Innovative technology of microbiological leaching of phosphorus-containing mineralogical waste

Innovative technology of microbiological leaching of phosphorus-containing mineralogical waste | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Innovative technology of microbiological leaching of phosphorus-containing mineralogical waste Ainagul Akhmet, Akmaral Issayeva, Moldir Turaliyeva, Zhaksylyk Pernebayev, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6445276/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the increase in the volume of mineral extraction, large masses of unused rocks and man-made formations are formed, which can be processed or used in other industries. Sustainable development and conservation of ecosystems in the conditions of intensive extraction and processing of natural resources are becoming urgent problems of science. The development of new technologies for waste-free use of mineral resources and minimization of the impact on the environment is becoming a necessity. The mineralogical composition of phosphorus-containing waste in the city of Shymkent is represented by pseudowollastonite, cuspidine, ferraphosphorus, melilite, akermanite, rankinite, fluorapatite, whitlockite, fluorite and silicocarnotite. One of the solutions to the environmental problem of waste disposal is the use of waste-free biotechnological methods for bioleaching of valuable components. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to clarify the specific role of microorganisms in the bioleaching of metals, taking into account the influence of the composition of nutrient media on the leaching processes. It has been established that in the variants using elective media and microorganism cultures at the given parameters of S:L, temperature and exposure time for leaching metals from phosphorus-containing waste, no significant differences in the results of extracting the bulk of elements are observed. The used consortia from different groups of microorganisms selectively leach metals: the used consortium TIAI from strains of thiobacteria A. ferrooxidans ThIO1, A. ferrooxidans ThIO2 increased the yield of Mg -30.6, Al -7.58, Mn -28.4, Rb -22.9, Ta -13.4, Al 64.5, Zn 44.9 into the productive solution. The use of a consortium of strains of micromycetes ANAT A. niger ASIA, A. tubingensis ASPN proved to be effective in extracting Ti 71.4; V − 88.7; Sb − 73.4; W -61.8, the use of the Nemfos consortium from strains of nitrifying bacteria N.europeae Nit1, M. thermotolerans MSO - REE ions. waste bioconsortia wastes microorganisms strains Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The urgent problem of modern global scientific and technological progress has become the need to ensure waste-free use of subsoil with a careful approach to the ecosystem. The complexity of the situation lies in the fact that the increase of mineral technogenic formations and unused associated rocks left after the processing of mining raw materials is a source of economic raw materials, although the impact on landscape components and people is a source of increased environmental danger. The utilisation of all natural components produced, as well as artificial and harvested ones based on zero-waste technologies, is becoming a key aspect of sustainable industrial development. This approach not only promotes economic efficiency but also significantly reduces the negative impact on the environment. Marian, N.M. [Marian, N.M.,2023] uses various mineralogical analysis techniques to investigate industrial wastes, which helps to determine the composition and structure of the materials, which in turn helps to develop safer and more efficient recycling and disposal methods. The use of composition of different microorganisms in bioleaching technology is indeed becoming an important and promising area for metal re-extraction from mineral wastes. In the article Izydorczyk, G.et al. [Izydorczyk, G.et al. 2022 , Agathe Hubau et al 2023 ] discusses the application of bacterial strains from the genus Bacillus for the leaching of phosphorus-containing wastes, and fish bones, bone marrow and sewage incineration ash were used as renewable sources of phosphorus, and bacterial consortia from strains B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis, B. megaterium, B. subtilis and B. cereus , were used to dissolve phosphate, making it up to 99.1% bioavailable to plants. The composition of microbial communities (microbial compositions) can be tuned to optimise the leaching of specific metals. For example, different bacteria may have a preference for certain minerals, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans , compositions of such microorganisms can provide a synergistic effect, increasing the efficiency of the process [Rouchalova et al 2024, Słowik, Grzegorz et al. 2023, Rastegar, S. O., et al. 2024 , Rouchalová, D. et al. 2024 ., Arya, S., et al. 2020, Kumar, P. S. et al. 2020, Mokarian, P. et al. 2022 , Forsberg, K. 2024 ]. The use of a variety of microorganisms can increase the usefulness of leaching, since each microorganism may have specific enzymes or mechanisms that activate the dissolution of different components [Zhang, S. et al. 2022, Khanna, R., et al. 2019 , Liu, W., 2022, Zhang, Q., et al. 2024 . Schueler, T. A. et al. 2024 , Boroumand, Z., et al 2025 , Castro, L., et al 2024 ]. The study of the natural microbial composition of landfills and ore waste provides a unique opportunity for the isolation and screening of microorganisms with special properties [Akhmet A. et al 2024 , Issayeva A. et al 2023 ]. This allows you to identify microorganisms that can be used for various purposes. This approach can significantly improve waste management and disposal practices, as well as address environmental concerns related to soil and water pollution. The aim of the study is to select and clarify the specific role of various combined types of microorganisms in the bioleaching of metals from phosphorus-containing waste, taking into account the influence of the composition of nutrient media on leaching processes that can effectively act on specific types of ore and mineral waste, taking into account. To achieve this goal, the task was set to study the mechanisms by which microorganisms dissolve metals from waste and assess the environmental safety and economic benefits of using microbial technologies for processing mineral and man-made waste. Thus, bioleaching using a composite of different microorganisms has the potential to become an effective and sustainable technology for the re-extraction of metals from waste, which contributes not only to the improvement of the environment, but also to a more rational use of natural resources and waste. Materials and methods The work used microorganisms that form the basis of three types of bioconsortia TIAI `composition of strains of thiophilic, acidophilic microorganisms Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ThIO1, A. ferrooxidans ThIO2, consortium ANAT from strains of micromycetes Aspergillus niger ASIA and A. tubingensis ASPN, and consortium Nemfos consists of strains of nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europeae Nit1, Methyversatilis.thermotolerans MSO. Methods of microbial culture storage Microorganism cultures were preserved by periodic crossing on media: 9 K Silverman-Lundgren, Chapek, Winogradsky. A. ferrooxidans culture was maintained on liquid 9K medium with Fe2 + in the refrigerator at 4°C. Transfections were carried out at least once a month. Microbial cultures were stored in mineral oil. The oil was sterilised in a Binder ED053-230V-RU desiccator at 170°C for 1 hour. Microorganism cultures were grown in test tubes on bevelled agar []. Cultures plated in oiled upright position were stored in HF-250-2 Pozis refrigerator. Bioleaching parameters To study the bioleaching properties of microorganisms, phosphorus-containing slags and sludges from Shymkent city were used as model anthropogenic wastes. The experiments were set in percolation mode, with the ratio S:L = 1:3, exposure time − 30 days. Parameters of model experiments of bioleaching at use of three types of consortium, TIAI, ANAT, NEMfos were carried out in the following parameter (table-1). Air temperature + 22 + 240C. In the modelling experiments, the wastes were ground into size fractions ranging from 0.25–0.5 cm, 0.5-1.0 cm; 1.0–1.25 cm; to 1.25–2.5 cm. Fractions of size, cm were used: 0.5-1.0 cm; 0.25–0.5. Table 1 Parameters of optimal conditions of bioleaching in model experiments Experiment variants Experiment parameters Silverman-Lundgren medium, 9K + consortium with cultures of microorganisms A. ferrooxidans ThIO1, A. ferrooxidans ThIO2 pH 2.5. concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm), t -+28-+35ºC, exposure day − 30 days Silverman-Lundgren Pituitary Medium, 9K without microbial culture pH 2.2. +concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t- +28-+35ºC, exposure day − 30 days Chapek's Pituitary medium + consortium with cultures of microorganisms A. niger ASIA, A. tubingensis ASPN pH 5–6, concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t + 28-+35ºC, exposure day − 30 days Chapek's medium without microbial culture pH 5–6, concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t + 28 + 35ºC, exposure day − 30 days Winogradsky's nutrient medium + consortium with cultures of nitirifying microorganisms N.europeae Nit1, M. thermotolerans MSO. pH 7.0-7.5, concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t + 28 + 35ºC, exposure day − 30 days Winogradsky's medium without microbial culture pH 7.0, concentrate fraction: 2.5-5.0 cm, fraction 0.25–0.5 cm, t 28–35ºC, exposure day − 30 days. Sulphuric acid H2SO4 -3.0 g/litre. leaching pH 1.5, t 28–35ºC, exposure day − 30 days Physicochemical methods The mineralogical composition of wastes was determined on an automatic diffractometer DRON-4 with X-ray diffractometer β-filter [Issayeva A.U. et al 2020, Fomenko, E. V. et al. 2019 ]. Chemical composition of waste samples Mass spectrometer Varian-820 MS (Australia) ISP, atomic-adsorption spectrometer AAnalyst 800 (Perkin-Elmer) and high-performance liquid chromatograph Varian-Pro (Holland), HKL Basis INCA of Oxford Instruments (UK) in connection with structural analysis of polycrystalline objects Energy 350 energy dispersive microanalysis system was carried out using video card electron-row microscope JSM 649LV of JEOL company (Japan) [Julien M. Allaz. 2021]. Morphological properties of mineralogical waste samples Waste samples -A waste samples - white colour, granular, rough and porous, pH − 8.7 ± 0.8-9.0, temperature 20ºC (Figure-1a). Waste sample-B soil colour is soil-like, granular, loose, pH -8.7 ± 0.8; temperature 20ºC (Figure-1c). Waste of sample B bluish, dense, hard, pH 8.9 ± 0.8-9.0, temperature 20ºC (figure-1c). Waste of sample D, dense waste, light blue in colour, solid, pH 8.8 ± 0.8-9.0 20ºC (Figure-1d). According to the morphological structure, phosphorus slags were divided into two categories: granular and dense. Waste sludge, sample samples D -soft, amorphous, pH 8.9 ± 0.8-9.0; temperature 20–21ºC (Figure-1e). Mineralogical composition. The composition of granulated slag: pseudowollastonite (a×CaO×SiO 2 ), cuspidine Ca4Si 2 O7(FOH) 2 , pyroxene (CaO×MgO×2SiO2), Rankinite Ca3Si2O7., iron sulphide, calcite Ca (CO 3 ), hematite Fe 2 O 3 . Mineralogical composition of smooth dense slag pseudowollastonite (a×CaO×SiO 2 ), melilite Ca2(Al,MgSi)Si 2 O 7 , cuspidine Ca4Si 2 O 7 (F,OH) 2 , pyroxene (CaO×MgO×2SiO 2 ), akermanite-Ca 2 MgSi 2 O 7 , galena-Ca 2 Al 2 SiO 7 (Figure-2A) Mineralogical composition of phosphorus sludge Fluorapatite Ca 5 . 18 (PO 4 . 09 )3F 1.01 , potassium magnesium phosphate KMgPO 4 , fluorite CaF 2 , quartz SiO 2 , gypsum Ca (SO 4 ) (H 2 O) 2 (Figure-2B). Research results Metal bioleaching capacity of microbiological consortia Screening studies showed that the composition of all the microorganisms used is promising for industrial scale use. Oxidation rate of divalent iron by A. ferrooxidans strains ThIO1, A. ferrooxidans ThIO2 When studying the influence of three temperature regimes: 0 + 50ºC, 10 + 150ºC, 30 + 35ºC, on the rate of oxidation of divalent iron by thionic bacteria strains A. ferrooxidans ThIO1, A. ferrooxidans ThIO2, it was found that the optimum temperature is within + 30 + 35ºC, and the maximum number of bacterial cells per 1 ml of solution corresponded to this temperature range. A study of the effect of temperature on the biological oxidation of Fe2 + divalent iron by bacteria demonstrates a complex relationship between these factors and the rate of oxidation. Experiments showed that a decrease in temperature has a significant inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and Fe2 + oxidation rate When the temperature was reduced from 15°C to 5.5°C, the specific growth rate of bacteria decreased by 9.2 ± 0.2 times, while the oxidation rate of divalent iron decreased by 1.2 ± 0.1 times when the temperature was reduced from 15°C. This indicates the existence of a temperature threshold below which bacterial activity drops sharply. The optimum temperature for Fe2 + oxidation lies in the range of + 30°C + 35°C, at which the oxidation rate reaches 9.5 ± 0.2 g/L per day. However, the results of field studies carried out in real climatic and meteorological conditions showed that even at the optimum temperature, the summer period is characterised by a significant inhibition of the biological oxidation process. This contradiction is probably explained by the impact of intense solar radiation. Direct sunlight has a pronounced bactericidal effect, negatively affecting the viability and activity of bacteria responsible for Fe2 + oxidation. A more detailed study of the effect of illumination confirmed this hypothesis. The artificial illumination has practically no effect on the oxidation rate, while direct solar radiation demonstrates a pronounced inhibitory effect, as shown by the study of Issayeva A. et al. [Issayeva A.U. et al. 2023 ]. This effect is associated not only with direct confirmation of bacterial DNA by UV radiation, but also with an increase in water temperature under the influence of sunlight, which can lead to heat stress and death of bacteria. The photo-oxidation of Fe2 + by sunlight should also be considered, which can lead to heat stress and bacterial death. Photooxidation of Fe2 + by sunlight should also be considered, which may compete with and slow down the biological oxidation process. It is important to note that the intensity of solar radiation varies throughout the day and with geographical location, which may explain the fluctuations in oxidation rates during the summer months. In addition to the effects of temperature and light, the Fe2 + oxidation rate may depend on the composition of the microbiota. Our study showed that the microbial strains A. niger ASIA and A. tubingensis ASPN, as well as the nitrifying bacteria N. europeae Nit1 and M. thermotolerans MSO capable of oxidising organic matter, can also participate in Fe2 + oxidation. Therefore, microbial community composition plays a key role in the efficiency of biological iron oxidation. Further research should focus on identifying the specific mechanisms of inhibition of the oxidation process by solar irradiation and on optimising the condition to improve the efficiency of Fe2 + biological oxidation under different environmental conditions. This allowed to develop more effective methods of water purification from iron, taking into account climatic factors and composition of the microbial community. Bioleaching of metals from phosphorus-containing wastes Consortia used in laboratory experiments TIAI ( A. ferrooxidans ThIO1, A. ferrooxidans ThIO2), ANAT consortium ( A. niger ASIA, A. tubingensis ASPN) and NEMfos consortium ( N . europeae Nit1, M. thermotolerans MSO). For the first time, experiments were conducted on the possibility of bioleaching of metals in elective nutrient media without microorganisms. These studies were aimed at investigating the possibility of using elective nutrient media without microorganisms for bioleaching of metals. This is based on worldwide research experience in the processing of microorganisms, ores and anthropogenic wastes. Earlier studies have shown that A. niger fungi are capable of extracting copper, zinc, neobium and other metals [Petrus H.T. et al. 2020] Application of TIAI bioconsortium consisting of A. ferrooxidans ThIO1 and A. ferrooxidans ThIO2 strains led to an increase in the concentrations of several metals in the sample with the control group, which was only 9K medium without micro-organisms. The data represent the content of various metals in the samples, measured in parts per billion (ppb), for both the control group with 9K culture medium without microorganisms and the sample treated with a TIAI consortium consisting of A. ferrooxidans ThIO1 and A. ferrooxidans ThIO2 strains. Magnesium, aluminium, manganese, rubidium, tantalum, tantalum, manganese, rubidium, tantalum, and tantalum are not available in the 9K text, ppb: Mg -30.6, Al -7.58, Mn -28.4, Rb -22.9, Ta -13.4, Al 64.5, Zn 44.9. Results of bioleaching of phosphorus wastes using a consortium of ANAT micromycetes. It is important to note that such research has significant implications for ecology and waste treatment, and can lead to the recovery of valuable components from waste. ANAT micromycete consortium: Micromycetes are often used in biotechnology, including for bioleaching, a process that uses microorganisms to extract useful substances from waste. In this case, the ANAT consortium has demonstrated high efficiency in the extraction of various metal ions from phosphate wastes, such as silver, potassium, calcium, and barium. Heap leaching using the ANAT consortium produced a silver concentration of 0.02194 ppm (or 21.94 ppb), this is quite a high silver concentration compared to the other methods, while vat leaching produced 0.02147 ppm (or 21.47 ppb), which is slightly lower compared to heap leaching. This indicates that vat leaching in this case gives similar results, but may be less efficient or require additional processes to recover silver. When using Chapek's medium without microbial cultures, the silver concentration is 0.00939 ppm (or 9.39 ppb), which is significantly lower compared to the other two methods. This could mean that the leaching process without microorganisms is less efficient than with them, or that the Chapek's medium itself is not as active for silver recovery. When using the ANAT consortium, the metal ion content of the solution provides an indication of which elements were most efficiently extracted. This can be useful for the development of recycling and reuse methods. In addition, the results of the work using the ANAT consortium increased the concentration of the following elements, ppb: Ti 71.4; V − 88.7; Sb − 73.4; W -61.8. Efficient extraction of valuable components from waste can reduce the environmental load and enable reuse of metals. Rare and valuable metals such as copper, silver and zirconium have high market values and their recovery from waste can be economically viable. The ANAT consortium has demonstrated high efficiency in bioleaching various metals from phosphorus waste, which opens the door to more sustainable and cost-effective waste treatment methods. This approach can play an important role in reducing the environmental impact of waste and increasing the availability of valuable metals to industry. The provided data from laboratory experiments with the NEMfos consortium ( N. europeae Nit1, M. thermotolerans MSO) shows concentrations of rare earth elements in heap and vat leaching methods, heap leaching concentration of lanthanum is 0.01626 ppb, in vat leaching concentration of lanthanum is 0.01854 ppb, when using Winogradsky medium without microorganisms was 0.00894 ppb, vat leaching of cerium is slightly higher concentration of cerium compared to heap leaching, however both methods are more efficient compared to Winogradsky method concentration of cerium is much lower. For cerium vat leaching shows the highest concentration of 0.03458 ppb, indicating the efficiency of this method in extracting cerium, in heap leaching the amount of cerium in solution is 0.02304 ppb, Winogradsky medium without microorganisms 0.01048 ppb give lower results. The amount of proseodymium in heap leaching 0.00174 ppb, vat leaching 0.00217 ppb, Winohradsky medium without microorganisms 0.00211ppb, in heap leaching concentration of neodymium 0.00620 ppb, in vat leaching 0.00852 ppb, Winohradsky environment without microorganisms 0, 00696 ppb, the use of Winogradsky medium without microorganism culture shows significantly lower concentrations of all elements, indicating the lower efficiency of this method for the extraction of rare earth elements. Vat leaching in most cases showed better results than heap leaching, especially for cerium and neodymium. And also in researches influence of fractional composition of phosphorus-containing slags on efficiency of extraction of metals from wastes was considered. Fractions of slags vary from 0.14 to 40.0 cm and experiments have shown that grinding slags to a fraction of 0.25–0.5 cm contributes to an increase in the rate of yield of metals in solution. In bioleaching using ANAT consortium, the metal content in solution increases significantly compared to other options. For example, for titanium (Ti) the concentration increased to 71.4 ppb, for boron (B) to 88.7 ppb, for silver (Ag) to 70.4 ppb, for scandium (Sb) to 73.4 ppb, and for tungsten (W) by 61.8%. At the same time, when using the fraction 0.5-1.0 cm with nitrifying bacteria consortium NEMfos ( N. europeae Nit1, M. thermotolerans MSO) the efficiency of metal recovery is slightly reduced, but still remains higher than in the control (sulphuric acid leaching). For example, the titanium content in solution at the 0.5-1.0 cm fraction was 65.2 ppb, which is lower than at the 0.25–0.5 cm fraction (71.4 ppb), but still significantly higher than the sulphuric acid leaching of 23.4 ppb. Thus, the 0.25–0.5 cm fraction proved to be the most effective for maximum metal recovery, and this fraction size can be recommended for further research and application in the processing of phosphorus-containing slags. Conclusions Reducing the concentration of toxic metals in the environment through bioleaching and subsequent recycling also contributes to the protection of ecosystems. Bioleaching using TIAI, ANAT and NEMfos consortia shows significantly higher efficiency compared to conventional sulphuric acid leaching. Optimisation of the slag fractional composition of 0.25–0.5 cm contributes to more efficient metal recovery. Declarations Data Availability Statement The data presented in the study are deposited in the NCBI repository: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accession numbers: ASPN - Aspergillus tubingensis - PQ208510; ASIA – Aspergillus niger - PQ208511; AsZ - Aspergillus flavus - PQ208512; AsF - Aspergillus flavus - PQ208513; JOM - Aspergillus terreus MSO Methyloversatilis thermotolerans - PQ219396. Author contributions: AA: conceptualization, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing: IA: conceptualization, methodology, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. TM: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution. PZ: Visualization, preparation, creation and presentation of the published work. Resourses, provision of study materials, reagents, materials, laboratory samples, computing resources, or other analysis tools. AG: Data curation, management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.PR: Writing – review editing, preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary, or revision – including pre or post-publication stages. TA: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, RZ: data curation, funding acquisition, supervision, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. Ethics Statement All studies were conducted in the laboratory of M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University in compliance with all ethical requirements. 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A., Schippers, A., Goldmann, D. (2024). Bioleaching for metals removal from mine tailings flotation fractions. Hydrometallurgy, 225, 106286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106286 Zhang, S., Yan, L., Xing, W. et al. (2018). Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and its potential application. Extremophiles, vol. 22, 563–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-018-1024-9 Zhang, X., Shi, H., Tan, N., Zhu, M., Tan, W., Daramola, D., Gu, T. (2023). Advances in bioleaching of waste lithium batteries under metal ion stress. Bioresources and bioprocessing , vol. 10(1), 19. Zhang, Q., Ma, L., Peng, Y., Yan, X. (2024). Sustainable bioleaching of heavy metals from coal tailings using Bacillus inaquosorum B. 4: Mechanistic insights and environmental implications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 12(5), 113400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.113400 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Auezov South Kazakhstan university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ainagul","middleName":"","lastName":"Akhmet","suffix":""},{"id":451813804,"identity":"7f288152-9a51-470f-b639-fdafa4515cb9","order_by":1,"name":"Akmaral Issayeva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shymkent University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akmaral","middleName":"","lastName":"Issayeva","suffix":""},{"id":451813805,"identity":"15beb111-f0dd-44e7-b42b-4654ae12acc0","order_by":2,"name":"Moldir Turaliyeva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"M. Auezov South Kazakhstan university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moldir","middleName":"","lastName":"Turaliyeva","suffix":""},{"id":451813806,"identity":"9e627584-f5d4-4d78-9cd2-8eea85d1fac0","order_by":3,"name":"Zhaksylyk Pernebayev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"«Centre for Scientific Research and Ecological Expertise «KazEcoHolding» limited liability","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhaksylyk","middleName":"","lastName":"Pernebayev","suffix":""},{"id":451813807,"identity":"9e60563c-32e3-4ea5-b345-1f23cca8f16b","order_by":4,"name":"Gulzhaina Alpamysova","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA2Y4k/kAkGtBkha2BCBXgggtCCYPiE2EFnN2oHt+ttnY80vkfN3wo0CCwXxGAn4tls1sCYy9bWnMkjNyt93sATpM5gYBLQaHge7hbTvMZnDm7LYbPEAtEhJEaGH82/afx+DMmWc3/xCrhZm37YCEwfEetttE2QLyy2GZc8kGku1tZrdlDCR4JHge4Ndizn/44MM3ZXb2/MzMz26++WMjJ8FOwBYQOIDM4SGsfhSMglEwCkYBQQAAYrQ41jD6aK4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"M. Auezov South Kazakhstan university","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gulzhaina","middleName":"","lastName":"Alpamysova","suffix":""},{"id":451813808,"identity":"8d12b60c-34e3-4ae0-b92d-67c8a44a0a44","order_by":5,"name":"Assel Tleukeyeva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"M. Auezov South Kazakhstan university","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Assel","middleName":"","lastName":"Tleukeyeva","suffix":""},{"id":451813809,"identity":"a209c6dd-a20c-429b-8958-8070dd2c1555","order_by":6,"name":"Rakhimberdiyeva Zhanar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shymkent University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rakhimberdiyeva","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhanar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-14 10:53:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6445276/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6445276/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82032432,"identity":"8f8dd817-76d9-41dc-b304-657c17b48354","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 07:34:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2366731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphorus-containing slags, phosphorus-containing slurries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote:\u003c/em\u003e a-sample A, b-sample B; c-sample C; d-sample D; e-sample E\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6445276/v1/6fd190077a4a30aee82ee2ab.png"},{"id":82032433,"identity":"6bd81e01-f42b-47f8-aa77-13a8ab491820","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 07:34:59","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":268359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphorus-containing slags, phosphorus-containing slurries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote:\u003c/em\u003e A- \u003cem\u003ephosphorus slag\u003c/em\u003e, B-\u003cem\u003e phosphorus sludge\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6445276/v1/4c860eba948346021dc2dedc.png"},{"id":82032434,"identity":"fcab8b43-7983-4499-8da2-ea7f699f59a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-06 07:35:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5636182,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6445276/v1/13200865-93b5-46a7-a135-32ae231102da.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Innovative technology of microbiological leaching of phosphorus-containing mineralogical waste","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe urgent problem of modern global scientific and technological progress has become the need to ensure waste-free use of subsoil with a careful approach to the ecosystem. The complexity of the situation lies in the fact that the increase of mineral technogenic formations and unused associated rocks left after the processing of mining raw materials is a source of economic raw materials, although the impact on landscape components and people is a source of increased environmental danger. The utilisation of all natural components produced, as well as artificial and harvested ones based on zero-waste technologies, is becoming a key aspect of sustainable industrial development. This approach not only promotes economic efficiency but also significantly reduces the negative impact on the environment. Marian, N.M. [Marian, N.M.,2023] uses various mineralogical analysis techniques to investigate industrial wastes, which helps to determine the composition and structure of the materials, which in turn helps to develop safer and more efficient recycling and disposal methods. The use of composition of different microorganisms in bioleaching technology is indeed becoming an important and promising area for metal re-extraction from mineral wastes. In the article Izydorczyk, G.et al. [Izydorczyk, G.et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Agathe Hubau et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e] discusses the application of bacterial strains from the genus Bacillus for the leaching of phosphorus-containing wastes, and fish bones, bone marrow and sewage incineration ash were used as renewable sources of phosphorus, and bacterial consortia from strains \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis, B. megaterium, B. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e and B. \u003cem\u003ecereus\u003c/em\u003e, were used to dissolve phosphate, making it up to 99.1% bioavailable to plants. The composition of microbial communities (microbial compositions) can be tuned to optimise the leaching of specific metals. For example, different bacteria may have a preference for certain minerals, such as \u003cem\u003eAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e, compositions of such microorganisms can provide a synergistic effect, increasing the efficiency of the process [Rouchalova et al 2024, Słowik, Grzegorz et al. 2023, Rastegar, S. O., et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Rouchalov\u0026aacute;, D. et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e., Arya, S., et al. 2020, Kumar, P. S. et al. 2020, Mokarian, P. et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Forsberg, K. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of a variety of microorganisms can increase the usefulness of leaching, since each microorganism may have specific enzymes or mechanisms that activate the dissolution of different components [Zhang, S. et al. 2022, Khanna, R., et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Liu, W., 2022, Zhang, Q., et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e. Schueler, T. A. et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Boroumand, Z., et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e, Castro, L., et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e]. The study of the natural microbial composition of landfills and ore waste provides a unique opportunity for the isolation and screening of microorganisms with special properties [Akhmet A. et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Issayeva A. et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e]. This allows you to identify microorganisms that can be used for various purposes. This approach can significantly improve waste management and disposal practices, as well as address environmental concerns related to soil and water pollution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of the study is to select and clarify the specific role of various combined types of microorganisms in the bioleaching of metals from phosphorus-containing waste, taking into account the influence of the composition of nutrient media on leaching processes that can effectively act on specific types of ore and mineral waste, taking into account. To achieve this goal, the task was set to study the mechanisms by which microorganisms dissolve metals from waste and assess the environmental safety and economic benefits of using microbial technologies for processing mineral and man-made waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, bioleaching using a composite of different microorganisms has the potential to become an effective and sustainable technology for the re-extraction of metals from waste, which contributes not only to the improvement of the environment, but also to a more rational use of natural resources and waste.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe work used microorganisms that form the basis of three types of bioconsortia TIAI `composition of strains of thiophilic, acidophilic microorganisms \u003cem\u003eAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO1, A. \u003cem\u003eferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2, consortium ANAT from strains of micromycetes \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e ASIA and \u003cem\u003eA. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e ASPN, and consortium Nemfos consists of strains of nitrifying bacteria \u003cem\u003eNitrosomonas europeae\u003c/em\u003e Nit1, \u003cem\u003eMethyversatilis.thermotolerans\u003c/em\u003e MSO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMethods of microbial culture storage\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicroorganism cultures were preserved by periodic crossing on media: 9 K Silverman-Lundgren, Chapek, Winogradsky. \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e culture was maintained on liquid 9K medium with Fe2 + in the refrigerator at 4°C. Transfections were carried out at least once a month. Microbial cultures were stored in mineral oil. The oil was sterilised in a Binder ED053-230V-RU desiccator at 170°C for 1 hour. Microorganism cultures were grown in test tubes on bevelled agar []. Cultures plated in oiled upright position were stored in HF-250-2 Pozis refrigerator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBioleaching parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo study the bioleaching properties of microorganisms, phosphorus-containing slags and sludges from Shymkent city were used as model anthropogenic wastes. The experiments were set in percolation mode, with the ratio S:L = 1:3, exposure time − 30 days. Parameters of model experiments of bioleaching at use of three types of consortium, TIAI, ANAT, NEMfos were carried out in the following parameter (table-1). Air temperature + 22 + 240C. In the modelling experiments, the wastes were ground into size fractions ranging from 0.25–0.5 cm, 0.5-1.0 cm; 1.0–1.25 cm; to 1.25–2.5 cm. Fractions of size, cm were used: 0.5-1.0 cm; 0.25–0.5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters of optimal conditions of bioleaching in model experiments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperiment variants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperiment parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilverman-Lundgren medium, 9K + consortium with cultures of microorganisms \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO1, \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 2.5. concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm), t -+28-+35ºC, exposure day − 30 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilverman-Lundgren Pituitary Medium, 9K without microbial culture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 2.2. +concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t- +28-+35ºC, exposure day − 30 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChapek's Pituitary medium + consortium with cultures of microorganisms \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e ASIA, \u003cem\u003eA. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e ASPN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 5–6, concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t + 28-+35ºC, exposure day − 30 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChapek's medium without microbial culture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 5–6, concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t + 28 + 35ºC, exposure day − 30 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinogradsky's nutrient medium + consortium with cultures of nitirifying microorganisms \u003cem\u003eN.europeae\u003c/em\u003e Nit1, \u003cem\u003eM. thermotolerans\u003c/em\u003e MSO.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 7.0-7.5, concentrate (fraction 0.25–0.5 cm). t + 28 + 35ºC, exposure day − 30 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinogradsky's medium without microbial culture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 7.0, concentrate fraction: 2.5-5.0 cm, fraction 0.25–0.5 cm, t 28–35ºC, exposure day − 30 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSulphuric acid H2SO4 -3.0 g/litre.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eleaching\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH 1.5, t 28–35ºC, exposure day − 30 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhysicochemical methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mineralogical composition of wastes was determined on an automatic diffractometer DRON-4 with X-ray diffractometer β-filter [Issayeva A.U. et al 2020, Fomenko, E. V. et al. \u003cspan\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemical composition of waste samples\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMass spectrometer Varian-820 MS (Australia) ISP, atomic-adsorption spectrometer AAnalyst 800 (Perkin-Elmer) and high-performance liquid chromatograph Varian-Pro (Holland), HKL Basis INCA of Oxford Instruments (UK) in connection with structural analysis of polycrystalline objects Energy 350 energy dispersive microanalysis system was carried out using video card electron-row microscope JSM 649LV of JEOL company (Japan) [Julien M. Allaz. 2021].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMorphological properties of mineralogical waste samples\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaste samples -A waste samples - white colour, granular, rough and porous, pH − 8.7 ± 0.8-9.0, temperature 20ºC (Figure-1a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaste sample-B soil colour is soil-like, granular, loose, pH -8.7 ± 0.8; temperature 20ºC (Figure-1c).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaste of sample B bluish, dense, hard, pH 8.9 ± 0.8-9.0, temperature 20ºC (figure-1c).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaste of sample D, dense waste, light blue in colour, solid, pH 8.8 ± 0.8-9.0 20ºC (Figure-1d).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the morphological structure, phosphorus slags were divided into two categories: granular and dense.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaste sludge, sample samples D -soft, amorphous, pH 8.9 ± 0.8-9.0; temperature 20–21ºC (Figure-1e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineralogical composition.\u003c/strong\u003e The composition of granulated slag: pseudowollastonite (a×CaO×SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), cuspidine Ca4Si\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO7(FOH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, pyroxene (CaO×MgO×2SiO2), Rankinite Ca3Si2O7., iron sulphide, calcite Ca (CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), hematite Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineralogical composition of smooth dense slag\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epseudowollastonite (a×CaO×SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), melilite Ca2(Al,MgSi)Si\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e, cuspidine Ca4Si\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e(F,OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, pyroxene (CaO×MgO×2SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), akermanite-Ca\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eMgSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e, galena-Ca\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (Figure-2A)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineralogical composition of phosphorus sludge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFluorapatite Ca\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e(PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003csub\u003e09\u003c/sub\u003e)3F\u003csub\u003e1.01\u003c/sub\u003e, potassium magnesium phosphate KMgPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, fluorite CaF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, quartz SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, gypsum Ca (SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Figure-2B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e"},{"header":"Research results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eMetal bioleaching capacity of microbiological consortia\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eScreening studies showed that the composition of all the microorganisms used is promising for industrial scale use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOxidation rate of divalent iron by \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e strains ThIO1, \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2 When studying the influence of three temperature regimes: 0 + 50ºC, 10 + 150ºC, 30 + 35ºC, on the rate of oxidation of divalent iron by thionic bacteria strains \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO1, \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2, it was found that the optimum temperature is within + 30 + 35ºC, and the maximum number of bacterial cells per 1 ml of solution corresponded to this temperature range. A study of the effect of temperature on the biological oxidation of Fe2 + divalent iron by bacteria demonstrates a complex relationship between these factors and the rate of oxidation. Experiments showed that a decrease in temperature has a significant inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and Fe2 + oxidation rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the temperature was reduced from 15°C to 5.5°C, the specific growth rate of bacteria decreased by 9.2 ± 0.2 times, while the oxidation rate of divalent iron decreased by 1.2 ± 0.1 times when the temperature was reduced from 15°C. This indicates the existence of a temperature threshold below which bacterial activity drops sharply. The optimum temperature for Fe2 + oxidation lies in the range of + 30°C + 35°C, at which the oxidation rate reaches 9.5 ± 0.2 g/L per day. However, the results of field studies carried out in real climatic and meteorological conditions showed that even at the optimum temperature, the summer period is characterised by a significant inhibition of the biological oxidation process. This contradiction is probably explained by the impact of intense solar radiation. Direct sunlight has a pronounced bactericidal effect, negatively affecting the viability and activity of bacteria responsible for Fe2 + oxidation. A more detailed study of the effect of illumination confirmed this hypothesis. The artificial illumination has practically no effect on the oxidation rate, while direct solar radiation demonstrates a pronounced inhibitory effect, as shown by the study of Issayeva A. et al. [Issayeva A.U. et al. \u003cspan\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e]. This effect is associated not only with direct confirmation of bacterial DNA by UV radiation, but also with an increase in water temperature under the influence of sunlight, which can lead to heat stress and death of bacteria. The photo-oxidation of Fe2 + by sunlight should also be considered, which can lead to heat stress and bacterial death. Photooxidation of Fe2 + by sunlight should also be considered, which may compete with and slow down the biological oxidation process. It is important to note that the intensity of solar radiation varies throughout the day and with geographical location, which may explain the fluctuations in oxidation rates during the summer months. In addition to the effects of temperature and light, the Fe2 + oxidation rate may depend on the composition of the microbiota. Our study showed that the microbial strains \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e ASIA and \u003cem\u003eA. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e ASPN, as well as the nitrifying bacteria \u003cem\u003eN. europeae\u003c/em\u003e Nit1 and \u003cem\u003eM. thermotolerans\u003c/em\u003e MSO capable of oxidising organic matter, can also participate in Fe2 + oxidation. Therefore, microbial community composition plays a key role in the efficiency of biological iron oxidation. Further research should focus on identifying the specific mechanisms of inhibition of the oxidation process by solar irradiation and on optimising the condition to improve the efficiency of Fe2 + biological oxidation under different environmental conditions. This allowed to develop more effective methods of water purification from iron, taking into account climatic factors and composition of the microbial community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eBioleaching of metals from phosphorus-containing wastes\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsortia used in laboratory experiments TIAI (\u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO1, \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2), ANAT consortium (\u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e ASIA, \u003cem\u003eA. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e ASPN) and NEMfos consortium (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eeuropeae\u003c/em\u003e Nit1, \u003cem\u003eM. thermotolerans\u003c/em\u003e MSO). For the first time, experiments were conducted on the possibility of bioleaching of metals in elective nutrient media without microorganisms. These studies were aimed at investigating the possibility of using elective nutrient media without microorganisms for bioleaching of metals. This is based on worldwide research experience in the processing of microorganisms, ores and anthropogenic wastes. Earlier studies have shown that \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e fungi are capable of extracting copper, zinc, neobium and other metals [Petrus H.T. et al. 2020]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplication of TIAI bioconsortium consisting of \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO1 and \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2 strains led to an increase in the concentrations of several metals in the sample with the control group, which was only 9K medium without micro-organisms. The data represent the content of various metals in the samples, measured in parts per billion (ppb), for both the control group with 9K culture medium without microorganisms and the sample treated with a TIAI consortium consisting of \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO1 and \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2 strains. Magnesium, aluminium, manganese, rubidium, tantalum, tantalum, manganese, rubidium, tantalum, and tantalum are not available in the 9K text, ppb: Mg -30.6, Al -7.58, Mn -28.4, Rb -22.9, Ta -13.4, Al 64.5, Zn 44.9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of bioleaching of phosphorus wastes using a consortium of ANAT micromycetes. It is important to note that such research has significant implications for ecology and waste treatment, and can lead to the recovery of valuable components from waste. ANAT micromycete consortium:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicromycetes are often used in biotechnology, including for bioleaching, a process that uses microorganisms to extract useful substances from waste. In this case, the ANAT consortium has demonstrated high efficiency in the extraction of various metal ions from phosphate wastes, such as silver, potassium, calcium, and barium.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeap leaching using the ANAT consortium produced a silver concentration of 0.02194 ppm (or 21.94 ppb), this is quite a high silver concentration compared to the other methods, while vat leaching produced 0.02147 ppm (or 21.47 ppb), which is slightly lower compared to heap leaching. This indicates that vat leaching in this case gives similar results, but may be less efficient or require additional processes to recover silver. When using Chapek's medium without microbial cultures, the silver concentration is 0.00939 ppm (or 9.39 ppb), which is significantly lower compared to the other two methods. This could mean that the leaching process without microorganisms is less efficient than with them, or that the Chapek's medium itself is not as active for silver recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen using the ANAT consortium, the metal ion content of the solution provides an indication of which elements were most efficiently extracted. This can be useful for the development of recycling and reuse methods. In addition, the results of the work using the ANAT consortium increased the concentration of the following elements, ppb: Ti 71.4; V − 88.7; Sb − 73.4; W -61.8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEfficient extraction of valuable components from waste can reduce the environmental load and enable reuse of metals. Rare and valuable metals such as copper, silver and zirconium have high market values and their recovery from waste can be economically viable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ANAT consortium has demonstrated high efficiency in bioleaching various metals from phosphorus waste, which opens the door to more sustainable and cost-effective waste treatment methods. This approach can play an important role in reducing the environmental impact of waste and increasing the availability of valuable metals to industry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe provided data from laboratory experiments with the NEMfos consortium (\u003cem\u003eN. europeae\u003c/em\u003e Nit1, \u003cem\u003eM. thermotolerans\u003c/em\u003e MSO) shows concentrations of rare earth elements in heap and vat leaching methods, heap leaching concentration of lanthanum is 0.01626 ppb, in vat leaching concentration of lanthanum is 0.01854 ppb, when using Winogradsky medium without microorganisms was 0.00894 ppb, vat leaching of cerium is slightly higher concentration of cerium compared to heap leaching, however both methods are more efficient compared to Winogradsky method concentration of cerium is much lower. For cerium vat leaching shows the highest concentration of 0.03458 ppb, indicating the efficiency of this method in extracting cerium, in heap leaching the amount of cerium in solution is 0.02304 ppb, Winogradsky medium without microorganisms 0.01048 ppb give lower results. The amount of proseodymium in heap leaching 0.00174 ppb, vat leaching 0.00217 ppb, Winohradsky medium without microorganisms 0.00211ppb, in heap leaching concentration of neodymium 0.00620 ppb, in vat leaching 0.00852 ppb, Winohradsky environment without microorganisms 0, 00696 ppb, the use of Winogradsky medium without microorganism culture shows significantly lower concentrations of all elements, indicating the lower efficiency of this method for the extraction of rare earth elements. Vat leaching in most cases showed better results than heap leaching, especially for cerium and neodymium. And also in researches influence of fractional composition of phosphorus-containing slags on efficiency of extraction of metals from wastes was considered. Fractions of slags vary from 0.14 to 40.0 cm and experiments have shown that grinding slags to a fraction of 0.25–0.5 cm contributes to an increase in the rate of yield of metals in solution. In bioleaching using ANAT consortium, the metal content in solution increases significantly compared to other options. For example, for titanium (Ti) the concentration increased to 71.4 ppb, for boron (B) to 88.7 ppb, for silver (Ag) to 70.4 ppb, for scandium (Sb) to 73.4 ppb, and for tungsten (W) by 61.8%. At the same time, when using the fraction 0.5-1.0 cm with nitrifying bacteria consortium NEMfos (\u003cem\u003eN. europeae\u003c/em\u003e Nit1, \u003cem\u003eM. thermotolerans\u003c/em\u003e MSO) the efficiency of metal recovery is slightly reduced, but still remains higher than in the control (sulphuric acid leaching). For example, the titanium content in solution at the 0.5-1.0 cm fraction was 65.2 ppb, which is lower than at the 0.25–0.5 cm fraction (71.4 ppb), but still significantly higher than the sulphuric acid leaching of 23.4 ppb.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the 0.25–0.5 cm fraction proved to be the most effective for maximum metal recovery, and this fraction size can be recommended for further research and application in the processing of phosphorus-containing slags.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eReducing the concentration of toxic metals in the environment through bioleaching and subsequent recycling also contributes to the protection of ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioleaching using TIAI, ANAT and NEMfos consortia shows significantly higher efficiency compared to conventional sulphuric acid leaching.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimisation of the slag fractional composition of 0.25\u0026ndash;0.5 cm contributes to more efficient metal recovery.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in the study are deposited in the NCBI repository: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accession numbers: ASPN - \u003cem\u003eAspergillus tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e - PQ208510; ASIA \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e - PQ208511; AsZ - \u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e - PQ208512; AsF -\u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e - PQ208513; JOM - \u003cem\u003eAspergillus terreus\u003c/em\u003e MSO \u003cem\u003eMethyloversatilis thermotolerans\u003c/em\u003e - PQ219396.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAA: conceptualization, writing\u0026ndash;original draft, and writing\u0026ndash;review and editing: IA: conceptualization, methodology, writing\u0026ndash;original draft, and writing\u0026ndash;review and editing. TM: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution. \u0026nbsp;PZ: Visualization, preparation, creation and presentation of the published work. Resourses, provision of study materials, reagents, materials, laboratory samples, computing resources, or other analysis tools. AG: Data curation, management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.PR: Writing \u0026ndash; review editing, preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary, or revision \u0026ndash; including pre or post-publication stages. TA: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, RZ: data curation, funding acquisition, supervision, writing\u0026ndash;original draft, and writing\u0026ndash;review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll studies were conducted in the laboratory of M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University in compliance with all ethical requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding is provided by the authors themselves\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgathe Hubau, French Geological Survey, Douglas Pino Herrera, French Geological Survey, Carmen Falagan, Karen A Hudson-Edwards.(2023). Influence of the Nutrient Medium Composition During the Bioleaching of Polymetallic Sulfidic Mining Residues. J. 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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 12(5), 113400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.113400 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"waste, bioconsortia, wastes, microorganisms, strains","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6445276/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6445276/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the increase in the volume of mineral extraction, large masses of unused rocks and man-made formations are formed, which can be processed or used in other industries. Sustainable development and conservation of ecosystems in the conditions of intensive extraction and processing of natural resources are becoming urgent problems of science. The development of new technologies for waste-free use of mineral resources and minimization of the impact on the environment is becoming a necessity. The mineralogical composition of phosphorus-containing waste in the city of Shymkent is represented by pseudowollastonite, cuspidine, ferraphosphorus, melilite, akermanite, rankinite, fluorapatite, whitlockite, fluorite and silicocarnotite. One of the solutions to the environmental problem of waste disposal is the use of waste-free biotechnological methods for bioleaching of valuable components. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to clarify the specific role of microorganisms in the bioleaching of metals, taking into account the influence of the composition of nutrient media on the leaching processes. It has been established that in the variants using elective media and microorganism cultures at the given parameters of S:L, temperature and exposure time for leaching metals from phosphorus-containing waste, no significant differences in the results of extracting the bulk of elements are observed. The used consortia from different groups of microorganisms selectively leach metals: the used consortium TIAI from strains of thiobacteria \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO1, \u003cem\u003eA. ferrooxidans\u003c/em\u003e ThIO2 increased the yield of Mg -30.6, Al -7.58, Mn -28.4, Rb -22.9, Ta -13.4, Al 64.5, Zn 44.9 into the productive solution. The use of a consortium of strains of micromycetes ANAT \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e ASIA, \u003cem\u003eA. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e ASPN proved to be effective in extracting Ti 71.4; V \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;88.7; Sb \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;73.4; W -61.8, the use of the Nemfos consortium from strains of nitrifying bacteria N.europeae Nit1, M. thermotolerans MSO - REE ions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Innovative technology of microbiological leaching of phosphorus-containing mineralogical waste","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-06 07:34:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6445276/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6e10c4ba-ac2d-4ffb-b392-a86a0c219228","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-06T07:34:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-06 07:34:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6445276","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-6445276","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}