Mapping the Neural Patterns of Verbal Repetition: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis

Mapping the Neural Patterns of Verbal Repetition: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Mapping the Neural Patterns of Verbal Repetition: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis Ariane Awana, Marcelo L. Berthier, María José Torres-Prioris, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7801464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Verbal repetition is a core language function that integrates receptive and expressive processes in a temporally constrained manner. This integrative nature makes it particularly relevant for language acquisition and learning, while also giving it strong clinical importance. Deficits in repetition are hallmark symptoms of several language disorders, and repetition tasks are systematically included in major diagnostic batteries and therapeutic protocols. Although verbal repetition has been widely investigated, the heterogeneity of findings across studies has left its consistent neural underpinnings insufficiently established. This study aims to: i) identify the brain regions consistently activated during verbal repetition in healthy participants, irrespective of experimental design; ii) examine the distinct patterns related to word and pseudoword repetition; and iii) investigate the lateralization of these processes. A coordinate-based meta-analysis using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) was conducted on 440 activation foci (380 participants) from 27 functional magnetic resonance experiments investigating verbal repetition. Results revealed a bilaterally distributed fronto-temporo-parietal network, with additional involvement of the supplementary motor area and the cingulate cortex, consistently associated with general verbal repetition. When comparing word and pseudoword repetition, pseudowords elicited greater activation convergence in left fronto-temporal regions and right subcortical structures, while word repetition showed greater activation convergence in the mid part of the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and the left supplementary motor area. However, lateralization indexes showed a predominant left lateralization for all repetition processes. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of consistent brain regions involved in verbal repetition in healthy adults. language word repetition pseudoword repetition neuroimaging ALE meta-analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Verbal repetition, while a seemingly straightforward function, encompasses complex cognitive and neural processes that transform auditory information into motor representations necessary for articulation (Hope et al. 2014 ). This process involves acoustic and phonological analysis, the temporary maintenance of phonological representations, and their mapping onto the motor system for speech production (Majerus 2013 ; Hope et al. 2014 ). Beyond its fundamental role in speech, verbal repetition is also crucial for language acquisition, as it supports the learning of new words (Gathercole 2006 ; López-Barroso et al. 2013 , 2015 ; López-Barroso and De Diego-Balaguer 2017 ; Orpella et al. 2022 ) and contributes to phonological short-term memory (Jacquemot and Scott 2006 ; Majerus 2013 ). In addition to its role in typical language processing, verbal repetition also has significant clinical relevance. It is crucial for classifying aphasic syndromes clinically (Albert et al. 1981 ), informing prognosis (Hosomi et al. 2009 ) and guiding rehabilitation strategies (Schlaug et al. 2009 ). Alterations of repetition are also a hallmark of language disorders. Uncontrolled repetition, known as echolalia, is commonly observed in individuals with aphasia (Berthier et al. 2018 ; Torres-Prioris et al. 2019 ; López-Barroso et al. 2023 ), and has also been reported in other neurological conditions (Ota et al. 2021 ). Taken together, the cognitive, developmental, and clinical dimensions of verbal repetition underscore the importance of delineating the neural systems that are consistently engaged during this function. A precise characterization is necessary not only to advance theoretical models of speech and language processing, such as the dual-stream framework (Hickok and Poeppel 2004 , 2007 ), but also to strengthen diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions. The dual-stream model of language processing provides a useful framework for understanding these mechanisms. According to this model, speech and language processing occurs along two main pathways: the dorsal and the ventral streams. The dorsal stream supports auditory-motor integration, which is crucial for verbal repetition and speech production (Behroozmand et al. 2015 ), while the ventral stream is involved in lexico-semantic mapping. This distinction has led to the prediction that word repetition may rely more on the ventral stream’s lexico-semantic processes, whereas pseudoword repetition should strongly recruit dorsal auditory-motor processes (Saur et al. 2008 ; Majerus 2013 ; Moritz-Gasser and Duffau 2013 ). Yet, empirical findings remain inconsistent: some studies report graded differences in activation within the same areas during word and pseudoword processing (Mechelli et al. 2003 ; Raettig and Kotz 2008 ; Hartwigsen et al. 2013 ), whereas others point to distinct patterns for each type of stimulus (Yoo et al. 2012 ; Palomar-García et al. 2017 ). Beyond stimulus-level contrasts, the issue of hemispheric specialization is also critical. While the left hemisphere has long been considered dominant for language (Knecht et al., 2000b ; Vikingstad et al., 2000 ), the dual-stream model makes more nuanced predictions about hemispheric specialization. Specifically, it posits a left-lateralized dorsal auditory–motor integration circuit and a bilaterally organized ventral lexico-semantic stream, findings further supported by neuroimaging-based studies (Saur et al. 2008 ; Assaneo et al. 2019 ). Verbal repetition, which requires the interaction of both streams, therefore offers a critical test case for examining hemispheric asymmetries. Although right-hemisphere involvement has frequently been reported in patients with left-hemisphere damage, its role in recovery remains highly debated, with some studies suggesting a compensatory contribution (Berthier et al. 2012 ; Forkel et al. 2014 ) and others considering it maladaptive (Heiss and Thiel 2006 ; Postman-Caucheteux et al. 2010 ). In contrast, its contribution to verbal repetition in the intact brain remains insufficiently understood. Despite numerous neuroimaging studies investigating verbal repetition, findings remain heterogeneous, and no synthesis has yet determined which brain regions are consistently engaged across tasks. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the brain regions consistently activated in functional studies of verbal repetition in neurotypical adults. This gap is particularly relevant given the clinical importance of repetition: clarifying its neural bases can guide intraoperative monitoring to prevent post-surgical aphasia (Moritz-Gasser 2021 ), identify reliable targets for non-invasive stimulation therapies, and strengthen interventions based on repetition, such as Imitation-Based Aphasia Therapy (Duncan and Small 2016 ) and Speech Entrainment Therapy (Fridriksson et al. 2012 ), both of which are supported by substantial empirical evidence (Fridriksson et al. 2015 ; Duncan and Small 2016 , 2017 ; Berthier et al. 2017 ; Feenaughty et al. 2021 ). Additionally, given its strong link to short-term and working memory (Gathercole et al. 1992 ; Jacquemot and Scott 2006 ; Lopez-Barroso et al. 2011 ; Majerus 2013 ), repetition training helps address short-term memory deficits that impact language function (Salis et al. 2015 , 2017 ). Improvements in verbal short-term memory have been shown to correlate with better outcomes across multiple language domains (Harris et al. 2014 ; Eom and Sung 2016 ), further reinforcing the clinical and cognitive significance of repetition. 1.3. The present study The present study addresses these issues by identifying brain regions that are consistently involved in verbal repetition, both as a general function and across different experimental conditions in neurotypical adults. As an integrated linguistic function, verbal repetition engages a widespread brain network (Moritz-Gasser 2021 ). This complexity, combined with the essential interconnectivity of brain regions required for successful repetition, underscores the need to investigate it as a unified process (Moritz-Gasser 2021 ). To this end, we conducted a systematic literature search and performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of verbal repetition (single words, single pseudowords, sentences or Jabberwocky sentences). By synthesizing the existing body of research, we aimed to draw consolidated conclusions and minimize the influence of individual study biases (Haidich 2010 ). The meta-analysis employed an Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) approach (Eickhoff et al. 2009b ). The analysis was guided by three objectives. First, to assess repetition as a general function, including repetition tasks of different types of stimuli. Second, to differentiate between the repetition of stimuli with semantic content (i.e., words) and those without semantic content (i.e., pseudowords). Finally, to address the ongoing debate on the role of the right hemisphere in language, we extracted lateralization indexes (LI) to investigate the differential contributions of the right and left hemispheres to the repetition process. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Literature search Searches for relevant articles were conducted using the following databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Embase. These databases were chosen based on research into the optimal database combination for literature searches in systematic reviews (Bramer et al. 2017 ; Gusenbauer and Haddaway 2020 ). The search terms used to identify articles reporting functional neuroimaging studies during a verbal repetition task included: (“speech repetition” OR “sensory-motor integration” OR “audio-motor integration” OR “verbal repetition” OR “word repetition” OR “pseudoword repetition” OR “pseudo-word repetition” OR “non-word repetition” OR “nonword repetition” OR “phrase repetition” OR “sentence repetition” OR “syllable repetition”) AND (fMRI OR neuroimaging OR “functional neuroimaging” OR “functional magnetic resonance imaging” OR PET OR “positron emission tomography”). Only articles written in English were considered. The initial search resulted in 1112 records identified across all databases (see Fig. 1 ) as of the 27th of May 2025. After removing duplicates both automatically and manually, the search identified 54 articles. Data management was performed using the systematic review web application RAYYAN (Ouzzani et al. 2016 ). 2.2. Inclusion criteria The results were initially screened based on their titles and abstracts, followed by a thorough review of the full-text articles to ensure they met the following inclusion criteria: 1) The sample was composed of more than one healthy adult. Studies with children, teenagers, neurologically impaired, or clinical populations were excluded; 2) The study used functional neuroimaging during a verbal repetition task: functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] or positron emission tomography [PET]) was performed; 3) The article was written in English; 4) Whole-brain analysis was conducted for neuroimaging data. Studies that only performed region of interest (ROI) analyses were excluded; 5) Results were reported using standard stereotactic coordinates (Montreal Neurological Institute [MNI] or Talairach space); 6) Contrasts reported should reflect functional brain processing during verbal repetition performance against a baseline condition. Verbal repetition conditions included overt or covert repetition of words in the participants’ native or non-native language, pseudowords/nonwords (i.e., a sequence of at least two syllables without associated meaning), or sentences. Baseline conditions included rest or control tasks such as listening or saying one specific word in response to stimuli. Studies contrasting two repetition conditions were excluded, as these reflects differences between repetition types rather than brain activity specifically related to the repetition process. Such contrasts were examined later in our meta-analytic comparisons. This screening resulted in 54 eligible articles that employed a verbal repetition task while performing neuroimaging via fMRI or PET. The study selection flow chart, and the specific reasons for exclusion during screening are shown in Fig. 1 . If any article did not report the MNI or Talairach coordinates of the contrast of interest, the corresponding author was contacted to request the missing data. After this step, 25 articles were included in the analysis of general repetition (ALE 1, Table 1 ). Table 1 Studies included in the ALE meta-analyses. Exp Article Imaging method Mean age (range/ SD) Sample (women) Hand Lang Contrast Foci ALE 1 Abo et al. ( 2004 ) fMRI 21.33 (nr/ 0.82) 6 (0) R Japanese Word repetition > Rest 20 ALE 1, ALE 2 2 Becker et al. ( 1994 ) PET nr (25–40/nr) 4 (nr) R nr 3 Word repetition > Rest 15 ALE 1. ALE 2 3 Burton et al. ( 2001 ) fMRI 30 (22–49/nr) 10 (8) 10R, 1L English Word repetition > Reverse speech token listening and saying the word “crime” 4 ALE 1, ALE 2 4 Cowell et al. ( 2000 ) PET 48 (27–67/nr) 12 (6) R English Word (number) repetition > Rest 6 ALE 1, ALE 2 5 Hervais-Adelman et al. ( 2015 ) fMRI 25 (18–33/nr) 50 (26) 43R, 7L French/ English Sentence repetition (listening simultaneously) > Passive listening 31 ALE 1, ALE 2 6a Hope et al. (2014) fMRI 31.4 (20–45/nr) 25 (12) R English Word repetition > Rest 58 + ALE 1, ALE 2 6b Hope et al. (2014) fMRI 31.4 (20–45/nr) 25 (12) R English Pseudoword repetition > Rest 43 + ALE 1, ALE 3 7 Howard et al. ( 1992 )* PET nr (18–70/nr) 12 (5) R English Word repetition > Reverse word listening and saying the word “crime” 9 ALE 1, ALE 2 8 Isenberg et al. ( 2012 ) fMRI 23 (18–30/nr) 17 (7) R English Pseudoword repetition > Pseudoword listening 30 ALE 1, ALE 3 9 Kenyon et al. 2024 ) fMRI 45.4 (18–65/15.3) 14 (11) R English Word repetition > Rest 16 + ALE 1, ALE 2 10 Klein et al. ( 2006 ) PET 22 (nr/nr) 10 (5) R English/ French Word repetition (first and second language) > Rest 16 + ALE 1, ALE 2 11 Liégeois et al. ( 2003 ) fMRI 25.3 (20–28/nr) 5 (2) 4R, 1L English Word repetition > Rest 1 ALE 1, ALE 2 12 Liégeois et al. ( 2011 ) fMRI nr (nr/nr) 4 (2) N.R. English Nonword repetition > Listening to noise 14 ALE 1, ALE 3 13 Marchina et al. ( 2018 ) fMRI 52 (30–69/nr) 12 (5) R English Sentence repetition > Rest 10 ALE 1, ALE 2 14 McGettigan et al. ( 2011 ) fMRI 25 (19–36/nr) 17 (9) N.R. English Pseudoword repetition > Humming tones 6 ALE 1, ALE 3 15 Ohyama et al. ( 1996 ) PET 58.3 (nr/8.1) 6 (1) R Japanese Word repetition > Rest 13 ALE 1, ALE 2 16 Okada & Hickok ( 2009 ) fMRI nr (18–44/nr) 23 (nr) R English Jabberwocky sentence repetition – Passive Jabberwocky listening then rest 13 ALE 1, ALE 3 17 Price et al. ( 1996 ) PET nr (22–33/nr) 6 (nr) R English Word repetition (at 20 and 40 w.p.m) > Rest 24 + ALE 1, ALE 2 18 Price et al. ( 1996 ) PET nr (28–62/nr) 4 (nr) R English Word repetition > Listening to words and saying 'crime' 9 ALE 1, ALE 2 19 Rosso et al. (2014) fMRI 61 (20–75/nr) 24 (nr) R French Word repetition > Rest 8 ALE 1, ALE 2 20 Shuster et al. ( 2014 ) fMRI 22.8 (nr/ 2.4) 11 (nr) R English Pseudoword repetition > Listening to sentence then noise 9 ALE 1, ALE 3 21 Shuster et al. ( 2014 ) fMRI 56.5 (nr/ 7.1) 12 (7) 11R, 1L English Pseudoword repetition > Listening to sentence then noise 3 ALE 1, ALE 3 22 Szenkovits et al. (2012) fMRI 24.8 (nr/5.5) 20 (12) R English Pseudoword repetition > saying “yes” to buzzes 25 ALE 1, ALE 3 23 Tremblay & Small (2011) fMRI 25 (20–29/nr) 21 (11) R English Sentence repetition > Sentence listening 20 ALE 1, ALE 2 24 Weiller et al. (1995) PET 35 (27–50/nr) 6 (0) R German Covert Pseudoword repetition > Rest 4 ALE 1, ALE 3 25 Wikman et al. ( 2022 ) fMRI 25.6 (19–39/nr) 17 (9) R Finnish Sentence repetition (listening simultaneously) >Rest 9 ALE 1, ALE 2 26 Wiseman et al. (1999) PET 40.7 (nr/ 7.6) 10 (0) N.R. English Word repetition > Rest 3 ALE 1, ALE 2 27a Yoo et al. (2012) fMRI 22.8 (18–34/nr) 22 (11) R Korean Word repetition > Rest 11 + ALE 1, ALE 2 27b Yoo et al. ( 2012 ) fMRI 22.8 (18–34/nr) 22 (11) R Korean Pseudoword repetition > Rest 10 + ALE 1, ALE 3 Note. * Peak coordinates were taken from a reanalysis of data reported in Price et al. ( 1996 ); + For articles reporting more than one contrast of interest with the same subjects, foci were pooled into one experiment (for all: 9, 10, 17; for ALE 1: 6a, 6b, 27a, 27b). R: right; L: left; nr: not reported; Exp: experiment; Hand: handedness; Lang: language. 2.3. Meta-analytic strategy and grouping Three ALE meta-analyses were performed. The first analysis was the most comprehensive one and included all the experiments (ALE 1: General Repetition), pooling together different forms of verbal repetition (single words, single pseudowords, sentences and Jabberwocky sentences). According to previous studies (Hanley et al. 2004 ; Yoo et al. 2012 ; Palomar-García et al. 2017 ) and predicted by contemporary language models (e.g. Hickok and Poeppel 2007 ), the subprocesses underlying word and pseudoword repetition differ, therefore independent analyses for word and pseudoword repetition were conducted. These analyses aim to examine potential spatial dissociations suggested in prior research, with the understanding that ALE is designed to detect consistent spatial convergence of reported peaks across studies rather than differences in activation magnitude. To mitigate concerns about potential instability due to the number of available studies, we evaluated robustness across all three ALE analyses (ALE 1–3) using jackknife sensitivity analyses (see Section 2.4.3 ). Thus, ALE 2 focused exclusively on contrasts involving items with semantic content (Word Repetition); while ALE 3 focused on contrasts involving items without semantic content (Pseudoword Repetition). 2.4. Analyses 2.4.1 Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) Analysis The ALE technique for quantitative coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging results was applied to investigate convergence between experiments. The ALE algorithm assesses the overlap between foci reported in functional neuroimaging studies by modelling them as probability distributions centered at their coordinates. Then, it determines where the results converge at an above-chance level and creates mean activation maps for each experiment which are combined into a single ALE map using a random-effects approach (Eickhoff et al. 2009b ). The results are maps of spatially converging activation clusters across experiments. The three analyses (ALE 1, ALE 2, ALE 3) were performed with the BrainMap GingerALE software Version 3.0.2 ( https://www.brainmap.org/index.html ; Eickhoff, Laird, et al. 2009; Turkeltaub et al. 2012 ). Since peak coordinates that are entered in the ALE meta-analysis must be in the same space (Talairach or MNI), coordinates of the contrasts of interest from the selected studies that were reported originally in Talairach space, were converted into MNI space using the icbm2tal transformation function within GingerALE. Then, for the creation of convergence of activation maps for ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3, we combined an uncorrected cluster-forming voxel-wise height threshold of p < 0.001 with a cluster-wise family-wise-error (FWE) corrected threshold of p < 0.05 based on 1000 random permutations, a thresholding providing the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity for ALE analyses (Eickhoff et al. 2016 ). We used the MNI152 template with a less restrictive mask for computation. Additionally, we visually inspected the resulting ALE maps to identify the brain regions the encompassing each cluster, as GingerALE only reports peak convergence. 2.4.2 Contrast analysis For the contrast analysis between words and pseudowords, an uncorrected p-value of 0.05 with 10000 permutations and a minimum volume of 100 mm 3 were defined as threshold parameters. Given that the input files for the contrast analysis were already conservatively thresholded, a less rigid threshold was chosen for this additional examination, following the approach used in previous studies (Papitto et al., 2020 ). Since the goal of the contrast analysis was to test for differences in converging foci between word and pseudoword repetition, subtraction analyses for Word Repetition > Pseudoword Repetition and Pseudoword Repetition > Word Repetition were conducted. These contrasts were considered exploratory, in line with prior reports of spatial dissociations between word and pseudoword processing (e.g., Raettig and Kotz 2008 ; Yoo et al. 2012 ). Importantly, their robustness was further assessed using jackknife sensitivity analyses, ensuring that the reported clusters reflected consistent convergence rather than the influence of individual studies. 2.4.3 Evaluation of robustness: Jackknife sensitivity analysis The robustness of the results of ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3 were further explored to avoid biases related to studies with small samples, reporting results biased towards outliers, or the selective report of positive results. To evaluate the robustness of the ALE analyses, we adopted the jackknife sensitivity analyses or leave-one-out strategy (Quenouille 1956 ), commonly used in meta-analyses of neuroimaging data (Radua and Mataix-Cols 2009 ; Müller et al. 2018 ; Enge et al. 2020 ). Thus, n different ALE meta-analyses were run while excluding one experiment at the time in each trial (i.e., 27 trials with 26 experiments for ALE 1; 19 trials with 18 experiments for ALE 2; and 10 trials with 9 experiments for ALE 3). Results were then compared in terms of appearance, size and parameters of significant voxel clusters to the original ALE. Through this process it can be investigated whether specific studies are driving the outcome to an unproportionate degree which diminishes the stability of the findings. Only clusters that were reported in all the n replication meta-analyses were later considered in the interpretation of results. This procedure was applied to ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3 alike, providing an additional safeguard that even subgroup analyses (ALE 2 and ALE 3) reflected stable and reproducible activation patterns. 2.4.4. Lateralization indexes To explore functional lateralization in verbal repetition, weighted LIs were computed for all three ALE maps. The LIs were calculated using AveLI (Matsuo et al. 2012 ), a validated method that has been shown to be resistant to outliers and noise. This index uses the value of each voxel within the masks of bilateral ROIs as a threshold to compute subordinate LIs (sub-LI) according to the following formula: sub-LI = (Lt – Rt) / (Lt + Rt); with Lt (left) and Rt (right) referring to the sums of the ALE values above threshold in the ROIs. The average of all sub-Lis is then computed as the AveLI: AveLI = Σ(sub-LI) / VN; with VN being the total number of voxels with positive values within both ROIs (Matsuo et al. 2012 ). The AveLI analysis was computed for the output from ALE 1, as well as for ALE 2 and ALE 3 for the whole brain by defining two anatomical masks for the right and left hemispheres. The masks were created using the WFU_Pickatlas tool Version 3.0.5 for SPM12 ( https://www.nitrc.org/projects/wfu_pickatlas/ ; Maldjian et al., 2003 ) that uses Talairach Daemon database atlases as a base (Lancaster et al. 2000 ). LI values below − 0.2 were considered as evidence of right lateralization; LI above 0.2 as evidence of leftward lateralization; and LI between − 0.2 and 0.2 were considered to show bilateral activation (Seghier 2008 ). 3. Results 3.1. Included Studies From the initial 1112 articles identified in the first step of the systematic review, 25 articles were included (yielding 27 independent experiments). Previous research indicates that to achieve consistent effects (effects present in roughly one-third of the underlying population) in coordinate-based meta-analyses using ALE, a minimum of 17 experiments should be included (Eickhoff et al. 2016 ). Thus, the number of experiments included in this analysis meets methodological recommendations. A detailed flowchart of the systematic review process, including exclusion criteria, is provided in Fig. 1 . The selected articles were published between 1992 and 2024 and enrolled a total of 380 participants. Of these, 10 subjects were reported as left-handed (2.63%). All experiments together provided 440 foci. In the studies that reported age (n = 21), the mean was 34.33 years (SD = 13.59). On average, 15.17 foci were reported (SD = 12.68). Two articles (i.e., Price et al., 1996 and Shuster et al., 2014 ) reported two independent experiments each, bringing the total number of experiments included in ALE 1 to 27 (9 PET and 18 fMRI; Fig. 1 , Table 1 ). In cases where more than one repetition contrast was reported for the same subjects (Price et al. 1996 ; Klein et al. 2006 ; Yoo et al. 2012 ; Hope et al. 2014 ; Kenyon et al. 2024 ), peak coordinates were pooled into one experiment, following (Turkeltaub et al. 2012 ). Whenever available, the "Repetition > Rest" contrast was selected, otherwise, the contrast that best reflected the aim of the meta-analysis was chosen (Müller et al. 2018 ) (Table 1 ). ALE 2 included 19 experiments from 18 articles, while ALE 3 included 10 experiments from 9 articles (Fig. 1 and Table 1 ). Two articles (Yoo et al. 2012 ; Hope et al. 2014 ) contributed to both ALE 2 and ALE 3 since they reported relevant contrasts for both pseudoword and word repetition. The coordinates derived from those contrasts were pooled together and counted as one experiment for ALE 1. Given the limited number of experiments contributing only to pseudoword condition, results from ALE 3 should be considered preliminary trends (Eickhoff et al. 2016 ). 3. 2. Activation likelihood estimation results 3. 2. 1. ALE 1: General Repetition results Seven clusters showed significant convergence for verbal repetition in neurotypical adults (cluster-level FWE-corrected at p < 0.05; Fig. 2 A and Table 2 ). The largest cluster involved left temporo-parietal areas, spanning the STG (including the primary auditory area and the posterior STG), the MTG and parietal regions such as the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and postcentral gyrus (PoCG). A second cluster covered the right STG (including part of the Heschl’s gyrus), slightly extending to the MTG. The third cluster included the supplementary motor area (SMA; Ruan et al. 2018 ) in the medial frontal gyrus (MFG) in both brain hemispheres, with peak convergence in the left hemisphere. Other clusters were located in the right PoCG/ PrCG, left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right insular cortex (IC), and the left thalamus. Table 2 Results for ALE 1: general repetition. Cluster Size (mm 3 ) ALE (peak) Z (peak) x y z Hem Peak Label Contributing experiments 1 15120 0.039 7.01 -48 -12 36 Left PoCG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 0.034 6.35 -56 -18 6 STG 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 0.034 6.33 -56 -26 6 STG 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 0.026 5.24 -48 -30 8 STG 0.024 4.91 -58 -4 22 PoCG 0.019 4.15 -56 -6 10 ROL 0.013 3.21 -54 -42 26 SMG 2 6536 0.032 6.05 48 -24 8 Right STG 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 0.028 5.60 48 -32 8 STG 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27 0.024 5.04 62 -8 0 STG 0.018 4.03 62 -28 2 STG 3 3232 0.045 7.77 -6 -4 58 Left SMA 1, 3, 5, 6, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27 4 2712 0.029 5.69 52 -8 26 Right PoCG 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 20, 22, 23 0.027 5.45 48 -10 38 PoCG 0.018 4.07 54 -4 42 PrCG 5 1464 0.024 5.02 -6 10 40 Left ACC 5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 20, 22 6 1288 0.023 4.88 48 6 0 Right IC 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 16 7 1056 0.024 5.04 -12 -18 4 Left Thalamus 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 22 0.014 3.40 -20 -14 8 Thalamus Note. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. Hem: hemisphere; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; MTG: middle temporal gyrus; PrCG: precentral gyrus; ROL: Rolandic operculum; SMG: supramarginal gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus; IC: insular cortex. 3.2.2 ALE 2: Word repetition results Nine significant clusters were identified (cluster-level FWE-corrected p < 0.05; Fig. 2 B and Table 3 ). The largest cluster involved the left STG, extending into the Rolandic operculum and MTG. Its right-hemisphere counterpart encompassed the right STG/MTG and the IC. Additional clusters were located in the left PoCG, bilateral SMA, right PoCG/PrCG, bilateral cerebellum, and the right IC. Detailed coordinates and brain structures encompassed by each cluster are reported in Table 3 . Table 3 Results for ALE 2: word repetition. Cluster Size (mm 3 ) ALE (peak) Z (peak) x y z Hem. Peak Label Contributing experiments 1 6024 0.034 6.79 -56 -18 6 Left STG 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6a, 10, 13, 0.032 6.56 -56 -26 6 STG 15, 17, 19, 25, 26, 27a 0.016 3.99 -52 -4 2 STG 0.015 3.96 -40 -32 12 STG 2 5816 0.028 6.06 50 -24 6 Right STG 1, 2, 4, 5, 6a, 10, 15, 17, 0.024 5.45 52 -18 2 STG 19, 23, 25, 27a 0.020 4.83 58 -6 4 STG 0.012 3.42 46 -8 8 IC 3 3792 0.028 5.95 -46 -12 34 Left PoCG 4, 5, 6a, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 0.021 4.87 -58 -4 22 PoCG 23, 25 4 2632 0.034 6.91 -6 -4 60 Left SMA 1, 3, 5, 6a, 17, 18, 23, 25, 0.021 4.88 4 -2 62 Right SMA 27a 5 1904 0.025 5.59 54 -8 26 Right PoCG 4, 5, 6a, 9, 13, 23 0.023 5.29 48 -10 38 PoCG 6 848 0.020 4.83 20 -28 62 Right PrCG 5, 6a, 9, 23 0.014 3.77 22 -26 72 PrCG 7 824 0.023 5.19 -14 -62 -20 Left Cerebellum 5, 6a, 10, 19 0.011 3.17 -24 -62 -22 8 784 0.025 5.54 16 -62 -18 Right Cerebellum 5, 6a, 9, 10 9 736 0.017 4.30 44 8 0 Right IC 1, 2, 5, 6a, 10 Note. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. Hem: hemisphere; STG: superior temporal gyrus; IC: insular cortex; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; PrCG: precentral gyrus; LG: lingual gyrus. 3.1.3 ALE 3: Pseudoword repetition results Twelve clusters reached significance (cluster-level FWE-corrected p < 0.05; Fig. 2 C and Table 4 ). The largest cluster included the right putamen, pallidum and amygdala, while the second cluster comprised the left MTG. Additional clusters encompassed the left PoCG, left STG, bilateral SMA (left > right), left MTG and PrCG, right STG (two clusters), right IC, left ACC and right PoCG. Table 4 Results for ALE 3: pseudoword repetition. Cluster Size (mm 3 ) ALE (peak) Z (peak) x y z Hem. Peak Label Contributing experiments 1 1760 0.017 4.69 28 -4 -8 Right Putamen 6b, 8, 22 0.017 4.68 26 -2 -4 GP 0.015 4.23 20 8 4 GP 2 1696 0.023 5.74 -60 -12 -2 Left MTG 6b, 12, 14, 16, 22, 27b 3 1360 0.020 5.21 -52 -12 42 Left PoCG 6b, 14, 16, 20, 22 4 1304 0.015 4.17 -52 -34 14 Left STG 6b, 8, 14, 16, 24 0.013 3.81 -44 -32 12 STG 5 1269 0.019 4.93 -4 0 60 Left SMA 6b, 16, 21, 22, 27b 0.018 4.89 -4 -2 56 SMA 6 1112 0.021 5.39 -62 -28 6 Left MTG 6b, 14, 22, 27b 7 832 0.015 4.30 -54 2 24 Left PrCG 6b, 8, 21, 22 8 696 0.018 4.85 62 -8 0 Right STG 6b, 14, 22 9 696 0.016 4.39 48 8 2 Right IC 6b, 8, 16, 21 10 688 0.016 4.55 46 -22 8 Right STG 6b, 27b 0.011 3.53 50 -30 4 STG 11 656 0.014 3.97 -4 10 40 Left ACC 8, 16, 20, 22 12 648 0.014 3.96 50 -10 40 Right PoCG 6b, 22 Note. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. Hem: hemisphere; GP: globus pallidus; MTG: middle temporal gyrus; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; PrCG: precentral gyrus; IC: insular cortex; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus. 3.2 Subtraction analyses between word and pseudoword repetition The contrast "Pseudoword > Word Repetition" yielded six significant clusters (Fig. 3 A and Table 5 ), involving the left STG/MTG, right globus pallidum, putamen, amygdala, left PoCG/PrCG near the left IFG, and right Rolandic operculum. The opposite contrast, "Word > Pseudoword Repetition", revealed four significant clusters (Fig. 3 B and Table 5 ), involving the right STG/Heschl’s gyrus, left STG, left SMA and left PrCG/PoCG. Table 5 Results for subtraction analyses. Contrast Cluster Size (mm 3 ) P Z x y Z Hemisphere Peak Label Pseudoword 1 904 0.001 3.06 -62 -8 -6 Left MTG repetition > 0.003 2.78 -64 -12 -8 MTG Word 2 560 0.025 1.95 22 -4 -4 Right GP repetition 0.025 1.95 24 -4 -8 GP 0.028 1.91 24 4 -6 Putamen 0.029 1.90 26 -4 -4 GP 0.029 1.90 26 -4 -12 Amygdala 0.030 1.88 24 -4 0 GP 3 472 0.003 2.75 -54 -6 42 Left PoCG 4 400 0.008 2.42 -50 4 26 Left PrCG 5 240 0.022 2.02 -66 -28 10 Left STG 6 200 0.014 2.21 50 10 8 Right ROL 6 0.004 1.80 46 12 12 ROL Word 1 792 0.004 2.69 50 -10 4 Right STG repetition > 0.004 2.68 52 -14 2 STG Pseudoword 2 440 0.015 2.17 -56 -18 10 Left STG repetition 0.022 2.01 -52 -14 6 STG 3 376 0.019 2.07 -10 -8 64 Left SMA 0.025 1.96 -6 -10 64 SMA 4 224 0.026 1.94 -46 -10 28 Left PrCG 0.030 1.88 -44 -16 28 PoCG Note. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. MTG: middle temporal gyrus; GP: globus pallidus; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; PrCG: precentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; ROL: Rolandic operculum; SMA: supplementary motor area. 3.3. Jackknife sensitivity analysis results Only clusters that remained significant across all jackknife replications are reported and will be the focus of the discussion. Table 6 summarizes the clusters and brain regions that remained stable across all jackknife analyses, while Table 7 lists those that failed to survive the sensitivity tests. For ALE 1, five out of seven clusters were robust, while the right IC and left thalamus clusters showed limited stability. In ALE 2, the five largest clusters were consistently reproduced, while clusters 6–9 did not survive all analyses. In ALE 3, four clusters survived, while the others were unstable. Table 6 Clusters that survived jack-knife analysis. ALE Cluster Size (mm3) ALE peak Z peak x y z Peak Label ALE 1 1 15120 0.013–0.039 3.21–7.01 -48/-56/ -58/-54 -12/-18/-26/ -30/-4/-6/-42 35/6/8/22/10/26 Left PoCG/STG 2 6536 0.018–0.032 4.03–6.05 48/62 -24/-32/-8/ -28 8/0/2 Right STG 3 3232 0.045 7.77 -6 -4 58 Left SMA 4 2712 0.018–0.029 5.45–5.69 52/48/54 -8/-10/-4 26/38/42 Right PoCG/PrCG 5 1464 0.024 5.02 -6 10 38 Left ACC ALE 2 1 6024 0.015–0.034 3.96–6.79 -56/-52/-40 -18/-26/-4/ -32 6/2/12 Left STG 2 5816 0.012–0.028 3.42–6.06 50/52/58/ 46 -24/-18/-6/-8 6/2/4/8 Right STG/IC 3 3792 0.021–0.028 4.87–5.95 -46/-58 -12/-4 34/22 Left PoCG 4 2632 0.021–0.034 4.88–6.91 -6/4 -4/-2 60/62 Left SMA 5 1904 0.023–0.025 5.29–5.56 54/48 -8/-10 26/38 Right PoCG ALE 3 2 1696 0.023 5.74 -60 -12 -2 Left MTG 3 1360 0.020 5.21 -52 -12 42 Left PoCG 5 1296 0.018–0.019 4.89–4.93 -4 0/-2 60/56 Left SMA 6 1112 0.021 5.39 -62 -28 6 Left MTG Note. PoCG: postcentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; PrCG: precentral gyrus; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus; IC: insular cortex; MTG: middle temporal gyrus. Table 7 Clusters that did not survive jack-knife analysis. ALE Cluster x y z Peak Label Experiments* ALE 1 6 48 6 0 Right IC 6 7 -12/-20 -18/-14 4/8 Left Thalamus 5, 6, 8, 17, 22 ALE 2 6 20/22 -28/-26 62/72 Right PrCG 5, 6a, 9 7 -14/-24 -62 -20/-22 Left Cerebellum 5, 6a, 10, 19 8 16 -62 -18 Right Cerebellum 5, 6a, 9, 10 9 44 8 0 Right IC 1, 2, 5, 6a, 10 ALE 3 1 28/20 -4/8 -8/4 Right Putamen 6b, 22 4 -52/-44 -34/-32 14/12 Left STG 6b, 8 7 -54 2 24 Left PrCG 8, 21, 22 8 62 -8 0 Right STG 6b, 14, 22 9 48 8 2 Right IC 6b, 8, 16, 21 10 46/50 -22/-30 8/4 Right STG 6b, 24 11 -4 10 40 Left ACC 8, 16, 20 12 50 -10 40 Right PoCG 6b, 8, 22 Note. *Experiments with unproportionate influence on the cluster. IC: insular cortex; PrCG: precentral gyrus; LG: lingual gyrus; IC: insular cortex; STG: superior temporal gyrus; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus, PoCG: postcentral gyrus. 3.4 Lateralization indices results LIs computed with thresholded ALE-score images revealed strong left-lateralization for general repetition (LI of 0.42) and pseudoword repetition (LI of 0.44). Word repetition showed a weaker but still left-lateralized pattern (LI of 0.26). These results further support the predominance of left-hemispheric involvement in verbal repetition, with subtle differences across stimulus types. 4. Discussion In the current study, we used ALE to conduct a coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging experiments investigating the neural correlates underlying verbal repetition in healthy participants. The meta-analysis pooled 27 experiments employing in-scanner tasks that required the repetition of verbal material, mainly words and pseudowords. The analyses revealed a set of brain regions consistently engaged in verbal repetition tasks, as confirmed through jackknife sensitivity tests. These regions encompassed auditory–phonological areas in the STG, and MTG, motor planning and execution regions (PrCG, PoCG, SMA), and control-related regions including the ACC and the IC. Most of these regions are part of the dorsal stream and are believed to subserve auditory-motor integration processes, which play a critical role in speech processing and language learning (López-Barroso et al. 2013 , 2015 ; Assaneo et al. 2019 ; Orpella et al. 2022 ). Taken together, these results suggest that verbal repetition is best understood as a composite function that bridges receptive and expressive language processes. Rather than reflecting isolated perceptual or motor mechanisms, repetition relies on the coordinated activity of auditory, phonological, and articulatory networks, with lateralization analyses indicating a predominant left-hemispheric contribution alongside consistent right-hemisphere involvement. The discussion below examines the possible contributions of these subsystems in light of previous literature, highlights distinctions between word and pseudoword repetition, and considers the theoretical and clinical implications of these findings. 4.1 Auditory and phonological processing In ALE 1, a large portion of the bilateral STG, including critical speech areas such as the primary auditory cortex and the associative auditory cortex, showed significant convergence across experiments. Prior studies have linked the STG to early phonological analysis and interface role between spectro-temporal processing and higher-level processing supporting speech perception and language (Price 2012 ; Ozker et al. 2018 ; Yi et al. 2019 ; Ramos Nuñez et al. 2020 ; Na et al. 2022 ). The STG has also been implicated in online monitoring and auditory feedback control during production (Hashimoto and Sakai 2003 ; Fu et al. 2006 ; Tourville et al. 2008 ; Hickok et al. 2011 ), and some accounts propose that it may further facilitate speech by activating articulatory features associated with perceived sounds (Scott and Johnsrude 2003 ; Warren et al. 2005 ; Rauschecker and Scott 2009 ). Clinical evidence converges with this view: damage to the left posterior STG impairs single-word comprehension (Hillis et al. 2017 ), phonological processing (Robson et al. 2012 ), and sentence repetition (Selnes et al. 1985 ), whereas right STG lesions affect syllable discrimination, pointing to a bilateral phonological processing brain system (Rogalsky et al. 2022 ). Consistent with studies in clinical and healthy populations (Hickok et al. 2000 ; Vouloumanos et al. 2001 ; Jung-Beeman 2005 ; Hickok and Poeppel 2007 ; Cogan et al. 2014 ; Chang and Lambon Ralph 2020 ; Hickok 2022 ; Rogalsky et al. 2022 ), our results (ALE 1, 2 and 3) also point to a bilaterally distributed temporal network. Although lateralization indices showed a weaker left bias for word repetition than for pseudowords, the overall pattern remains left-lateralized. Coactivation of the MTG and STG has been reported repeatedly (Müller et al. 1997 ; Vouloumanos et al. 2001 ; Balsamo et al. 2002 ; Xu et al. 2019 ), and both ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3 revealed clusters spanning STG and dorsal MTG. While the MTG has often been linked to semantic processing (Binder et al. 2009 ; Visser et al. 2012 ), the dorsal portion of the MTG has been functionally dissociated as contributing to auditory/phonological and cross-modal phonological processing (Oron et al. 2016 ; Xu et al. 2019 ). The present results are consistent with a role for the dorsal MTG in repetition of both lexical (words) and sub-lexical stimuli (pseudowords), likely working in close interaction with the STG. This interpretation also aligns with clinical neuroimaging evidence in post-stroke mixed transcortical aphasia, where preserved repetition performance was associated with bilateral middle/posterior STG and MTG activation (López-Barroso et al. 2023 ). Taken together, these findings highlight a bilateral—but asymmetrically weighted—temporal network for phonological analysis and auditory feedback that underpins verbal repetition across paradigms. 4.2 Speech motor planning and speech articulation In ALE 1 (general repetition), robust convergence emerged in the bilateral PrCG and PoCG, regions consistently implicated in speech motor planning and articulatory control. Prior work has associate the PrCG with programming and executing speech movements (Gajardo-Vidal et al. 2021 ; Wilson et al. 2022 ), and the PoCG with somatosensory feedback which is necessary for accurate articulation (e.g., position of the jaw) (Silva et al. 2022 ). Integration of somatosensory and auditory feedback allows ongoing monitoring and correction of articulatory gestures during speech production (Houde and Chang 2015 ) and therefore, during repetition. Clinical studies converge with this interpretation: lesions involving the PrCG often cause apraxia of speech, characterized by articulatory imprecision, reduced speech rate and dysprosody (Basilakos et al. 2015 ; Itabashi et al. 2016 ). In line with this observations, ALE 3 (pseudoword repetition) revealed higher convergence peaks in left PrCG/PoCG compared to words, consistent with a greater demand of assembling and monitoring novel sublexical codes (Hope et al. 2014 ). Dynamic causal modelling further suggests (Sajid et al. 2022 ) functional interaction from STG to PrCG and to IFG during repetition, supporting the view that the PrCG participates in coordinated activity within the core language network. From this perspective, convergence in the PrCG and the PoCG across repetition tasks can be seen as consistent with their involvement in planning and executing articulatory sequences, as well as in monitoring motor execution with adjustments based on auditory and somatosensory feedback. Across ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 2 convergence also emerged in the SMA. This region has been linked to speech motor control (Hope et al. 2014 ; Hertrich et al. 2016 ), speech initiation and high-level motor sequencing in both overt and inner speech (Hope et al. 2014 ; Hertrich et al. 2016 ; Cona and Semenza 2017 ), as well as motor memory retrieval (Tanji 1994 ). Lesions in the SMA has been associated with mutism followed by dysfluent, poorly initiated speech (Ziegler et al. 1997 ), supporting its role in speech initiation. Taken together, these results are compatible with the notion that verbal repetition engages a distributed sensorimotor network spanning primary articulatory regions (PrCG, PoCG) and higher-order motor control (SMA), with pseudoword repetition potentially placing additional load on sublexical planning and feedback mechanisms. 4.3 Higher level language processing and domain general control The SMA has also been consistently implicated in high-level motor planning (Hertrich et al. 2016 ; Cona and Semenza 2017 ) and its reproducible convergence across all three analyses is compatible with a central role in verbal repetition. The SMA is believed to exert a supervisory control during these processes (Hartwigsen et al. 2013 ; Hope et al. 2014 ). Such a control may be facilitated by the bilateral SMA's influence over the left dorsal premotor cortex (Hartwigsen et al. 2013 ), plausibly regulating complex movement sequencing (Alario et al. 2006 ). The SMA and the ACC reciprocally connect and acting in concert, have been linked to the initiation of motor and language routines, including the intentional aspects of speech and language (Ackermann and Ziegler 2010 ). In this context, it is noteworthy that ALE 1 identified a cluster in the ACC, and in ALE 3 appeared this region as an extension of the SMA cluster (though as an independent cluster did not survive the Jackknife analysis). The ACC has been associated with conflict monitoring, error detection, and cognitive control (Carter et al. 1998 ; Botvinick et al. 2004 ), including inhibitory control over unwanted language activation in bilinguals (Abutalebi et al. 2012 ; Calabria et al. 2018 ). In the light of this evidence, the convergence observed in the ACC may be consistent with its putative role in supervising speech output and suppressing competing phonological representations during repetition. This interpretation also resonates with its reported involvement in conflict monitoring when processing pseudowords that closely resemble existing words (Hofmann et al. 2008 ). The IC also emerged as a site of convergence in word repetition (ALE 2). Although ALE cannot determine function directly, this finding aligns with previous reports implicating the IC as a multimodal hub coordinating regions involved in auditory perception and orofacial motor execution (Ackermann and Riecker 2004 ; Eickhoff et al. 2009a ; Adank 2012 ; Oh et al. 2014 ). Evidence from electrical stimulation further supports its contribution to speech motor control (Craig et al. 2000 ; Craig 2002 ; Nguyen et al. 2009 ). By integrating phonological and semantic information with motor execution (Ackermann and Riecker 2004 ; Eickhoff et al. 2009a ), the IC may facilitate overt repetition and support domain-general functions such as attention and working memory. 4.4 Differences between word and pseudoword repetition Contrast analyses indicated that pseudoword repetition yields greater convergence of activation in the left MTG and STG compared to word repetition, in line with previous findings (Newman and Twieg 2001 ). Prior work has suggested that such patterns may reflect a familiarity effect, with stronger responses for unfamiliar stimuli (Majerus et al. 2005 ; Vaden et al. 2010 ). This pattern may also reflect greater reliance on auditory feedback and error-monitoring mechanisms, as predictions are less accurate for pseudowords (Hashimoto and Sakai 2003 ; Fu et al. 2006 ; Tourville et al. 2008 ; Hickok et al. 2011 ). This comparison further showed greater convergence of activation in the left PrCG and PoCG, together with recruitment of the right Rolandic operculum. These regions have been repeatedly associated with phonological and motor aspects of speech (Gajardo-Vidal et al. 2021 ; Wilson et al. 2022 ), particularly in the sublexical assembly of articulatory codes for novel stimuli (Hope et al. 2014 ; Ekert et al. 2021 ). From this perspective, pseudoword repetition may place greater demands on feedback from orofacial and laryngeal movements, thereby increasing reliance on motor planning and speech control. Taken together, the implicated fronto-temporal cortical network maps onto the dorsal stream (Saur et al. 2008 ), a core network for new word learning that requires assembling novel phoneme sequences (López-Barroso et al. 2013 , 2015 ). Subcortical convergence differences were also observed: pseudoword repetition showed greater activation convergence in the right basal ganglia (globus pallidus and putamen) compared to word repetition, in line with their role in sublexical processing, especially the sequencing and initiation of novel motor sequences (Vigneau et al. 2011 ; Oberhuber et al. 2013 ), and the inhibition of competing motor programs (Mink 1996 ; Peeva et al. 2011 ; Beukema et al. 2015 ). This suggests that pseudoword repetition engages additional control resources to inhibit familiar syllabic patterns and generate novel articulatory sequences. All these results are coherent with the stronger left lateralization index found for pseudowords. Finally, the opposite contrast, assessing regions with greater convergence of foci during word compared to pseudoword repetition, revealed differences in a small portion of the bilateral STG, at the level of Heschl's gyrus, along with the left SMA, PrCG and PoCG. Although these results should be interpreted with caution given the limited number of studies contributing to ALE 3, STG differences may reflect facilitated lexical access, as auditory cortex responses are stronger and faster for words than pseudowords (MacGregor et al. 2012 ). The additional greater convergence in the SMA may reflect motor memory retrieval for articulating familiar words (Tremblay and Small 2011 ). 4.5 Limitations While ALE meta-analyses offer a powerful approach to synthesize evidence and identify consistent neural correlates beyond the scope of individual studies (Haidich 2010 ), they have inherent limitations that must be acknowledged. First, our analyses included both left and right-handed participants, despite potential differences in language lateralization (Knecht et al. 2000b ). However, the traditional dichotomy between right and left-handed individuals has been challenged, with both evidence of atypical right-hemispheric dominance even among right-handers and the strong left hemisphere language lateralization in most left-handers (Knecht et al. 2000a ). Thus, excluding left-handed participants was not warranted, although a finer control for handedness would be desirable in future meta-analyses. Second, the ALE method relies on peak activation coordinates reported in published articles rather than full statistical maps, which may limit consistency in reported significance levels, subpeak localization, and effect sizes. This approach, while widely adopted, emphasizes convergence across experiments and cannot fully capture the richness of individual datasets or subtle intensity-based differences. Third, although we performed subgroup analyses contrasting word and pseudoword repetition (ALE 2 and ALE 3), these results should be interpreted with caution. The pseudoword dataset was relatively small (n = 10 experiments), and the Jackknife procedure excluded clusters with insufficient robustness. Nevertheless, these exploratory contrasts remain informative, since results align with prior evidence that suggests that pseudowords and words engage overlapping yet partially dissociable neural mechanisms (e.g., Newman and Twieg 2001 ; Raettig and Kotz 2008 ; Yoo et al. 2012 ). Our goal was not to claim definitive dissociations, but to highlight converging spatial tendencies that may guide future research with larger datasets. Fourth, methodological variability across included studies, particularly in baseline conditions and control tasks, may have influenced the extent of overlap observed. This is a common limitation in coordinate-based meta-analyses but reflects the diversity of experimental designs in the field. Finally, our synthesis was constrained by the limited availability of experiments using sentence repetition (n = 4 for meaningful sentences; n = 1 for jabberwocky sentences), which prevented separate analyses. Expanding this evidence base is crucial to delineate repetition processes across different linguistic levels. 5. Conclusions This meta-analysis of 27 neuroimaging experiments identified a consistent, bilaterally distributed network supporting verbal repetition, encompassing auditory–phonological regions (STG, MTG), motor–somatosensory cortices (PrCG, PoCG), and the SMA, with additional involvement of the ACC. Together, these regions support auditory–motor integration and monitoring during speech. Subgroup analyses revealed stimulus-dependent differences. Pseudoword repetition showed stronger convergence in left fronto-temporal regions, motor areas, and right basal ganglia, reflecting increased demands on phonological assembly and articulatory planning. Word repetition, in contrast, engaged bilateral auditory cortices, including Heschl’s gyrus, and left SMA, consistent with lexical access and retrieval of established motor routines. Although based on fewer experiments, these findings highlight subtle dissociations between lexical and sublexical repetition. Overall, these results reinforce dual-stream models of speech processing and emphasize the role of extra-sylvian regions in speech control. By clarifying the neural systems that sustain repetition of familiar and unfamiliar stimuli, this work provides a strong foundation for both theoretical accounts of language and clinical approaches to neurorehabilitation. Declarations Funding This work has been supported by the Grant PID2021-127617NA-I00 Proyecto de Generación de Conocimiento 2021 funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ and FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa (P. I: D.L-B). A.A. has been supported by a research contract funded by the MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ and FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa (PID2021-127617NA-I00). M.L.B has been supported by the European Social Fund (FEDER). D.L-B was supported by the Ayuda RYC2020-029495-I Ramón y Cajal funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by El FSE invierte en tu futuro. Conflict of interest None. Data availability The MNI coordinates used for the three ALE meta-analyses and the statistical maps derived from the Ginger ALE analysis are available at OSF repository (https://osf.io/w6s87/). Author contributions All authors contributed to the study conception. Literature search was performed by A. A. Data analysis was performed by A. A., M. J. T-P, and D. L-B. The first draft of the manuscript was written by A. A., M. J. T-P, and D. L-B and all authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version. References Abo M, Senoo A, Watanabe S, et al (2004) Language-related brain function during word repetition in post-stroke aphasics. NeuroReport Rapid Commun Neurosci Res 15:1891–1894. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200408260-00011 Abutalebi J, Della Rosa PA, Green DW, et al (2012) Bilingualism tunes the anterior cingulate cortex for conflict monitoring. Cereb Cortex 22:2076–2086. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr287 Ackermann H, Riecker A (2004) The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speech production: A review and a hypothesis. Brain Lang 89:320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00347-X Ackermann H, Ziegler W (2010) Brain mechanisms underlying speech motor control. In: The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd edn. Wiley Blackwell, pp 202–208 Adank P (2012) The neural bases of difficult speech comprehension and speech production: Two Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses. Brain Lang 122:42–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.014 Alario FX, Chainay H, Lehericy S, Cohen L (2006) The role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in word production. Brain Res 1076:129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.104 Albert ML, Goodglass H, Helm NA, et al (1981) Clinical aspects of dysphasia, 1st editio. Springer New York Assaneo MF, Ripolles P, Orpella J, et al (2019) Spontaneous synchronization to speech reveals neural mechanisms facilitating language learning. Nat Neurosci 22:627–632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0353-z.Spontaneous Balsamo LM, Xu B, Grandin CB, et al (2002) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of left hemisphere language dominance in children. Arch Neurol 59:1168–1174. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.7.1168 Basilakos A, Rorden C, Bonilha L, et al (2015) Patterns of Poststroke Brain Damage That Predict Speech Production Errors in Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia Dissociate. Stroke 46:1561–1566. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009211 Becker JT, Mintun MA, Diehl DJ, et al (1994) Functional neuroanatomy of verbal free recall: A replication study. Hum Brain Mapp 1:284–292. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.460010406 Behroozmand R, Shebek R, Hansen DR, et al (2015) Sensory–motor networks involved in speech production and motor control: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 109:418–428. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.040 Berthier ML, De-Torres I, Paredes-Pacheco J, et al (2017) Cholinergic potentiation and audiovisual repetition-imitation therapy improve speech production and communication deficits in a person with crossed aphasia by inducing structural plasticity in white matter tracts. Front Hum Neurosci 11:18. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00304 Berthier ML, Lambon Ralph MA, Pujol J, Green C (2012) Arcuate fasciculus variability and repetition: The left sometimes can be right. Cortex 48:133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.014 Berthier ML, Torres-Prioris MJ, López-Barroso D, et al (2018) Are you a doctor? … Are you a doctor? I’m not a doctor! A reappraisal of mitigated echolalia in aphasia with evaluation of neural correlates and treatment approaches. Aphasiology 32:784–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2016.1274875 Beukema P, Yeh FC, Verstynen T (2015) In vivo characterization of the connectivity and subcomponents of the human globus pallidus. Neuroimage 120:382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.031 Binder JR, Desai RH, Graves WW, Conant LL (2009) Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex 19:2767–2796. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp055 Botvinick MM, Cohen JD, Carter CS (2004) Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends Cogn Sci 8:539–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.003 Bramer WM, Rethlefsen ML, Kleijnen J, Franco OH (2017) Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: A prospective exploratory study. Syst Rev 6:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0644-y Burton MW, Noll DC, Small SL (2001) The anatomy of auditory word processing: Individual variability. Brain Lang 77:119–131. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2444 Calabria M, Costa A, Green DW, Abutalebi J (2018) Neural basis of bilingual language control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1426:221–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13879 Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, et al (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science (80- ) 280:747–749 Chang YN, Lambon Ralph MA (2020) A unified neurocomputational bilateral model of spoken language production in healthy participants and recovery in poststroke aphasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117:32779–32790. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010193117 Cogan GB, Thesen T, Carlson C, et al (2014) Sensory-motor transformations for speech occur bilaterally. Nature 507:94–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12935 Cona G, Semenza C (2017) Supplementary motor area as key structure for domain-general sequence processing: A unified account. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.033 Cowell SF, Egan GF, Code C, et al (2000) The functional neuroanatomy of simple calculation and number repetition: A parametric PET activation study. Neuroimage 12:565–573. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2000.0640 Craig AD (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:655–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn894 Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (2000) Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 3:184–190. https://doi.org/10.1038/72131 Duncan ES, Small SL (2016) Imitation-based aphasia therapy. In: Neurobiology of Language. Academic Press Inc., pp 1055–1065 Duncan ES, Small SL (2017) Imitation-based aphasia therapy increases narrative content: A case series. Clin Rehabil 31:1500–1507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215517703765 Eickhoff SB, Heim S, Zilles K, Amunts K (2009a) A systems perspective on the effective connectivity of overt speech production. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 367:2399–2421. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0287 Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Grefkes C, et al (2009b) Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum Brain Mapp 30:2907–2926. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20718 Eickhoff SB, Nichols TE, Laird AR, et al (2016) Behavior, sensitivity, and power of activation likelihood estimation characterized by massive empirical simulation. Neuroimage 137:70–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.072 Ekert JO, Lorca-Puls DL, Gajardo-Vidal A, et al (2021) A functional dissociation of the left frontal regions that contribute to single word production tasks. Neuroimage 245:118734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118734 Enge A, Friederici AD, Skeide MA (2020) A meta-analysis of fMRI studies of language comprehension in children. Neuroimage 215:116858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116858 Eom B, Sung JE (2016) The effects of sentence repetition–based working memory treatment on sentence comprehension abilities in individuals with aphasia. Am J Speech-Language Pathol 25:823–838. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_AJSLP-15-0151 Feenaughty L, Basilakos A, Bonilha L, Fridriksson J (2021) Speech timing changes accompany speech entrainment in aphasia. J Commun Disord 90:106090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106090 Forkel SJ, De Schotten MT, Dell’Acqua F, et al (2014) Anatomical predictors of aphasia recovery: A tractography study of bilateral perisylvian language networks. Brain 137:2027–2039. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu113 Fridriksson J, Basilakos A, Hickok G, et al (2015) Speech entrainment compensates for Broca’s area damage. Cortex 69:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.013 Fridriksson J, Hubbard HI, Hudspeth SG, et al (2012) Speech entrainment enables patients with Broca ’ s aphasia to produce fluent speech. Brain 135:3815–3829. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws301 Fu CHY, Vythelingum GN, Brammer MJ, et al (2006) An fMRI study of verbal self-monitoring: Neural correlates of auditory verbal feedback. Cereb Cortex 16:969–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj039 Gajardo-Vidal A, Lorca-Puls DL, Team P, et al (2021) Damage to Broca’s area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke. Brain 144:817–832. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa460 Gathercole SE (2006) Nonword repetition and word learning: The nature of the relationship. Appl Psycholinguist 27:513–543. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716406060383 Gathercole SE, Willis CS, Emslie H, Baddeley AD (1992) Phonological memory and vocabulary development during the early school years : A longitudinal study. Dev Psychol 28:887–898 Gusenbauer M, Haddaway NR (2020) Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Res Synth Methods 11:181–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378 Haidich A-B (2010) Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia 14:29–37 Hanley JR, Dell GS, Kay J, Baron R (2004) Evidence for the involvement of a nonlexical route in the repetition of familiar words: A comparsion of single and dual route models of auditory repetition. Cogn Neuropsychol 21:147–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290342000339 Harris L, Olson A, Humphreys G (2014) The link between STM and sentence comprehension: A neuropsychological rehabilitation study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 24:678–720. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.892885 Hartwigsen G, Saur D, Price CJ, et al (2013) Increased facilitatory connectivity from the pre-SMA to the left dorsal premotor cortex during pseudoword repetition. J Cogn Neurosci 25:580–594. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00342 Hashimoto Y, Sakai KL (2003) Brain activations during conscious self-monitoring of speech production with delayed auditory feedback: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 20:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.10119 Heiss WD, Thiel A (2006) A proposed regional hierarchy in recovery of post-stroke aphasia. Brain Lang 98:118–123 Hertrich I, Dietrich S, Ackermann H (2016) The role of the supplementary motor area for speech and language processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 68:602–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.030 Hervais-Adelman A, Moser-Mercer B, Michel CM, Golestani N (2015) FMRI of simultaneous interpretation reveals the neural basis of extreme language control. Cereb Cortex 25:4727–4739. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu158 Hickok G (2022) The dual stream model of speech and language processing, 1st edn. Elsevier B.V. Hickok G, Erhard P, Kassubek J, et al (2000) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in speech production : implications for the explanation of conduction aphasia. Neurosci Lett 287:156–160 Hickok G, Houde J, Rong F (2011) Sensorimotor Integration in Speech Processing: Computational Basis and Neural Organization. Neuron 69:407–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.019 Hickok G, Poeppel D (2004) Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language. Cognition 92:67–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011 Hickok G, Poeppel D (2007) The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:393–403 Hillis AE, Rorden C, Fridriksson J (2017) Brain Regions Essential for Word Comprehension: Drawing Inferences from Patients. Ann Neurol 81:756–768. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24941.Brain Hofmann MJ, Tamm S, Braun MM, et al (2008) Conflict monitoring engages the mediofrontal cortex during nonword processing. Neuroreport 19:25–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f3b134 Hope TMH, Prejawa S, Parker Jones O, et al (2014) Dissecting the functional anatomy of auditory word repetition. Front Hum Neurosci 8:1–17. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00246 Hosomi A, Nagakane Y, Yamada K, et al (2009) Assessment of arcuate fasciculus with diffusion-tensor tractography may predict the prognosis of aphasia in patients with left middle cerebral artery infarcts. Neuroradiology 51:549–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-009-0534-7 Houde JF, Chang EF (2015) The cortical computations underlying feedback control in vocal production. Curr Opin Neurobiol 33:174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.04.006 Howard D, Patterson K, Wise R, et al (1992) The cortical localization of the lexicons: Positron emission tomography evidence. Brain 115:1769–1782. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/115.6.1769 Isenberg AL, Vaden Jr. KI, Saberi K, et al (2012) Functionally distinct regions for spatial processing and sensory motor integration in the planum temporale. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2453–2463. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21373 Itabashi R, Nishio Y, Kataoka Y, et al (2016) Damage to the left precentral gyrus is associated with apraxia of speech in acute stroke. Stroke 47:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010402 Jacquemot C, Scott SK (2006) What is the relationship between phonological short-term memory and speech processing? Trends Cogn Sci 10:480–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.09.002 Jung-Beeman M (2005) Bilateral brain processes for comprehending natural language. Trends Cogn Sci 9:512–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.009 Kenyon KH, Boonstra F, Noffs G, et al (2024) The characteristics and reproducibility of motor speech functional neuroimaging in healthy controls. Front Hum Neurosci 18:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1382102 Klein D, Watkins KE, Zatorre RJ, Milner B (2006) Word and Nonword Repetition in Bilingual Subjects: A PET Study. Hum Brain Mapp 27:153–161. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20174 Knecht S, Deppe M, Dräger B, et al (2000a) Language lateralization in healthy right-handers. Brain 123:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.1.74 Knecht S, Dräger B, Deppe M, et al (2000b) Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans. Brain 123:2512–2518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.12.2512 Lancaster JL, Woldorff MG, Parsons LM, et al (2000) Automated Talairach Atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Hum Brain Mapp 10:120–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:33.0.CO;2-8 Liégeois F, Baldeweg T, Connelly A, et al (2003) Language fMRI abnormalities associated with FOXP2 gene mutation. Nat Neurosci 6:1230–1237. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1138 Liégeois F, Morgan AT, Connelly A, Vargha-Khadem F (2011) Endophenotypes of FOXP2: Dysfunction within the human articulatory network. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 15:283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.04.006 López-Barroso D, Catani M, Ripollés P, et al (2013) Word learning is mediated by the left arcuate fasciculus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:13168–13173. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301696110 López-Barroso D, De Diego-Balaguer R (2017) Language learning variability within the dorsal and ventral streams as a cue for compensatory mechanisms in aphasia recovery. Front Hum Neurosci 11:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00476 Lopez-Barroso D, De Diego-Balaguer R, Cunillera T, et al (2011) Language learning under working memory constraints correlates with microstructural differences in the ventral language pathway. Cereb Cortex 21:2742–2750. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr064 López-Barroso D, Paredes-Pacheco J, Torres-Prioris MJ, et al (2023) Brain structural and functional correlates of the heterogenous progression of mixed transcortical aphasia. Brain Struct Funct 228:1347–1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-023-02655-6 López-Barroso D, Ripollés P, Marco-Pallarés J, et al (2015) Multiple brain networks underpinning word learning from fluent speech revealed by independent component analysis. Neuroimage 110:182–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.085 MacGregor LJ, Pulvermüller F, Van Casteren M, Shtyrov Y (2012) Ultra-rapid access to words in the brain. Nat Commun 3:711. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1715 Majerus S (2013) Language repetition and short-term memory: An integrative framework. Front Hum Neurosci 7:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00357 Majerus S, Van Der Linden M, Collette F, et al (2005) Modulation of brain activity during phonological familiarization. Brain Lang 92:320–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2004.07.003 Maldjian JA, Laurienti PJ, Kraft RA, Burdette JH (2003) An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage 19:1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00169-1 Marchina S, Norton A, Kumar S, Schlaug G (2018) The effect of speech repetition rate on neural activation in healthy adults: Implications for treatment of aphasia and other fluency disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 12:11. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00069 Matsuo K, Chen SHA, Tseng WYI (2012) AveLI: A robust lateralization index in functional magnetic resonance imaging using unbiased threshold-free computation. J Neurosci Methods 205:119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.12.020 McGettigan C, Warren JE, Eisner F, et al (2011) Neural correlates of sublexical processing in phonological working memory. J Cogn Neurosci 23:961–977. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21491 Mechelli A, Gorno-Tempini ML, Price CJ (2003) Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations. J Cogn Neurosci 15:260–271. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903321208196 Mink JW (1996) The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol 50:381–425 Moritz-Gasser S (2021) Repeating. In: Mandonnet E, Herbet G (eds) Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks: Which Tasks for Which Locations. Springer, pp 143–153 Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H (2013) The anatomo-functional connectivity of word repetition: Insights provided by awake brain tumor surgery. Front Hum Neurosci 7:1–4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00405 Müller RA, Rothermel RD, Behen ME, et al (1997) Receptive and expressive language activations for sentences. Neuroreport 8:3767–3770 Müller VI, Cieslik EC, Laird AR, et al (2018) Ten simple rules for neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 84:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.012 Na Y, Jung J, Tench CR, et al (2022) Clinical Language systems from lesion-symptom mapping in aphasia : A meta-analysis of voxel-based lesion mapping studies. Neuroimage 35:103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103038 Newman SD, Twieg D (2001) Differences in auditory processing of words and pseudowords: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 14:39–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.1040 Nguyen DK, Nguyen DB, Malak R, et al (2009) Revisiting the role of the insula in refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 50:510–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01758.x Oberhuber M, Jones ŌP, Hope TMH, et al (2013) Functionally distinct contributions of the anterior and posterior putamen during sublexical and lexical reading. Front Hum Neurosci 7:10. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00787 Oh A, Duerden EG, Pang EW (2014) The role of the insula in speech and language processing. Brain Lang 135:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.06.003 Ohyama M, Senda M, Kitamura S, et al (1996) Role of the nondominant hemisphere and undamaged area during word repetition in poststroke aphasics. A PET activation study. Stroke 27:897–903. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.27.5.897 Okada K, Hickok G (2009) Two cortical mechanisms support the integration of visual and auditory speech: a hypothesis and preliminary data. Neurosci Lett 452:219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.060 Oron A, Wolak T, Zeffiro T, Szelag E (2016) Cross-modal comparisons of stimulus specificity and commonality in phonological processing. Brain Lang 155:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.02.001 Orpella J, Assaneo MF, Ripollés P, et al (2022) Differential activation of a frontoparietal network explains population-level differences in statistical learning from speech. PLoS Biol 20:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001712 Ota S, Kanno S, Morita A, et al (2021) Echolalia in patients with primary progressive aphasia. Eur J Neurol 28:1113–1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14673 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 5:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4 Ozker M, Yoshor D, Beauchamp MS (2018) Converging evidence from electrocorticography and BOLD fMRI for a sharp functional boundary in superior temporal gyrus related to multisensory speech processing. Front Hum Neurosci 12:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00141 Palomar-García M-ÁÁ, Sanjuán A, Bueichekú E, et al (2017) The dynamic imprint of word learning on the dorsal language pathway. Neuroimage 159:261–269. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.064 Papitto G, Friederici AD, Zaccarella E (2020) The topographical organization of motor processing: An ALE meta-analysis on six action domains and the relevance of Broca’s region. Neuroimage 206:116321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116321 Peeva MG, Guenther FH, Tourville J a, et al (2011) Syllabic Sequences in the Speech Production Network. Neuroimage 50:626–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.065.Distinct Postman-Caucheteux WA, Birn RM, Pursley RH, et al (2010) Single-trial fMRI shows contralesional activity linked to overt naming errors in chronic aphasic patients. J Cogn Neurosci 22:1299–1318. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21261. Price CJ (2012) A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. Neuroimage 62:816–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062 Price CJ, Wise RJS, Warburton EA, et al (1996) Hearing and saying. The functional neuro-anatomy of auditory word processing. Brain 119:919–931. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.3.919 Quenouille MH (1956) Note on Bias in Estimation. Biometrika 3:353–360 Radua J, Mataix-Cols D (2009) Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 195:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046 Raettig T, Kotz SA (2008) Auditory processing of different types of pseudo-words: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 39:1420–1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.030 Ramos Nuñez AI, Yue Q, Pasalar S, Martin RC (2020) The role of left vs. right superior temporal gyrus in speech perception: An fMRI-guided TMS study. Brain Lang 209:104838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104838 Rauschecker JP, Scott SK (2009) Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: Nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nat Neurosci 12:718–724. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2331 Robson H, Keidel JL, Lambon Ralph MA, Sage K (2012) Revealing and quantifying the impaired phonological analysis underpinning impaired comprehension in Wernicke’s aphasia. Neuropsychologia 50:276–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.022 Rogalsky C, Basilakos A, Rorden C, et al (2022) The neuroanatomy of speech processing: A large-scale lesion study. J Cogn Neurosci 34:1355–1375 Rosso C, Valabregue R, Arbizu C, et al (2014) Connectivity between right inferior frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area predicts after-effects of right frontal cathodal tDCS on picture naming speed. Brain Stimul 7:122–129. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.08.007 Ruan J, Bludau S, Palomero-Gallagher N, et al (2018) Cytoarchitecture, probability maps, and functions of the human supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas. Brain Struct Funct 223:4169–4186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1738-6 Sajid N, Gajardo-Vidal A, Ekert JO, et al (2022) Degeneracy in the neurological model of auditory speech repetition. bioRxiv 2022–03: Salis C, Kelly H, Code C (2015) Assessment and treatment of short-term and working memory impairments in stroke aphasia : a practical tutorial. Int J Lang Commun Disord 50:721–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12172 Salis C, Ph D, Hons BS (2017) Short-Term and Working Memory Treatments for Improving Sentence Comprehension in Aphasia : A Review and a Replication Study. Semin Speech Lang 38:29–39 Saur D, Kreher BW, Schnell S, et al (2008) Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:18035–18040. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805234105 Schlaug G, Marchina S, Norton A (2009) Evidence for plasticity in white-matter tracts of patients with chronic broca’s aphasia undergoing intense intonation-based speech therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1169:385–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04587.x Scott SK, Johnsrude IS (2003) The neuroanatomical and functional organization of speech perception. Trends Neurosci 26:100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(02)00037-1 Seghier ML (2008) Laterality index in functional MRI: methodological issues. Magn Reson Imaging 26:594–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2007.10.010 Selnes OA, Knopman DS, Niccum N, Rubens AB (1985) The critical role Wernicke’s area in sentence repetition. Ann Neurol Off J Am Neurol Assoc Child Neurol Soc 17:549–557 Shuster LI, Moore DR, Chen G, et al (2014) Does experience in talking facilitate speech repetition? Neuroimage 87:80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.064 Silva AB, Liu JR, Zhao L, et al (2022) A Neurosurgical Functional Dissection of the Middle Precentral Gyrus during Speech Production. J Neurosci 42:8416–8426 Szenkovits G, Peelle JE, Norris D, Davis MH (2012) Individual differences in premotor and motor recruitment during speech perception. Neuropsychologia 50:1380–1392. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.023 Tanji J (1994) The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 19:251–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(94)90038-8 Torres-Prioris MJ, López-Barroso D, Roé-Vellvé N, et al (2019) Repetitive verbal behaviors are not always harmful signs: Compensatory plasticity within the language network in aphasia. Brain Lang 190:16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2018.12.004 Tourville JA, Reilly KJ, Guenther FH (2008) Neural mechanisms underlying auditory feedback control of speech. Neuroimage 39:1429–1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.054 Tremblay P, Small SL (2011) Motor response selection in overt sentence production: A functional MRI study. Front Psychol 2:14. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00253 Turkeltaub PE, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, et al (2012) Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 33:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21186 Vaden KI, Muftuler LT, Hickok G (2010) Phonological repetition-suppression in bilateral superior temporal sulci. Neuroimage 49:1018–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.063 Vigneau M, Beaucousin V, Hervé PY, et al (2011) What is right-hemisphere contribution to phonological, lexico-semantic, and sentence processing? Insights from a meta-analysis. Neuroimage 54:577–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.036 Vikingstad EM, George KP, Johnson AF, Cao Y (2000) Cortical language lateralization in right handed normal subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci 175:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00269-0 Visser M, Jefferies E, Embleton K V., Ralph MAL (2012) Both the middle temporal gyrus and the ventral anterior temporal area are crucial for multimodal semantic processing: Distortion-corrected fMRI evidence for a double gradient of information convergence in the temporal lobes. J Cogn Neurosci 24:1766–1778. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00244 Vouloumanos A, Kiehl KA, Werker JF, Liddle PF (2001) Detection of sounds in the auditory stream: Event-related fMRI evidence for differential activation to speech and nonspeech. J Cogn Neurosci 13:994–1005. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892901753165890 Warren JE, Wise RJS, Warren JD (2005) Sounds do-able: Auditory-motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane. Trends Neurosci 28:636–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.010 Weiller C, Isensee C, Rijntjes M, et al (1995) Recovery from Wernicke’s aphasia: A positron emission tomographic study. Ann Neurol 37:723–732. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370605 Wikman P, Ylinen A, Leminen M, Alho K (2022) Brain activity during shadowing of audiovisual cocktail party speech, contributions of auditory–motor integration and selective attention. Sci Rep 12:18789. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22041-2 Wilson SM, Entrup JL, Schneck SM, et al (2022) Recovery from aphasia in the first year after stroke. Brain 146:1021–1039. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac129 Wiseman MB, Sanchez JA, Buechel C, et al (1999) Patterns of relative cerebral blood flow in minor cognitive motor disorder in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:222–233 Xu J, Lyu H, Li T, et al (2019) Delineating functional segregations of the human middle temporal gyrus with resting-state functional connectivity and coactivation patterns. Hum Brain Mapp 40:5159–5171. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24763 Yi HG, Leonard MK, Chang EF (2019) The Encoding of Speech Sounds in the Superior Temporal Gyrus. Neuron 102:1096–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.023 Yoo S, Chung JY, Jeon HA, et al (2012) Dual routes for verbal repetition: Articulation-based and acoustic-phonetic codes for pseudoword and word repetition, respectively. Brain Lang 122:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.011 Ziegler W, Kilian B, Deger K (1997) The role of the left mesial frontal cortex in fluent speech: Evidence from a case of left supplementary motor area hemorrhage. Neuropsychologia 35:1197–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00040-7 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7801464","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":537650786,"identity":"f26b0847-ac27-4783-8e7e-a685b4f6003f","order_by":0,"name":"Ariane Awana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Malaga","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ariane","middleName":"","lastName":"Awana","suffix":""},{"id":537650790,"identity":"947d6a27-65c1-42f8-9f14-e302ccd7a47b","order_by":1,"name":"Marcelo L. Berthier","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Malaga","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcelo","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Berthier","suffix":""},{"id":537650792,"identity":"37a65339-f9cf-4a36-9117-be8a67b0d3e3","order_by":2,"name":"María José Torres-Prioris","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Malaga","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"María","middleName":"José","lastName":"Torres-Prioris","suffix":""},{"id":537650793,"identity":"6f6ad1bf-a444-4a77-9726-a069d017f4f6","order_by":3,"name":"Diana López-Barroso","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCC4wwMzFAm4wPitBxGaGE2IFkLmwRROvgOMx97XFBzL5+f//Cxat4cOwZ+/gP4tUgeZks3nnGs2HLmjLS027zbkhkkZyTg12JwmMdMmoctwcDgBo8ZUAszg8ENAg6DaPkH1HL+jFkx77Z6BvvzBBwG1sLbBtRyIMeMmXfbYQYDBgIOA/tlZl+CgeSMtGTJuduO80jcIKCF73gzMMS+JRgAQ+zgh7fbquX4+wk4DAjYUHg8BNVjaBkFo2AUjIJRgAEAs+o8c7sGKggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Malaga","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Diana","middleName":"","lastName":"López-Barroso","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-07 16:39:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7801464/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7801464/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94874939,"identity":"efa0ea1a-5dd1-44a8-b29d-1ba6696ad510","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:07","extension":"doc","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1292800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.without.fields.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/6939c43e73ebb5dbcd639cc9.doc"},{"id":94986319,"identity":"09316685-80be-4ee8-908b-51c35320f7e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:00:12","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"44e84cb0f9d84b7eb391c0157b9cef5f.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/af117a43bc6946f5eeb659d9.json"},{"id":94986722,"identity":"d8c89bc0-a36e-4e28-95a6-b9b2c4726f44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:00:40","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":369184,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"44e84cb0f9d84b7eb391c0157b9cef5f1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/a103a216cc0abbfa88a7fdb6.xml"},{"id":94986992,"identity":"0376fc79-68ac-4638-8fc0-8052bf35092b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:01:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":307518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/d7979d2c08cee113c2a96f1f.jpeg"},{"id":94874949,"identity":"9179bdd7-8166-4f74-a03b-16e2d2e0244a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:07","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":306319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/bb6ba05098ca6dcb9c77b949.jpeg"},{"id":94986439,"identity":"f2c70e1c-3a34-4d05-8217-dd2e717154af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:00:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":212490,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/d196ba4b2f62aba1031fde54.jpeg"},{"id":94874942,"identity":"d77eadb8-e18a-473e-a322-43330b4644c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:07","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/a7e5ccc377c55e8f5ed54211.png"},{"id":94874946,"identity":"5e1dc1fd-1a3f-44fa-9068-cf6854a47ae1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:07","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":131912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/64aaad129a2309387cbd22ce.png"},{"id":94874948,"identity":"70778d6c-a5e8-403d-8c10-357d347e80c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:07","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83701,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/433698aa844a4c268338e2d9.png"},{"id":94874951,"identity":"457d9bde-33e4-4113-86fe-1f1293eed29d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:07","extension":"xml","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":363189,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"44e84cb0f9d84b7eb391c0157b9cef5f1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/e6f543c00cddb01956ddf652.xml"},{"id":94874950,"identity":"615c884c-56e9-41c5-86fc-71c29d24eac8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:07","extension":"html","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":377215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/c56cf75632bf10bf55020bb9.html"},{"id":94986423,"identity":"91562632-17d1-4d9a-bfed-ea27bc9f2f9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:00:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":324773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePRISMA flowchart of the ALE meta-analysis's study literature search. ALE: Activation Likelihood Estimation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/d44eaf386544b88c10dfd6bb.png"},{"id":94986859,"identity":"a4394838-0342-4ab3-ab74-44f5cb6bc02d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:00:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":322150,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSignificant activation clusters derived from the ALE meta-analysis in functional neuroimaging studies of (A) General repetition (ALE 1); (B) Word repetition (ALE 2); and (C) Pseudoword repetition (ALE 3). (A) General repetition results engaged bilateral perisylvian temporo-parietal and frontal cortical areas, along with the bilateral supplementary motor area, the cingulate cortex and the right insular cortex. A similar pattern, although not as extensive, was observed for word (B) and pseudoword repetition (C). Results are shown at p \u0026lt; 0.05 (cluster-level FWE corrected). L: Left, R: Right, ALE: Activation Likelihood Estimation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/3be92bc1c094ba0cc2dd1ff6.png"},{"id":94874938,"identity":"765a8eef-a7d0-451d-937d-d39a34c0dad4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 15:33:06","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":597237,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of the ALE meta-analysis subtraction contrast between pseudoword and word repetition. (A) The contrast Pseudoword Repetition \u0026gt; Word Repetition revealed greater activation in the left superior and middle temporal gyri, the right globus pallidum, putamen and amygdala, and the left precentral and postcentral gyri. (B) The contrast Word Repetition \u0026gt; Pseudoword Repetition elicited greater activity in a portion of the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, including the Heschl’s gyrus, and the posterior part of the left supplementary motor area. L: Left, R: Right.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/159f66780dc5636dbf64afb1.png"},{"id":95221225,"identity":"34bfcf35-852b-492c-a558-fb332441f299","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:18:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3268514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7801464/v1/a2e5fca8-5310-4bdb-9e17-e89030b3b115.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mapping the Neural Patterns of Verbal Repetition: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e Verbal repetition, while a seemingly straightforward function, encompasses complex cognitive and neural processes that transform auditory information into motor representations necessary for articulation (Hope et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This process involves acoustic and phonological analysis, the temporary maintenance of phonological representations, and their mapping onto the motor system for speech production (Majerus \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hope et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Beyond its fundamental role in speech, verbal repetition is also crucial for language acquisition, as it supports the learning of new words (Gathercole \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso and De Diego-Balaguer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Orpella et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and contributes to phonological short-term memory (Jacquemot and Scott \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Majerus \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to its role in typical language processing, verbal repetition also has significant clinical relevance. It is crucial for classifying aphasic syndromes clinically (Albert et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e), informing prognosis (Hosomi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and guiding rehabilitation strategies (Schlaug et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR125\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Alterations of repetition are also a hallmark of language disorders. Uncontrolled repetition, known as echolalia, is commonly observed in individuals with aphasia (Berthier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Torres-Prioris et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR133\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and has also been reported in other neurological conditions (Ota et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Taken together, the cognitive, developmental, and clinical dimensions of verbal repetition underscore the importance of delineating the neural systems that are consistently engaged during this function. A precise characterization is necessary not only to advance theoretical models of speech and language processing, such as the dual-stream framework (Hickok and Poeppel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), but also to strengthen diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dual-stream model of language processing provides a useful framework for understanding these mechanisms. According to this model, speech and language processing occurs along two main pathways: the dorsal and the ventral streams. The \u003cem\u003edorsal stream\u003c/em\u003e supports auditory-motor integration, which is crucial for verbal repetition and speech production (Behroozmand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), while the \u003cem\u003eventral stream\u003c/em\u003e is involved in lexico-semantic mapping. This distinction has led to the prediction that word repetition may rely more on the ventral stream\u0026rsquo;s lexico-semantic processes, whereas pseudoword repetition should strongly recruit dorsal auditory-motor processes (Saur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Majerus \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Moritz-Gasser and Duffau \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Yet, empirical findings remain inconsistent: some studies report graded differences in activation within the same areas during word and pseudoword processing (Mechelli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Raettig and Kotz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Hartwigsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), whereas others point to distinct patterns for each type of stimulus (Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Palomar-Garc\u0026iacute;a et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond stimulus-level contrasts, the issue of hemispheric specialization is also critical. While the left hemisphere has long been considered dominant for language (Knecht et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000b\u003c/span\u003e; Vikingstad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR139\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), the dual-stream model makes more nuanced predictions about hemispheric specialization. Specifically, it posits a left-lateralized dorsal auditory\u0026ndash;motor integration circuit and a bilaterally organized ventral lexico-semantic stream, findings further supported by neuroimaging-based studies (Saur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Assaneo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Verbal repetition, which requires the interaction of both streams, therefore offers a critical test case for examining hemispheric asymmetries. Although right-hemisphere involvement has frequently been reported in patients with left-hemisphere damage, its role in recovery remains highly debated, with some studies suggesting a compensatory contribution (Berthier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Forkel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and others considering it maladaptive (Heiss and Thiel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Postman-Caucheteux et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, its contribution to verbal repetition in the intact brain remains insufficiently understood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Despite numerous neuroimaging studies investigating verbal repetition, findings remain heterogeneous, and no synthesis has yet determined which brain regions are consistently engaged across tasks. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the brain regions consistently activated in functional studies of verbal repetition in neurotypical adults. This gap is particularly relevant given the clinical importance of repetition: clarifying its neural bases can guide intraoperative monitoring to prevent post-surgical aphasia (Moritz-Gasser \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), identify reliable targets for non-invasive stimulation therapies, and strengthen interventions based on repetition, such as Imitation-Based Aphasia Therapy (Duncan and Small \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and Speech Entrainment Therapy (Fridriksson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), both of which are supported by substantial empirical evidence (Fridriksson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Duncan and Small \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Berthier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Feenaughty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, given its strong link to short-term and working memory (Gathercole et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Jacquemot and Scott \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Lopez-Barroso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Majerus \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), repetition training helps address short-term memory deficits that impact language function (Salis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR122\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR123\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Improvements in verbal short-term memory have been shown to correlate with better outcomes across multiple language domains (Harris et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Eom and Sung \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), further reinforcing the clinical and cognitive significance of repetition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.3. The present study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The present study addresses these issues by identifying brain regions that are consistently involved in verbal repetition, both as a general function and across different experimental conditions in neurotypical adults. As an integrated linguistic function, verbal repetition engages a widespread brain network (Moritz-Gasser \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This complexity, combined with the essential interconnectivity of brain regions required for successful repetition, underscores the need to investigate it as a unified process (Moritz-Gasser \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). To this end, we conducted a systematic literature search and performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of verbal repetition (single words, single pseudowords, sentences or Jabberwocky sentences). By synthesizing the existing body of research, we aimed to draw consolidated conclusions and minimize the influence of individual study biases (Haidich \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The meta-analysis employed an Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) approach (Eickhoff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009b\u003c/span\u003e). The analysis was guided by three objectives. First, to assess repetition as a general function, including repetition tasks of different types of stimuli. Second, to differentiate between the repetition of stimuli with semantic content (i.e., words) and those without semantic content (i.e., pseudowords). Finally, to address the ongoing debate on the role of the right hemisphere in language, we extracted lateralization indexes (LI) to investigate the differential contributions of the right and left hemispheres to the repetition process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Literature search\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSearches for relevant articles were conducted using the following databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Embase. These databases were chosen based on research into the optimal database combination for literature searches in systematic reviews (Bramer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Gusenbauer and Haddaway \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The search terms used to identify articles reporting functional neuroimaging studies during a verbal repetition task included: (\u0026ldquo;speech repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;sensory-motor integration\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;audio-motor integration\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;verbal repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;word repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;pseudoword repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;pseudo-word repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;non-word repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;nonword repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;phrase repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;sentence repetition\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;syllable repetition\u0026rdquo;) AND (fMRI OR neuroimaging OR \u0026ldquo;functional neuroimaging\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;functional magnetic resonance imaging\u0026rdquo; OR PET OR \u0026ldquo;positron emission tomography\u0026rdquo;). Only articles written in English were considered. The initial search resulted in 1112 records identified across all databases (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) as of the 27th of May 2025. After removing duplicates both automatically and manually, the search identified 54 articles. Data management was performed using the systematic review web application RAYYAN (Ouzzani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Inclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results were initially screened based on their titles and abstracts, followed by a thorough review of the full-text articles to ensure they met the following inclusion criteria: 1) The sample was composed of more than one healthy adult. Studies with children, teenagers, neurologically impaired, or clinical populations were excluded; 2) The study used functional neuroimaging during a verbal repetition task: functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] or positron emission tomography [PET]) was performed; 3) The article was written in English; 4) Whole-brain analysis was conducted for neuroimaging data. Studies that only performed region of interest (ROI) analyses were excluded; 5) Results were reported using standard stereotactic coordinates (Montreal Neurological Institute [MNI] or Talairach space); 6) Contrasts reported should reflect functional brain processing during verbal repetition performance against a baseline condition. Verbal repetition conditions included overt or covert repetition of words in the participants\u0026rsquo; native or non-native language, pseudowords/nonwords (i.e., a sequence of at least two syllables without associated meaning), or sentences. Baseline conditions included rest or control tasks such as listening or saying one specific word in response to stimuli. Studies contrasting two repetition conditions were excluded, as these reflects differences between repetition types rather than brain activity specifically related to the repetition process. Such contrasts were examined later in our meta-analytic comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e This screening resulted in 54 eligible articles that employed a verbal repetition task while performing neuroimaging via fMRI or PET. The study selection flow chart, and the specific reasons for exclusion during screening are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. If any article did not report the MNI or Talairach coordinates of the contrast of interest, the corresponding author was contacted to request the missing data. After this step, 25 articles were included in the analysis of general repetition (ALE 1, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies included in the ALE meta-analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArticle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImaging method\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean age (range/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample (women)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLang\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFoci\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(nr/ 0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapanese\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enr (25\u0026ndash;40/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 Word repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1. ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBurton et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u0026nbsp;(22\u0026ndash;49/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10R, 1L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Reverse speech token listening and saying the word \u0026ldquo;crime\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCowell et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u0026nbsp;(27\u0026ndash;67/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord (number) repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHervais-Adelman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026nbsp;(18\u0026ndash;33/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43R, 7L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrench/ English\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSentence repetition (listening simultaneously)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Passive listening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHope et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.4 (20\u0026ndash;45/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHope et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.4 (20\u0026ndash;45/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHoward et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enr (18\u0026ndash;70/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Reverse word listening and saying the word \u0026ldquo;crime\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsenberg et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (18\u0026ndash;30/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Pseudoword listening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKenyon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.4 (18\u0026ndash;65/15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKlein et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (nr/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish/ French\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition (first and second language)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLi\u0026eacute;geois et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3 (20\u0026ndash;28/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4R, 1L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLi\u0026eacute;geois et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enr\u0026nbsp;(nr/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNonword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Listening to noise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarchina et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u0026nbsp;(30\u0026ndash;69/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSentence repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMcGettigan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026nbsp;(19\u0026ndash;36/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Humming tones\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOhyama et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.3 (nr/8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapanese\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOkada \u0026amp; Hickok (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enr (18\u0026ndash;44/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJabberwocky\u003c/em\u003e sentence repetition \u0026ndash; Passive \u003cem\u003eJabberwocky\u003c/em\u003e listening then rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrice et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enr (22\u0026ndash;33/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition (at 20 and 40 w.p.m)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrice et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enr (28\u0026ndash;62/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Listening to words and saying 'crime'\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRosso et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u0026nbsp;(20\u0026ndash;75/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrench\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShuster et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR129\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(nr/ 2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Listening to sentence then noise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShuster et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR129\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(nr/ 7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11R, 1L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Listening to sentence then noise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSzenkovits et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(nr/5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;saying \u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo; to buzzes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTremblay \u0026amp; Small (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026nbsp;(20\u0026ndash;29/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSentence repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Sentence listening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeiller et al. (1995)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27\u0026ndash;50/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGerman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCovert Pseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWikman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR144\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.6\u0026nbsp;(19\u0026ndash;39/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinnish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSentence repetition (listening simultaneously) \u0026gt;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWiseman et al. (1999)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePET\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.7 (nr/ 7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN.R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoo et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.8\u0026nbsp;(18\u0026ndash;34/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKorean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efMRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.8\u0026nbsp;(18\u0026ndash;34/nr)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKorean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1, ALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote. \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e Peak coordinates were taken from a reanalysis of data reported in Price et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e); \u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e For articles reporting more than one contrast of interest with the same subjects, foci were pooled into one experiment (for all: 9, 10, 17; for ALE 1: 6a, 6b, 27a, 27b). R: right; L: left; nr: not reported; Exp: experiment; Hand: handedness; Lang: language.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. \u003cem\u003eMeta-analytic strategy and grouping\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree ALE meta-analyses were performed. The first analysis was the most comprehensive one and included all the experiments (ALE 1: General Repetition), pooling together different forms of verbal repetition (single words, single pseudowords, sentences and Jabberwocky sentences). According to previous studies (Hanley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Palomar-Garc\u0026iacute;a et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and predicted by contemporary language models (e.g. Hickok and Poeppel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), the subprocesses underlying word and pseudoword repetition differ, therefore independent analyses for word and pseudoword repetition were conducted. These analyses aim to examine potential spatial dissociations suggested in prior research, with the understanding that ALE is designed to detect consistent spatial convergence of reported peaks across studies rather than differences in activation magnitude. To mitigate concerns about potential instability due to the number of available studies, we evaluated robustness across all three ALE analyses (ALE 1\u0026ndash;3) using jackknife sensitivity analyses (see Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2.4.3\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, ALE 2 focused exclusively on contrasts involving items with semantic content (Word Repetition); while ALE 3 focused on contrasts involving items without semantic content (Pseudoword Repetition).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. \u003cem\u003eAnalyses\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4.1 \u003cem\u003eActivation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ALE technique for quantitative coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging results was applied to investigate convergence between experiments. The ALE algorithm assesses the overlap between foci reported in functional neuroimaging studies by modelling them as probability distributions centered at their coordinates. Then, it determines where the results converge at an above-chance level and creates mean activation maps for each experiment which are combined into a single ALE map using a random-effects approach (Eickhoff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009b\u003c/span\u003e). The results are maps of spatially converging activation clusters across experiments. The three analyses (ALE 1, ALE 2, ALE 3) were performed with the BrainMap GingerALE software Version 3.0.2 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.brainmap.org/index.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.brainmap.org/index.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; Eickhoff, Laird, et al. 2009; Turkeltaub et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR136\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Since peak coordinates that are entered in the ALE meta-analysis must be in the same space (Talairach or MNI), coordinates of the contrasts of interest from the selected studies that were reported originally in Talairach space, were converted into MNI space using the \u003cem\u003eicbm2tal\u003c/em\u003e transformation function within GingerALE. Then, for the creation of convergence of activation maps for ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3, we combined an uncorrected cluster-forming voxel-wise height threshold of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 with a cluster-wise family-wise-error (FWE) corrected threshold of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 based on 1000 random permutations, a thresholding providing the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity for ALE analyses (Eickhoff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). We used the MNI152 template with a less restrictive mask for computation. Additionally, we visually inspected the resulting ALE maps to identify the brain regions the encompassing each cluster, as GingerALE only reports peak convergence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4.2 \u003cem\u003eContrast analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the contrast analysis between words and pseudowords, an uncorrected p-value of 0.05 with 10000 permutations and a minimum volume of 100 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e were defined as threshold parameters. Given that the input files for the contrast analysis were already conservatively thresholded, a less rigid threshold was chosen for this additional examination, following the approach used in previous studies (Papitto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Since the goal of the contrast analysis was to test for differences in converging foci between word and pseudoword repetition, subtraction analyses for Word Repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Pseudoword Repetition and Pseudoword Repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Word Repetition were conducted. These contrasts were considered exploratory, in line with prior reports of spatial dissociations between word and pseudoword processing (e.g., Raettig and Kotz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Importantly, their robustness was further assessed using jackknife sensitivity analyses, ensuring that the reported clusters reflected consistent convergence rather than the influence of individual studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4.3 \u003cem\u003eEvaluation of robustness: Jackknife sensitivity analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe robustness of the results of ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3 were further explored to avoid biases related to studies with small samples, reporting results biased towards outliers, or the selective report of positive results. To evaluate the robustness of the ALE analyses, we adopted the jackknife sensitivity analyses or leave-one-out strategy (Quenouille \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e), commonly used in meta-analyses of neuroimaging data (Radua and Mataix-Cols \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; M\u0026uuml;ller et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Enge et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, n different ALE meta-analyses were run while excluding one experiment at the time in each trial (i.e., 27 trials with 26 experiments for ALE 1; 19 trials with 18 experiments for ALE 2; and 10 trials with 9 experiments for ALE 3). Results were then compared in terms of appearance, size and parameters of significant voxel clusters to the original ALE. Through this process it can be investigated whether specific studies are driving the outcome to an unproportionate degree which diminishes the stability of the findings. Only clusters that were reported in all the n replication meta-analyses were later considered in the interpretation of results. This procedure was applied to ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3 alike, providing an additional safeguard that even subgroup analyses (ALE 2 and ALE 3) reflected stable and reproducible activation patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4.4. \u003cem\u003eLateralization indexes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e To explore functional lateralization in verbal repetition, weighted LIs were computed for all three ALE maps. The LIs were calculated using AveLI (Matsuo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), a validated method that has been shown to be resistant to outliers and noise. This index uses the value of each voxel within the masks of bilateral ROIs as a threshold to compute subordinate LIs (sub-LI) according to the following formula: sub-LI = (Lt \u0026ndash; Rt) / (Lt\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Rt); with Lt (left) and Rt (right) referring to the sums of the ALE values above threshold in the ROIs. The average of all sub-Lis is then computed as the AveLI: AveLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Σ(sub-LI) / VN; with VN being the total number of voxels with positive values within both ROIs (Matsuo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The AveLI analysis was computed for the output from ALE 1, as well as for ALE 2 and ALE 3 for the whole brain by defining two anatomical masks for the right and left hemispheres. The masks were created using the WFU_Pickatlas tool Version 3.0.5 for SPM12 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.nitrc.org/projects/wfu_pickatlas/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.nitrc.org/projects/wfu_pickatlas/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; Maldjian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) that uses Talairach Daemon database atlases as a base (Lancaster et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). LI values below \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.2 were considered as evidence of right lateralization; LI above 0.2 as evidence of leftward lateralization; and LI between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.2 and 0.2 were considered to show bilateral activation (Seghier \u003cspan citationid=\"CR127\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. \u003cem\u003eIncluded Studies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom the initial 1112 articles identified in the first step of the systematic review, 25 articles were included (yielding 27 independent experiments). Previous research indicates that to achieve consistent effects (effects present in roughly one-third of the underlying population) in coordinate-based meta-analyses using ALE, a minimum of 17 experiments should be included (Eickhoff et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the number of experiments included in this analysis meets methodological recommendations. A detailed flowchart of the systematic review process, including exclusion criteria, is provided in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe selected articles were published between 1992 and 2024 and enrolled a total of 380 participants. Of these, 10 subjects were reported as left-handed (2.63%). All experiments together provided 440 foci. In the studies that reported age (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21), the mean was 34.33 years (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.59). On average, 15.17 foci were reported (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.68). Two articles (i.e., Price et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e and Shuster et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) reported two independent experiments each, bringing the total number of experiments included in ALE 1 to 27 (9 PET and 18 fMRI; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In cases where more than one repetition contrast was reported for the same subjects (Price et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Klein et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Hope et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kenyon et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), peak coordinates were pooled into one experiment, following (Turkeltaub et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Whenever available, the \u0026quot;Repetition\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Rest\u0026quot; contrast was selected, otherwise, the contrast that best reflected the aim of the meta-analysis was chosen (M\u0026uuml;ller et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALE 2 included 19 experiments from 18 articles, while ALE 3 included 10 experiments from 9 articles (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Two articles (Yoo et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Hope et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) contributed to both ALE 2 and ALE 3 since they reported relevant contrasts for both pseudoword and word repetition. The coordinates derived from those contrasts were pooled together and counted as one experiment for ALE 1. Given the limited number of experiments contributing only to pseudoword condition, results from ALE 3 should be considered preliminary trends (Eickhoff et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. 2. \u003cem\u003eActivation likelihood estimation results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. 2. 1. \u003cem\u003eALE 1: General Repetition results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeven clusters showed significant convergence for verbal repetition in neurotypical adults (cluster-level FWE-corrected at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The largest cluster involved left temporo-parietal areas, spanning the STG (including the primary auditory area and the posterior STG), the MTG and parietal regions such as the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and postcentral gyrus (PoCG). A second cluster covered the right STG (including part of the Heschl\u0026rsquo;s gyrus), slightly extending to the MTG. The third cluster included the supplementary motor area (SMA; Ruan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR120\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) in the medial frontal gyrus (MFG) in both brain hemispheres, with peak convergence in the left hemisphere. Other clusters were located in the right PoCG/ PrCG, left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right insular cortex (IC), and the left thalamus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults for ALE 1: general repetition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE (peak)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ (peak)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Label\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributing experiments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eROL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 3, 5, 6, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 20, 22, 23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eACC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 20, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThalamus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThalamus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. Hem: hemisphere; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; MTG: middle temporal gyrus; PrCG: precentral gyrus; ROL: Rolandic operculum; SMG: supramarginal gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus; IC: insular cortex.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 \u003cem\u003eALE 2: Word repetition results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNine significant clusters were identified (cluster-level FWE-corrected p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The largest cluster involved the left STG, extending into the Rolandic operculum and MTG. Its right-hemisphere counterpart encompassed the right STG/MTG and the IC. Additional clusters were located in the left PoCG, bilateral SMA, right PoCG/PrCG, bilateral cerebellum, and the right IC. Detailed coordinates and brain structures encompassed by each cluster are reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults for ALE 2: word repetition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE (peak)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ (peak)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Label\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributing experiments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6a, 10, 13,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15, 17, 19, 25, 26, 27a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5816\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 4, 5, 6a, 10, 15, 17,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19, 23, 25, 27a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3792\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4, 5, 6a, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23, 25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2632\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 3, 5, 6a, 17, 18, 23, 25,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4, 5, 6a, 9, 13, 23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e848\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6a, 9, 23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e824\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCerebellum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6a, 10, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e784\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCerebellum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6a, 9, 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 5, 6a, 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. Hem: hemisphere; STG: superior temporal gyrus; IC: insular cortex; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; PrCG: precentral gyrus; LG: lingual gyrus.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1.3 \u003cem\u003eALE 3: Pseudoword repetition results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwelve clusters reached significance (cluster-level FWE-corrected p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The largest cluster included the right putamen, pallidum and amygdala, while the second cluster comprised the left MTG. Additional clusters encompassed the left PoCG, left STG, bilateral SMA (left\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;right), left MTG and PrCG, right STG (two clusters), right IC, left ACC and right PoCG.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults for ALE 3: pseudoword repetition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE (peak)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ (peak)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Label\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributing experiments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1760\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePutamen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 8, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 12, 14, 16, 22, 27b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 14, 16, 20, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 8, 14, 16, 24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 16, 21, 22, 27b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 14, 22, 27b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 8, 21, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 14, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 8, 16, 21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e688\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 27b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eACC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 16, 20, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. Hem: hemisphere; GP: globus pallidus; MTG: middle temporal gyrus; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; PrCG: precentral gyrus; IC: insular cortex; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 \u003cem\u003eSubtraction analyses between word and pseudoword repetition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe contrast \"Pseudoword\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Word Repetition\" yielded six significant clusters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), involving the left STG/MTG, right globus pallidum, putamen, amygdala, left PoCG/PrCG near the left IFG, and right Rolandic operculum. The opposite contrast, \"Word\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Pseudoword Repetition\", revealed four significant clusters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), involving the right STG/Heschl\u0026rsquo;s gyrus, left STG, left SMA and left PrCG/PoCG.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults for subtraction analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemisphere\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Label\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erepetition \u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erepetition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePutamen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmygdala\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eROL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eROL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWord\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e792\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erepetition \u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudoword\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erepetition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote. Peak Label: The anatomical region corresponding to the peak in MNI coordinates is reported according to the AAL atlas. When the peak falls in a white matter region but the cluster extended into grey matter, the nearest grey matter region to the peak coordinate is reported. MTG: middle temporal gyrus; GP: globus pallidus; PoCG: postcentral gyrus; PrCG: precentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; ROL: Rolandic operculum; SMA: supplementary motor area.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. \u003cem\u003eJackknife sensitivity analysis results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnly clusters that remained significant across all jackknife replications are reported and will be the focus of the discussion. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the clusters and brain regions that remained stable across all jackknife analyses, while Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e lists those that failed to survive the sensitivity tests. For ALE 1, five out of seven clusters were robust, while the right IC and left thalamus clusters showed limited stability. In ALE 2, the five largest clusters were consistently reproduced, while clusters 6\u0026ndash;9 did not survive all analyses. In ALE 3, four clusters survived, while the others were unstable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClusters that survived jack-knife analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSize (mm3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE peak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ peak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Label\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u0026ndash;0.039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u0026ndash;7.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-48/-56/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e-58/-54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12/-18/-26/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e-30/-4/-6/-42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35/6/8/22/10/26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft PoCG/STG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026ndash;0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u0026ndash;6.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48/62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-24/-32/-8/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8/0/2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight STG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft SMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026ndash;0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026ndash;5.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52/48/54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8/-10/-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26/38/42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight PoCG/PrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft ACC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026ndash;0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.96\u0026ndash;6.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-56/-52/-40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18/-26/-4/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e-32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6/2/12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft STG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5816\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026ndash;0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.42\u0026ndash;6.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50/52/58/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-24/-18/-6/-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6/2/4/8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight STG/IC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3792\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026ndash;0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.87\u0026ndash;5.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-46/-58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12/-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34/22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft PoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2632\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026ndash;0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026ndash;6.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6/4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4/-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60/62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft SMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026ndash;0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.29\u0026ndash;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54/48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8/-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26/38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight PoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft MTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft PoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026ndash;0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u0026ndash;4.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60/56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft SMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft MTG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote. PoCG: postcentral gyrus; STG: superior temporal gyrus; SMA: supplementary motor area; PrCG: precentral gyrus; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus; IC: insular cortex; MTG: middle temporal gyrus.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClusters that did not survive jack-knife analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeak Label\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperiments*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight IC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-12/-20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18/-14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4/8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Thalamus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6, 8, 17, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20/22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-28/-26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62/72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight PrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6a, 9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-14/-24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-20/-22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft Cerebellum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6a, 10, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Cerebellum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 6a, 9, 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight IC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 5, 6a, 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALE 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28/20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4/8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8/4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight Putamen\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-52/-44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-34/-32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14/12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft STG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft PrCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 21, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight STG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 14, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight IC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 8, 16, 21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46/50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-22/-30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8/4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight STG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft ACC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 16, 20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRight PoCG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6b, 8, 22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote. *Experiments with unproportionate influence on the cluster. IC: insular cortex; PrCG: precentral gyrus; LG: lingual gyrus; IC: insular cortex; STG: superior temporal gyrus; ACC: anterior cingulate gyrus, PoCG: postcentral gyrus.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 \u003cem\u003eLateralization indices results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLIs computed with thresholded ALE-score images revealed strong left-lateralization for general repetition (LI of 0.42) and pseudoword repetition (LI of 0.44). Word repetition showed a weaker but still left-lateralized pattern (LI of 0.26). These results further support the predominance of left-hemispheric involvement in verbal repetition, with subtle differences across stimulus types.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e In the current study, we used ALE to conduct a coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging experiments investigating the neural correlates underlying verbal repetition in healthy participants. The meta-analysis pooled 27 experiments employing in-scanner tasks that required the repetition of verbal material, mainly words and pseudowords. The analyses revealed a set of brain regions consistently engaged in verbal repetition tasks, as confirmed through jackknife sensitivity tests. These regions encompassed auditory\u0026ndash;phonological areas in the STG, and MTG, motor planning and execution regions (PrCG, PoCG, SMA), and control-related regions including the ACC and the IC. Most of these regions are part of the dorsal stream and are believed to subserve auditory-motor integration processes, which play a critical role in speech processing and language learning (L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Assaneo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Orpella et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Taken together, these results suggest that verbal repetition is best understood as a composite function that bridges receptive and expressive language processes. Rather than reflecting isolated perceptual or motor mechanisms, repetition relies on the coordinated activity of auditory, phonological, and articulatory networks, with lateralization analyses indicating a predominant left-hemispheric contribution alongside consistent right-hemisphere involvement. The discussion below examines the possible contributions of these subsystems in light of previous literature, highlights distinctions between word and pseudoword repetition, and considers the theoretical and clinical implications of these findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1 \u003cem\u003eAuditory and phonological processing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn ALE 1, a large portion of the bilateral STG, including critical speech areas such as the primary auditory cortex and the associative auditory cortex, showed significant convergence across experiments. Prior studies have linked the STG to early phonological analysis and interface role between spectro-temporal processing and higher-level processing supporting speech perception and language (Price \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Ozker et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR148\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ramos Nu\u0026ntilde;ez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Na et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The STG has also been implicated in online monitoring and auditory feedback control during production (Hashimoto and Sakai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Fu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Tourville et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR134\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Hickok et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), and some accounts propose that it may further facilitate speech by activating articulatory features associated with perceived sounds (Scott and Johnsrude \u003cspan citationid=\"CR126\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Warren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR142\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Rauschecker and Scott \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinical evidence converges with this view: damage to the left posterior STG impairs single-word comprehension (Hillis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), phonological processing (Robson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR117\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), and sentence repetition (Selnes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR128\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e), whereas right STG lesions affect syllable discrimination, pointing to a bilateral phonological processing brain system (Rogalsky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Consistent with studies in clinical and healthy populations (Hickok et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Vouloumanos et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR141\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Jung-Beeman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Hickok and Poeppel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Cogan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Chang and Lambon Ralph \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Hickok \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rogalsky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), our results (ALE 1, 2 and 3) also point to a bilaterally distributed temporal network. Although lateralization indices showed a weaker left bias for word repetition than for pseudowords, the overall pattern remains left-lateralized.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoactivation of the MTG and STG has been reported repeatedly (M\u0026uuml;ller et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Vouloumanos et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR141\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Balsamo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR147\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and both ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 3 revealed clusters spanning STG and dorsal MTG. While the MTG has often been linked to semantic processing (Binder et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Visser et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR140\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), the dorsal portion of the MTG has been functionally dissociated as contributing to auditory/phonological and cross-modal phonological processing (Oron et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR147\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The present results are consistent with a role for the dorsal MTG in repetition of both lexical (words) and sub-lexical stimuli (pseudowords), likely working in close interaction with the STG.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis interpretation also aligns with clinical neuroimaging evidence in post-stroke mixed transcortical aphasia, where preserved repetition performance was associated with bilateral middle/posterior STG and MTG activation (L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Taken together, these findings highlight a bilateral\u0026mdash;but asymmetrically weighted\u0026mdash;temporal network for phonological analysis and auditory feedback that underpins verbal repetition across paradigms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.2 Speech motor planning and speech articulation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn ALE 1 (general repetition), robust convergence emerged in the bilateral PrCG and PoCG, regions consistently implicated in speech motor planning and articulatory control. Prior work has associate the PrCG with programming and executing speech movements (Gajardo-Vidal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wilson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR145\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and the PoCG with somatosensory feedback which is necessary for accurate articulation (e.g., position of the jaw) (Silva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Integration of somatosensory and auditory feedback allows ongoing monitoring and correction of articulatory gestures during speech production (Houde and Chang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and therefore, during repetition. Clinical studies converge with this interpretation: lesions involving the PrCG often cause apraxia of speech, characterized by articulatory imprecision, reduced speech rate and dysprosody (Basilakos et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Itabashi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In line with this observations, ALE 3 (pseudoword repetition) revealed higher convergence peaks in left PrCG/PoCG compared to words, consistent with a greater demand of assembling and monitoring novel sublexical codes (Hope et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDynamic causal modelling further suggests (Sajid et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) functional interaction from STG to PrCG and to IFG during repetition, supporting the view that the PrCG participates in coordinated activity within the core language network. From this perspective, convergence in the PrCG and the PoCG across repetition tasks can be seen as consistent with their involvement in planning and executing articulatory sequences, as well as in monitoring motor execution with adjustments based on auditory and somatosensory feedback.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcross ALE 1, ALE 2 and ALE 2 convergence also emerged in the SMA. This region has been linked to speech motor control (Hope et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Hertrich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), speech initiation and high-level motor sequencing in both overt and inner speech (Hope et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Hertrich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cona and Semenza \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), as well as motor memory retrieval (Tanji \u003cspan citationid=\"CR132\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). Lesions in the SMA has been associated with mutism followed by dysfluent, poorly initiated speech (Ziegler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR150\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), supporting its role in speech initiation. Taken together, these results are compatible with the notion that verbal repetition engages a distributed sensorimotor network spanning primary articulatory regions (PrCG, PoCG) and higher-order motor control (SMA), with pseudoword repetition potentially placing additional load on sublexical planning and feedback mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3 \u003cem\u003eHigher level language processing and domain general control\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SMA has also been consistently implicated in high-level motor planning (Hertrich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cona and Semenza \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and its reproducible convergence across all three analyses is compatible with a central role in verbal repetition. The SMA is believed to exert a supervisory control during these processes (Hartwigsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hope et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Such a control may be facilitated by the bilateral SMA's influence over the left dorsal premotor cortex (Hartwigsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), plausibly regulating complex movement sequencing (Alario et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The SMA and the ACC reciprocally connect and acting in concert, have been linked to the initiation of motor and language routines, including the intentional aspects of speech and language (Ackermann and Ziegler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, it is noteworthy that ALE 1 identified a cluster in the ACC, and in ALE 3 appeared this region as an extension of the SMA cluster (though as an independent cluster did not survive the Jackknife analysis). The ACC has been associated with conflict monitoring, error detection, and cognitive control (Carter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Botvinick et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), including inhibitory control over unwanted language activation in bilinguals (Abutalebi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Calabria et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In the light of this evidence, the convergence observed in the ACC may be consistent with its putative role in supervising speech output and suppressing competing phonological representations during repetition. This interpretation also resonates with its reported involvement in conflict monitoring when processing pseudowords that closely resemble existing words (Hofmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe IC also emerged as a site of convergence in word repetition (ALE 2). Although ALE cannot determine function directly, this finding aligns with previous reports implicating the IC as a multimodal hub coordinating regions involved in auditory perception and orofacial motor execution (Ackermann and Riecker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Eickhoff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009a\u003c/span\u003e; Adank \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Oh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Evidence from electrical stimulation further supports its contribution to speech motor control (Craig et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Craig \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Nguyen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). By integrating phonological and semantic information with motor execution (Ackermann and Riecker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Eickhoff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009a\u003c/span\u003e), the IC may facilitate overt repetition and support domain-general functions such as attention and working memory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4 Differences between word and pseudoword repetition\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrast analyses indicated that pseudoword repetition yields greater convergence of activation in the left MTG and STG compared to word repetition, in line with previous findings (Newman and Twieg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Prior work has suggested that such patterns may reflect a familiarity effect, with stronger responses for unfamiliar stimuli (Majerus et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Vaden et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR137\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). This pattern may also reflect greater reliance on auditory feedback and error-monitoring mechanisms, as predictions are less accurate for pseudowords (Hashimoto and Sakai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Fu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Tourville et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR134\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Hickok et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis comparison further showed greater convergence of activation in the left PrCG and PoCG, together with recruitment of the right Rolandic operculum. These regions have been repeatedly associated with phonological and motor aspects of speech (Gajardo-Vidal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wilson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR145\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), particularly in the sublexical assembly of articulatory codes for novel stimuli (Hope et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Ekert et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). From this perspective, pseudoword repetition may place greater demands on feedback from orofacial and laryngeal movements, thereby increasing reliance on motor planning and speech control. Taken together, the implicated fronto-temporal cortical network maps onto the dorsal stream (Saur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), a core network for new word learning that requires assembling novel phoneme sequences (L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubcortical convergence differences were also observed: pseudoword repetition showed greater activation convergence in the right basal ganglia (globus pallidus and putamen) compared to word repetition, in line with their role in sublexical processing, especially the sequencing and initiation of novel motor sequences (Vigneau et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR138\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Oberhuber et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), and the inhibition of competing motor programs (Mink \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Peeva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Beukema et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that pseudoword repetition engages additional control resources to inhibit familiar syllabic patterns and generate novel articulatory sequences. All these results are coherent with the stronger left lateralization index found for pseudowords.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, the opposite contrast, assessing regions with greater convergence of foci during word compared to pseudoword repetition, revealed differences in a small portion of the bilateral STG, at the level of Heschl's gyrus, along with the left SMA, PrCG and PoCG. Although these results should be interpreted with caution given the limited number of studies contributing to ALE 3, STG differences may reflect facilitated lexical access, as auditory cortex responses are stronger and faster for words than pseudowords (MacGregor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The additional greater convergence in the SMA may reflect motor memory retrieval for articulating familiar words (Tremblay and Small \u003cspan citationid=\"CR135\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5 \u003cem\u003eLimitations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile ALE meta-analyses offer a powerful approach to synthesize evidence and identify consistent neural correlates beyond the scope of individual studies (Haidich \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), they have inherent limitations that must be acknowledged. First, our analyses included both left and right-handed participants, despite potential differences in language lateralization (Knecht et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000b\u003c/span\u003e). However, the traditional dichotomy between right and left-handed individuals has been challenged, with both evidence of atypical right-hemispheric dominance even among right-handers and the strong left hemisphere language lateralization in most left-handers (Knecht et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000a\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, excluding left-handed participants was not warranted, although a finer control for handedness would be desirable in future meta-analyses. Second, the ALE method relies on peak activation coordinates reported in published articles rather than full statistical maps, which may limit consistency in reported significance levels, subpeak localization, and effect sizes. This approach, while widely adopted, emphasizes convergence across experiments and cannot fully capture the richness of individual datasets or subtle intensity-based differences. Third, although we performed subgroup analyses contrasting word and pseudoword repetition (ALE 2 and ALE 3), these results should be interpreted with caution. The pseudoword dataset was relatively small (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 experiments), and the Jackknife procedure excluded clusters with insufficient robustness. Nevertheless, these exploratory contrasts remain informative, since results align with prior evidence that suggests that pseudowords and words engage overlapping yet partially dissociable neural mechanisms (e.g., Newman and Twieg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Raettig and Kotz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Our goal was not to claim definitive dissociations, but to highlight converging spatial tendencies that may guide future research with larger datasets. Fourth, methodological variability across included studies, particularly in baseline conditions and control tasks, may have influenced the extent of overlap observed. This is a common limitation in coordinate-based meta-analyses but reflects the diversity of experimental designs in the field. Finally, our synthesis was constrained by the limited availability of experiments using sentence repetition (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4 for meaningful sentences; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 for jabberwocky sentences), which prevented separate analyses. Expanding this evidence base is crucial to delineate repetition processes across different linguistic levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e This meta-analysis of 27 neuroimaging experiments identified a consistent, bilaterally distributed network supporting verbal repetition, encompassing auditory\u0026ndash;phonological regions (STG, MTG), motor\u0026ndash;somatosensory cortices (PrCG, PoCG), and the SMA, with additional involvement of the ACC. Together, these regions support auditory\u0026ndash;motor integration and monitoring during speech. Subgroup analyses revealed stimulus-dependent differences. Pseudoword repetition showed stronger convergence in left fronto-temporal regions, motor areas, and right basal ganglia, reflecting increased demands on phonological assembly and articulatory planning. Word repetition, in contrast, engaged bilateral auditory cortices, including Heschl\u0026rsquo;s gyrus, and left SMA, consistent with lexical access and retrieval of established motor routines. Although based on fewer experiments, these findings highlight subtle dissociations between lexical and sublexical repetition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, these results reinforce dual-stream models of speech processing and emphasize the role of extra-sylvian regions in speech control. By clarifying the neural systems that sustain repetition of familiar and unfamiliar stimuli, this work provides a strong foundation for both theoretical accounts of language and clinical approaches to neurorehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work has been supported by the Grant PID2021-127617NA-I00 Proyecto de Generaci\u0026oacute;n de Conocimiento 2021 funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ and FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa (P. I: D.L-B). A.A. has been supported by a research contract funded by the MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ and FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa (PID2021-127617NA-I00). M.L.B has been supported by the European Social Fund (FEDER). D.L-B was supported by the Ayuda RYC2020-029495-I Ram\u0026oacute;n y Cajal funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by El FSE invierte en tu futuro. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MNI coordinates used for the three ALE meta-analyses and the statistical maps derived from the Ginger ALE analysis are available at OSF repository (https://osf.io/w6s87/). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception. Literature search was performed by A. A. Data analysis was performed by A. A., M. J. T-P, and D. L-B. The first draft of the manuscript was written by A. A., M. J. T-P, and D. L-B and all authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version. \u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbo M, Senoo A, Watanabe S, et al (2004) Language-related brain function during word repetition in post-stroke aphasics. NeuroReport Rapid Commun Neurosci Res 15:1891\u0026ndash;1894. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200408260-00011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbutalebi J, Della Rosa PA, Green DW, et al (2012) Bilingualism tunes the anterior cingulate cortex for conflict monitoring. Cereb Cortex 22:2076\u0026ndash;2086. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr287\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAckermann H, Riecker A (2004) The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speech production: A review and a hypothesis. Brain Lang 89:320\u0026ndash;328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00347-X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAckermann H, Ziegler W (2010) Brain mechanisms underlying speech motor control. In: The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd edn. Wiley Blackwell, pp 202\u0026ndash;208\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdank P (2012) The neural bases of difficult speech comprehension and speech production: Two Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses. Brain Lang 122:42\u0026ndash;54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlario FX, Chainay H, Lehericy S, Cohen L (2006) The role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in word production. Brain Res 1076:129\u0026ndash;143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.104\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlbert ML, Goodglass H, Helm NA, et al (1981) Clinical aspects of dysphasia, 1st editio. Springer New York\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssaneo MF, Ripolles P, Orpella J, et al (2019) Spontaneous synchronization to speech reveals neural mechanisms facilitating language learning. Nat Neurosci 22:627\u0026ndash;632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0353-z.Spontaneous\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalsamo LM, Xu B, Grandin CB, et al (2002) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of left hemisphere language dominance in children. Arch Neurol 59:1168\u0026ndash;1174. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.59.7.1168\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBasilakos A, Rorden C, Bonilha L, et al (2015) Patterns of Poststroke Brain Damage That Predict Speech Production Errors in Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia Dissociate. Stroke 46:1561\u0026ndash;1566. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009211\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBecker JT, Mintun MA, Diehl DJ, et al (1994) Functional neuroanatomy of verbal free recall: A replication study. Hum Brain Mapp 1:284\u0026ndash;292. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.460010406\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBehroozmand R, Shebek R, Hansen DR, et al (2015) Sensory\u0026ndash;motor networks involved in speech production and motor control: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 109:418\u0026ndash;428. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.040\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerthier ML, De-Torres I, Paredes-Pacheco J, et al (2017) Cholinergic potentiation and audiovisual repetition-imitation therapy improve speech production and communication deficits in a person with crossed aphasia by inducing structural plasticity in white matter tracts. Front Hum Neurosci 11:18. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00304\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerthier ML, Lambon Ralph MA, Pujol J, Green C (2012) Arcuate fasciculus variability and repetition: The left sometimes can be right. Cortex 48:133\u0026ndash;143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerthier ML, Torres-Prioris MJ, L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso D, et al (2018) Are you a doctor? \u0026hellip; Are you a doctor? I\u0026rsquo;m not a doctor! A reappraisal of mitigated echolalia in aphasia with evaluation of neural correlates and treatment approaches. Aphasiology 32:784\u0026ndash;813. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2016.1274875\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeukema P, Yeh FC, Verstynen T (2015) In vivo characterization of the connectivity and subcomponents of the human globus pallidus. Neuroimage 120:382\u0026ndash;393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.031\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBinder JR, Desai RH, Graves WW, Conant LL (2009) Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex 19:2767\u0026ndash;2796. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp055\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBotvinick MM, Cohen JD, Carter CS (2004) Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends Cogn Sci 8:539\u0026ndash;546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBramer WM, Rethlefsen ML, Kleijnen J, Franco OH (2017) Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: A prospective exploratory study. Syst Rev 6:1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0644-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurton MW, Noll DC, Small SL (2001) The anatomy of auditory word processing: Individual variability. Brain Lang 77:119\u0026ndash;131. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2444\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCalabria M, Costa A, Green DW, Abutalebi J (2018) Neural basis of bilingual language control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1426:221\u0026ndash;235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13879\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, et al (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science (80- ) 280:747\u0026ndash;749\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang YN, Lambon Ralph MA (2020) A unified neurocomputational bilateral model of spoken language production in healthy participants and recovery in poststroke aphasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117:32779\u0026ndash;32790. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010193117\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCogan GB, Thesen T, Carlson C, et al (2014) Sensory-motor transformations for speech occur bilaterally. Nature 507:94\u0026ndash;98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12935\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCona G, Semenza C (2017) Supplementary motor area as key structure for domain-general sequence processing: A unified account. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:28\u0026ndash;42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.033\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCowell SF, Egan GF, Code C, et al (2000) The functional neuroanatomy of simple calculation and number repetition: A parametric PET activation study. Neuroimage 12:565\u0026ndash;573. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2000.0640\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCraig AD (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:655\u0026ndash;666. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn894\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCraig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (2000) Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 3:184\u0026ndash;190. https://doi.org/10.1038/72131\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuncan ES, Small SL (2016) Imitation-based aphasia therapy. In: Neurobiology of Language. Academic Press Inc., pp 1055\u0026ndash;1065\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuncan ES, Small SL (2017) Imitation-based aphasia therapy increases narrative content: A case series. Clin Rehabil 31:1500\u0026ndash;1507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215517703765\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEickhoff SB, Heim S, Zilles K, Amunts K (2009a) A systems perspective on the effective connectivity of overt speech production. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 367:2399\u0026ndash;2421. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0287\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEickhoff SB, Laird AR, Grefkes C, et al (2009b) Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum Brain Mapp 30:2907\u0026ndash;2926. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20718\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEickhoff SB, Nichols TE, Laird AR, et al (2016) Behavior, sensitivity, and power of activation likelihood estimation characterized by massive empirical simulation. Neuroimage 137:70\u0026ndash;85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.072\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEkert JO, Lorca-Puls DL, Gajardo-Vidal A, et al (2021) A functional dissociation of the left frontal regions that contribute to single word production tasks. Neuroimage 245:118734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118734\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnge A, Friederici AD, Skeide MA (2020) A meta-analysis of fMRI studies of language comprehension in children. Neuroimage 215:116858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116858\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEom B, Sung JE (2016) The effects of sentence repetition\u0026ndash;based working memory treatment on sentence comprehension abilities in individuals with aphasia. Am J Speech-Language Pathol 25:823\u0026ndash;838. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_AJSLP-15-0151\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeenaughty L, Basilakos A, Bonilha L, Fridriksson J (2021) Speech timing changes accompany speech entrainment in aphasia. J Commun Disord 90:106090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106090\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForkel SJ, De Schotten MT, Dell\u0026rsquo;Acqua F, et al (2014) Anatomical predictors of aphasia recovery: A tractography study of bilateral perisylvian language networks. Brain 137:2027\u0026ndash;2039. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu113\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFridriksson J, Basilakos A, Hickok G, et al (2015) Speech entrainment compensates for Broca\u0026rsquo;s area damage. Cortex 69:68\u0026ndash;75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFridriksson J, Hubbard HI, Hudspeth SG, et al (2012) Speech entrainment enables patients with Broca \u0026rsquo; s aphasia to produce fluent speech. Brain 135:3815\u0026ndash;3829. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws301\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFu CHY, Vythelingum GN, Brammer MJ, et al (2006) An fMRI study of verbal self-monitoring: Neural correlates of auditory verbal feedback. Cereb Cortex 16:969\u0026ndash;977. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj039\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGajardo-Vidal A, Lorca-Puls DL, Team P, et al (2021) Damage to Broca\u0026rsquo;s area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke. Brain 144:817\u0026ndash;832. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa460\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGathercole SE (2006) Nonword repetition and word learning: The nature of the relationship. Appl Psycholinguist 27:513\u0026ndash;543. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716406060383\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGathercole SE, Willis CS, Emslie H, Baddeley AD (1992) Phonological memory and vocabulary development during the early school years : A longitudinal study. Dev Psychol 28:887\u0026ndash;898\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGusenbauer M, Haddaway NR (2020) Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Res Synth Methods 11:181\u0026ndash;217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaidich A-B (2010) Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia 14:29\u0026ndash;37\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHanley JR, Dell GS, Kay J, Baron R (2004) Evidence for the involvement of a nonlexical route in the repetition of familiar words: A comparsion of single and dual route models of auditory repetition. Cogn Neuropsychol 21:147\u0026ndash;158. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290342000339\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarris L, Olson A, Humphreys G (2014) The link between STM and sentence comprehension: A neuropsychological rehabilitation study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 24:678\u0026ndash;720. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.892885\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHartwigsen G, Saur D, Price CJ, et al (2013) Increased facilitatory connectivity from the pre-SMA to the left dorsal premotor cortex during pseudoword repetition. J Cogn Neurosci 25:580\u0026ndash;594. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00342\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHashimoto Y, Sakai KL (2003) Brain activations during conscious self-monitoring of speech production with delayed auditory feedback: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 20:22\u0026ndash;28. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.10119\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeiss WD, Thiel A (2006) A proposed regional hierarchy in recovery of post-stroke aphasia. Brain Lang 98:118\u0026ndash;123\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHertrich I, Dietrich S, Ackermann H (2016) The role of the supplementary motor area for speech and language processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 68:602\u0026ndash;610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.030\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHervais-Adelman A, Moser-Mercer B, Michel CM, Golestani N (2015) FMRI of simultaneous interpretation reveals the neural basis of extreme language control. Cereb Cortex 25:4727\u0026ndash;4739. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu158\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHickok G (2022) The dual stream model of speech and language processing, 1st edn. Elsevier B.V.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHickok G, Erhard P, Kassubek J, et al (2000) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in speech production : implications for the explanation of conduction aphasia. Neurosci Lett 287:156\u0026ndash;160\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHickok G, Houde J, Rong F (2011) Sensorimotor Integration in Speech Processing: Computational Basis and Neural Organization. Neuron 69:407\u0026ndash;422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.019\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHickok G, Poeppel D (2004) Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language. Cognition 92:67\u0026ndash;99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHickok G, Poeppel D (2007) The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:393\u0026ndash;403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHillis AE, Rorden C, Fridriksson J (2017) Brain Regions Essential for Word Comprehension: Drawing Inferences from Patients. Ann Neurol 81:756\u0026ndash;768. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24941.Brain\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHofmann MJ, Tamm S, Braun MM, et al (2008) Conflict monitoring engages the mediofrontal cortex during nonword processing. Neuroreport 19:25\u0026ndash;29. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f3b134\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHope TMH, Prejawa S, Parker Jones O, et al (2014) Dissecting the functional anatomy of auditory word repetition. Front Hum Neurosci 8:1\u0026ndash;17. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00246\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHosomi A, Nagakane Y, Yamada K, et al (2009) Assessment of arcuate fasciculus with diffusion-tensor tractography may predict the prognosis of aphasia in patients with left middle cerebral artery infarcts. Neuroradiology 51:549\u0026ndash;555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-009-0534-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoude JF, Chang EF (2015) The cortical computations underlying feedback control in vocal production. Curr Opin Neurobiol 33:174\u0026ndash;181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.04.006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoward D, Patterson K, Wise R, et al (1992) The cortical localization of the lexicons: Positron emission tomography evidence. Brain 115:1769\u0026ndash;1782. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/115.6.1769\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsenberg AL, Vaden Jr. KI, Saberi K, et al (2012) Functionally distinct regions for spatial processing and sensory motor integration in the planum temporale. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2453\u0026ndash;2463. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21373\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eItabashi R, Nishio Y, Kataoka Y, et al (2016) Damage to the left precentral gyrus is associated with apraxia of speech in acute stroke. Stroke 47:31\u0026ndash;36. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010402\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJacquemot C, Scott SK (2006) What is the relationship between phonological short-term memory and speech processing? Trends Cogn Sci 10:480\u0026ndash;486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.09.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJung-Beeman M (2005) Bilateral brain processes for comprehending natural language. Trends Cogn Sci 9:512\u0026ndash;518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKenyon KH, Boonstra F, Noffs G, et al (2024) The characteristics and reproducibility of motor speech functional neuroimaging in healthy controls. Front Hum Neurosci 18:1\u0026ndash;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1382102\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKlein D, Watkins KE, Zatorre RJ, Milner B (2006) Word and Nonword Repetition in Bilingual Subjects: A PET Study. Hum Brain Mapp 27:153\u0026ndash;161. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20174\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnecht S, Deppe M, Dr\u0026auml;ger B, et al (2000a) Language lateralization in healthy right-handers. Brain 123:74\u0026ndash;81. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.1.74\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnecht S, Dr\u0026auml;ger B, Deppe M, et al (2000b) Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans. Brain 123:2512\u0026ndash;2518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.12.2512\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLancaster JL, Woldorff MG, Parsons LM, et al (2000) Automated Talairach Atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Hum Brain Mapp 10:120\u0026ndash;131. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3\u0026lt;120::AID-HBM30\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi\u0026eacute;geois F, Baldeweg T, Connelly A, et al (2003) Language fMRI abnormalities associated with FOXP2 gene mutation. Nat Neurosci 6:1230\u0026ndash;1237. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1138\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi\u0026eacute;geois F, Morgan AT, Connelly A, Vargha-Khadem F (2011) Endophenotypes of FOXP2: Dysfunction within the human articulatory network. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 15:283\u0026ndash;288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.04.006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso D, Catani M, Ripoll\u0026eacute;s P, et al (2013) Word learning is mediated by the left arcuate fasciculus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:13168\u0026ndash;13173. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301696110\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso D, De Diego-Balaguer R (2017) Language learning variability within the dorsal and ventral streams as a cue for compensatory mechanisms in aphasia recovery. Front Hum Neurosci 11:1\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00476\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLopez-Barroso D, De Diego-Balaguer R, Cunillera T, et al (2011) Language learning under working memory constraints correlates with microstructural differences in the ventral language pathway. Cereb Cortex 21:2742\u0026ndash;2750. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr064\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso D, Paredes-Pacheco J, Torres-Prioris MJ, et al (2023) Brain structural and functional correlates of the heterogenous progression of mixed transcortical aphasia. Brain Struct Funct 228:1347\u0026ndash;1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-023-02655-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso D, Ripoll\u0026eacute;s P, Marco-Pallar\u0026eacute;s J, et al (2015) Multiple brain networks underpinning word learning from fluent speech revealed by independent component analysis. Neuroimage 110:182\u0026ndash;193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.085\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacGregor LJ, Pulverm\u0026uuml;ller F, Van Casteren M, Shtyrov Y (2012) Ultra-rapid access to words in the brain. Nat Commun 3:711. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1715\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMajerus S (2013) Language repetition and short-term memory: An integrative framework. Front Hum Neurosci 7:1\u0026ndash;16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00357\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMajerus S, Van Der Linden M, Collette F, et al (2005) Modulation of brain activity during phonological familiarization. Brain Lang 92:320\u0026ndash;331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2004.07.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaldjian JA, Laurienti PJ, Kraft RA, Burdette JH (2003) An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage 19:1233\u0026ndash;1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00169-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarchina S, Norton A, Kumar S, Schlaug G (2018) The effect of speech repetition rate on neural activation in healthy adults: Implications for treatment of aphasia and other fluency disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 12:11. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00069\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatsuo K, Chen SHA, Tseng WYI (2012) AveLI: A robust lateralization index in functional magnetic resonance imaging using unbiased threshold-free computation. J Neurosci Methods 205:119\u0026ndash;129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.12.020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcGettigan C, Warren JE, Eisner F, et al (2011) Neural correlates of sublexical processing in phonological working memory. J Cogn Neurosci 23:961\u0026ndash;977. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21491\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMechelli A, Gorno-Tempini ML, Price CJ (2003) Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations. J Cogn Neurosci 15:260\u0026ndash;271. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903321208196\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMink JW (1996) The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol 50:381\u0026ndash;425\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoritz-Gasser S (2021) Repeating. In: Mandonnet E, Herbet G (eds) Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks: Which Tasks for Which Locations. Springer, pp 143\u0026ndash;153\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoritz-Gasser S, Duffau H (2013) The anatomo-functional connectivity of word repetition: Insights provided by awake brain tumor surgery. Front Hum Neurosci 7:1\u0026ndash;4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00405\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM\u0026uuml;ller RA, Rothermel RD, Behen ME, et al (1997) Receptive and expressive language activations for sentences. Neuroreport 8:3767\u0026ndash;3770\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM\u0026uuml;ller VI, Cieslik EC, Laird AR, et al (2018) Ten simple rules for neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 84:151\u0026ndash;161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNa Y, Jung J, Tench CR, et al (2022) Clinical Language systems from lesion-symptom mapping in aphasia : A meta-analysis of voxel-based lesion mapping studies. Neuroimage 35:103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103038\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNewman SD, Twieg D (2001) Differences in auditory processing of words and pseudowords: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 14:39\u0026ndash;47. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.1040\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNguyen DK, Nguyen DB, Malak R, et al (2009) Revisiting the role of the insula in refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 50:510\u0026ndash;520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01758.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOberhuber M, Jones ŌP, Hope TMH, et al (2013) Functionally distinct contributions of the anterior and posterior putamen during sublexical and lexical reading. Front Hum Neurosci 7:10. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00787\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOh A, Duerden EG, Pang EW (2014) The role of the insula in speech and language processing. Brain Lang 135:96\u0026ndash;103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.06.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOhyama M, Senda M, Kitamura S, et al (1996) Role of the nondominant hemisphere and undamaged area during word repetition in poststroke aphasics. A PET activation study. Stroke 27:897\u0026ndash;903. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.27.5.897\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkada K, Hickok G (2009) Two cortical mechanisms support the integration of visual and auditory speech: a hypothesis and preliminary data. Neurosci Lett 452:219\u0026ndash;223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.060\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOron A, Wolak T, Zeffiro T, Szelag E (2016) Cross-modal comparisons of stimulus specificity and commonality in phonological processing. Brain Lang 155:12\u0026ndash;23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.02.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrpella J, Assaneo MF, Ripoll\u0026eacute;s P, et al (2022) Differential activation of a frontoparietal network explains population-level differences in statistical learning from speech. PLoS Biol 20:1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001712\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOta S, Kanno S, Morita A, et al (2021) Echolalia in patients with primary progressive aphasia. Eur J Neurol 28:1113\u0026ndash;1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14673\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOuzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 5:1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOzker M, Yoshor D, Beauchamp MS (2018) Converging evidence from electrocorticography and BOLD fMRI for a sharp functional boundary in superior temporal gyrus related to multisensory speech processing. Front Hum Neurosci 12:1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00141\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalomar-Garc\u0026iacute;a M-\u0026Aacute;\u0026Aacute;, Sanju\u0026aacute;n A, Bueichek\u0026uacute; E, et al (2017) The dynamic imprint of word learning on the dorsal language pathway. Neuroimage 159:261\u0026ndash;269. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.064\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePapitto G, Friederici AD, Zaccarella E (2020) The topographical organization of motor processing: An ALE meta-analysis on six action domains and the relevance of Broca\u0026rsquo;s region. Neuroimage 206:116321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116321\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeeva MG, Guenther FH, Tourville J a, et al (2011) Syllabic Sequences in the Speech Production Network. Neuroimage 50:626\u0026ndash;638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.065.Distinct\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePostman-Caucheteux WA, Birn RM, Pursley RH, et al (2010) Single-trial fMRI shows contralesional activity linked to overt naming errors in chronic aphasic patients. J Cogn Neurosci 22:1299\u0026ndash;1318. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21261.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrice CJ (2012) A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. Neuroimage 62:816\u0026ndash;847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrice CJ, Wise RJS, Warburton EA, et al (1996) Hearing and saying. The functional neuro-anatomy of auditory word processing. Brain 119:919\u0026ndash;931. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.3.919\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuenouille MH (1956) Note on Bias in Estimation. Biometrika 3:353\u0026ndash;360\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadua J, Mataix-Cols D (2009) Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 195:393\u0026ndash;402. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaettig T, Kotz SA (2008) Auditory processing of different types of pseudo-words: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 39:1420\u0026ndash;1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.030\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamos Nu\u0026ntilde;ez AI, Yue Q, Pasalar S, Martin RC (2020) The role of left vs. right superior temporal gyrus in speech perception: An fMRI-guided TMS study. Brain Lang 209:104838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104838\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRauschecker JP, Scott SK (2009) Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: Nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nat Neurosci 12:718\u0026ndash;724. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2331\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobson H, Keidel JL, Lambon Ralph MA, Sage K (2012) Revealing and quantifying the impaired phonological analysis underpinning impaired comprehension in Wernicke\u0026rsquo;s aphasia. Neuropsychologia 50:276\u0026ndash;288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRogalsky C, Basilakos A, Rorden C, et al (2022) The neuroanatomy of speech processing: A large-scale lesion study. J Cogn Neurosci 34:1355\u0026ndash;1375\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRosso C, Valabregue R, Arbizu C, et al (2014) Connectivity between right inferior frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area predicts after-effects of right frontal cathodal tDCS on picture naming speed. Brain Stimul 7:122\u0026ndash;129. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.08.007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuan J, Bludau S, Palomero-Gallagher N, et al (2018) Cytoarchitecture, probability maps, and functions of the human supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas. Brain Struct Funct 223:4169\u0026ndash;4186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1738-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSajid N, Gajardo-Vidal A, Ekert JO, et al (2022) Degeneracy in the neurological model of auditory speech repetition. bioRxiv 2022\u0026ndash;03:\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalis C, Kelly H, Code C (2015) Assessment and treatment of short-term and working memory impairments in stroke aphasia : a practical tutorial. Int J Lang Commun Disord 50:721\u0026ndash;736. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12172\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalis C, Ph D, Hons BS (2017) Short-Term and Working Memory Treatments for Improving Sentence Comprehension in Aphasia : A Review and a Replication Study. Semin Speech Lang 38:29\u0026ndash;39\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaur D, Kreher BW, Schnell S, et al (2008) Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:18035\u0026ndash;18040. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805234105\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchlaug G, Marchina S, Norton A (2009) Evidence for plasticity in white-matter tracts of patients with chronic broca\u0026rsquo;s aphasia undergoing intense intonation-based speech therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1169:385\u0026ndash;394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04587.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScott SK, Johnsrude IS (2003) The neuroanatomical and functional organization of speech perception. Trends Neurosci 26:100\u0026ndash;107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(02)00037-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeghier ML (2008) Laterality index in functional MRI: methodological issues. Magn Reson Imaging 26:594\u0026ndash;601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2007.10.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSelnes OA, Knopman DS, Niccum N, Rubens AB (1985) The critical role Wernicke\u0026rsquo;s area in sentence repetition. Ann Neurol Off J Am Neurol Assoc Child Neurol Soc 17:549\u0026ndash;557\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShuster LI, Moore DR, Chen G, et al (2014) Does experience in talking facilitate speech repetition? Neuroimage 87:80\u0026ndash;88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.064\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSilva AB, Liu JR, Zhao L, et al (2022) A Neurosurgical Functional Dissection of the Middle Precentral Gyrus during Speech Production. J Neurosci 42:8416\u0026ndash;8426\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSzenkovits G, Peelle JE, Norris D, Davis MH (2012) Individual differences in premotor and motor recruitment during speech perception. Neuropsychologia 50:1380\u0026ndash;1392. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTanji J (1994) The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 19:251\u0026ndash;268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(94)90038-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTorres-Prioris MJ, L\u0026oacute;pez-Barroso D, Ro\u0026eacute;-Vellv\u0026eacute; N, et al (2019) Repetitive verbal behaviors are not always harmful signs: Compensatory plasticity within the language network in aphasia. Brain Lang 190:16\u0026ndash;30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2018.12.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTourville JA, Reilly KJ, Guenther FH (2008) Neural mechanisms underlying auditory feedback control of speech. Neuroimage 39:1429\u0026ndash;1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.054\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTremblay P, Small SL (2011) Motor response selection in overt sentence production: A functional MRI study. Front Psychol 2:14. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00253\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTurkeltaub PE, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, et al (2012) Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 33:1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21186\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVaden KI, Muftuler LT, Hickok G (2010) Phonological repetition-suppression in bilateral superior temporal sulci. Neuroimage 49:1018\u0026ndash;1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.063\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVigneau M, Beaucousin V, Herv\u0026eacute; PY, et al (2011) What is right-hemisphere contribution to phonological, lexico-semantic, and sentence processing? Insights from a meta-analysis. Neuroimage 54:577\u0026ndash;593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.036\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVikingstad EM, George KP, Johnson AF, Cao Y (2000) Cortical language lateralization in right handed normal subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci 175:17\u0026ndash;27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00269-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVisser M, Jefferies E, Embleton K V., Ralph MAL (2012) Both the middle temporal gyrus and the ventral anterior temporal area are crucial for multimodal semantic processing: Distortion-corrected fMRI evidence for a double gradient of information convergence in the temporal lobes. J Cogn Neurosci 24:1766\u0026ndash;1778. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00244\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVouloumanos A, Kiehl KA, Werker JF, Liddle PF (2001) Detection of sounds in the auditory stream: Event-related fMRI evidence for differential activation to speech and nonspeech. J Cogn Neurosci 13:994\u0026ndash;1005. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892901753165890\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWarren JE, Wise RJS, Warren JD (2005) Sounds do-able: Auditory-motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane. Trends Neurosci 28:636\u0026ndash;643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeiller C, Isensee C, Rijntjes M, et al (1995) Recovery from Wernicke\u0026rsquo;s aphasia: A positron emission tomographic study. Ann Neurol 37:723\u0026ndash;732. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370605\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWikman P, Ylinen A, Leminen M, Alho K (2022) Brain activity during shadowing of audiovisual cocktail party speech, contributions of auditory\u0026ndash;motor integration and selective attention. Sci Rep 12:18789. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22041-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilson SM, Entrup JL, Schneck SM, et al (2022) Recovery from aphasia in the first year after stroke. Brain 146:1021\u0026ndash;1039. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac129\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWiseman MB, Sanchez JA, Buechel C, et al (1999) Patterns of relative cerebral blood flow in minor cognitive motor disorder in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:222\u0026ndash;233\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu J, Lyu H, Li T, et al (2019) Delineating functional segregations of the human middle temporal gyrus with resting-state functional connectivity and coactivation patterns. Hum Brain Mapp 40:5159\u0026ndash;5171. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24763\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYi HG, Leonard MK, Chang EF (2019) The Encoding of Speech Sounds in the Superior Temporal Gyrus. Neuron 102:1096\u0026ndash;1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoo S, Chung JY, Jeon HA, et al (2012) Dual routes for verbal repetition: Articulation-based and acoustic-phonetic codes for pseudoword and word repetition, respectively. Brain Lang 122:1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiegler W, Kilian B, Deger K (1997) The role of the left mesial frontal cortex in fluent speech: Evidence from a case of left supplementary motor area hemorrhage. Neuropsychologia 35:1197\u0026ndash;1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00040-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"brain-structure-and-function","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bsaf","sideBox":"Learn more about [Brain Structure and Function](https://www.springer.com/journal/429)","snPcode":"429","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/429/3","title":"Brain Structure and Function","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"language, word repetition, pseudoword repetition, neuroimaging, ALE meta-analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7801464/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7801464/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e Verbal repetition is a core language function that integrates receptive and expressive processes in a temporally constrained manner. This integrative nature makes it particularly relevant for language acquisition and learning, while also giving it strong clinical importance. Deficits in repetition are hallmark symptoms of several language disorders, and repetition tasks are systematically included in major diagnostic batteries and therapeutic protocols. Although verbal repetition has been widely investigated, the heterogeneity of findings across studies has left its consistent neural underpinnings insufficiently established. This study aims to: i) identify the brain regions consistently activated during verbal repetition in healthy participants, irrespective of experimental design; ii) examine the distinct patterns related to word and pseudoword repetition; and iii) investigate the lateralization of these processes. A coordinate-based meta-analysis using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) was conducted on 440 activation foci (380 participants) from 27 functional magnetic resonance experiments investigating verbal repetition. Results revealed a bilaterally distributed fronto-temporo-parietal network, with additional involvement of the supplementary motor area and the cingulate cortex, consistently associated with general verbal repetition. When comparing word and pseudoword repetition, pseudowords elicited greater activation convergence in left fronto-temporal regions and right subcortical structures, while word repetition showed greater activation convergence in the mid part of the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and the left supplementary motor area. However, lateralization indexes showed a predominant left lateralization for all repetition processes. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of consistent brain regions involved in verbal repetition in healthy adults.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mapping the Neural Patterns of Verbal Repetition: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-31 15:33:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7801464/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-12T11:43:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T12:14:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T17:39:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"92113972187186658109290927792439133774","date":"2025-10-23T07:52:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310641634005267152636579880696520741374","date":"2025-10-22T15:15:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T15:31:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T14:00:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T13:39:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Brain Structure and Function","date":"2025-10-07T16:28:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"brain-structure-and-function","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bsaf","sideBox":"Learn more about [Brain Structure and Function](https://www.springer.com/journal/429)","snPcode":"429","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/429/3","title":"Brain Structure and Function","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1078c655-d032-4c16-afe5-47e1769adcd2","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-23T14:09:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-31 15:33:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7801464","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7801464","identity":"rs-7801464","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}