong nationality 29 , 44 . In addition, water resources, such as rivers and lakes, are important factors in the distribution of ICH 42 , 48 . Areas with abundant water resources often become the birthplace of human civilization and provide convenient conditions for the generation and conservation of ICH. For example, the Yellow and Yangtze River Basins in China are highly concentrated areas of ICH resources 13 , 28 , 45 , 49 . The socioeconomic development level also significantly affects ICH distribution. Generally, areas with developed economies and prosperous cultures have richer ICH resources and more effective conservation and inheritance 4 . These regions often have relatively comprehensive cultural conservation policies and financial support systems that guarantee the inheritance and conservation of ICH. However, with the advancement of modernization and the impact of globalization, ICH resources in many areas face the danger of disappearance and extinction 5 , 41 , 42 . Especially in some economically underdeveloped areas, owing to shortage of funds, brain drain, and other problems, the conservation and inheritance of ICH face many difficulties. Therefore, strengthening international cooperation, promoting resource sharing, and exchanging experiences are vital for the conservation and inheritance of global ICH. The spatial distribution of global ICH displays diversity and complexity, which is not only restricted by the natural geographical environment but is also influenced by historical culture, economic development level, and social structure changes. In the future, with the strengthening of global cultural exchange and progress in scientific and technological means, the conservation and inheritance of ICH will face more opportunities and challenges 10 . China should strengthen international cooperation, promote resource sharing and exchange, and jointly promote the conservation and inheritance of global ICH. Simultaneously, we should also pay attention to the modernization and innovative development of ICH so that this valuable ICH will radiate in the new era. Socioeconomic factors have profoundly shaped the generation, inheritance, and development path of ICH and have directly affected its distribution pattern in different regions. The historical context was the basis for the formation and distribution of ICH. During a long historical process, different regions have accumulated their own distinctive cultural traditions and ways of life, which have become important sources of local ICH 42 . For example, owing to their unique geographical environment and water culture, Jiangnan water towns have created rich folk customs, handicrafts, and oral traditions, such as the Kunqu opera, embroidery, and Pingtan. These cultural heritage sites demonstrated clear spatial regional concentrations. China is a multiethnic country, and the diversity and integration of national customs in the long-term common life and exchanges of all ethnic groups have formed a rich variety of national customs. These customs not only reflect the unique cultural characteristics of each nation but also profoundly affect the distribution of ICH. Traditional festivals, weddings, funeral customs, and the food cultures of different nationalities are all important components of ICH. For example, traditional festival customs such as the Spring Festival and the Mid-autumn Festival are widely distributed throughout the country, but their specific forms of expression vary from place to place and are deeply influenced by local ethnic customs. Economically developed regions, such as the BTHR, YRDR, and PRDR, often have stronger cultural consumption capacity and conservation awareness, which provide a good environment for the conservation and inheritance of ICH resources 4 . With high economic strength, these regions can invest more funds in the excavation, sorting, conservation, and display of ICH. Subsequently, a high-density agglomeration area of ICH resources is formed. On the one hand, economically developed areas transform ICH resources into economic resources through cultural tourism and cultural and creative industries and realize their market value. This transformation process not only promotes the conservation of ICH resources but also drives the development of related industries, thus forming the diffusion effect of ICH resources. On the other hand, economically developed regions have improved the dissemination efficiency of ICH resources through technological innovation and information construction so that more regions can access and inherit this valuable cultural heritage. Policy implications This study reveals the determining factors behind the spatial features of ICH, demonstrating that the ICH was affected by many factors, including natural socioeconomic factors. Based on the results, we propose the following policy recommendations. Economic development can provide the necessary financial support for ICH conservation; thus, the government can increase support for ICH conservation items through financial investment, tax incentives, and other ways to promote mining, sorting, conservation, and inheritance of ICH resources 4 , 49 . Simultaneously, the government can guide social capital to participate in ICH conservation by formulating relevant policies to form a diversified conservation model. This conservation mode not only helps alleviate the problem of lack of funds for ICH conservation but also improves the efficiency and effectiveness of ICH conservation. With economic development, the trend of commercialization and industrialization of ICH resources has become increasingly evident. On the one hand, ICH tourism has become an important force to promote local economic development 15 . Many regions have developed ICH tourism items to attract tourists to the charm of ICH, thereby increasing tourism income and promoting local economic development 20 , 29 , 50 . However, the production and sale of cultural products, such as intangible handicrafts, have also brought considerable economic benefits to the local area. Although this process of commercialization and industrialization has promoted the conservation and inheritance of ICH resources to a certain extent, it also has the problems of over-commercialization and consumerization, which can easily destroy the original ecology and authenticity of ICH. Therefore, addressing the contradictions between economic development and ICH conservation is necessary. Conflicts exist between economic development and ICH conservation. On the one hand, excessive commercialization and consumerization may lead to the abuse and waste of ICH resources, damaging their sustainability and social responsibility. However, driven by economic interests, ICH resources may become tools for some regions or individuals to pursue economic interests, ignoring their cultural values and inheritance significance. To realize a benign interaction and a win-win situation between economic development and ICH conservation, a series of balanced strategies should be adopted. First, we must adhere to scientific conservation principles and rational utilization to ensure that ICH resources are passed on and developed during conservation. Second, it is necessary to establish and improve the legal and regulatory system for ICH conservation, clarify the subject of conservation, protect content and conservation measures, and provide legal guarantees for ICH conservation. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen social participation and public education in the conservation against ICH, improve the public’s awareness of ICH and conservation awareness, and create a good atmosphere for society to participate in the conservation of ICH. The influence of socioeconomic development on ICH is complex and multifaceted. It promotes the concentration and diffusion of ICH resources and changes the conservation and inheritance modes of ICH. However, while enjoying the opportunities brought about by economic development, we should also be aware of the contradictions and conflicts. Only by adhering to the principles of scientific conservation and rational utilization can we find a balance between economic development and ICH conservation and realize the sustainable inheritance and conservation of ICH resources. Limitations and future research Based on an in-depth analysis of ICH distribution rules and determining factors in China, this study found that ICH in China was affected by geographical and environmental factors and restricted by socioeconomic factors. In the future, the influence of these factors should be fully considered in the conservation and inheritance of ICH, and more scientific and reasonable conservation strategies and development plans should be formulated. By systematically determining the spatial features and factors influencing ICH, this study provides theoretical support and guidance for ICH conservation and inheritance. However, this study has some limitations. For example, although GIS and other spatial analysis technologies have been applied, applying these methods is still monotonous, focusing on descriptive analysis of spatial distribution patterns and lacking in-depth mechanism discussion and dynamic simulation. Future studies should explore more diverse spatial analysis methods, such as complex network analysis and spatial measurement models, to reveal the rules and mechanisms of ICH distribution. Moreover, the factors affecting ICH distribution are complex and diverse, including the natural environment, social economy, cultural identity, and policy system. However, this study focused only on natural and socioeconomic factors and the analysis of one or several aspects, lacking comprehensive and systematic consideration. With the acceleration of globalization and urbanization, the living environment and inheritance mechanisms of ICH have undergone profound changes, and research on these emerging factors needs to be strengthened. Future studies should consider various factors affecting ICH more comprehensively, especially the impact of emerging factors such as globalization, urbanization, and digitalization on noninheritance. Simultaneously, the monitoring and analysis of the dynamic change process of ICH should be strengthened, an early warning mechanism should be established, and guidance for ICH conservation should be provided. The spatial features of the ICH are multiple and complex, and several factors influence its formation and development. Future research should continue to deepen the exploration of ICH distribution and strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation and data sharing to more comprehensively and deeply reveal the internal mechanisms and external conditions of ICH conservation and inheritance. Conclusion In this study, five batches of ICH were used as research objects, and the features of ICH in China were analyzed using a kernel density analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the heterogeneous effects of natural factors and socioeconomic factors on ICH were analyzed using the GWR model. The national ICH in China is strongly regionalized, and the number of ICH in eastern China is higher than that in western China. A suitable geographical environment, frequent human activities, and a long history in eastern China provide favorable conditions for the generation and conservation of ICH. ICH in China has formed the BTHR, YRDR, southeast Guizhou, PRDR, Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and other regions. These areas not only have a superior natural environment but also have a long history and profound cultural accumulation, providing fertile soil for the inheritance and development of ICH. The formation of national ICH items is influenced by the cross-compound of natural geographical conditions and the socioeconomic environment. Topographic, ecological, economic, population, and traffic factors are all important influencing factors, and different factors influence the national ICH items. This study explores the complex influencing factors of ICH, which is necessary for formulating scientific and reasonable conservation strategies and promoting cultural inheritance and innovation, and provides references for the study of ICH in other countries. Declarations Author Contribution Z. Wang was responsible for study design, manuscript structuring, drafting the initial version of the manuscript, and revising subsequent versions. Z. Wang and X. Wang contributed to the initial draft and conducted data analysis. X. Wang critically revised the manuscript and jointly supervised this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on improving this paper. Data Availability All the data for this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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(in China) Halder S, Sarda R (2021) Promoting intangible cultural heritage (ICH) tourism: Strategy for socioeconomic development of snake charmers (India) through geoeducation, geotourism and geoconservation. Int J Geoherit Parks 9(2):212–232 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 16 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 31 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 03 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":366158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStatistics of ICH of five batches in China.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025633/v1/3674b062e0f0e755baa6a5e1.png"},{"id":107643404,"identity":"bb468708-ac30-4ff5-aab5-14c20f27cd19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-23 13:51:34","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":614758,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial pattern of five batch of ICH kernel density in China.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025633/v1/f2e35a670cd8516b33867b85.png"},{"id":107643405,"identity":"9e04162b-cde6-4184-b896-30554cfe5fad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-23 13:51:34","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1137713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial pattern of different types of ICH kernel density in China.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025633/v1/152139029b1cd75ec140c397.png"},{"id":107643406,"identity":"8b6cdfef-2d1f-40db-a710-c29097c18398","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-23 13:51:34","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":315334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMoran’s scatter plot of ICH in China at different spatial scales.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025633/v1/c5c6e286e8439c7a6ee965e1.png"},{"id":107707679,"identity":"4842c3c1-61a1-4437-825c-041460084ea3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 09:20:54","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":526741,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLISA map of ICH in China at different scales.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025633/v1/ba19be77829921bcbad355c1.png"},{"id":107643407,"identity":"d24ddfe2-6bdf-4c80-a8ce-76b68ff7ca93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-23 13:51:34","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":588233,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRegression coefficient of GWR model in China.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025633/v1/24fc2435eeef88226c76bb7a.png"},{"id":107709342,"identity":"9cabafea-f3cc-4255-ae95-6db3d19543e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 09:35:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5697977,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9025633/v1/a7f65bcc-f903-4b41-91ae-43bbd33b8775.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Spatiotemporal differentiation and conservation of intangible cultural heritage in China: A spatial analysis approach","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntangible cultural heritage (ICH) is the traditional cultural expression form and related objects and places that interact, learn from, identify with each other, and accumulate in the long-term historical development process but retain their national characteristics\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The important standards of intangible cultural identity and the essence of national culture are the symbols of national cultural deposits, sources of national spiritual beliefs, and the continuation of historical culture. However, for a long time, under the impact of the cultural crisis of the market economy and the process of globalization, the uniqueness and heterogeneity of ICH have been weakened by problems such as insufficient exploration of connotations and the grafting of local culture. Consequently, people\u0026rsquo;s awareness of ICH has declined. Therefore, the inheritance and development of ICH are facing great challenges\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. With a 5,000-year history and a splendid ancient civilization, China has many rich types of ICH. Compared with tangible culture, ICH easily disappears because of inheritors\u0026rsquo; scarcity, fewer channels of transmission, and the impact of the development of modern fragmented culture. Therefore, scientifically revealing the factors that influence ICH distribution is necessary to improve the management and conservation level of ICH in China. This is conducive to further excavating traditional Chinese culture, stimulating the cultural innovation vitality of the whole nation, further promoting the construction of a strong socialist culture, and consolidating the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, ICH has gradually become a research hotspot\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Regarding research content, scholars in different periods focused on different aspects of ICH. For example, in the early stages, they mainly focused on the connotation, concept definition, type division, characteristics and value, conservation, and utilization of ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Since then, the scope of ICH research has been expanding. Research now covers ICH conservation, cultural expression and cultural identity, inheritance and development, inheritors, cultural heritage, ICH tourism, rural revitalization and ICH, digital conservation, living inheritance, ICH stakeholders\u0026rsquo; responsibility capabilities and demands, intangible culture of ethnic minorities\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and re-innovation of ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubsequently, the scope of the research continued to expand and be refined. Existing studies have explored various ICH types, such as traditional dance, traditional art, Quyi, folk literature, traditional music, traditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25 CR26\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A large body of research also reveals the impact of ICH on local socioeconomic development, national cultural identity, and public life\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ICH is an important carrier of human history and culture and has strong regional characteristics. Therefore, many scholars have used geographic information system (GIS) analysis and mathematical statistics to study the geographical characteristics of ICH, focusing mainly on the geographical determinants of ICH distribution\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The inheritance of ICH is closely related to the diversity and uniqueness of regional culture and reveals the comprehensive effect of natural socioeconomic factors. In terms of research methods, research theories and methods of folklore and cultural anthropology are mostly adopted, and it is common to discuss specific ICH using the theories and methods of folklore, culturology, and psychology\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Considering quantitative analysis, most scholars use GIS analysis, mathematical statistics, and other methods to process and analyze the spatial distribution types, spatial agglomeration, spatial equilibrium, and factors influencing ICH elements using geographical statistical methods. For example, the nearest neighbor index, location entropy, Lorentz curve, and other methods are commonly used to describe the geographical characteristics of ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, hotspot analyses, spatial autocorrelation, kernel density estimation, and other methods have been used to identify ICH clusters\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have systematically sorted and assessed the determinants of ICH distribution and inheritance from multiple dimensions, such as physical geography, social economy, cultural identity, and policy environment, using geographical detectors, geographically weighted regression (GWR) models, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and buffer zone analysis\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, in terms of physical geography, the impact of topography, rivers, and climatic conditions on the types and distribution of ICH have been discussed. In terms of the social economy, it analyzes the role of economic development level, industrial structure, population flow, and other factors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In terms of cultural identity, the promotion or restriction of ethnic identity, religious beliefs, and customs regarding the inheritance of ICH have been investigated\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The policy environment focuses on the impact of government actions such as policies and regulations, financial support, and educational popularization on the conservation of ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Among them, the geographical environment, as the natural basis, has a basic impact on forming ICH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic elements, such as the population flow and economic development level, affect the survival inheritance of ICH. Policy support and cultural inheritance mechanisms are directly related to the conservation and inheritance of ICH. Cultural exchange and integration in the process of globalization bring new opportunities and challenges to its development. Previous research on ICH was mainly conducted on national, provincial, and watershed scales, and few studies have revealed the ICH distribution and determining factors in China at the national grid scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs an important carrier of human history and culture, ICH distribution not only relates to the diversity and uniqueness of regional culture but also reflects the comprehensive effects of physical, socioeconomic, and other factors. Revealing the distribution patterns of ICH and exploring its determining factors have become the focus of current ICH research\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This study attempts to reveal the distribution feature of ICH using kernel density and spatial autocorrelation methods and to identify the factors that influence ICH distribution using the GWR model in China. This study then puts forward suggestions for ICH conservation and inheritance to provide more scientific theoretical support and guidance for the conservation and inheritance of ICH. This study proposes using a grid analysis method to divide national territorial space into microspaces that break through administrative boundaries. Using a 50\u0026times;50 km grid as the base unit, we extracted the ICH quantity and value of each geographical factor in the grid, built the influencing factors database of the ICH in China, and incorporated the spatial distribution of ICH and its influencing factors into the GWR model. This study aimed to solve the following three problems: (1) how to identify the distribution features of ICH in China; (2) how to incorporate the research of ICH influencing factors into the GWR model analysis; and (3) how to understand the objective geographical environment and socioeconomic development characteristics around ICH to put forward a practical basis for the conservation and inheritance of ICH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch objects and data sources\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eICH datasets involved in this study are based on the 3,610 national ICH representative item lists issued by the State Council five times in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2021 and were developed according to the spatial and geographical locations of the declared regions or units\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). According to the classification criteria of the Second Batch of National ICH List in China in 2008, ICH is divided into ten categories\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Other data involved in this study included 30 \u0026times;30 m resolution land-use data and 1,000 m resolution elevation, gross domestic product (GDP), and population grid data from RESDC (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.resdc.cn\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.resdc.cn\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Road network data were obtained from OpenStreetMap (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.openstreetmap.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.openstreetmap.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eKernel density estimation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this study, a kernel density tool was employed to detect local density changes and spatial hotspots in the ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This study used the kernel density model to calculate point element density around each output grid to show the degree of concentration and dispersion of ICH. The calculation equations are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58893_b39df98f09c4a4bb/58893_custom_files/img1776949179.png\" width=\"541\" height=\"132\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003ef(x\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e represents the kernel density value of the ICH at position \u003cem\u003e(x\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e denotes the search radius. \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e denotes the number of points whose distance from the position \u003cem\u003e(x\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e is less than or equal to the radius \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e represents the spatial weight function, and \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e is the distance between the current point element and \u003cem\u003e(x\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpatial autocorrelation analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a spatial exploration analysis was used to determine whether ICH in China demonstrated spatial clustering and spatial anomalies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Specifically, global Moran\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e was conducted to verify the aggregation of the ICH across the entire region\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Local spatial autocorrelation was conducted to measure the degree of spatial differences between a specific region and its surrounding areas\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. According to local Moran\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e index, there are four types in the calculation results. The calculation equations are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"541\" height=\"294\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e are the observed values of the spatial elements, ᵡ is the average of \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ew\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the spatial weight connection matrix of space units \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGeographically weighted regression model\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe GWR model was introduced to explore the heterogeneous features of ICH drivers in China. This model can effectively incorporate the spatial characteristics of data and more objectively and practically detect the heterogeneous features of factors influencing ICH39. The GWR model is a spatial extension of the ordinary least squares regression model, and the geographical location of the data is embedded into the regression parameters so that they can be locally estimated\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The model equation is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58893_b39df98f09c4a4bb/58893_custom_files/img1776950150.png\" width=\"541\" height=\"97\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003e(S\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e is the spatial geographical position coordinate of the \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e-th observation point, \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e(S\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e is the regression parameter of the observation point, \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents the value of the observational explanatory variable, and \u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is a random error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final spatial data involved in modeling included the ICH in China and topographic, ecological, population, economic, traffic, and urban factors\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Specifically, elevation was chosen to represent topographic factors. The proportions of forestland, grassland, and water area in each grid were used to characterize the ecological factors in this study. Population and GDP densities were selected to characterize the population and economic factors, respectively. Traffic density and distance from prefecture-level cities were selected to represent traffic and urban factors, respectively. These factors comprehensively consider the impact of natural and human elements on ICH distribution, including terrain, ecology, population, economy, transportation, and cities\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Before constructing the GWR model, a collinearity test of standardized variables was conducted using SPSS 23.0 to avoid the multicollinearity of each index. The test results showed that the variance inflation factor of the selected variables was less than 10 and that these three indicators could be used as explanatory variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe GWR model was constructed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eICH\u003c/em\u003e \u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e=\u0026thinsp;\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e(\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cem\u003e+\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e(\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)(\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1i\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cem\u003e+\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e(\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)(\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2i\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cem\u003e+\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e(\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)(\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3i\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)+\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e(\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)(\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e4i\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cem\u003e+\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e(\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)(\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e5i\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cem\u003e+\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e(\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)(\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6i\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003cem\u003e+\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e(u\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e is the regression coefficient of each influencing factor, \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eki\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,2,3) is the explanatory variable matrix, and \u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is a constant term and follows a normal distribution with constant variance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSpatial patterns of ICH in China\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of national ICH in China was 3,610, of which the second batch had the largest number (1352), accounting for 37.45% of the total number of ICH, followed by the first and third batches, with 763 items accounting for 21.36% and 567 items accounting for 15.71%. The numbers in the fourth and fifth batches were relatively small, with 463 and 465 items, respectively (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Among different national ICH in China, \u0026ldquo;traditional skills\u0026rdquo; had the largest number (629), accounting for approximately 17.4% of the total. This was followed by \u0026ldquo;folk customs\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;traditional dramas,\u0026rdquo; which accounted for 13.6% and 13.1% of the total, respectively. This was followed by traditional music and art, the proportions of which were 11.9% and 11.6% of the total, respectively. Traditional sports, recreation, acrobatics, and traditional medicine were the least common, with 166 and 182 items, accounting for only 4.6% and 5.0% of the total, respectively (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe spatial feature of ICH in China is unbalanced. Generally, ICH is concentrated in eastern China. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, Zhejiang has the largest number of ICH items (257), followed by Shandong and Shanxi, with 186 and 182 items, respectively. The ICH in Jiangsu, Hebei, Beijing, and Guangdong exceeded 160; in Sichuan and Guizhou, it exceeded 150; and in the other regions, it was lower than 150. Specifically, for all types of ICH, the ICH in China has evident regionalism, and the structure of ICH types in the provinces is quite different. Most provinces had ten ICH types, but evident differences exist in the number of ICH types among the provinces. For example, Zhejiang, Shandong, Shanxi, Beijing, Guangdong, Hebei, Jiangsu, and Guizhou were not only rich in ICH types but also large in quantity, whereas Hong Kong, Macao, and Ningxia not only had fewer types of ICH but also a smaller number.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the kernel density distribution features of the five batches of ICH were similar. Specifically, the kernel density of ICH in the first batch formed a number of first-level dense areas, including the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTHR), Yangtze River Delta region (YRDR), eastern Fujian Province, Pearl River Delta region (PRDR), southeastern Guizhou, the border area of Qinghai and Gansu, and the Lhasa region. Sub-dense areas were formed around the core areas. The second batch of ICH formed a contiguous core area in the BTHR and the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the YRDR; the eastern part of Zhejiang; the eastern part of Fujian; the border areas of Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi; and the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei. Some primary core areas are located in the middle of Sichuan, and the border areas of Lhasa, Qinghai, and Gansu, as well as sub-dense areas, are widely distributed around these core areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first-level dense area of the third batch of ICH is distributed in the BTHR, YRDR, and southeast region of Shanxi, while the secondary area is widely distributed in North China, PRDR, border areas of Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi, and border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei. The core dense areas of the fourth batch of ICH were also distributed in the BTHR and the YRDR, and the sub-dense areas were distributed in the surrounding areas of the core areas, the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei, and the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. The fifth batch of ICH dense areas is in the BTHR, and the sub-dense areas are distributed in the YRDR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Hunan; the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei; and the PRDR.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the national ICH in eastern China was evidently higher than that in central and western China, with a multi-core distribution model forming two high-density core areas, namely, the BTHR and the YRDR. Several sub-density core areas and a few small core areas were scattered in the western capital cities, the three provinces in Northeast China, and other provinces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing kernel density analysis tools, we further drew the kernel density distribution characteristics of the various ICH items (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuyi. The ICH kernel density of Quyi formed several high-density core areas and two sub-density core areas. The high-density core areas are the BTHR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei; the central part of Liaoning; the YRDR; and the surrounding areas. Several sub-density core areas, including the northeast and Chengdu-Chongqing border areas and the Qinghai and Gansu border areas, radiate to the surrounding areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFolk custom. Folk custom ICH is widely distributed, forming sub-density core areas, including the BTHR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the YRDR; the eastern part of Fujian; the Hunan-Guizhou border region; the Qinghai and Gansu border regions; and the PRDR, with a high core density area as the core.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFolk literature. Folk literature is primarily located in the North China Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, with high-density core areas, including the YRDR and the border area between Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan, radiating to the surrounding areas. The sub-density core areas include the BTHR, Urumqi, the Hunan-Jiangxi-Hubei border region, the southeast of Yunnan, and the Guizhou-Sichuan border region, showing contiguous distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional dance. The ICH of traditional dance is widely distributed and forms multiple gathering points. Several high-density areas have been formed in the BTHR, the border area between Jinjin-Hebei-Shandong-Henan, Lhasa, the southeastern Guizhou region, the YRDR, the PRDR, and the regions along the Hunan-Hubei-Guizhou region; the surrounding areas of high-density areas and southern Gansu are the core areas that form sub-density core areas, which are widely distributed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional music. Similarly, traditional music ICH items have clear spatial agglomeration characteristics and are mainly distributed in the central and eastern regions of China, forming multiple high-density and sub-density core areas. Among them, the high-density areas include the BTHR; the border areas of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the YRDR; the border areas of Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi; the border areas of Qinghai and Gansu; the western region of Xinjiang; and the central part of Hainan. The sub-density area was mainly distributed in the area surrounding the core area. Traditional music items are widely distributed throughout China, forming several small core areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics. The ICH of traditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics mainly formed a high-density core area, including the BTHR, the border area of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan, and the YRDR. In addition, a secondary core area, including east of Fuzhou and the PRDR, was formed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional medicine. The high-density core areas of traditional medicine ICH items were distributed in the BTHR and the YRDR, and the sub-density areas were widely distributed in the surrounding areas of the core area, the border areas of Jinjing-Jing-Shandong-Henan, Guizhou, Hunan, and other areas along the line, the PRDR, and the Lhasa region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional drama. The high-density core areas and several sub-density core areas formed by the traditional drama are mainly distributed in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It can be found that continuous high-density areas are distributed from the border area of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan to the areas along the YRDR; the border area of Hunan, Jiangxi, and Hubei; the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong; Yunnan; and Lhasa. The secondary core areas are primarily distributed in the surrounding areas of these regions, and there is also sporadic distribution in the capital cities of western regions (such as Urumqi and Gansu).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional skills. ICH has the largest number of traditional skills, forming several high-density regions, including the BTHR, the YRDR, the border area between Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong, Sichuan, Guizhou, and the PRDR; the border area between Hunan and Jiangxi; the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong; and Lhasa. Simultaneously, secondary density areas were found in the surrounding core area and parts of Xinjiang and Liaoning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional art. Traditional art ICH presents a multi-core distribution pattern, including high-density core areas, such as the BTHR; the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan; the junction of Hunan and Jiangxi; the YRDR; the PRDR; the border areas of Guizhou and Hunan; the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong; the central region of Sichuan; and the eastern region of Qinghai and Lhasa. Multiple secondary high-density regions with one high-density region were used as the cores. In summary, the spatial feature of ICH in China is characterized by diversity and complexity. There were evident differences in the number, type, and distribution of ICH items across the different regions. These differences not only reflect the uniqueness and diversity of regional culture but also the deep-seated laws of cultural inheritance and development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpatial agglomeration patterns of ICH in China\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further reveal the clustering features of ICH, we analyzed the clustering features of ICH at global and local scales using Moran\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e index. We created a global spatial autocorrelation index at the provincial, prefecture, county, and grid levels. The global Moran\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e indices at the provincial, prefecture-level city, county, and 50\u0026times;50 km grid scales were \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.032, 0.155, 0.200, and 0.217, respectively, with a \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value of 0.001. It can be found that ICH presents prominent agglomeration characteristics (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe local spatial autocorrelation results demonstrated that the high-high region was distributed in Henan, and the low-high region was distributed in Anhui and Shanghai (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). At the county level, the high-high region is distributed in YRDR, BTHR, and Lhasa. Simultaneously, we also found many low-low regions distributed in Northeast China, and Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, and Guizhou. On the grid scale, the high-high regions were primarily distributed in BTHR, YRDR, PRDR, southeastern Guizhou region, and the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInfluencing factors of ICH\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA comparative analysis of Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the GWR regression results were significantly better than the global regression results, and the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value and modified R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value of the GWR regression model were significantly higher than those of the global regression. Using the GWR regression model, the AIC and AICc values were significantly reduced compared to the global regression, and the reduction amplitude was much greater than three. In addition, the likelihood of -2 log-likelihood was reduced by 1389.826 in the GWR regression model (when the two models were compared, the likelihood of -2 log-likelihood was better). Therefore, comparing the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, AIC, and AICc values, as well as the 2 log-likelihood, we found that the fitting effect of the GWR regression model was much higher than that of the global regression model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GWR model simulated the spatial heterogeneity of the degree of influence of different factors on the spatial distribution of ICH in China and drew a spatial distribution map of the regression coefficients of different factors using ArcGIS 10.2. This software was used to visualize the regression coefficients of each factor in different spatial locations of the grid (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) to analyze the influence of various geographical factors on the spatial distribution of ICH in China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal regression parameter results of ICH in China\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual sum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eML-based global sigma estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnbiased global sigma estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2 log-likelihood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18820.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassic AIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18804.960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAICc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18804.925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBIC/MDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18754.396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographically weighted regression results of ICH in China\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandwidth size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.638 (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoordinate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX-coord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY-coord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual sum of squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective number of parameters (model: trace(S))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e318.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective number of parameters (variance: trace(S\u0026rsquo;S))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree of freedom (model: n - trace(S))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3788.611\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegree of freedom (residual: n \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2trace(S) + trace(S\u0026rsquo;S))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3667.294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eML-based global sigma estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnbiased global sigma estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2 log-likelihood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20210.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassic AIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-19572.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAICc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-19517.961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBIC/MDL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-17553.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that the regression coefficients were positive in most regions, especially in the PRDR and the vast area of western China, where topographic factors had a positive influence on ICH (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea). The negative regression coefficient was mainly distributed in southwest, eastern, and Northeast China, especially in the YRDR, where an increase in elevation seriously affects the ICH quantity. From the perspective of spatial differences, high-value regions of positive values appeared in the border regions of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Shaanxi, western Hubei, western Hunan, and the YRDR (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003eb). In addition, many positive regions were distributed in the surrounding areas of high-value regions: western Qinghai, southeastern Tibet, parts of Gansu, and most of Northeast China. Low negative values were observed in the PRDR, surrounding areas, and the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan, in addition to the surrounding core area and most western areas of Xinjiang and Tibet. The higher the proportion of ecological spaces in these areas, the lower the ICH value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high-value region of positive values covered most of China, and only a small part of the region was covered by the negative values (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ec). The low-value areas with negative values were mainly distributed in Xinjiang, western Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Qinghai. Areas with high positive values were primarily distributed in Tibet, parts of western Qinghai, and most other areas. The regression results demonstrated that areas with high positive values were mainly distributed in northwest China, including most parts of Xinjiang, central Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Ningxia, northern Sichuan, and Chongqing. Other regions, including southwest, southeast, northeast, and most of Tibet, had negatively distributed areas (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ed). Overall, most areas were positive areas, and only a few areas were distributed in the central part of Inner Mongolia, indicating that traffic density can promote ICH inheritance (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ee). In addition, we found that in southern China, the southeast part of Tibet and the western part of Xinjiang, the traffic density could promote ICH inheritance. The positive influence of urban factors on ICH was primarily distributed in the western region, including most areas of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai as well as parts of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Zhejiang (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ef). Other areas were covered by negative areas, especially in the southwest and border areas of Henan, Shandong, Anhui, and Jiangsu, where the closer these areas were to urban centers, the lower the number of ICH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInterpretation of the spatiotemporal features of ICH in China\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eICH in eastern China was clearly higher than that in western China, mainly because ICH was born among people and is closely related to human activities. The eastern region of China has a relatively flat terrain, suitable climate, dense population distribution, frequent human activities, and a developed economy that provides suitable natural and economic conditions for the generation and development of ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The population of the western region is relatively small, and the level of socioeconomic development is relatively low, which is not conducive to the generation or development of ICH to a certain extent\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, in Lhasa and Xining in the western region, which are affected by the plateau environment and cultural characteristics, ICH is primarily distributed in relatively flat terrain and populated areas, and an agglomeration trend is evident. We found that traditional arts were evidently greater than other types, while the proportion of traditional medicine, traditional sports, recreation, and acrobatics was relatively small, possibly owing to the uniqueness of non-genetic inheritance. The inheritance mode was mostly oral transmission, which was not easy to retain. Traditional medicine, sports, recreation, and acrobatics have a certain degree of inheritance difficulty\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Traditional art is the product of human production and lifestyle, reflects socioeconomic levels in different historical periods, and is widely retained because of its \u0026ldquo;usefulness.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ICH in China can be found to form several different high-value regions, including the BTHR, YRDR, southeast Guizhou, PRDR, Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and other regions. These areas not only have a superior natural environment but also have a long history and profound cultural accumulation, providing fertile soil for the generation and development of ICH. Taking the BTHR as an example, Beijing has been the political and cultural center of China since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the profound cultural heritage of this region has resulted in significant ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The YRDR is also relatively rich in ICH, mainly because of its high level of economic development, long history, China\u0026rsquo;s four ancient capitals, and the first batch of national historical and cultural cities, with a history of more than 7,000 years of civilization, approximately 2,600 years of urban history, and nearly 500 years of capital history\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In minority areas, such as Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, a unique ethnic culture has become the basis for ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As an important Chinese economic center, the PRDR, with its profound historical deposits and strong economic foundation, has injected vitality into the generation and development of ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan are the border areas of the provinces and the gathering areas of ICH items. The cultures of these areas have regional characteristics and are integrated with the environment within a specific range. The cultural fusion phenomenon in the border areas of provinces is more evident, and cultural agglomeration easily occurs\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, the junction of Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, and Hebei provinces is not only one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization but also the political, economic, and cultural center of several dynasties in history.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe clusters of ICH in these regions are clear, and all types of ICH items are highly concentrated in space, forming a unique cultural landscape. For example, ICH items such as traditional drama, dance, and skills in the region are not only large in number and variety but also have high artistic and cultural values. These areas, with their unique geographical locations, historical and cultural backgrounds, and economic development, form several dense ICH distribution areas. Human activities are the carriers of ICH; therefore, the form of ICH spreads with human activities and integrates with different regional characteristics to form a continuous distribution feature, spreading around areas with intensive human activities as the center. From a historical perspective, the non-legacy middle class of China was born in the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The spatial distribution of ICH varies greatly across different historical periods, mainly in the Yellow River, Yangtze River Basin, coastal areas, and minority-inhabited areas\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The border areas of Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Hunan; Guizhou; and Guangxi are affected by the distribution of ethnic minorities and the frequent cultural exchange activities in the border areas of provinces, which are conducive to the formation and survival of rich ICH items\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe eastern coastal areas, including Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, Fujian, and Guangdong, were typical areas of ICH distribution. This region is characterized by its rich marine culture, fishing tradition, trade history, and economic development, and it has nurtured many unique ICH items\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, the Yue opera and dragon boat race in Zhejiang, Nanyin, and Mazu religions in Fujian, and the Cantonese opera and canton embroidery in Guangdong are widely distributed in this region and have formed a unique cultural landscape\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe coastal areas of Guangdong and Fujian have been mainly affected by historical population migration; resultantly, residents attach great importance to cultural inheritance, and ICH items have been fully protected and promoted\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These ICH items are not only numerous but also diverse in type, covering many fields such as traditional drama, music, dance, and arts. On the one hand, the formation of its zonal distribution features benefits from superior geographical conditions and rich natural resources in coastal areas; on the other hand, it is also closely related to frequent maritime trade and cultural exchanges throughout history. These factors jointly promote the generation, dissemination, and development of the ICH. The formation of this cluster distribution is closely related to the long historical and cultural traditions of the region as well as the frequent cultural exchanges, integration, and innovation in the region. These factors jointly promote the generation, inheritance, and development of ICH, forming unique cultural ecology and regional characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to these typical areas, China\u0026rsquo;s borders have rich ICH resources. Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Xinjiang, and Tibet, along with their unique geographical locations, natural environments, ethnic cultures, and religious beliefs, have developed many ICH items with distinct regional and ethnic characteristics\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, the Peacock Dance and Water-splashing Festival in Yunnan, the epic of King Gesar, and the Regong culture in Tibet are all ICH items with high artistic value and national characteristics. The distribution of these items not only reflects the uniqueness and diversity of the culture in the border areas but also shows the cultural pattern of the pluralistic integration of the Chinese nation. Most central and western regions are sparsely populated and limited by natural environmental conditions and economic development levels. The ICH items in these regions are sparse, and forming a centralized cluster of contiguous ICH items is difficult. However, as the longstanding regional political, economic, and cultural center, the capital and downtown areas of the central and western provinces and cities have a substantial gathering effect on ICH items within the scope of the provinces and cities and often form a relatively independent ICH item-dense area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExplanation of the causes of the spatiotemporal features of ICH in China\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development of humans and society has always been closely related to the geographical environment. The natural environment provides the material basis for cultural reproduction as well as limits the formation and distribution characteristics of ICH to a certain extent\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Natural environments are important for the survival and development of ICH. Globally, the ICH is closely related to natural environmental factors, such as terrain, geomorphology, and climatic conditions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, plateaus, mountains, and other areas with relatively harsh natural environments often give birth to unique ICH items such as Tibetan songs and dances and Mongolian equestrians. These ICH items not only reflect the local people\u0026rsquo;s ability to adapt to the natural environment but also their wisdom and creativity. As a fundamental element of the physical environment, topography significantly affects ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, in areas with complex terrains, such as plateaus and mountains, a relatively independent cultural ecology is formed owing to inconvenient transportation and blocked information, and rich ICH is often preserved in these areas\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Taking the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example, its unique geographical environment has nurtured unique ICHs, such as Tibetan songs and dances and Thangka art, which have gradually formed distinct regional characteristics throughout history. Similarly, in mountainous areas such as Sichuan and Guizhou, owing to the closed terrain, the impact of foreign cultures has been effectively reduced, and the uniqueness of local culture has been maintained, such as the silver jewelry-making skills of the Miao nationality and the big song of the Dong nationality\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, water resources, such as rivers and lakes, are important factors in the distribution of ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Areas with abundant water resources often become the birthplace of human civilization and provide convenient conditions for the generation and conservation of ICH. For example, the Yellow and Yangtze River Basins in China are highly concentrated areas of ICH resources\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The socioeconomic development level also significantly affects ICH distribution. Generally, areas with developed economies and prosperous cultures have richer ICH resources and more effective conservation and inheritance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These regions often have relatively comprehensive cultural conservation policies and financial support systems that guarantee the inheritance and conservation of ICH. However, with the advancement of modernization and the impact of globalization, ICH resources in many areas face the danger of disappearance and extinction\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Especially in some economically underdeveloped areas, owing to shortage of funds, brain drain, and other problems, the conservation and inheritance of ICH face many difficulties. Therefore, strengthening international cooperation, promoting resource sharing, and exchanging experiences are vital for the conservation and inheritance of global ICH. The spatial distribution of global ICH displays diversity and complexity, which is not only restricted by the natural geographical environment but is also influenced by historical culture, economic development level, and social structure changes. In the future, with the strengthening of global cultural exchange and progress in scientific and technological means, the conservation and inheritance of ICH will face more opportunities and challenges\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. China should strengthen international cooperation, promote resource sharing and exchange, and jointly promote the conservation and inheritance of global ICH. Simultaneously, we should also pay attention to the modernization and innovative development of ICH so that this valuable ICH will radiate in the new era.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic factors have profoundly shaped the generation, inheritance, and development path of ICH and have directly affected its distribution pattern in different regions. The historical context was the basis for the formation and distribution of ICH. During a long historical process, different regions have accumulated their own distinctive cultural traditions and ways of life, which have become important sources of local ICH\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, owing to their unique geographical environment and water culture, Jiangnan water towns have created rich folk customs, handicrafts, and oral traditions, such as the Kunqu opera, embroidery, and Pingtan. These cultural heritage sites demonstrated clear spatial regional concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina is a multiethnic country, and the diversity and integration of national customs in the long-term common life and exchanges of all ethnic groups have formed a rich variety of national customs. These customs not only reflect the unique cultural characteristics of each nation but also profoundly affect the distribution of ICH. Traditional festivals, weddings, funeral customs, and the food cultures of different nationalities are all important components of ICH. For example, traditional festival customs such as the Spring Festival and the Mid-autumn Festival are widely distributed throughout the country, but their specific forms of expression vary from place to place and are deeply influenced by local ethnic customs. Economically developed regions, such as the BTHR, YRDR, and PRDR, often have stronger cultural consumption capacity and conservation awareness, which provide a good environment for the conservation and inheritance of ICH resources\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. With high economic strength, these regions can invest more funds in the excavation, sorting, conservation, and display of ICH. Subsequently, a high-density agglomeration area of ICH resources is formed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the one hand, economically developed areas transform ICH resources into economic resources through cultural tourism and cultural and creative industries and realize their market value. This transformation process not only promotes the conservation of ICH resources but also drives the development of related industries, thus forming the diffusion effect of ICH resources. On the other hand, economically developed regions have improved the dissemination efficiency of ICH resources through technological innovation and information construction so that more regions can access and inherit this valuable cultural heritage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePolicy implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study reveals the determining factors behind the spatial features of ICH, demonstrating that the ICH was affected by many factors, including natural socioeconomic factors. Based on the results, we propose the following policy recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic development can provide the necessary financial support for ICH conservation; thus, the government can increase support for ICH conservation items through financial investment, tax incentives, and other ways to promote mining, sorting, conservation, and inheritance of ICH resources\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Simultaneously, the government can guide social capital to participate in ICH conservation by formulating relevant policies to form a diversified conservation model. This conservation mode not only helps alleviate the problem of lack of funds for ICH conservation but also improves the efficiency and effectiveness of ICH conservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith economic development, the trend of commercialization and industrialization of ICH resources has become increasingly evident. On the one hand, ICH tourism has become an important force to promote local economic development\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Many regions have developed ICH tourism items to attract tourists to the charm of ICH, thereby increasing tourism income and promoting local economic development\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the production and sale of cultural products, such as intangible handicrafts, have also brought considerable economic benefits to the local area. Although this process of commercialization and industrialization has promoted the conservation and inheritance of ICH resources to a certain extent, it also has the problems of over-commercialization and consumerization, which can easily destroy the original ecology and authenticity of ICH. Therefore, addressing the contradictions between economic development and ICH conservation is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflicts exist between economic development and ICH conservation. On the one hand, excessive commercialization and consumerization may lead to the abuse and waste of ICH resources, damaging their sustainability and social responsibility. However, driven by economic interests, ICH resources may become tools for some regions or individuals to pursue economic interests, ignoring their cultural values and inheritance significance. To realize a benign interaction and a win-win situation between economic development and ICH conservation, a series of balanced strategies should be adopted. First, we must adhere to scientific conservation principles and rational utilization to ensure that ICH resources are passed on and developed during conservation. Second, it is necessary to establish and improve the legal and regulatory system for ICH conservation, clarify the subject of conservation, protect content and conservation measures, and provide legal guarantees for ICH conservation. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen social participation and public education in the conservation against ICH, improve the public\u0026rsquo;s awareness of ICH and conservation awareness, and create a good atmosphere for society to participate in the conservation of ICH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of socioeconomic development on ICH is complex and multifaceted. It promotes the concentration and diffusion of ICH resources and changes the conservation and inheritance modes of ICH. However, while enjoying the opportunities brought about by economic development, we should also be aware of the contradictions and conflicts. Only by adhering to the principles of scientific conservation and rational utilization can we find a balance between economic development and ICH conservation and realize the sustainable inheritance and conservation of ICH resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations and future research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on an in-depth analysis of ICH distribution rules and determining factors in China, this study found that ICH in China was affected by geographical and environmental factors and restricted by socioeconomic factors. In the future, the influence of these factors should be fully considered in the conservation and inheritance of ICH, and more scientific and reasonable conservation strategies and development plans should be formulated. By systematically determining the spatial features and factors influencing ICH, this study provides theoretical support and guidance for ICH conservation and inheritance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, this study has some limitations. For example, although GIS and other spatial analysis technologies have been applied, applying these methods is still monotonous, focusing on descriptive analysis of spatial distribution patterns and lacking in-depth mechanism discussion and dynamic simulation. Future studies should explore more diverse spatial analysis methods, such as complex network analysis and spatial measurement models, to reveal the rules and mechanisms of ICH distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the factors affecting ICH distribution are complex and diverse, including the natural environment, social economy, cultural identity, and policy system. However, this study focused only on natural and socioeconomic factors and the analysis of one or several aspects, lacking comprehensive and systematic consideration. With the acceleration of globalization and urbanization, the living environment and inheritance mechanisms of ICH have undergone profound changes, and research on these emerging factors needs to be strengthened. Future studies should consider various factors affecting ICH more comprehensively, especially the impact of emerging factors such as globalization, urbanization, and digitalization on noninheritance. Simultaneously, the monitoring and analysis of the dynamic change process of ICH should be strengthened, an early warning mechanism should be established, and guidance for ICH conservation should be provided.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe spatial features of the ICH are multiple and complex, and several factors influence its formation and development. Future research should continue to deepen the exploration of ICH distribution and strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation and data sharing to more comprehensively and deeply reveal the internal mechanisms and external conditions of ICH conservation and inheritance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, five batches of ICH were used as research objects, and the features of ICH in China were analyzed using a kernel density analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the heterogeneous effects of natural factors and socioeconomic factors on ICH were analyzed using the GWR model. The national ICH in China is strongly regionalized, and the number of ICH in eastern China is higher than that in western China. A suitable geographical environment, frequent human activities, and a long history in eastern China provide favorable conditions for the generation and conservation of ICH. ICH in China has formed the BTHR, YRDR, southeast Guizhou, PRDR, Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and other regions. These areas not only have a superior natural environment but also have a long history and profound cultural accumulation, providing fertile soil for the inheritance and development of ICH. The formation of national ICH items is influenced by the cross-compound of natural geographical conditions and the socioeconomic environment. Topographic, ecological, economic, population, and traffic factors are all important influencing factors, and different factors influence the national ICH items. This study explores the complex influencing factors of ICH, which is necessary for formulating scientific and reasonable conservation strategies and promoting cultural inheritance and innovation, and provides references for the study of ICH in other countries.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ. Wang was responsible for study design, manuscript structuring, drafting the initial version of the manuscript, and revising subsequent versions. Z. Wang and X. Wang contributed to the initial draft and conducted data analysis. X. Wang critically revised the manuscript and jointly supervised this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on improving this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the data for this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHu J, Chen M, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Kong Y (2017) Study on temporal and spatial characteristics of intangible cultural heritage in Hubei Province. Econ Geogr 37(10):206\u0026ndash;214\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePang L, Wu L (2023) Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. 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Int J Geoherit Parks 9(2):212\u0026ndash;232\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Intangible cultural heritage, spatiotemporal differentiation, conservation, geographically weighted regression, China","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025633/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025633/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the acceleration of globalization and modernization, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is facing unprecedented challenges. As a product of human civilization, ICH embodies the precious spiritual wealth and unique cultural connotations of China. Clarifying the spatiotemporal differentiation of ICH and its driving factors is conducive to providing a basis for realizing sustainable development goals and formulating conservation paths based on local conditions. Taking five batches of ICH as the research object, this study combined multi-source data and various spatial and mathematical statistical analysis methods to understand the causes of ICH spatial distribution and proposed a path for ICH conservation. The key findings are as follows. China\u0026rsquo;s national ICH resources are rich, and the proportion of traditional skills is the largest at 17.4%. Overall, the distribution characteristics were primarily distributed in eastern China, and some ICH are scattered in the western capital city. The areas with high kernel density were primarily distributed in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, the border areas of provinces, and economically and culturally developed areas in China. The spatial autocorrelation results demonstrated that ICH had significant spatial clustering characteristics at multiple scales. The geographically weighted regression model demonstrated that the spatiotemporal differentiation of national ICH in China resulted from various influencing factors. Overall, the regression coefficients of each geographical factor were positive or negative; however, the difference in the proportion of positive and negative regression coefficients of different factors and the spatial heterogeneity of high and low values reflected large spatial differences in the direction, degree, and scope of influence of each factor. The findings can provide useful decision-making support for implementing ICH conservation and inheritance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Spatiotemporal differentiation and conservation of intangible cultural heritage in China: A spatial analysis approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-23 13:51:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9025633/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T05:09:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T07:46:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-09T09:21:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-08T16:34:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2026-03-04T04:18:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ab36834-f254-4fda-b06a-f0237879eb8b","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":66415966,"name":"Humanities/Cultural and media studies"},{"id":66415967,"name":"Social science/Cultural and media studies"},{"id":66415968,"name":"Social science/Development studies"},{"id":66415969,"name":"Social science/Environmental studies"},{"id":66415970,"name":"Scientific community and society/Geography"},{"id":66415971,"name":"Social science/Geography"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-23T13:51:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-23 13:51:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9025633","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9025633","identity":"rs-9025633","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}