Primordial Gravitational Wave Background as a Probe of the Primordial Black Holes

Primordial Gravitational Wave Background as a Probe of the Primordial Black Holes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Primordial Gravitational Wave Background as a Probe of the Primordial Black Holes Utkarsh Kumar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7217451/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We study the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs) from the collapse of density perturbations induced by primordial gravitational waves (PGWs). The PGWs' interpretation of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) detected by the Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) corresponds to PBHs formation in the mass range $[10^{-12}-10^{-3}] M_{\odot}$. Importantly, our analysis shows that PGWs' interpretation of recent PTA data remains viable, as it does not lead to PBH overproduction. We derive the amplitude of PGWs by leveraging existing constraints on the PBH abundance across a wide mass range. Notably, these constrained amplitudes predict SGWB signals that would be detectable by future gravitational wave observatories. Physical sciences/Physics/Astronomy and astrophysics/Early universe Physical sciences/Astronomy and planetary science/Astronomy and astrophysics/General relativity and gravity Physical sciences/Physics/Astronomy and astrophysics/Compact astrophysical objects Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7217451","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":492004782,"identity":"d05b61a2-6eea-4ab9-b4d5-c6f8e9ba6fa3","order_by":0,"name":"Utkarsh Kumar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCShtAMRsDB94JORAvAMPCGsxAGthnCFjYQzWkkCsFmYOm4rEBhAfnxbJGdmJnyvb/hjzzz7+7DFDjkT6/LDDD4G22MnpNmDXIi2Ru1nybJuBmcS5HHPjgjMSuRtvpxkAtSQbmx3ArkVOIneDZGObgQ3DGR426Zk9QC2zE0BaDiRuw61l80+QFvkz7M+kef9JpBvOTv+AVwvQYdtAtpgZnGEwk+bhkUiQl87Bb4tkz9ttlg3njI0Nz/CYSc7gkTDcIJ1TcCDBALdfJI7nbr7ZUCZnOA/oMIkPPHXy8rPTN3/4UGEnh0sLJjAAqzQgVjkIyDeQonoUjIJRMApGAgAAs5JdJTRGGMMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8158-2078","institution":"University of Ottawa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Utkarsh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-25 22:25:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7217451/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7217451/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88535786,"identity":"77787144-9666-44f7-b5f9-84e1da65951b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 12:33:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":932684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"GWPBH.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7217451/v1_covered_a39057c7-0e3e-4a18-87f5-6cf54736bcf2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Primordial Gravitational Wave Background as a Probe of the Primordial Black Holes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7217451/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7217451/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"We study the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs) from the collapse of density perturbations induced by primordial gravitational waves (PGWs). The PGWs' interpretation of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) detected by the Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) corresponds to PBHs formation in the mass range $[10^{-12}-10^{-3}] M_{\\odot}$. Importantly, our analysis shows that PGWs' interpretation of recent PTA data remains viable, as it does not lead to PBH overproduction. We derive the amplitude of PGWs by leveraging existing constraints on the PBH abundance across a wide mass range. 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