Effect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Indole-3-Butyric Acid, and 1-Naphthalene Acetic Acid on The Stem Cutting and Vegetative Growth of Lawsonia Inermis L.

Effect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Indole-3-Butyric Acid, and 1-Naphthalene Acetic Acid on The Stem Cutting and Vegetative Growth of Lawsonia Inermis L. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Indole-3-Butyric Acid, and 1-Naphthalene Acetic Acid on The Stem Cutting and Vegetative Growth of Lawsonia Inermis L. Mohammed Sala Uddin, Md. Abu Shale Musa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4984580/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Conventional methods for Lawsonia inermis L. propagation face problems like short viability, disease, pests, and unreliable seed propagation due to natural habitat conditions for large-scale production. In-vitro micropropagation also shows drawbacks in mass-scale production due to poor hardening percentage and more time requirements in the context of producing the desired amount of leaf biomass. Therefore, vegetative propagation via stem cuttings to multiply superior, healthy plants is convenient for achieving increased productivity in terms of leaf biomass. Auxins have a significant effect on the rooting and shooting of cuttings. An experiment was carried out at the Botanic Garden, University of Chittagong, in the southeastern region of Bangladesh to determine the effect of IAA, IBA, and NAA on the vegetative growth potential of stem cuttings of L. inermis following the quick dip method and completely randomized design. Results showed significant variability in root and shoot development, which influences the leaf biomass production of L. inermis cuttings. IAA, IBA, and NAA all had significant effects on shoot and root development on cuttings except in control cuttings, where cuttings developed adequate roots without hormone application. It concludes that IBA-treated cuttings could be considered as a higher amount of leaf biomass producing and more effective than IAA and NAA as propagation material for L. inermis , which may play a vital role in the herbal medicine industry as well as in economically developing countries like Bangladesh. It was recommended to investigate how IAA, IBA, and NAA, together with other plant growth regulators, affect L. inermis 's capacity for roots and shooting in producing the greatest amount of leaf biomass. Plant Physiology and Morphology General Biochemistry Behavioral Ecology Lawsonia inermis Leaf Biomass IAA IBA NAA Vegetative growth potential Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Lawsonia inermis L, commonly known as “Henna” (Global) and “Mehedi” (Bangladesh), is a member of the family Lythraceae and the sole species in the genus Lawsonia, mostly spread in tropical regions. (Gupta, 2003 ; Jones & Luchainger, 1979 ; Sastri, 1962 ). In general, this glabrous, much-branched shrub or small tree is supposed to be native to Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The leaves of this grayish-brown bark plant are opposite, sub-sessile, elliptic, or broadly lanceolate, entire, acute, or obtuse, 2–3 cm long, and 1–2 cm wide (Muhammad & Muhammad, 2005 ). The plant possesses antifungal, antibacterial, virucidal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticancer properties, as well as hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anthelminthic, and anti-oxidant activities (Ahmadian et al., 2009 ; Badoni Semwal et al., 2014 ; Singh & Luqman, 2014 ). Besides pharmacological properties, it also bears tremendous economic importance. According to the Faridabad Henna Manufacturing Association (2012), the sale of henna from Faridabad, India is worth an estimated US $ 31–38 million (₹250–₹300 crore) annually. The principal coloring matter of henna is lawsone, besides lawsone, other constituents present are gallic acid, glucose, mannitol, fats, resin (2 %), mucilage, and traces of an alkaloid (Badoni Semwal et al., 2014 ). Leaf powder derived from this sall tree, which contains an active dye (red-orange pigment), lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4 naphthoquinone), has been widely used in cosmetics and textile industries to decorate skin, hair, fingernails, leather, silk, and wool, and in medicinal industries since time immemorial (Anand et al., 1992 ; Hema et al., 2010 ; Nadkarni & Nadkarni, 1982 ; Singh & Luqman, 2014 ). Lawsone accumulates in the aerial part of the plant, with the highest amount of 1.0–1.4% in young leaf petioles. Physical conditions influence the dye properties and percentage of lawsone in henna (Bakkali et al., 1997 ). Natural medicines and health supplements are increasingly gaining popularity and are preferred over synthetic ones (Forney et al., 2002 ). About 80% of the world’s population still depends solely on traditional or herbal medicine to treat diseases, mostly in Africa and other developing nations (Okoye et al., 2014 ). Day by day, in developing and even developed countries, the demand for traditional herbal medicine is increasing because of its fewer side effects and affordable costs. The cultivation of medicinal and economically important plants can serve as a good source of income for rural people. Habitat loss and overexploitation are the two main threats to the medicinal plants of Bangladesh, and immediate attention is needed for the conservation of the medicinal plants of Bangladesh (Rahman & Fakir, 2015 ). Auxins in liquid or powder (talc) form are commonly used in commercial cutting propagation as shoot- and root-promoting chemicals. Commercial formulations commonly contain IAA, IBA, and NAA, or a combination thereof. Research on the propagation of L. inermis in Bangladesh is limited, and this is the first experiment conducted through plant hormones, i.e., auxins (IAA, IBA, and NAA). Conventional methods of propagation of L. inermis , sexual as well, are beset with many problems that restrict their multiplication on a large scale. Propagation through seed is unreliable because of disease and pest problems, short viability, and heavy rains during the seeding season in the natural habitat (Rout et al., 2001 ). According to Davis & Haissig ( 1990 ), the rooting of cuttings was strongly influenced by plant hormones. On the other hand, vegetative propagation is recognized as a conservation approach for those species that are economically important and difficult to grow through seeds and other means (Kavita et al., 2015 ). Vegetative propagation is the most popular method used for the large-scale propagation of plants. Vegetative propagation through stem cutting is a simple, feasible, inexpensive, and less time-consuming method for the conservation of threatened and medicinally important plants (Deepak et al., 2016 ). Several reports are available where vegetative propagation through stem cutting was used for conserving and mass cultivating threatened, economically, and medicinally important plants such as Salacia oblonga (Deepak et al., 2016 ), Paris polyphylla (Kavita et al., 2015 ), Saraca asoca (Smitha, 2013 ), Celastrus paniculata (Yashaswini et al., 2010 ), Berberis aristata (Ali et al., 2008 ), Aconitum heterophyllum (Beigh et al., 2006 ), Picrorhiza kurrooa (Chandra et al., 2006 ), and Enantia chlorantha (Gbadamosi & Oni, 2005 ). The above plants are either endangered or critically endangered and have several medicinal values. In this situation, the present study aims to assess the effect of IAA, IBA, and NAA on the vegetative growth potential of the traditional medicinal and natural dye-yielding plant L. inermis . MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Botanic Garden, University of Chittagong, Chattagram (4331), in the southeastern part of Bangladesh. The study area lies within 22.46 North latitudes and 91.78 East longitudes, at an altitude of 29 m above the sea level of Bangladesh. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was followed in this whole experiment. L. inermis was used as an experimental plant, and auxins (IAA, IBA, and NAA) were used as chemical treatments. In the present study, firstly, cuttings of 8–10 cm each with 2–3 nodes with 3 replications were treated with 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, and 1750 ppm solutions of IAA, IBA, and NAA, respectively (a total of 22 treatments, including the control that is without hormone), following the quick dip method (Bhagya & Sreeramu, 2013 ) and planted in the sand-filled polybag. Parameters measured included the number of shoots, length of shoots, number of roots, length of roots, number of leaves, fresh weight (FW) of leaf biomass, and dry weight (DW) of leaf biomass per cutting. Vegetative growth data were collected at 30, 60, and 90 DAP (days after planting). All the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and statistical analysis was done using MS Excel 2021. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Generally, there were gradual increments in the shooting and rooting as the experiment progressed with 60 DAP and 90 DAP. T 17 (NAA-500 ppm) and T 12 (IBA-1000 ppm) treated cuttings recorded the highest number of shoots (mean value 4.33) and longer shoots (mean value 40.10 cm) at 90 DAP. And T 13 (IBA-1250 ppm) and T 12 (IBA-1000 ppm) treated cuttings recorded the highest number of roots (mean value 8.00) and longer roots (mean value 5.73 cm) at 90 DAP, while T 1 (control) cuttings recorded a smaller number of shoots and roots (Tables 1 ). This may imply that the auxin-treated cuttings develop more shoots and roots than the untreated cuttings, probably because of their greater growth and higher nutrition uptake and absorption capability. The hormone-treated stem cuttings seem to be more physiologically active than the untreated cuttings, as they seem to respond better to IAA, IBA, and NAA. Table 1 Changes in the shoot number and length of shoot of L. inermis influenced by IAA, IBA, and NAA at 30, 60, and 90 DAP. Treatment No. of shoot/ cuttings Length of shoot (cm) 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP T 1 1.00 1.33 1.67 1.37 2.24 2.73 T 2 1.33 2.33 2.67 12.37 23.97 25.67 T 3 2.33 3.00 3.33 10.77 11.17 17.13 T 4 2.00 3.33 3.67 10.50 24.17 24.73 T 5 2.67 2.67 3.33 6.47 7.50 34.83 T 6 2.00 2.33 2.33 12.70 19.23 21.17 T 7 2.00 3.33 4.00 7.00 11.00 19.87 T 8 1.33 1.33 2.67 1.45 2.50 14.07 T 9 1.33 1.33 1.67 1.41 15.07 16.23 T 10 1.33 1.33 1.67 3.00 16.77 18.57 T 11 1.67 2.33 2.67 2.53 20.83 21.17 T 12 1.67 3.00 3.33 2.60 7.27 40.10 T 13 2.00 2.00 2.33 7.43 25.33 28.23 T 14 2.33 3.00 3.33 12.50 15.20 15.40 T 15 1.33 1.33 2.33 1.46 10.20 15.40 T 16 1.33 1.33 1.67 6.50 17.00 20.63 T 17 1.67 1.67 4.33 16.33 17.47 24.87 T 18 1.67 2.00 2.67 7.50 16.82 19.90 T 19 2.67 3.00 3.33 7.13 16.68 17.87 T 20 2.33 2.33 3.00 3.80 11.03 19.97 T 21 2.00 2.67 2.67 2.37 7.55 12.73 T 22 1.33 1.33 2.00 1.48 15.93 16.60 Note: T 1 : Control; T 2 : IAA-250ppm; T 3 : IAA-500 ppm; T 4 : 750ppm; T 5 : 1000ppm; T 6 : 1250 ppm; T 7 : IAA-1500ppm; T 8 : IAA-1750ppm; T 9 : IBA-250ppm; T 10 : IBA 500ppm; T 11 : IBA 750ppm; T 12 : IBA-1000ppm; T 13 : IBA-1250ppm; T 14 : IBA-1500ppm; T 15 : IBA-1750ppm; T 16 : NAA-250ppm; T 17 : NAA-500ppm; T 18 : NAA-750ppm; T 19 : NAA-1000ppm; T 20 : NAA-1250ppm; T 21 : NAA-1500ppm; T 22 :1750ppm; DAP: Days after planting Table 2 Changes in the root number and length of root of L. inermis influenced by IAA, IBA, and NAA at 30, 60, and 90 DAP. Treatment No. of root/ cuttings Length of root (cm) 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP T 1 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.57 1.37 1.73 T 2 1.33 3.33 4.00 0.62 2.50 2.70 T 3 1.67 2.33 4.00 1.26 1.48 3.47 T 4 1.33 3.67 4.33 0.65 2.37 2.93 T 5 1.33 4.67 5.00 0.68 2.16 4.90 T 6 3.67 4.00 4.00 2.60 2.56 4.53 T 7 2.67 3.00 6.67 2.06 2.60 2.60 T 8 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.65 1.63 3.27 T 9 1.00 7.00 7.67 0.69 2.78 3.70 T 10 2.67 2.67 3.67 0.91 2.48 3.67 T 11 3.00 4.33 4.67 1.30 2.27 5.61 T 12 2.67 3.00 5.00 0.87 3.38 5.73 T 13 3.33 7.00 8.00 1.03 3.68 4.63 T 14 4.67 5.00 7.67 3.71 3.80 4.90 T 15 1.00 2.33 3.33 0.71 1.82 1.83 T 16 2.33 3.00 3.33 0.98 3.22 2.47 T 17 3.00 3.67 4.33 2.23 2.51 2.55 T 18 3.33 5.00 5.33 2.52 2.55 4.53 T 19 3.67 3.67 5.00 1.50 3.26 3.70 T 20 2.33 4.00 7.33 0.76 2.18 3.17 T 21 1.33 4.67 5.00 0.64 1.86 2.47 T 22 1.00 2.67 3.67 0.67 2.39 3.27 Note: T 1 : Control; T 2 : IAA-250ppm; T 3 : IAA-500 ppm; T 4 : 750ppm; T 5 : 1000ppm; T 6 : 1250 ppm; T 7 : IAA-1500ppm; T 8 : IAA-1750ppm; T 9 : IBA-250ppm; T 10 : IBA 500ppm; T 11 : IBA 750ppm; T 12 : IBA-1000ppm; T 13 : IBA-1250ppm; T 14 : IBA-1500ppm; T 15 : IBA-1750ppm; T 16 : NAA-250ppm; T 17 : NAA-500ppm; T 18 : NAA-750ppm; T 19 : NAA-1000ppm; T 20 : NAA-1250ppm; T 21 : NAA-1500ppm; T 22 :1750ppm; DAP: Days after planting Shoot number and length T 17 (NAA-500 ppm) treated cuttings were recorded as the highest number of shoots with a mean value of 4.33 at 90 DAP; T 7 (IAA-1500 ppm) and T 4 (IAA-750) were recorded as the second and third highest number of shoots with a mean value of 4.00 and 3.67, respectively, at 90 DAP. T 1 (control) exhibited the smallest number of shoots (mean value 1.00) at 30 DAP (Table 1 ). In terms of length of the shoot, the longest length of the shoot (40.10 cm) was recorded in T 12 (IBA-1000 ppm) at 90 DAP, whereas T 1 (control) showed the smallest length of the shoot (1.37 cm) at 30 DAP. T 5 (IAA- 1000 ppm) and T 13 (IBA-1250 ppm) recorded the second and third longest shoots with a mean value of 34.83 cm and 28.23 cm, respectively, at 90 DAP (Table 1 ). However, cuttings treated with IAA, IBA, and NAA produced a greater number of shoots and longer shoots than the cuttings without IAA, IBA, and NAA treatment. This confirms that L. inermis cuttings are affected by NAA. (Quainoo et al., 2014 ). Root number and length T 13 (IBA-1250 ppm) treated cuttings were recorded as the highest number of roots with a mean value of 8.00 at 90 DAP; T 14 (IBA-1500 ppm) and T 20 (NAA-1250 ppm) were recorded as the second and third highest number of roots with the mean values of 7.67 and 7.30, respectively, at 90 DAP. T 1 (control) exhibited the smallest number of roots (mean value 1.00) at 30 DAP (Table 2 ). This confirms that L. inermis cuttings respond to auxins that are required for adventitious root initiation of stem cuttings (Gaspar & Holfingers, 1987 ). This outcome may be due to the translocation of carbohydrates from the leaves, which plays an important role in root development (De Carvalho & Zaidan, 1995 ). In terms of the length of the root, the longest length of the root (5.73 cm) was recorded in T 12 (IBA-1000 ppm) at 90 DAP, whereas T 1 (control) showed the smallest length of the root (0.57 cm) at 30 DAP. T 11 (IBA- 750 ppm) and T 5 (IAA-1000 ppm) recorded the second and third longest root with a mean value of 5.61 cm and 4.90 cm, respectively,at 90 DAP (Table 2 ).This increase in root length may be due to an early initiation of roots affected by auxins and more utilization of food materials due to the early formation of roots. Number of leaves T 12 (IBA-1000 ppm) treated cuttings were recorded as the highest number of leaves with a mean value of 45.33 at 90 DAP; T 5 (IAA-1000 ppm) and T 6 (IAA-1250 ppm) were recorded as the second and third highest number of roots with the mean values of 44.33 and 39.33, respectively, at 90 DAP. T 1 (control) exhibited the smallest number of roots (mean value 2.67) at 30 DAP (Fig. 1 ). This confirms that L. inermis cutting's physiological growth in leaf formation is affected due to auxins having the longest root and comparatively more root number in T 12 (IBA-1000 ppm) treatment. Dry Weight of leaf biomass The dry weight (DW) of leaf biomass increased gradually over time from, 30 to 90 DAP. The highest DW of leaf biomass (3.41 gm) was recorded in T 12 (IBA-1000 ppm) at 90 DAP, whereas T 1 (control) exhibited the lowest DW of leaf biomass (0.25 gm) at 30 DAP (Table 1 ). T 5 (IAA-1000 ppm) and T 4 (IAA-750 ppm) recorded the second and third highest DW of leaf biomass with a mean values of 3.02 gm and 2.66 gm, respectively, at 90 DAP. (Fig. 2 ) Generally, cuttings treated with IBA had higher DW of leaf biomass than cuttings treated with IAA and NAA treatment. This result may imply that the IBA application may have induced sufficient roots that facilitated the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil medium. This agrees with the findings of (Uniyal et al., 1993 ) who reported that the higher the number of roots developed by the cuttings the more they can absorb sufficient water and nutrients to cause an increase in the growth of the aerial portion of the plant. CONCLUSION The study showed significant variability in root and shoot development which influences the leaf biomass production of L. inermis cuttings. IAA, IBA, and NAA all had remarkable effects on shoot and root development on cuttings except in control cuttings, where cuttings developed adequate roots without hormone application. It concludes that IBA (T 12 IBA-1000ppm) treated cuttings could be considered as a higher amount of leaf biomass producing and most effective as propagation material for L. inermis which may play a vital role in the herbal medicine industry as well as in economically developing countries like Bangladesh. It was recommended to investigate how IAA, IBA, and NAA, together with other plant growth regulators, affect L. inermis 's capacity for roots and shooting in producing the greatest amount of leaf biomass. Declarations Conflict of interests The authors declare no conflict of interest. Author Contribution Mohammed Sala Uddin made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study and drafted the manuscript; Md. Abu Shale Musa completed the experiment and contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors approved the draft of the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the ‘Research and Publication Cell’ of the Chittagong University, Bangladesh for providing financial support to conduct this research. The author is thankful to Mr. Nasir Uddin, Solaiman Hossain, and Md. Raihan for their thoughtful assistance during the research work. 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Abu Shale Musa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABOElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRBRwJAA5jA2wMVtQNzGAzi1GCC0SEDF08BckrQcBpPYtPDP7jH+8MPAJk93RvrDD4w7bOqAIgYMP9vO261tPwy0pcYmGt2SO2fMJHsM0orNbuQYSzCeSZMAihgw9rbdTt52JhGo5VhabgOanhs5Zgw8BocTt93IYZBgbDssARQxYGYEajE7ANTC2HAYXYs80PCPfwz+A7WkP/4B0iIP0XIu2ez8Q6xaDIAKpHkMDgC1JJiBbTGAaDlgZ3YDuy2Gd46VScsYJCduO/PGzCLxTJrkxhtpBQd7ziUnmN0A2pKA6Re5282bP76psEvcdjz98Y2PO2z45W4kb3zwo8zO3ux8+sMHH2psMLyPAhLAJIcBKDoSGxAiBAH7AxBpT5ziUTAKRsEoGAEAAL3/hYxLOsjMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Chittagong","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Abu Shale","lastName":"Musa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-27 12:39:59","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4984580/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4984580/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63445545,"identity":"890c05fe-b1bc-4117-b654-9347fe91cb3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-28 08:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113718,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of changes in the number of leaves of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e influenced by different treatments at 30, 60, and 90 DAP.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4984580/v1/993cfde56a5f2a3e2dc0df50.png"},{"id":63445553,"identity":"be87f88b-df3d-4f85-83f0-4f56dd8d98cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-28 08:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of changes in the DW of leaf biomass of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e influenced by different treatments at 30, 60, and 90 DAP.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4984580/v1/6f79bf0c7029f75c34164ebc.png"},{"id":63446453,"identity":"70cb142b-be6c-47a8-80c1-37bfe025e70d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-28 08:34:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":758155,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4984580/v1/2d86d4ef-c717-4977-a5ce-f3340bc802b5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Indole-3-Butyric Acid, and 1-Naphthalene Acetic Acid on The Stem Cutting and Vegetative Growth of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLawsonia Inermis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLawsonia inermis\u003c/em\u003e L, commonly known as \u0026ldquo;Henna\u0026rdquo; (Global) and \u0026ldquo;Mehedi\u0026rdquo; (Bangladesh), is a member of the family Lythraceae and the sole species in the genus Lawsonia, mostly spread in tropical regions. (Gupta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Jones \u0026amp; Luchainger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Sastri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e). In general, this glabrous, much-branched shrub or small tree is supposed to be native to Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The leaves of this grayish-brown bark plant are opposite, sub-sessile, elliptic, or broadly lanceolate, entire, acute, or obtuse, 2\u0026ndash;3 cm long, and 1\u0026ndash;2 cm wide (Muhammad \u0026amp; Muhammad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant possesses antifungal, antibacterial, virucidal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticancer properties, as well as hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anthelminthic, and anti-oxidant activities (Ahmadian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Badoni Semwal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Singh \u0026amp; Luqman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Besides pharmacological properties, it also bears tremendous economic importance. According to the Faridabad Henna Manufacturing Association (2012), the sale of henna from Faridabad, India is worth an estimated US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 31\u0026ndash;38\u0026nbsp;million (₹250\u0026ndash;₹300 crore) annually. The principal coloring matter of henna is lawsone, besides lawsone, other constituents present are gallic acid, glucose, mannitol, fats, resin (2 %), mucilage, and traces of an alkaloid (Badoni Semwal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Leaf powder derived from this sall tree, which contains an active dye (red-orange pigment), lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4 naphthoquinone), has been widely used in cosmetics and textile industries to decorate skin, hair, fingernails, leather, silk, and wool, and in medicinal industries since time immemorial (Anand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Hema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Nadkarni \u0026amp; Nadkarni, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Singh \u0026amp; Luqman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Lawsone accumulates in the aerial part of the plant, with the highest amount of 1.0\u0026ndash;1.4% in young leaf petioles. Physical conditions influence the dye properties and percentage of lawsone in henna (Bakkali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural medicines and health supplements are increasingly gaining popularity and are preferred over synthetic ones (Forney et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). About 80% of the world\u0026rsquo;s population still depends solely on traditional or herbal medicine to treat diseases, mostly in Africa and other developing nations (Okoye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Day by day, in developing and even developed countries, the demand for traditional herbal medicine is increasing because of its fewer side effects and affordable costs. The cultivation of medicinal and economically important plants can serve as a good source of income for rural people. Habitat loss and overexploitation are the two main threats to the medicinal plants of Bangladesh, and immediate attention is needed for the conservation of the medicinal plants of Bangladesh (Rahman \u0026amp; Fakir, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuxins in liquid or powder (talc) form are commonly used in commercial cutting propagation as shoot- and root-promoting chemicals. Commercial formulations commonly contain IAA, IBA, and NAA, or a combination thereof.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on the propagation of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e in Bangladesh is limited, and this is the first experiment conducted through plant hormones, i.e., auxins (IAA, IBA, and NAA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional methods of propagation of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e, sexual as well, are beset with many problems that restrict their multiplication on a large scale. Propagation through seed is unreliable because of disease and pest problems, short viability, and heavy rains during the seeding season in the natural habitat (Rout et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). According to Davis \u0026amp; Haissig (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e), the rooting of cuttings was strongly influenced by plant hormones.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, vegetative propagation is recognized as a conservation approach for those species that are economically important and difficult to grow through seeds and other means (Kavita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Vegetative propagation is the most popular method used for the large-scale propagation of plants. Vegetative propagation through stem cutting is a simple, feasible, inexpensive, and less time-consuming method for the conservation of threatened and medicinally important plants (Deepak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Several reports are available where vegetative propagation through stem cutting was used for conserving and mass cultivating threatened, economically, and medicinally important plants such as \u003cem\u003eSalacia oblonga\u003c/em\u003e (Deepak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eParis polyphylla\u003c/em\u003e (Kavita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eSaraca asoca\u003c/em\u003e (Smitha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eCelastrus paniculata\u003c/em\u003e (Yashaswini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eBerberis aristata\u003c/em\u003e (Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eAconitum heterophyllum\u003c/em\u003e (Beigh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003ePicrorhiza kurrooa\u003c/em\u003e (Chandra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), and \u003cem\u003eEnantia chlorantha\u003c/em\u003e (Gbadamosi \u0026amp; Oni, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The above plants are either endangered or critically endangered and have several medicinal values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this situation, the present study aims to assess the effect of IAA, IBA, and NAA on the vegetative growth potential of the traditional medicinal and natural dye-yielding plant \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Botanic Garden, University of Chittagong, Chattagram (4331), in the southeastern part of Bangladesh. The study area lies within 22.46 North latitudes and 91.78 East longitudes, at an altitude of 29 m above the sea level of Bangladesh. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was followed in this whole experiment. \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e was used as an experimental plant, and auxins (IAA, IBA, and NAA) were used as chemical treatments. In the present study, firstly, cuttings of 8\u0026ndash;10 cm each with 2\u0026ndash;3 nodes with 3 replications were treated with 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, and 1750 ppm solutions of IAA, IBA, and NAA, respectively (a total of 22 treatments, including the control that is without hormone), following the quick dip method (Bhagya \u0026amp; Sreeramu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and planted in the sand-filled polybag. Parameters measured included the number of shoots, length of shoots, number of roots, length of roots, number of leaves, fresh weight (FW) of leaf biomass, and dry weight (DW) of leaf biomass per cutting. Vegetative growth data were collected at 30, 60, and 90 DAP (days after planting). All the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and statistical analysis was done using MS Excel 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eGenerally, there were gradual increments in the shooting and rooting as the experiment progressed with 60 DAP and 90 DAP. T\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003e (NAA-500 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1000 ppm) treated cuttings recorded the highest number of shoots (mean value 4.33) and longer shoots (mean value 40.10 cm) at 90 DAP. And T\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1250 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1000 ppm) treated cuttings recorded the highest number of roots (mean value 8.00) and longer roots (mean value 5.73 cm) at 90 DAP, while T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (control) cuttings recorded a smaller number of shoots and roots (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis may imply that the auxin-treated cuttings develop more shoots and roots than the untreated cuttings, probably because of their greater growth and higher nutrition uptake and absorption capability. The hormone-treated stem cuttings seem to be more physiologically active than the untreated cuttings, as they seem to respond better to IAA, IBA, and NAA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in the shoot number and length of shoot of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e influenced by IAA, IBA, and NAA at 30, 60, and 90 DAP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of shoot/ cuttings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of shoot (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote: T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: Control; T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-500 ppm; T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 1000ppm; T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 1250 ppm; T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-1500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-1750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA 500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA 750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1000ppm; T\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-1000ppm; T\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-1250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-1500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e:1750ppm; DAP: Days after planting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in the root number and length of root of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e influenced by IAA, IBA, and NAA at 30, 60, and 90 DAP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of root/ cuttings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of root (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote: T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: Control; T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-500 ppm; T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 1000ppm; T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 1250 ppm; T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-1500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: IAA-1750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA 500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA 750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1000ppm; T\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e: IBA-1750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-750ppm; T\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-1000ppm; T\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-1250ppm; T\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003e: NAA-1500ppm; T\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e:1750ppm; DAP: Days after planting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eShoot number and length\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003e (NAA-500 ppm) treated cuttings were recorded as the highest number of shoots with a mean value of 4.33 at 90 DAP; T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA-1500 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA-750) were recorded as the second and third highest number of shoots with a mean value of 4.00 and 3.67, respectively, at 90 DAP. T\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (control) exhibited the smallest number of shoots (mean value 1.00) at 30 DAP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of length of the shoot, the longest length of the shoot (40.10 cm) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1000 ppm) at 90 DAP, whereas T\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (control) showed the smallest length of the shoot (1.37 cm) at 30 DAP. T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA- 1000 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1250 ppm) recorded the second and third longest shoots with a mean value of 34.83 cm and 28.23 cm, respectively, at 90 DAP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, cuttings treated with IAA, IBA, and NAA produced a greater number of shoots and longer shoots than the cuttings without IAA, IBA, and NAA treatment. This confirms that \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e cuttings are affected by NAA. (Quainoo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRoot number and length\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1250 ppm) treated cuttings were recorded as the highest number of roots with a mean value of 8.00 at 90 DAP; T\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1500 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e (NAA-1250 ppm) were recorded as the second and third highest number of roots with the mean values of 7.67 and 7.30, respectively, at 90 DAP. T\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (control) exhibited the smallest number of roots (mean value 1.00) at 30 DAP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis confirms that \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e cuttings respond to auxins that are required for adventitious root initiation of stem cuttings (Gaspar \u0026amp; Holfingers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). This outcome may be due to the translocation of carbohydrates from the leaves, which plays an important role in root development (De Carvalho \u0026amp; Zaidan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of the length of the root, the longest length of the root (5.73 cm) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1000 ppm) at 90 DAP, whereas T\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (control) showed the smallest length of the root (0.57 cm) at 30 DAP. T\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA- 750 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA-1000 ppm) recorded the second and third longest root with a mean value of 5.61 cm and 4.90 cm, respectively,at 90 DAP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).This increase in root length may be due to an early initiation of roots affected by auxins and more utilization of food materials due to the early formation of roots.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNumber of leaves\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1000 ppm) treated cuttings were recorded as the highest number of leaves with a mean value of 45.33 at 90 DAP; T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA-1000 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA-1250 ppm) were recorded as the second and third highest number of roots with the mean values of 44.33 and 39.33, respectively, at 90 DAP. T\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (control) exhibited the smallest number of roots (mean value 2.67) at 30 DAP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis confirms that \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e cutting's physiological growth in leaf formation is affected due to auxins having the longest root and comparatively more root number in T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1000 ppm) treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDry Weight of leaf biomass\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dry weight (DW) of leaf biomass increased gradually over time from, 30 to 90 DAP. The highest DW of leaf biomass (3.41 gm) was recorded in T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e (IBA-1000 ppm) at 90 DAP, whereas T\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (control) exhibited the lowest DW of leaf biomass (0.25 gm) at 30 DAP (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA-1000 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (IAA-750 ppm) recorded the second and third highest DW of leaf biomass with a mean values of 3.02 gm and 2.66 gm, respectively, at 90 DAP. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, cuttings treated with IBA had higher DW of leaf biomass than cuttings treated with IAA and NAA treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis result may imply that the IBA application may have induced sufficient roots that facilitated the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil medium. This agrees with the findings of (Uniyal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) who reported that the higher the number of roots developed by the cuttings the more they can absorb sufficient water and nutrients to cause an increase in the growth of the aerial portion of the plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study showed significant variability in root and shoot development which influences the leaf biomass production of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e cuttings. IAA, IBA, and NAA all had remarkable effects on shoot and root development on cuttings except in control cuttings, where cuttings developed adequate roots without hormone application. It concludes that IBA (T\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e IBA-1000ppm) treated cuttings could be considered as a higher amount of leaf biomass producing and most effective as propagation material for \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e which may play a vital role in the herbal medicine industry as well as in economically developing countries like Bangladesh. It was recommended to investigate how IAA, IBA, and NAA, together with other plant growth regulators, affect \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e's capacity for roots and shooting in producing the greatest amount of leaf biomass.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMohammed Sala Uddin made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study and drafted the manuscript; Md. Abu Shale Musa completed the experiment and contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors approved the draft of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the \u0026lsquo;Research and Publication Cell\u0026rsquo; of the Chittagong University, Bangladesh for providing financial support to conduct this research. The author is thankful to Mr. Nasir Uddin, Solaiman Hossain, and Md. Raihan for their thoughtful assistance during the research work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmadian S, Barar J, Saei AA, Fakhree MAA, Omidi Y (2009) Cellular toxicity of nanogenomedicine in MCF-7 cell line: MTT assay. JoVE (Journal Visualized Experiments) 26:e1191\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli M, Malik AR, Sharma KR (2008) Vegetative propagation of Berberis aristata DC. An endangered Himalayan shrub. 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Revista de Biolog\u0026iacute;a Trop 49(3\u0026ndash;4):957\u0026ndash;963\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSastri BN (1962) The wealth of India. Council Sci Industrial Res New Delhi, \u003cem\u003e425\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh DK, Luqman S (2014) Lawsonia inermis (L.): a perspective on anticancer potential of mehndi/henna. Biomedical Res Therapy 1(4):18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmitha GR (2013) Vegetative propagation of ashoka [Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde]-an endangered medicinal plant. Res Crops 14(1):274\u0026ndash;283\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUniyal RC, Prasad P, Nautiyal AR (1993) Vegetative propagation in Dalbergia sericea: Influence of growth hormones on rooting behaviour of stem cuttings. J Trop For Sci, 21\u0026ndash;25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYashaswini S, Venugopal CK, Vasudeva R, Manjunath AV, Kumar KHY (2010) Propagation of an endangered species, Celastrus paniculata by hardwood cuttings. Asian J Hortic 5(2):383\u0026ndash;387\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Chittagong","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Lawsonia inermis, Leaf Biomass, IAA, IBA, NAA, Vegetative growth potential","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4984580/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4984580/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eConventional methods for \u003cem\u003eLawsonia inermis\u003c/em\u003e L. propagation face problems like short viability, disease, pests, and unreliable seed propagation due to natural habitat conditions for large-scale production. In-vitro micropropagation also shows drawbacks in mass-scale production due to poor hardening percentage and more time requirements in the context of producing the desired amount of leaf biomass. Therefore, vegetative propagation via stem cuttings to multiply superior, healthy plants is convenient for achieving increased productivity in terms of leaf biomass. Auxins have a significant effect on the rooting and shooting of cuttings. An experiment was carried out at the Botanic Garden, University of Chittagong, in the southeastern region of Bangladesh to determine the effect of IAA, IBA, and NAA on the vegetative growth potential of stem cuttings of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e following the quick dip method and completely randomized design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults showed significant variability in root and shoot development, which influences the leaf biomass production of \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e cuttings. IAA, IBA, and NAA all had significant effects on shoot and root development on cuttings except in control cuttings, where cuttings developed adequate roots without hormone application.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt concludes that IBA-treated cuttings could be considered as a higher amount of leaf biomass producing and more effective than IAA and NAA as propagation material for \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e, which may play a vital role in the herbal medicine industry as well as in economically developing countries like Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was recommended to investigate how IAA, IBA, and NAA, together with other plant growth regulators, affect \u003cem\u003eL. inermis\u003c/em\u003e's capacity for roots and shooting in producing the greatest amount of leaf biomass.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Indole-3-Butyric Acid, and 1-Naphthalene Acetic Acid on The Stem Cutting and Vegetative Growth of Lawsonia Inermis L.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-28 08:26:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4984580/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bc4e5a97-efa3-4494-bee2-df7a4d4a9d03","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":36654797,"name":"Plant Physiology and Morphology"},{"id":36654798,"name":"General Biochemistry"},{"id":36654799,"name":"Behavioral Ecology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-28T08:26:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-28 08:26:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4984580","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4984580","identity":"rs-4984580","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}