Hormones and human capital

Hormones and human capital | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hormones and human capital Leon Taylor, Anastassiya Korosteleva This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4466258/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Do hormones determine human capital by rewarding learning? The key prediction that the paper tests is that real gross domestic product, in total or per capita terms, which is indirectly produced by hormones, correlates positively with life expectancy. This would be because the biological justification of hormones is to enable the species to flourish. We develop a dynamic optimization model of how hormones affect life expectancy and test a reduced form of it with a panel dataset of 181 countries over the period from 2015 through 2020, yielding more than a thousand observations. Independent variables include the growth rate of GDP (which is a proxy for the growth rate of hormones), the share of youths in the national population (an alternative proxy for the growth rate of hormones), the share of middle-aged adults in the population (which measures family learning about health, which can increase life expectancy), the rate of enrollment in secondary schools among age-eligible youths (which measures general education), the female share of the population (which measures the impact on life expectancy of hormones that promote trust, such as oxytocin), the infant mortality rate, and country fixed effects. All data are from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank. We conclude that institutions may account for more of the economic impacts on life expectancy than hormones do. Code: 10, 20, 30 Development Economics hormones human capital macroeconomics econometrics optimization Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4466258","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":305901398,"identity":"8428fcef-613c-4bab-9e53-e02a1afbdb85","order_by":0,"name":"Leon Taylor","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgNAQgbM/ADEbOwE1PMA8QEIzczAOAOkhZkULcwgHgMhLfbsZwwOfNxjx6Pbfv6YtM2vbfJ8QNs+fMzBYwtPjsHBGc+SeczOJLNJ5/bdNmwD2iY5cxs+h+UYHOY5wMxjdgCkpec2I1ALGzMvPi38b0Ba6nnMzj9mk7bsuW1PWIsE2JbDPGY3gLYw/LidSFjLjWcFB2ccOA7U8tjYsrfhdnIbM2MzXr+w9ydvfPDhQLWc2fnEhzd+/LltO7+9+eCHj3i0MDBwGMBYLBKMbSCasQGfepA9D2As5g8MfwgoHgWjYBSMghEJADU1UBRDo6JUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"KIMEP University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leon","middleName":"","lastName":"Taylor","suffix":""},{"id":305902161,"identity":"b2acdc8f-d9ad-45eb-b7a4-588fb57bca7f","order_by":1,"name":"Anastassiya Korosteleva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KIMEP University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anastassiya","middleName":"","lastName":"Korosteleva","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-23 10:41:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4466258/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4466258/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57055795,"identity":"32d82188-cf4a-4a33-ae5e-db616c75c64d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-24 04:39:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":392132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Blindmshormonesfeb24.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4466258/v1_covered_000fc8d6-c89a-4683-908c-0fcb12f25950.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eHormones and human capital\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"KIMEP University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"hormones, human capital, macroeconomics, econometrics, optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4466258/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4466258/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDo hormones determine human capital by rewarding learning? 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